A PROJECT REPORT

On

PROJECT TITLE

Submitted to

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,

Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
Submitted by
NAME OF STUDENTS
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Logo Of College

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IEC College of Engineering & Technology
Greater Noida (UP) 201306
2016

PROJECT TITLE
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A PROJECT REPORT
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Under the supervision of

Name of supervisor
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Submitted by
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NAME OF STUDENT
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in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
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IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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Logo Of College

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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IEC College of Engineering & Technology
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Greater Noida (UP) India 201306

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2016
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One page maximum, Times New Roman and Font Size 12 with 1.5 line spacing

College Logo

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF PROJECT WORK
submitted by NAME OF STUDENT to the Uttar Pradesh Technical University
Lucknow, India in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Mechanical Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by him
under my supervision during the year 2015-2016.

Prof. Nurul Hassan Laskar

Professor and Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of supervisor
DESIGNATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IEC College of Engineering & Technology
Greater Noida (UP) 201306
2016

As an Example

ABSTRACT
In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission
characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) diesel engines. Detailed simulation of the
various features of the in-cylinder fluid motion including heat transfer and combustion
processes has now become an achievable goal using Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) methodology, an area which is developing for more than a decade.
In the present work, computational fluid dynamics investigation on in-cylinder flow
for non-reacting as well as firing condition in a DI diesel engine using different types
of inlet manifolds has been carried out. The employed three-dimensional
computational domains, constitute of the intake manifold, combustion chamber and the
exhaust manifold so that a complete engine cycle can be simulated.
To start with, a study on the effect of manifold configurations on in-cylinder flow and
combustion has been carried out on an engine geometry, for which experimental
measurements are available. Validation of simulated results with experimental data
available in the literature is presented.

KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, HelicalSpiral Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

As an Exmaple

CONTENTS
Title

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. iv
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................v
NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

Flow Through Inlet Manifold........................................................................3

1.2

Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.........................................5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1

Introduction.................................................................................................. 8

2.2

Diesel Engine Flow Modeling.......................................................................9

2.2.1 Effect on Engine Configurations..................................................................... 9

2.3

Diesel Combustion Model...........................................................................25

...........................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE.........................................................................................................50
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS....................................................................................55

As an Example

List of Tables

Table

Title

Page

3.1

Values Assigned to Standard k- Turbulence Model Coefficients.................55

3.2

Values Assigned to RNG k- Turbulence Model Coefficients......................57

4.1

Engine Specifications................................................................................. 90

4.2

Geometrical Details of the Injector............................................................. 90

4.3

Boundary and Initial Conditions................................................................. 94

4.4

Grid Independence Study............................................................................99

As an Example

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Title

Page

3.1 Lagrangian Droplet Motion..............................................................................70

4.1 Vertical Manifold............................................................................................. 95
4.2 20O Bend Manifold.......................................................................................... 95
4.3 90O Bend Manifold............................................................................................. 95
4.4 Spiral Manifold................................................................................................95
o

4.5 Spiral Manifold Configuration ( = 225 )........................................................96

4.6 Spiral Manifold with Different Flow Entry Angles (20 O, 32.5O and 45O)...........96
4.7 Helical Manifold (Helical Angles 30O, 35O, 40O, 45O and 50O).......................... 97
4.8 Spiral Manifold................................................................................................97
4.9 Helical Manifold..............................................................................................97
4.10

Helical-Spiral Manifold........................................................................................ 97

4.11 Grid Independent SR for Validation Model......................................................98

4.12 Grid Independent TKE for Validation Model...................................................99

As an Example

NOMENCLATURE
English Symbols
A

Pre-exponential constant

Ad

Droplet cross-sectional area, m

As

Droplet surface area, m

A0

Nozzle cross sectional area. m

Cp

Specific heat,J/kg-K

Virtual mass coefficient

am

Reaction progress variable

cd

Coefficient of discharge of nozzle

c0 p

Reference specific heat at temperature T0

cp

Mean constant pressure specific heat at temperature T

Droplet specific heat

p,d

Dd

Instantaneous droplet diameter, m

Dm

Vapour diffusivity

ABBREVIATIONS
ATDC

After Top Dead Center

BDC

Bottom Dead Center

BTDC

Before Top Dead Center

CA

Crank Angle

CAD

Computer Aided Design

CCS

Combined Charging System

CFD

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CO

Carbon Monoxide

CTC

CharacteristicTime Combustion

DI

Direct Injection

DME

Dimethyl Ether

DNS

Direct Numerical Simulations

EGR

Exhaust Gas Re- Circulation

FIE

Fuel Injection Equipments

HC

Hydrocarbon

HWA

Hot Wire Anemometer

IC

Internal Combustion

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Fuel economy demands and pollution threats have posed serious challenges to the design and
development of new generation diesel engines. The performances of the diesel engines are
enhanced by proper design of inlet and exhaust manifolds. In this, inlet manifold is mainly
responsible for inducting appropriate amount of air into the cylinder. It should be the
endeavor of the designer to see that maximum volumetric efficiency is obtained. At the same
time, the design should be in such a way that it creates larger turbulence and swirl.

Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine with new intake system, turbocharger and after
treatment arrangement to meet latest emission regulations and fuel economy is found to
be very attractive for automotive applications.
Simulation of IC engine using CFD is comparatively quite difficult since it involves
complex

CONTINUED OTHER CHAPTERS AND MAXIMUM NO. OF CHAPTERS ARE

FIVE.

REFERENCES
Abraham, J., F.V. Bracco, and R.D. Reitz (1985) Comparison of Omputed and
Measured Premixed Charge Engine Combustion. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 60, 309
322.
Affes, H., N. Trigui., D. Smith, and V. Griaznov (1998) Shape Optimization of IC
Engine Ports and Chambers. SAE Paper No.980127.
Anderson, J.D. (1995) Computational Fluid Dynamics. McGraw Hill, Singapore 1995.
Arcoumanis, C., A.F. Bicen, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Measurments in a Motored
Four Stroke Reciprocating Model Engine. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.104.
Arcoumanis, C., J.H. Whitelaw, W. Hentschel, K.P. Schindler (1994) Flow and
Combustion in a Transparent 1.9 Litre Direct Injection Diesel Engine. Proc. Instn. Mech.
Engrs., Vol. 208.
Arcoumanis, C., Z. Hu, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Steady Flow Characterization of
Tumble-Generating Four Valve Cylinder Heads. Proc.Instn. Mech. Engrs. Vol 207.
Babu, S.S., P.I. Haneef, P.A. Lakshminarayanan, P. Deshpande, N. Bhalla, P. Sagar,
and J. Sekar (2005) Two Methods for Improving Torque of a Diesel Engine in the Low
Speed Range. SAE Paper No. 2005-26-001.
Balajimopoulos, A, D.N. Assani, D.L. Floweers, S.M. Aceves, and P. Hessel (2005) A
Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Multi-Zone Model with Detailed
Chemical Kinetics for the Simulation of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition.
IMechE. J. Engine Research, Vol. 6, No. 5.
Barths, H., C. Hasse, and N. Peters (2000) Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
of Non-Premixed Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. Proceedings of the
IMechE Volume 1, Journal of Engine Research.
Baulch, D.L., D.D. Drysdall, D.G. Horne, and A.C. Lloyd (1973) Evaluated Kinetic
Data for High Temperature Reactions. Butterworth.
Beard, O. C and M. Miche (2003) Improved Modeling of DI Diesel Engines Using Sub
Grid Description of Spray and Combustion. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-0008.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
IF ANY