Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
6.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................
6.2 Frequency Division and C/I Requirement.............................................................................
6.2.1 Frequency Division....................................................................................................
6.2.2 C/I..............................................................................................................................
6.3 Frequency Planning Principle...............................................................................................
6.4 Normal Frequency Reuse Technology.................................................................................
6.4.1 C/I under 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern.................................................................
6.4.2 10MHz Bandwidth 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse..............................................................
6.4.3 19MHz Bandwidth 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse..............................................................
6.4.4 6MHz Bandwidth 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse................................................................
6.4.5 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Conclusion.........................................................................
6.5 Aggressive Frequency Reuse Technology.........................................................................
6.5.1 3 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern...............................................................................
6.5.2 2 x 6 Reuse Pattern.................................................................................................
6.5.3 2 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern...............................................................................
6.5.4 1 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern...............................................................................
6.5.5 1 x 1 Frequency Reuse Pattern...............................................................................
6.5.6 A + B Frequency Reuse Pattern..............................................................................
6.6 Concentric Cell Technology................................................................................................
6.6.1 Concept...................................................................................................................
6.6.2 General Underlay Overlay.......................................................................................
6.6.3 Intelligent Underlay Overlay.....................................................................................
6.6.4 Characteristics of Concentric Cell Technology.........................................................
6.7 Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology....................................................................................
6.7.1 Basic Principle.........................................................................................................
6.7.2 MRP Sequence Grouping........................................................................................
6.7.3 MRP Space Grouping..............................................................................................
6.7.4 Characteristics of MRP Technology.........................................................................
6.7.5 Comparison between MRP and 1 X 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern............................
6.8 Network Capacity Comparison...........................................................................................
List of Figures
Figure 6-1 Intra-frequency reuse of the omni-directional base station..............................4
Figure 6-2 Intra-frequency interference for the omni-directional base station...................6
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List of Tables
Table 6-1 Frequency planning under 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern
(a).......................11
(b).......................12
(c).......................13
(a)...................................................21
(a)..............................................21
(b)...................................................22
(b)......................................................22
(a)............26
Table 6-14 Channel number grouping for 6MHz bandwidth concentric cell
(b)............26
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has
experienced
three
phases:
analog
TACS/AMPS,
Page3 of 37
examples to detail the frequency division, C/I, frequency reuse degree under
each reuse pattern.
I. GSM 900MHz
It has 124 channel numbers. The absolute radio frequency channel number
(ARFCN) is 1124, and a protection band with 200 KHz in width is reserved at
the two ends. According to the documents prescribed by the relative government
department of China, China Mobile uses the 890909/936954MHz band, and
the corresponding ARFCN is 195 (generally, the channel number 95 is for
reservation only). For China Unicom, it uses the 909915/954960MHz band,
and the corresponding ARFCN is 96124. For the bands defined for the carriers
from other countries, they can be calculated by the following formulas:
China Mobile uses the 17101720 MHz band, and the corresponding ARFCN is
512561. China Unicom uses the 17451755 MHz, and the corresponding
ARFCN is 687736.
6.2.2 C/I
C/I stands for carrier-to-interference ratio. In the GSM system, frequency reuse
will cause intra-frequency interference. The intra-frequency is related to both the
reuse distance and the cell radius. Hereunder is an example.
Figure 1.1 shows the intra-frequency reuse of the omni-directional base station.
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3N
Here,
For the directional cell, the physical meaning of the N stands for the number
of base stations in the frequency reuse clusters.
If the intra-frequency cell and the service cell work at the same time, the MS
locating in the center of the service cell will receive both the useful signals from
this service cell and the interfering signals from the intra-frequency cells. In this
case, the C/I can be expressed by the following equation:
C
k
I
i 1
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Here, I k is the Kth interfering signal. This equation can also be expressed as:
1
k
(q
i 1
) r
Here,
Page6 of 37
C
1
I
6q r
q (6
C qr
I
6
C r
)
I
Based on the three equations, the relationship between the C/I and the number
of the base station in the frequency reuse clusters can be expressed by the
following equation:
C ( 3N ) r
I
6
When the MS locates at the edge of the service cell, it will receive the poorest
signals form the service cell but the strongest interfering signals. In this case, the
needed C/I can be expressed by the following equation:
C (q 1) r
I
6
If the cellular layout is improperly designed, the interfering sources will increase
and the C/I will decrease. According to the previous equations, the more the cells
in each cluster, the greater the C/I and the better the network quality are, but the
frequency utilization ratio will be lower. In addition, the GSM interference is
related to the traffic load. The intra-frequency interference reaches the greatest
when the traffic load reaches the peak.
Generally, the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is used in GSM frequency planning.
For the areas where the traffic is great, you can use other frequency reuse
patterns, such as 3 x 3 and 1 x 3. No matter which frequency reuse pattern you
take, you must meet the requirement on interference-to-protection ratio.
Apart from the intra-frequency interference caused by normal frequency reuse,
there are other abnormal interferences. They are listed in the following:
Multipath signal interference (It occurs when useful signals fall outside the
delay equalizer of the system.)
Outside signal interference (It refers to the signals from the radar, illegal
wireless equipments, and environment noises.)
In the GSM system, the requirements on the C/I are listed in the following:
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When the carrier offset reaches 400 KHz, the C/I must be equal to or
greater than -41 dB.
The frequency spacing between the BCCH and TCH must be greater than
400 KHz within a cell.
The frequency spacing between the TCHs must be greater than 400 KHz
within a cell. (When frequency hopping is used, you can meet this by
properly setting the mobile allocation index offset.)
Generally, if using the 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, you must ensure that
the number of frequency hopping channel numbers is at least twice that of
the frequency hoping carriers.
Pay special attention to the intra-frequency reuse. The adjacent areas are
not allowed to share the BCCH and the BSIC.
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f reuse
N ARFCN
N TRX
Here NARFCN is the total number of the available channel numbers, and N TRX is the
number of TRXs configured for the cell.
For the n x m frequency reuse pattern, n indicates the number of the base
stations in the reuse clusters, and m indicates the number of the cells under
each base station. In this case, the frequency reuse degree can be expressed by
the following equation:
f reuse = n x m
In actual planning, however, the allocated number of channel numbers will be
greater than n x m, so the actual f reuse is usually greater than n x m. Therefore,
the smaller the f reuse , the more aggressive the frequency is reused and the
higher the frequency utilization ratio is. As the aggressiveness of the frequency
reuse grows, however, it will bring greater interference to the network. In this
case, you must enable the technologies, including DTX and power control, to
solve this problem. The more aggressive the frequency is reused, the lower the
spectrum utilization ratio is, but the conversation quality is better at this time.
Page9 of 37
the 3 cells under the control of each base station. Therefore, there are 12 sectors
are available. And the 12 sectors makes up of a frequency reuse cluster, but the
frequency in the same cluster cannot be reused.
For the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, the intra-frequency spacing is great, so it
can meet GSM systems requirement on the intra-frequency interference
protection ratio and adjacent frequency interference protection ratio. As a result,
this frequency reuse pattern is good for the network quality and security. Under
the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, the frequency reuse aggressiveness is 12.
For the aggressive reuse introduced hereunder, because the BCCH plays an
important role in the network and you cannot use the apply the anti-interference
measures, such as downlink power control and DTX, to the BCCH, you must
apply the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern or looser reuse patterns to the BCCH
carriers.
Figure 1.1 shows the normal 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.
3N
3 43.46
Under this frequency reuse pattern, each cell is a 120-directional cell. At this
time, the number of the interference source is reduced by 2, sot the C/I in the
poorest condition can be expressed by the following equation:
C/I
1
20dB
(q 0.7) 4 q 4
In actual conditions, because the base station are irregularly distributed, the
antenna height is different, and the effect from the radio environment, the C/I
cannot reach a so high value.
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If the channel numbers ranging from 8194 (14 channel numbers in total)
are allocated to the BCCH, and the other channel numbers are allocated to
TCH.
A1
B1
C1
D1
A2
B2
C2
D2
A3
B3
C3
D3
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
group
number
Channel
number of
each
frequency
group
According to this table, the channel numbers in the first line are BCCH numbers,
in which the channel numbers 81 and 82 are standby channel numbers. The
frequency groups correspond to the cell numbers in 6.4.1
channel number of BCCH of the cell A1 is 94. It is 80, 68 and 56 for other
carriers, and so on.
In a cluster which contains 12 cells, the frequency group for base station A is
{A1, A2, and A3}; the frequency group for base station B is {B1, B2, and B3}; the
frequency group for base station C is {C1, C2, and C3}; and the frequency group
for base station D is {D1, D2, and D3}.
Therefore, as listed in this table, no channel number is reused within a cluster. In
addition, the intra-frequency and adjacent frequency are not available for the
adjacent cells and the same cell.
However, the drawbacks of this frequency reuse pattern are that the frequency
reuse ratio is low and the capacity expansion needs a great amount of the
frequency resources. Therefore, this reuse pattern is not used in the areas where
the network capacity needs to be constantly expanded.
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A1
B1
C1
D1
A2
B2
C2
D2
A3
B3
C3
D3
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
group
number
Channel
number of
each
frequency
group
As listed in this table, the channel numbers ranging from 79 to 82 are standby
channel numbers. For the 19MHz bandwidth, the maximum base station type
can be S8/7/7 under 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern. The frequency reuse
degrees are 11.75, 13.43, and 13.43, so the average value is 12.87.
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A1
B1
C1
D1
A2
B2
C2
D2
A3
B3
C3
D3
124
123
122
121
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
group
number
Channel
number of
each
frequency
group
As listed in this table, the channel numbers ranging from 111 to 112 are standby
channel numbers. For the 6MHz bandwidth, the maximum base station type can
be S3/2/2 under 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern. The frequency reuse degrees are
9.67, 13.5, and 13.5, so the average value is 12.22.
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Split a cell into smaller cells. At present, however, the average coverage
radius of the macro cell base stations in urban areas is already shorter than
500m, so further cell splitting will meet difficulty in cost and technology.
Utilize new frequency resources. For example, you can employ the
1800MHz band to establish a DSC 1800MHz network.
Under the current 900MHz network, use more aggressive frequency reuse
technology to expand the network capacity.
Page14 of 37
you can use 3 x 3 frequency reuse pattern. In this case, the frequency ranges
from 45 to 80, so 36 channel numbers are available.
For the frequency planning under 3 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, see Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Frequency planning under 3 x 3 frequency reuse pattern
Frequency
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
group
number
Channel
number of
each
frequency
group
If 3 x 3 reusing the 10MHz band, you can configure the maximum base station
type as S5/5/5, and the frequency reuse degree is 10.
According to previous equations, because the number of base stations is 3 (N =
3), the intra-frequency interference attenuation factor is 3 (q = 3). In this case,
the number of the intra-frequency interference sources is 2 at the first layer. If the
radius of the cell is 4, the theoretical carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) can be
expressed by the following equation:
C/I
1
16.07 dB
2 q 4
Page15 of 37
The frequencies can be easily grouped and the system capacity is great.
3N
3 22.45 .
Because each cell is 60-directional cell under 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern, the
interference source of each cell is reduced to 1 at the first layer. In this case, the
theoretical C/I can be expressed by the following equation:
C/I
1
15.6dB
q 4
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A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4
A5
B5
A6
B6
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
group
number
Channel
number of
each
frequency
group
As listed in this table, when allocating frequency to the base station, you can
select the frequency according to the regularity of {A1, A2, A3, A4, A4, A6} and
{B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6}. Note that intra-frequency and neighbor frequency
cannot be present within the same cell and adjacent cells.
Under the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern, you can enhance the system capacity
by adding new cells to the base station. Compared with 4 x 3 frequency reuse
pattern, the maximum base station type can be configured as S4/4/4/4/4/4 under
2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern, so the capacity of a single base station is twice
that of the base station under the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.
Under this frequency reuse pattern, however, the intra-frequency reuse distance
is further shortened, which increases network interference greatly. In addition, as
the number of cells increases, the requirements on the half-power angle and
other antenna indexes are higher. Moreover, you must add antenna feeders to
the system if using the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern, which brings great difficulty
to project implementation. Therefore, the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern is seldom
used.
For the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern, the frequency reuse degree is 12.5. And
its characteristics are listed in the following:
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Through add more cells to each base station, you can enhance the capacity
of the base station greatly.
The antennas with smaller half-power angle and good performance are
needed and the requirement on antenna and base station address is strict.
The signals radiated by antennas are more concentrated, which is good for
indoor coverage.
More antennas are needed under the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern than
that under 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, so you must adjust and optimize
the planning for antenna system and frequencies.
The times of handovers under the 2 x 6 frequency reuse pattern are more
than that under the 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.
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3N
3 * 2 2.45
C/I
1
10.8dB
3 q 4
Even if the cells are regularly arranged, however, the value of C/I cannot meet
the requirement of the network. Therefore, you must take anti-frequency
measures, such as frequency hopping, power control, and DTX.
For 10MHz bandwidth, the available channel numbers are from 45 to 94. If the
14 channel numbers (81-94) are BCCH numbers, and the others are TCH
numbers, the frequencies are planned according to Table 1.1 under 2 x 3
frequency reuse pattern.
Table 1.1 Frequency planning under 2 x 3 frequency reuse pattern
Frequency group
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
number
Channel number
of each frequency
group
You can use looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern and allocate 14 channel
numbers for BCCH. If the bandwidth is 10MHz, you can configure the maximum
base station type as S7/7/7 under the 2 x 3 frequency reuse pattern. In this case,
the frequency reuse degree is 7.14.
The network capacity is great under the 2 x 3 frequency reuse pattern, but small
intra-frequency reuse distance will cause great interference. In addition, the cell
traffic cannot 100% reach the designated value. In actual conditions, therefore,
you can use the looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern for BCCH and the 2 x 3
frequency reuse pattern for TCH.
The characteristics of the 2 x 3 frequency reuse pattern are listed below:
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3 N 1.73 , and C / I
6/28/2016
1
4.8dB .
3 q 4
Page20 of 37
Because the value of C/I here is far lower than the protection value required by
the system, you must take anti-interference measures, such as frequency
hopping, power control, and DTX, to enhance the value of C/I.
If the available bandwidth is 10MHz, the available channel numbers are from 45
to 94. Because RF hopping must be used under 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern,
considering the importance of BCCH, you can use 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern
for BCCH and 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern for TCH.
For BCCH, 14 channel numbers (81-94) are available; for TCH, 36 channel
numbers (45-80) are available.
The channel numbers used for TCH are divided according to two ways. They are
space grouping and sequence grouping. For the 1 x 3 frequency reuse spacing
grouping, see Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 1 X 3 frequency reuse space grouping
Frequency
(a)
Channel number
MAIO
80, 77, 74, 71, 68, 65, 62, 59, 56, 53, 50, 47
0, 2, 4,6, 8, 10
79, 76, 73, 70, 67, 64, 61, 58, 55, 52,49, 46
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
78, 75, 72, 69, 66, 63, 60, 57, 54, 51, 48, 45
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
group number
Channel number
MAIO
80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73,72, 71, 70, 69
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
group number
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frequencies, you can configure a proper MAIO for the cells of the same base
station.
If the available bandwidth is 6MHz, the available channel numbers are from 96 to
124. In this case, you can use 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern for BCCH (the
available channel numbers are from 111 to 124, namely, 14 in total). For TCH,
you can use 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern (the available channel numbers are
from 96 to 110, namely, 15 in total.
For the 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping when the bandwidth is 6MHz, see
Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping (b)
Frequency
Channel number
MAIO
0, 2, 4
1, 3
0, 2
group number
When the bandwidth is 6MHz, you can configure the maximum base station type
as S4/3/3 under 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping. In this case, the
frequency reuse degree is 7.25/9.67/9.67, with 8.86 in average.
For the 1 x 3 frequency reuse sequence grouping, see
Table 1.4 1 x 3 frequency sequence grouping
Frequency
(b)
Channel number
MAIO
0, 2
0, 2
0, 2
group number
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stations are fragmentary and irregularly distributed, you should better use space
grouping.
The characteristics of 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern are listed below:
The network capacity under space grouping is a little greater than that under
sequence grouping.
When planning a network, you need to plan channel numbers for BCCH
only.
Wideband combiner must be used, but the cavity combiner with frequency
selectivity is inapplicable.
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Channel number
MAIO
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
0,2,4
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
6,8
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
10,12
group
number
If the bandwidth is 6MHz, you can configure the maximum base station type as
S4/3/3/ under 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern. In this case, the frequency reuse
degree is 7.25/9.67/9.67, so the average value is 8.86.
Therefore, the maximum base station configuration under 1 x 1 frequency reuse
pattern is the same as that under 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping pattern,
so is the network capacity.
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hopping within the cell, because the increase of the frequency diversity gain can
improve the carrier-to-interference ratio. To avoid interference among intrafrequencies and neighbor frequencies, you can configure a proper MAIO for the
cells within the same base station. The probability of the collision of the intrafrequencies and neighbor frequencies will decrease as the number of channel
numbers participating frequency hopping increases among cells of different base
stations.
If the available bandwidth is 6MHz, the available channel numbers are 96 to 124.
For A + B frequency reuse pattern, you must use RF hopping, but the BCCH
does not participate in RF hopping. Therefore, in actual planning, to ensure good
network quality, you can use looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern for BCCH and
A + B frequency reuse pattern for TCH.
If you use 4 x 3 frequency reuse for BCCH, the available channel numbers are
111 to 124, 14 in total, in which two channel numbers are standby ones. For
TCH, the available channel numbers are 96 to 110, 15 in total.
For the frequency planning under A + B frequency reuse pattern, see Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Frequency planning under A + B frequency reuse pattern
Frequency
Channel number
MAIO
group number
A
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105
0, 2, 4
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110
1, 3
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110
5, 7
When the bandwidth is 10MHz, you can configure the maximum base station
type as S4/3/3 under A + B frequency reuse pattern. In this case, the frequency
reuse degree is 7.25/9.67/9.67, so the average value is 8.86.
In actual conditions, the irregular distribution of base stations and antenna height
may deteriorate the performance of parts of the network. Therefore, the A + B
frequency reuse pattern are not recommended in large networks.
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various frequency planning technologies, you can both expand network capacity
and improve network quality.
The underlay covers the traditional cells, and the overlay covers the areas near
the base station. Generally, 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is used for the
underlay. For overlay, the frequency reuse patterns, such as 3 x 3, 2 x 3, or 1 x 3,
are used. Therefore, all carriers can be divided into two groups, one for underlay,
and the other one for overlay. The overlay and underlay share the same base
station address, one set of antenna feeder system, and one BCCH, so you must
set the BCCH on the underlay.
Figure 1.1 shows the schematic diagram of the concentric cell.
Overlay
Channel number
channel
Underlay 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
(12)
Overlay
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 98 90 91 92 93 94 95
(18)
If traffic volume is evenly distributed, you can enhance the underlay capacity
through grouping the channel numbers according to Table 1.2. In this case, the
underlay can absorb more traffic volume.
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Table 1.2 Channel number grouping for 6MHz bandwidth concentric cell (b)
Logical
Channel number
channel
Underlay 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
(24)
Overlay (6
90 91 92 93 94 95
Page27 of 37
near the base station, the more apparent the effect of capacity expansion is.
However, the transmit power of the carriers in the overlay is low, so it is hard for
the base station to absorb indoor traffic volume. In this case, when the traffic
volume is evenly distributed, the general underlay overlay has little effect on
capacity expansion.
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If the IUO technology is used, you must add the functions, including the
estimation of intra-frequency protection C/I for downlink channels and the
handover algorithms related to IUO, to the system.
GUO is applicable to the areas near the base station where the traffic is
concentrated.
The transmit power of the overlay carriers in the GUO is low, so it is hard for
the carriers to absorb indoor traffic.
The transmit power of the underlay carriers in the GUO is the same, so the
carriers can absorb indoor traffic, which contributes to network capacity
expansion and good conversation quality.
For the comparison between the GUO and IUO, see Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 A comparison between GUO and IUO.
Coverage
Frequency reuse
Transmit
Logical
Handover
area
pattern
power
channel
algorithm
allocation
GUO
Underlay
4x3
High
BCCH/TCH
Power&
Distance
IUO
Overlay
3 x 3/2 x 3/1 x 3
Low
TCH
Underlay
4x3
Same
BCCH/TCH
Overlay
3 x 3/2 x 3/1 x 3
Same
TCH
C/I
6/28/2016
Page29 of 37
uses a different frequency reuse pattern. During frequency planning, you can
configure the carriers layer by layer, with reuse aggressiveness increases layer
by layer, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Channel number
BCCH
n1
TCH 1
n2
TCH 2
n3
TCHm-1
nm
Note:
n1 n2 n3 n4 nm.
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For MRP, first you must divide an available band into several sub-bands.
Generally, the sub-bands work as the bands for BCCH. The reasons are listed
below:
BSIC decoding will not be affected by traffic. TCH numbers cannot affect
separated BCCH numbers, which is helpful for the MS to decode the BSIC.
The planning for adjacent cell list can be simplified. The separated BCCH
numbers contributes the simplification of adjacent cell list, so the MS can
capture the useful BCCH quickly.
Maximum gain can be obtained from power control and DTX. Downlink
power control and DTX can be applied to TCH carriers only, so the
separated BCCH numbers can maximize the function of downlink power
control and DTX.
The re-planning for TCH numbers will not affect BCCH. When a TRX is
added to the system, if not considering the isolation of combiner and
adjacent frequency interference, you do not have to change the BCCH
numbers.
After that, you must divide the remaining channel numbers into multiple TCH
bands. For MRP, different frequency reuse patterns must be used for different
TCH bands.
According to the carrier allocation in the network, you can decide the average
frequency reuse degree. According to the maximum number of carriers
configured in each cell and the number of cells configured in the network, you
can adjust the average frequency reuse degree to a proper value. In this way,
you can effectively control network quality.
The increase of the carries has little effect on the frequency allocation plan. The
increased channel numbers affect other cells that have more carriers than the
service cell has. For example, if a cell has four carriers, the cells that have been
configured with more than four cells will be affected.
MRP technology enables carriers to be configured flexibly. According to MRP, the
frequencies of a cell can never be completely identical with that of the adjacent
cells. Therefore, the MRP improves both the intra-frequency interference
protection ratio and frequency hopping effect.
According to the requirements defined in GSM protocols, all the downlink
timeslots of the BCCH carriers must transit with full power and the interference
features of the BCCH are different from that of the TCH. Therefore, to ensure
network quality and security, you are recommended to use 4 x 3 frequency reuse
pattern for BCCH. In this case, the channel numbers used for BCCH are equal to
or more than 12. In actual conditions, they are from 12 to 15.
If the available bandwidth is 7.2MHz, the available channel numbers are from 60
to 95, 36 in total, and they can be divided into 4 groups, as shown in Figure 1.2.
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Available
channel number
numbers
channel
BCCH
8394
12
TCH1
7482
TCH2
6673
TCH3
5865
TCH4
5257
TCH5
4651
Note:
ARFCN stands for absolute radio frequency channel number.
According to this table, the channel numbers can be divided into 6 groups. For
BCCH, 12 channel numbers can be reused at the carrier layer. Traffic channels
can be divided into 5 groups, from TCH1 to TCH5. For TCH1, 9 channel
numbers can be reused; for TCH2 and TCH3, 8 channel numbers can be reused;
and for TCH4 and TCH5, 6 channel numbers can be reused.
Therefore, when the bandwidth is 10MHz, the base station type can be
configured as S6/6/6. If the traditional 4/12 frequency reuse pattern is used, the
maximum base station type can be configured as S4/4/4 only.
For
MRP sequence
grouping,
intra-frequency and
neighbor frequency
interference may exist within the frequency layer, and the interference between
frequency layers exist at the critical points of the frequencies.
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type
Available
channel
numbers
BCCH
46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68
12
TCH1
TCH2
TCH3
TCH4
TCH5
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Note:
ARFCN stands for absolute radio frequency channel number.
At the very beginning, not each cell needs the TRX of the last layer, so the TRX
of the last layer can reuse the frequencies more aggressively. In addition, though
interference increases after the MRP is enabled, the TRXs in the cells also
increase. In this case, more the channel numbers will participate in frequency,
which enhances frequency hopping gain.
If both the channel numbers with a little interference and the channel numbers
with great interference exist simultaneously within a cell, the frequency hopping
technology will average the interference through mixing these channel numbers.
In this case, the system can still decode the signals normally.
When allocating the frequencies according to MRP, you must notice that the
minimum frequency reuse degree at the TCH layer must be equal to or greater
than 6. In actual conditions, however, the minimum average frequency reuse
degree at the TCH layer ranges from 7 to 8. Therefore, when the frequency
resource is adequate, you can reserve some channel numbers to for future use
during frequency planning.
Fixed MRP means that the channel numbers allocated to each TCH are fixed.
They are independent of each other, as shown in Figure 1.1. For MRP, you
should plan the channel numbers layer by layer so that the TCH numbers can be
easily adjusted. In this case, if interference is present at a TCH layer, you need
to adjust the channel numbers allocated to that layer only.
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The base station type can be configures flexibly, which is good for network
quality.
Frequency reuse
pattern
6MHz
7.2MHz
Admissible
Capacity
subscribers
ratio
reuse
configuration
traffic
degree
type
volume
43
12
3/2/2
27.9
1188
33
3/3/3
34.5
1380
1.16
43 + 13
7.5
4/4/3
53.5
2140
1.8
MRP(12, 9, 6)
3/3/3
34.5
1380
1.16
26
12
2/2/2/2/2/2
49.2
1968
1.66
IUO: 4 3 + 2 3
4/4/3
53.5
2140
1.8
43
12
3/3/3
34.5
1380
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9.6MHz
33
4/4/4
62
2480
1.8
43+13
7.5
5/5/5
81.9
3276
2.37
MRP(12, 9, 8, 7)
4/4/4
62
2480
1.8
26
12
3/3/3/2/2/2
60.1
2404
1.74
IUO: 4 3 + 2 3
5/5/5
81.9
3276
2.37
43
12
4/4/4
62
2480
3 3
5/5/5
81.9
3276
1.32
43+13
7.5
7/7/7
123.6
4944
1.99
MRP(12,9,8,7,6,6)
6/6/6
104.1
4164
1.70
26
12
4/4/4/4/4/4
126
5040
2.03
IUO: 4 3 + 2 3
7/7/7
123.6
4944
1.99
Note:
GoS = 0.02; a = 0.025 Erl.
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