IDIOMS

Every language has its own collection of wise sayings. They offer advice about how to live and
also transfer some underlying ideas, principles and values of a given culture / society. These
sayings are called "idioms" - or proverbs if they are longer. These combinations of words have
(rarely complete sentences) a "figurative meaning" meaning, they basically work with "pictures".
This List of commonly used idioms and sayings (in everyday conversational English), can help
to speak English by learning English idiomatic expressions. This is a list, which contains exactly
66 of the most commonly used idioms and their meaning.

Aristotle (384322 B.C.E.)

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic,
metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine,
dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more
empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.
Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [alilo alili]; 15 February 1564[3] 8 January 1642) was
an Italian astronomer, physicist,engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role
in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. He has been called the "father of observational
astronomy",[4] the "father of modern physics",[5][6] and the "father of science".[7] His contributions to
observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of
the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation
and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an
improved military compass and other instruments.

Euclid was an ancient Greek mathematician from Alexandria who is best known for his major
work, Elements. Although little is known about Euclid the man, he taught in a school that he
founded in Alexandria, Egypt, around 300 b.c.e.
For his major study, Elements, Euclid collected the work of many mathematicians who preceded
him. Among these were Hippocrates of Chios, Theudius, Theaetetus, and Eudoxus. Euclid's vital
contribution was to gather, compile, organize, and rework the mathematical concepts of his
predecessors into a consistent whole, later to become known as Euclidean geometry.
Descartes was the first mathematician to use the notation where the letters at the
beginning of the alphabet represent data and the letters at the end of the alphabet
to represent variables or unknowns.i This has been adopted as the modern standard
Descartes understanding of algebra was deep. He stated that the number of
distinct roots of an equation is equal to the degree of the equation. Descartes was
willing to consider negative (he called them false roots) and imaginary roots. He
developed a rule for determining the number of positive and negative roots in an
equation. The Rule of Descartes as it is known states An equation can have as
many true [positive] roots as it contains changes of sign, from + to or from to +;

and as many false [negative] roots as the number of times two + signs or two
signs are found in succession.i

Another Greek mathematician who studied at Alexandria in the 3rd Century BCE was
Archimedes, although he was born, died and lived most of his life in Syracuse, Sicily (a
Hellenic Greek colony in Magna Graecia). Little is known for sure of his life, and many
of the stories and anecdotes about him were written long after his death by the
historians of ancient Rome.
Also an engineer, inventor and astronomer, Archimedes was best known throughout
most of history for his military innovations like his siege engines and mirrors to harness
and focus the power of the sun, as well as levers, pulleys and pumps (including the
famous screw pump known as Archimedes Screw, which is still used today in some
parts of the

Michael Faraday, an English chemist and physicist was one of the greatest scientists who
contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His concepts on
electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and laws of electrolysis are yet to be disproved.
Born 1571, Johannes Kepler was probably
the most mystical of the early age scientist/ philosophers of Europes
Scientific Revolution. Kepler was quite obsessive with formation of the
universe, primarily planetary motion. He was very religious Lutheran and at the
same time a believer in Heliocentric Theory (developed by Nicholas Copernicus).
How he viewed the formation of the planets as perfect circles and used a 2-D
model to explain how the revolution of the planets distanced themselves.
Johannes was very obsessive with symmetry and beauty and noticed this model
lacked the ratios for such and abandoned it

Along with a talent for mathematics, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) had a practical ability for solving problems. This could
range from a dripping tap to poor signals from a telegraph cable.

It led him to invent instruments that helped with communication and marine navigation, as well as physics.

Among his main inventions and discoveries were:

The absolute temperature scale, now known as 'the Kelvin scale'

The second law of thermodynamics
Telegraph cables and the galvanometer
Marine instruments
A theory about the shape of atoms
The tetrakaidecahedron

Ptolemy had contributed to science and astronomy by developing the theory of the Earth centered
Universe. Born in 140 A.D. he was a Greek Astronomer. His full name is Claudius Ptolemaeus. We
just spell it Ptolemy for obvious reasons

Writing about the middle of the eighteenth century, David Hume proclaimed John
Napier of Merchiston as the person to whom the title of a great man is more justly
due than to any other whom his country ever produced.[1] When Hume awarded
the first place among his countrymen to Napier, it was doubtless from an enlightened
conviction that his work had been of great service to humanity.
John Napier has gone down in history as the Scottish mathematician who invented
logarithms (1614) and Napiers bones, an early mechanical calculating device
for multiplication and division. There is a lot, however, about the works and life of
John Napier that has been obscured by the passage of time, and when it is revealed it
will shed light on the intriguing personality of the man who passed among his
contemporaries as a trafficker with Satan
James C. Maxwell was a 19th century pioneer in chemistry and physics who articulated
the idea of electromagnetism.

IN THESE GROUPS

FAMOUS PEOPLE BORN ON JUNE 13

FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO MADE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES

FAMOUS PEOPLE BORN IN UNITED KINGDOM

FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

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QUOTES
We have strong reason to conclude that light itselfincluding radiant heat and other
radiation, if anyis an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated
through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws.
James C. Maxwell

Synopsis
Born on June 13, 1831, in Edinburgh, Scotland, James C. Maxwell studied at the University of
Cambridge before holding a variety of professorship posts. Already known for his innovations in
optics and gas velocity research, his groundbreaking theories around electromagnetism,

articulated in the famed Maxwell's Equations, greatly influenced modern physics as we know it.
Maxwell died in England on November 5, 1879.
Nicolaus Copernicus is not famous for his contributions to reproductive science, but rather for
his contributions to ASTRONOMY. (Although he did work as a physician for a time, studying
medicine, as well as many other things such as economics, classical history, linguistics, and
politics.)
His famous theory was that it was the sun at the center of the universe, rather than the earth.
Although there were limitations to the Copernican model, it was an absolute breakthrough idea.
One such limitation was the fact that he still used a universe-based model, rather than a solar
system based one. In fact, our sun is at the center of our solar system, and definitely not the
universe, or even the galaxy.
His theory was heliocentric (sun-centered) rather than geocentric (earth-centered). The
geocentric model is also called the Ptolemaic model, after the Greek philosopher Ptolemy.
Decades after he first came up with the heliocentric theory, Copernicus published his ideas inDe
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (In English: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). It
summarized the theory. Besides the idea that everything orbited the sun rather than the earth, the
significant parts included the idea that retrograde and direct motion could be explained by the
rotation of the earth, the idea that there is no one center of all the celestial circles and spheres,
and the idea that the earth has more than one motion (orbiting the sun, as well as rotating
around). Most of these ended up being true, as they were later proven by other great scientists.
Copernicus's heliocentric theory began what became known as the Copernican Revolution,
sparking the ideas and experiments of later scientists like Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler.
Most significantly, Kepler modified Copernicus's theory from perfect circles to ellipses, and thus
solved many issues with the original model--especially the ones having to do with retrograde
motion.