X

Class

Introduction to Trigonometry

Chapter

1. Acquires the knowledge of terms like angle ,trigonometry ,

Learning

Sine, cosine and tangent of angle related with trigonometry.

Objective

2. To develop the understanding of the processes and principles underlying

the formation of trigonometric ratios of given angle.
3. To develop the understanding of the processes and principles underlying
trigonometric ratios of complementary angles and trigonometric identities.
4 To apply the knowledge of trigonometric ratios for solving different types
of problems.

Students should have the knowledge of the concept of ratio and know that Previous
division is not commutative. Students should have studied Pythagoras Knowledge
Theorem and know the meaning of the term hypotenuse.
Trigonometric Ratios

Topic

Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles

Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
Trigonometric identities

You have already studied about triangles, and in particular right triangles,
in your earlier classes. Let us take some examples from our surroundings
where right triangles can be imagined to be formed. Suppose, if you are
looking at the top of an electrical pole, a right triangle can be imagined

Introductio
n

between yourss eye and the top of the pole Can you find out the height of
the pole, without actually measuring it?

pole
observer
Give some examples for objects you find around you which are in the shape
of a right angled triangle
In all the situations given above, the distances or heights can be found by
using some mathematical techniques, which come under a branch of
mathematics called trigonometry. The word trigonometry is derived from
the Greek words tri (meaning three), gon (meaning sides) and metron
(meaning measure). In fact, trigonometry is the study of relationships
between the sides and angles of a triangle. The earliest known work on
trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon. Early astronomers used it
to find out the distances of the stars and planets from the Earth. Even today,
most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and
Physical Sciences are based on trigonometrical concepts.
In this chapter, we will study ratios of the sides of a right triangle with
Content
respect to its acute angles, called trigonometric ratios of the angle. We will
restrict our discussion to acute angles only. However, these ratios can be
extended to other angles also. We will also define the trigonometric ratios for
angles of measure 0 and 90. We will calculate trigonometric ratios for
some specific angles and establish some identities involving these ratios,
called trigonometric identities.
The three sides of a right triangle are called
1. Perpendicular,
2. Base ( the side on which perpendicular stands)
3. Hypotenuse (the side opposite to the right angle).

Since sum of angles in a triangle is 1800 and one angle

is 900, the other two angles have to be necessarily
acute (<900)angles. The acute angles (two in number)
are normally denoted by Greek letters alpha ( ), beta ( ), gamma ( ), theta (
In the adjoining figure XPY is a right angles triangle
with XPY = 900
We also notice that SAY
TBY ~ UCY
XPY.
Thus by similarity property of SAY and TBY,
YA/YB =YS/YT=AS/BT
YA/YS=YB/YT= Base/Hypotenuse
YA/AS=YB/BT= Base/Perpendicular
AS/YS=BT/YT= Perpendicular/ Hypotenuse

Since these ratios are constant irrespective of length of the sides we

represent these ratios by some standard names.
Since the right triangle has three sides we can have six different ratios
of their sides as given in the following table:

me

Short
form

sin Y

ne Y

cos Y

gent Y

tan Y

ecant Y

ant Y

cosec
Y
sec Y

angent

cot Y

Ratio of sides

In the
Figur
e
Perpendicular/ =PX/
Hypotenuse
YX
Base/Hypotenu =YP/
se
YX
Perpendicular/ =PX/
Base
YP
Hypotenuse/Pe =YX/
rpendicular
PX
Hypotenuse/ba =YX/
se
YP
Base/perpendic =YP/
ular
PX

Remarks
(PH)
(BH)
=sin Y /cos Y,(PB)
=1/sin Y
=1/cos Y
=1/tanY=cosY/sinY

three ratios (4, 5 and 6) are reciprocals (inverse) of

st three ratios,

*CosecA =1
*SecA =1
*CotA =1

ing (Identification) of base and perpendicular sides are

hangeable depending upon the angle opposite to the

espect to X, the base is XP and perpendicular is PY.

espect to Y, the base is YP and perpendicular is PX).
also called opposite sideof Y and YP is
lled adjacent side of Y)

you need to memorize this simple mnemonic Some people have curly brown hair turned permanently black
Thats all you need to memorize to register the trigonometrical ratios in
your mind forever. So here you go,
Some People Have
S = P/H
Sin = Perpendicular / Hypotenuse
Curly Brown Hair
C = B/H
Cos = Base/Hypotenuse
Turned Permanently Black
T = P/B
Tan = Perpendicular/Base
There are 3 more ratios: Cosec, Sec and Cot. For these, just remember that Cosec is the reciprocal of Sin; or Cosec = 1/Sin = H/P
Sec is the reciprocal of Cos; or Sec = 1/Cos = H/B
Cot is the reciprocal of Tan; or Cot= 1/Tan = B/P

The standard angles of trigonometrical

ratios are 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90.
The values of trigonometrical ratios of standard angles are very important
to solve the trigonometrical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to
remember the value of the trigonometrical ratios of these standard angles.
The sine, cosine and tangent of the standard angles are given below in the
table

.
To remember the above values:
(a) divide the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 by 4,
(b) take the positive square roots,
(c) these numbers given the values of sin 0, sin 30, sin 45, sin 60 and sin
90 respectively.
(d) write the values of sin 0, sin 30, sin 45, sin 60 and sin 90 in reverse

order and get the values of cos 0, cos 30, cos 45, cos 60 and cos 90
respectively.
If be an acute angle, the values of sin and cos lies between 0 and 1 (both
inclusive).
The sine of the standard angles 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 are respectively the
positive square roots of 0/4,1/4, 2/4,3/4 and 4/4
Therefore,
sin 0 = (0/4) = 0
sin 30 = (1/4) =
sin 45 = (2/4) = 1/2 = 2/2
sin 60 = 3/4 = 3/2;
Cos 90 = (4/4) = 1.
Similarly cosine of the above standard angels are respectively
the positive square roots of 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 0/4

Complementary angles in Trigonometry

Complementary angles in trigonometry: Two angles are said to be
complementary, if their sum is 90 0.
It follows from the above definition that and ( 90 - ) are complementary
angles in trigonometry for an acute angle
In ABC, B = 90 0
A + C = 90 0
C =90 0 - A

For the sake of easiness in this derivation, we will write C and A as C

and A respectively
Thus
C = 90 0 - A
sin A = BC / AC cosec A = AC / BC
cos A = AB / AC sec A = AC / AB
tan A = BC / AB
cot A = AB / BC
and
sin C = sin (90 0 - A ) = AB / AC; cosec C = cosec (90 0 - A) = AC / AB
cos C = cos (90 0 - A) = BC / AC; sec C = sec (90 0 - A) = AC / BC
tan C = tan (90 0 - A) = AB / BC; cot C = cot (90 0 - A) = BC /AB
sin (900 - A) = cos A
tan(900 - A) = cot A
sec(900 - A) = cosec A
cos (900 - A) = sin A
cot(900 - A) = tan A
cosec (900 - A) = sec A
Some Solved Examples on complementary angles in trigonometry :
1) Evaluate : cos 37 0 / sin 53 0
Solution :
cos 37 0 /sin 53 0 = cos( 90 53 )/sin 53 = sin 53 0 /sin 53 0 = 1
________________________________________________________________
2) Show that : ( cos 70 0 ) / (sin 20 0 ) + (cos 59 0 ) / sin 31 0 - 8 sin 2 30 0 = 0
Solution : Consider

( cos 70 0 ) / (sin 20 0 ) + (cos 59 0 ) / sin 31 0 - 8 sin 2 30 0

= [ cos ( 90 0 - 20 0 )] / [sin 20 0 ] + [ cos(90 0 - 31 0 )] / sin 31 0 - 8 x(1/2) 2
= sin 20 0 / sin 20 0 + sin 31 0 / sin 31 0 - 8 x 1/ 4
=1+12
=0

Proof of the Trigonometric identities

Proof. According to the Pythagorean theorem,

x2 + y2 = r2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1)
Therefore, on dividing both sides by r2,
2

x
2
r

y
2
r

=1

That is, according to the definitions,

cos2 + sin2 = 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .(2)
Apart from the order of the terms, this is the first trigonometric
On dividing line (2) by cos2, we have

That is,
1 + tan2 = sec2.
And if we divide by sin2, we have

That is,
1 + cot2 = cosec2.
.

Objective : Finding trigonometric ratios for 300,450 and 600

FA
Material Required: Pastel sheet, geometry box
ACTIVIT
Procedure:
A 1. Draw an isosceles right triangle on a colorful paper and paste it on
pastel sheet as shown

2. Calculate the length of hypotenuse using Pythagoras theorem.

3. BCA = BAC = 450
4. Using the triangle determine the value of Sin450, Cos450 and Tan450
B. 1. Draw an equilateral triangle on a colorful paper and paste it on pastel
sheet as shown

2. Draw PT perpendicular to QR
3. QT = TR = 2cm
4.Find PT using Pythagoras theorem
5. Calculate TPQ
6. Using PTQ, determine the value for
Sin600, Cos 600 and Tan 600
Determine the Sin300, Cos 300 and Tan 300 using the same triangle
Observation:
Sin450 =1/2 , Cos450 =1/2 and Tan450 = 1
Sin600 =3/2, Cos600 =1/2 and Tan600 = 3
Sin300 =1/2 , Cos300 =3/2and Tan300 =1/ 3

Rubrics for Recording activity work (15 marks)

Parameters

Marks allotted

Bring material for

activity

Takes interest in class

Is regular

Listen , observes
attentively

Takes care of property

*Performance of
Activity

10

Complete
and
Correct
task

Needs help Independe

to complete ntly works
task
but
incomplete
task

Tries to
make
effort but
incomplete
task

Just begin
the task

10

Recapitulati

1. Give some examples for objects you find around you which are in the on
shape of a right angled triangle.
2. Why is it necessary to have only right angled triangle as the basis for
computing trigonometric ratios?
3.How are the three fundamental ratios sine, cosine and tangent defined In a
right angled triangle?

Assignments
LEVEL -1
1. If triangle ABC is right angled at B and AB = 12 cm , BC = 5 cm ,

Find (I) Sin A , Cot A. (ii) Cosec C, Cos C.

2. If cot A=

3
4

, find all other trigonometric ratios of the angle A.

3. If 5 cos A 12 sin A = 0 ,find the value of

sin A +cos A
2 COSA sin A

4. Simplify : ( 1 + tan2 ) (1 sin ) (1 + sin )

5. Evaluate: Sin600 . Cos300 + Sin 300 . Cos 600
6. If A = 600 and B = 300 verify that Cos (A-B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB
7. Prove that : ( 1+ Cot2 )( 1 Cos )(1 + Cos ) = 1
8. If Sin (A + B) = 1 and Cos (A B) =1 Find A and B.
5
9. Given tanA= 4 , (00 A 90 0), find the value of 1- sin A cos A.

10.If sec A = 2, find the value of 2 cot 2A 1.

LEVEL -2
1. If 5 cos A 12 sin A = 0 ,find the value of
tan A

2. If tan A = 2 - 1 , show that 1+ tan 2 A

3. If cot

3
= 4

, prove that

sin A +cos A
2 COSA sin A

2
4

cosec 2 cot 2
sec 2 1

7
3

4. If tan A = , then prove that sin A cos A = 1/5

5. If cotA =4/3

c heck

1 tan2A = cot2A sin2A

1 + tan2A
6. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 6 cm. Find its
side.
7. Find the value of Tan 600 geometrically.
8. If Cos - Sin = 1, Show that Cos + Sin =1 or -1
9. Prove that Tan 10 Tan 20 Tan 30. Tan 890 = 1
10 Prove that ( Sin A + Sec A)2 + (CosA + CosecA)2 = ( 1 + SecA .
CosecA)2.
LEVEL -3
1. If Tan (A + B) = 1 and Sin (2A B) =1, Find A and B.
2. If 2 Cos - Sin = x and Cos - 3 Sin = y prove that
2x2 + y2 2xy = 5
3. If Sec + Tan = p, prove that Sin

p 2+1
= p2 1

4.Compare the area of the right angled triangles ABC and DEF in which

A = 300 , B =900, AC =4cm,

D = 600 , E =900 and

DE= 4cm
5.If tan + sin = m and tan - sin = n ,show that
(m2 n2 )2 = 16 mn
1

6. Prove that (cosec sin) (sec cos) = tan +cot

7. Prove that
sin (1+ tan) + cos (1+cot)= sec +cosec
8. If 7 sin2 + 3 cos2 = 4 find the value of

sec +cosec

9. Prove that
2 sec2 - sec4 -2 cosec2 + cosec4 = cot4 - tan4
10. Prove that
Sin6A + Cos6A = 1- 3 Sin2 A Cos2A

Remediation

POSSIBLE ERRORS and their REMEDIATIONS

1 Writing Sin 90 - instead of Sin (90 - ) It has to be emphasized that
for all complementary angles it has to be written Sin (90 -

) with in

brackets.
2 Some students draw other types of triangles instead of right angled
triangles for calculating trigonometric ratios Instruct the students that only
right angled triangles are to be used and hypotenuse is related to right
triangles only.
3 Some students do not mention the angle along with the trigonometric
ratio.
Ex

sin
cos

= tan Emphasize on writing ratio with correct angles and give

sufficient practice.
4 Students consider Sin2 + cos2 = 1 and take its square root as Sin + cos
= 1 Instruct the students that square root is taken only for whole term i.e.
not with + and sign
5 Use of trigonometric ratios to prove geometrical results, is not very
common with students while this method becomes very useful in some of the

questions Students should be encouraged to use trigonometric results in

geometry, especially where the ratio of sides is given.

To observe a relation between sum of squares of sine and cosine ratios of an Hands on
angle in a right angled triangle.
METHOD:

1.Consider three right angled triangles as shown

activity

2. Records the results in the table below

ABC

Sin C =

Cos C =

Sin2 C + Cos2 C=

DEF

Sin F =

Cos F =

Sin2 F + Cos2 F =

PQR

Sin R =

Cos R =

Sin2 R + Cos2 R=

Observation:
Sin2 + Cos2

=1

Similarly we can show that

1 + tan2 = Sec2 . And 1 + Cot2 = Cosec2

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