Crop circle

Crop Circles redirects here. For the album by Dean 1 History

Brody, see Crop Circles (album).
For the irrigation method that produces circular elds of The concept of crop circles began with the original latecrops, see center pivot irrigation.
1970s hoaxes by Doug Bower and Dave Chorley (see
A crop circle or crop formation is a pattern created by Bower and Chorley, below).[13][14][15][16][17] They said
that they were inspired by the Tully saucer nest case
in Australia, where a farmer found a attened circle of
swamp reeds after observing a UFO.[14]

1.1 Early reports of circular formations

A 1678 news pamphlet The Mowing-Devil: or, Strange
News Out of Hartfordshire is claimed by some cereologists to be the rst depiction of a crop circle.[13] Crop
circle researcher Jim Schnabel does not consider it to be
a historical precedent because it describes the stalks as
being cut rather than bent.[13] (see folklore section)
In 1686, British naturalist Robert Plot reported on rings
or arcs of mushrooms (see fairy rings) in The Natural
History of Staord-Shire and proposed air ows from
[18][19]
[1]
In 1991 meteorologist Terence
attening a crop, usually a cereal. The term was rst the sky as a cause.
[2] Meaden linked this report with modern crop circles, a
coined in the early nineteen-eighties by Colin Andrews.
Crop circles have been described as all falling within the claim that has been compared with those made by Erich
[n 1]
range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes" by Taner Edis, von Dniken.
professor of physics at Truman State University.[3] Al- An 1880 letter to the editor of Nature by amateur scienthough obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop cir- tist John Rand Capron describes how a recent storm had
cles are suggested by fringe theorists,[4] there is no scien- created several circles of attened crops in a eld.[n 2]
tic evidence for such explanations, and human causes are
consistent for all crop circles.[5][6][7] An anonymous 2009
commentary in The Guardian considered it still open to 1.2 Modern times
dispute whether some are caused by natural phenomena
or all created by human hand.[8]
In 1932, archaeologist E C Curwen, observed four dark
The number of crop circles has substantially increased rings in a eld at Stoughton Down near Chichester, but
could examine only one: a circle in which the barley was
from the 1970s to current times. There has been little sciwhile the interior area was very
entic study of them. Circles in the United Kingdom are 'lodged' or beaten down,
[22]
slightly
mounded
up.
not spread randomly across the landscape but appear near
Aerial view of a crop circle in Switzerland

In 1963 amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore described

a crater in a potato eld in Wiltshire, which he considered
was probably caused by an unknown meteoric body. In
nearby wheat elds, there were several circular and elliptical areas where the wheat had been attened. There was
evidence of spiral attening. He thought they could be
caused by air currents from the impact, since they led towards the crater.[23] Astronomer Hugh Ernest Butler observed similar craters and said they were likely caused by
lighting strikes.[24]

roads, areas of medium to dense population and cultural

heritage monuments, such as Stonehenge or Avebury.[9]
In 1991, two hoaxers, Bower and Chorley, made disputed
claims to have created many circles throughout England
after one of their circles was described by a circle investigator as impossible to be made by human hand.[10]

Formations are usually created overnight,[11] although

some are reported to have appeared during the day.[12] In
contrast to crop circles or crop formations, archaeological
remains can cause cropmarks in the elds in the shapes of
circles and squares, but they do not appear overnight, and In the 1960s, in Tully, Queensland, Australia, and in
Canada, there were many reports of UFO sightings
they are always in the same places every year.
1

1 HISTORY

and circular formations in swamp reeds and sugar cane

elds.[14] For example, on 8 August 1967, three circles
were found in a eld in Duhamel, Alberta, Canada, and
the Department of National Defence sent two investigators, who concluded that it was articially made but
couldn't make denite conclusions on who made them or
how.[25] The most famous case is the 1966 Tully saucer
nest, when a farmer said he witnessed a saucer-shaped
craft rise 30 or 40 feet (12 m) up from a swamp and
then y away. When he went to investigate the location where he thought the saucer had landed, he found
a nearly circular area 32 feet long by 25 feet wide where
the grass was attened in clockwise curves to water level
within the circle, and the reeds had been uprooted from
the mud.[14] The local police ocer, the Royal Australian
Air Force, and the University of Queensland concluded
that it was most probably caused by natural causes, like a
down draught, a willy-willy (dust devil), or a waterspout.
In 1973, G.J. Odgers, Director of Public Relations, Department of Defence (Air Oce), wrote to a journalist
that the saucer was probably debris lifted by the causing
willy-willy. Hoaxers Bower and Chorley said they were
inspired by this case to start making the modern crop circles that appear today.[26]

crop circles can be enthusiastic, with locals taking advantage of the increase of tourism and visits from scientists,
crop circle researchers, and individuals seeking spiritual
experiences.[16] The market for crop-circle interest has
consequently generated bus or helicopter tours of circle
sites, walking tours, T-shirts, and book sales.

Since the 1960s, there had been a surge of UFOlogists in

Wiltshire, and there were rumours of saucer nests appearing in the area, but they were never photographed.[17]
There are other pre-1970s reports of circular formations,
especially in Australia and Canada, but they were always simple circles, which could have been caused by
whirlwinds.[14] In Fortean Times David Wood reported
that in 1940 he had already made crop circles near
Gloucestershire using ropes.[27] In 1997, the Oxford English Dictionary recorded the earliest usage of the term
crop circles in a 1988 issue of Journal of Meteorology,
referring to a BBC lm.[28] The coining of the term crop
circle is attributed to Colin Andrews in the late 1970s or
early 1980s.[29][30]

A video sequence used in connection with the opening

of the Olympic Games in London in 2012 shows two
crop circle areas shaped as the Olympic Rings. Another
Olympic crop circle area was visible for those landing at
Heathrow Airport, London, UK before and during the
Olympic Games.[35]

1.3

Recent boom

Since 2000, crop formations have increased in size and

complexity of form, some featuring as many as 2000 different shapes,[11] and some incorporating complex mathematical and scientic characteristics.[32][33][34]
A researcher found that crop circles in the UK are not
spread randomly across the landscape. They tend to appear near roads, areas of medium to dense population,
and cultural heritage monuments, such as Stonehenge or
Avebury. They always appear in areas that are easy to
access. This suggests strongly that circles are more likely
to be caused by intentional human action than by paranormal activity. Another strong indication is that inhabitants of the zone with the most circles have a historical
tendency for making big formations, including stone circles such as Stonehenge, burial mounds such as Silbury
Hill, long barrows such as West Kennet Long Barrow, and
White horses in chalk hills.[9]

1.3.1 Bower and Chorley

In 1991, self-professed pranksters Doug Bower and Dave
Chorley made headlines claiming it was they who started
the phenomenon in 1978 with the use of simple tools consisting of a plank of wood, rope, and a baseball cap tted with a loop of wire to help them walk in a straight
line.[36] To prove their case they made a circle in front of
journalists; a cereologist (advocate of paranormal explanations of crop circles), Pat Delgado, examined the
circle and declared it authentic before it was revealed
that it was a hoax.[10][36][37] Inspired by Australian crop
circle accounts from 1966, Bower and Chorley claimed
to be responsible for all circles made prior to 1987, and
for more than 200 crop circles in 19781991 (with 1000
other circles not being made by them).[11][38] After their
announcement, the two men demonstrated making a crop
circle. According to Professor Richard Taylor, the pictographs they created inspired a second wave of crop
artists. Far from zzling out, crop circles have evolved
into an international phenomenon, with hundreds of sophisticated pictographs now appearing annually around
the globe.[11]

The majority of reports of crop circles have appeared in

and spread since the late 1970s[13] as many circles began appearing throughout the English countryside. This
phenomenon became widely known in the late 1980s, after the media started to report crop circles in Hampshire
and Wiltshire. After Bowers and Chorleys 1991 statement that they were responsible for many of them, circles started appearing all over the world.[11] To date, approximately 10,000 crop circles have been reported internationally, from locations such as the former Soviet
Union, the UK, Japan, the U.S., and Canada. Sceptics
note a correlation between crop circles, recent media coverage, and the absence of fencing and/or anti-trespassing
legislation.[31]
Smithsonian Magazine wrote:
Although farmers have expressed concern at the damage
caused to their crops, local response to the appearance of

Since Bower and Chorleys circles appeared,

3
the geometric designs have escalated in scale
and complexity, as each year teams of anonymous circle-makers lay honey traps for New
Age tourists
1.3.2

Art and business

ate crop circles of their own, aiming to duplicate some

of the features claimed to distinguish real crop circles
from the known fakes such as those created by Bower
and Chorley. The creation of the circle was recorded and
used in the Discovery Channel documentary Crop Circles:
Mysteries in the Fields.[43]
In 2009 The Guardian reported that crop circle activity
had been waning around Wiltshire, one of the reasons being that makers preferred making promotional circles for
companies that pay well for their eorts.[44]
The Led Zeppelin boxed set, the remasters of the rst
boxed set, and the second boxed set all feature a crop circle that appeared in East Field in Alton Barnes, Wiltshire.

A crop circle with the logo of Swedish Railways.

Since the early 1990s, the UK arts collective named Circlemakers founded by artists Rod Dickinson and John
Lundberg (and subsequently including artists Wil Russell
and Rob Irving) have been creating crop circles in the UK
and around the world both as part of their art practice and
for commercial clients.[39]

1.3.3 Legal implications

In 1992, Hungarian youths Gbor Takcs and Rbert
Dallos, both then 17, were the rst people to face legal
action after creating a crop circle. Takcs and Dallos, of
the St. Stephen Agricultural Technicum, a high school
in Hungary specializing in agriculture, created a 36metre (118 ft) diameter crop circle in a wheat eld near
Szkesfehrvr, 43 miles (69 km) southwest of Budapest,
on June 8, 1992. On September 3, the pair appeared on
Hungarian TV and exposed the circle as a hoax, showing photos of the eld before and after the circle was
made. As a result, Aranykalsz Co., the owners of the
land, sued the youngsters for 630,000 Ft (~$3,000 USD)
in damages. The presiding judge ruled that the students
were only responsible for the damage caused in the circle
itself, amounting to about 6,000 Ft (~$30 USD), and that
99% of the damage to the crops was caused by the thousands of visitors who ocked to Szkesfehrvr following
the medias promotion of the circle. The ne was eventually paid by the TV show, as were the students legal
fees.

In 2000, Matthew Williams became the rst man in the

UK to be arrested for causing criminal damage after makAerial view of a crop circle in Diessenhofen
ing a crop circle near Devizes.[45] In November 2000, he
was ned 100 and 40 in costs.[46][47] As of 2008, no
On the night of 1112 July 1992 a crop-circle making one else has been successfully prosecuted in the UK for
competition, for a prize of 3,000[40] (partly funded by criminal damage caused by creating crop circles.[n 3]
the Arthur Koestler Foundation), was held in Berkshire.
The winning entry was produced by three Westland Helicopters engineers, using rope, PVC pipe, a plank, string,
a telescopic device and two stepladders.[41] According to 2 Creation
Rupert Sheldrake the competition was organised by him
and John Michell and co-sponsored by The Guardian The scientic consensus on crop circles is that they are
and The Cerealogist. The prize money came from PM, constructed by human beings as hoaxes, advertising, or
a German magazine. Sheldrake wrote that The experi- art.[49] The most widely known method for a person or
ment was conclusive. Humans could indeed make all the group to construct a crop formation is to tie one end of a
features of state-of-the-art crop formations at that time. rope to an anchor point and the other end to a board which
Eleven of the twelve teams made more or less impressive is used to crush the plants. Sceptics of the paranormal
point out that all characteristics of crop circles are fully
formations that followed the set design.[42]
[50]
In 2002, Discovery Channel commissioned ve aeronau- compatible with their being made by hoaxers.
tics and astronautics graduate students from MIT to cre- Bower and Chorley confessed in 1991 to making the rst

3 ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS
man symbols, like the heart and arrow symbol of love,
stereotyped alien faces,[n 4]
Hoaxers have been caught in the process of making new
circles, for example, in 2004 in the Netherlands.[56] (See
more cases in the legal implications section)

Advocates of non-human causes discount on-site evidence of human involvement as attempts to discredit the
phenomena.[56] Some even argue a conspiracy theory,
with governments planting evidence of hoaxing to muddle the origins of the circles.[56][57] When popular science
writer Matt Ridley wrote negative articles in newspapers,
he was accused of spreading government disinformaDetail of a crop circle in a eld in Switzerland
tion and of working for the UK military intelligence service MI5.[38] Ridley responded by noting that many cereologists make good livings from selling books and providcrop circles in South England.[11] When some people re- ing high-priced personal tours through crop elds, and he
fused to believe them, they deliberately added straight claimed that they have vested interests in rejecting what
lines and squares to show that they could not have natu- is by far the most likely explanation for the circles.[38][58]
ral causes.[11] In a copycat eect, increasingly complex
circles started appearing in many countries around the
world, including fractal gures.[11] Physicists have sug3 Alternate explanations
gested that the most complex formations might be made
with the help of GPS and lasers.[11] In 2009, a circle formation was made over the course of three consecutive 3.1 Weather
nights and was apparently left unnished, with some halfmade circles.[11]
It has been suggested that crop circles may be the reThe main criticism of alleged non-human creation of crop sult of extraordinary meteorological phenomena ranging
circles is that while evidence of these origins, besides from freak tornadoes to ball lightning, but there is no evof any crop circle being created by any of these
eyewitness testimonies, is essentially absent, some are idence [11][50]
causes.
denitely known to be the work of human pranksters,
and others can be adequately explained as such. There
have been cases in which researchers declared crop circles to be the real thing, only to be confronted with
the people who created the circle and documented the
fraud,[51] like Bower and Chorley and tabloid Today hoaxing Pat Delgado,[36][52] the Wessex Sceptics and Channel
4's Equinox hoaxing Terence Meaden,[38][52] or a friend of
a Canadian farmer hoaxing a eld researcher of the Canadian Crop Circle Research Network.[53] In his 1997 book
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the
Dark, Carl Sagan concludes that crop circles were created
by Bower and Chorley and their copycats, and speculates
that UFOlogists willingly ignore the evidence for hoaxing
so they can keep believing in an extraterrestrial origin of
the circles.[54] Many others have demonstrated how complex crop circles can be created.[55] Scientic American
published an article by Matt Ridley,[38] who started making crop circles in northern England in 1991. He wrote
about how easy it is to develop techniques using simple
tools that can easily fool later observers. He reported on
expert sources such as The Wall Street Journal, who had
been easily fooled and mused about why people want to
believe supernatural explanations for phenomena that are
not yet explained. Methods of creating a crop circle are
now well documented on the Internet.

In 1880, an amateur scientist, John Rand Capron, wrote

a letter to the editor of journal Nature about some circles
in crops and blamed them on a recent storm, saying their
shape was suggestive of some cyclonic wind action.[n 2]
In 1980, Terence Meaden, a meteorologist and physicist, proposed that the circles were caused by whirlwinds whose course was aected by southern England hills.[11] As circles became more complex, Terence
had to create increasingly complex theories, blaming an
electromagneto-hydrodynamic plasma vortex.[11] The
meteorological theory became popular, and it was even
referenced in 1991 by physicist Stephen Hawking who
said that, Corn circles are either hoaxes or formed by
vortex movement of air.[11] The weather theory suered
a serious blow in 1991, but Hawkings point about hoaxes
was supported when Bower and Chorley stated that they
had been responsible for making all those circles.[n 5] By
the end of 1991 Meaden conceded that those circles that
had complex designs were made by hoaxers.[60]

3.2 Paranormal

Since becoming the focus of widespread media attention in the 1980s, crop circles have become the subSome crop formations are paid for by companies who use ject of speculation by various paranormal, ufological, and
them as advertising.[44][n 3] Many crop circles show hu- anomalistic investigators ranging from proposals that they

3.4

Changes to crops

5
the opiate-laden poppies and running in circles.[70]

3.4 Changes to crops

A small number of scientists (physicist Eltjo Haselho,
the late biophysicist William Levengood) have found differences between the crops inside the circles and outside
them, even though there is a consensus among scientists
that the circles are man-made.[11][50]

Sketch of a spaceship creating crop circles, sent to UK Ministry

of Defence circa 1998.

were created by bizarre meteorological phenomena to

messages from extraterrestrial beings.[50][61][62][63] Many
crop circles have been found near ancient sites such as
Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire. They have also been found
near mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or
graves, also known as tumuli barrows, or barrows and
chalk horses, or trenches dug and lled with rubble made
from brighter material than the natural bedrock, often
chalk. There has also been speculation that crop circles have a relation to ley lines.[62][64][65] Many New Age
groups incorporate crop circles into their belief systems.
Some paranormal advocates think that crop circles are
caused by ball lighting and that the patterns are so complex that they have to be controlled by some entity.[66]
Some proposed entities are: Gaia asking to stop global
warming and human pollution, God, supernatural beings
(for example Indian devas), the collective minds of humanity through a proposed quantum eld, or extraterrestrial beings.[66]
Responding to local beliefs that extraterrestrial beings
in UFOs were responsible for crop circles appearing,
the Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and
Space (LAPAN) described crop circles as man-made.
Thomas Djamaluddin, research professor of astronomy
and astrophysics at LAPAN stated, We have come to
agree that this 'thing' cannot be scientically proven.
Among others, paranormal enthusiasts, ufologists, and
anomalistic investigators have oered hypothetical explanations that have been criticized as pseudoscientic by
sceptical groups and scientists, including the Committee
for Skeptical Inquiry.[44][67][68][69] No credible evidence
of extraterrestrial origin has been presented.

3.3

Animal activity

In 2009, the attorney general for the island state of

Tasmania stated that Australian wallabies had been found
creating crop circles in elds of opium poppies, which are
grown legally for medicinal use, after consuming some of

Levengood published papers in journal Physiologia Plantarum in 1994[68] and 1999.[71] In his 1994 paper he
found that certain deformities in the grain inside the circles were correlated to the position of the grain inside
the circle.[50] In 1996 sceptic Joe Nickell objected that
correlation is not causation,[50] raised several objections
to the Levengoods methods and assumptions,[67] and said
Until his work is independently replicated by qualied
scientists doing 'double-blind' studies and otherwise following stringent scientic protocols, there seems no need
to take seriously the many dubious claims that Levengood
makes, including his similar ones involving plants at alleged 'cattle mutilation' sites. (in reference to cattle mutilation).[67]
A study by Eltjo Haselho reported that the pulvini of
wheat in 95% of the crop circles investigated were elongated in a pattern falling o with distance from the centre
and that seeds from the bent-over plants grew much more
slowly under controlled conditions. Furthermore, traces
of crop circle patterns are sometimes found in the crop the
following year, suggesting long-term damage to the crop
eld consistent with Levengoods observations of stunted
seed growth. These current investigations seem to imply
that at least in some crop circles, there is more at work
than the eects of mechanical crushing of plants.

3.5 Magnetism
In 2000, Colin Andrews, who had researched crop circles
for 17 years, stated that while he believed 80% were manmade, he thought the remaining circles, with less elaborate designs, could be explained by a three-degree shift
in the Earths magnetic eld, that creates a current that
electrocutes the crops, causing them to atten and form
the circle.[49]

4 Folklore
Researchers of crop circles have linked modern crop circles to old folkloric tales to support the claim that they
are not articially produced.[13] Circle crops are culturedependent: they appear mostly in developed and secularized Western countries where people are receptive to
New Age beliefs, including Japan, but they don't appear
at all in other zones, such as Muslim countries.[72]

6 NOTES

Fungi can cause circular areas of crop to die, probably the

origin of tales of "fairie rings".[13] Tales also mention balls
of light many times but never in relation to crop circles.[13]

Hoax
Land art
List of hoaxes
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Nazca Lines
Pseudoscience
Rice paddy art
Ufology
Viking ring fortress

6 Notes
[1] Keving Greene wrote,

1678 pamphlet on the "Mowing-Devil".

A 17th-century English woodcut called the Mowing-Devil

depicts the devil with a scythe mowing (cutting) a circular
design in a eld of oats. The pamphlet containing the image states that the farmer, disgusted at the wage his mower
was demanding for his work, insisted that he would rather
have the devil himself perform the task. Crop circle researcher Jim Schnabel does not consider this to be a historical precedent for crop circles because the stalks were
cut down, not bent.[13] The circular form indicated to the
farmer that it had been caused by the devil.[13]
In the 1948 German story Die zwlf Schwne (The Twelve
Swans), a farmer every morning found a circular ring of
attened grain on his eld. After several attempts, his son
saw twelve princesses disguised as swans, who took o
their disguises and danced in the eld. Crop rings produced by fungi may have inspired such tales since folklore holds these rings are created by dancing wolves or
fairies.[13]

See also
Center pivot irrigation
Geoglyph
Gerald Hawkins

The diculties that exist in communicating the results of archaeology have undoubtedly contributed to the ourishing of writers,
such as Erich von Dniken, who take a particular delight in deriding the inability of 'experts to nd explanations that seize the imagination of the public. (...) Few archaeologists have sold as many paperbacks as von
Dniken; more recently, a meteorologist who
linked crop circles to prehistoric ring-ditches
or round barrows generated a reaction that
no orthodox student of these monuments has
ever achieved (Meaden 1991) [in reference
to T. Meaden (1991). The Goddess of the
Stones: The Language of the Megaliths. London: Souvenir Press.][20]
[2] John Rand Capron wrote,
The storms about this part of Surrey have
been lately local and violent, and the eects
produced in some instances curious. Visiting a neighbours farm on Wednesday evening
(21st), we found a eld of standing wheat
considerably knocked about, not as an entirety, but in patches forming, as viewed from
a distance, circular spots (...) they all presented much the same character, viz, a few
standing stalks as a centre, some prostrate
stalks with their heads arranged pretty evenly
in a direction forming a circle round the centre, and outside there a circular wall of stalks
which had not suered. (...) I could not trace
locally any circumstances accounting for the
peculiar forms of the patches in the eld,
nor indicating whether it was wind or rain,
or both combined, which had caused them,
beyond the general evidence everywhere of
heavy rainfall. They were suggestive to me
of some cyclonic wind action, and may perhaps have been noticed elsewhere by some of
your readers.[21]

[3] In a newspaper article Lewis Cohen wrote, Williams is

probably best known as the only person in the UK to be
successfully prosecuted for making crop circles. He has
since made a name for himself creating crop circles for
TV companies and commercial rms...[48]
[4] The website Crop Circle Research.com described one formation stating, It looks reminiscent of a fake dummy
constructed by 'Balok' in a Star Trek episode called
'Corbomite Manourvre' [sic] (series 1)' or the logo of local
soccer club Feyenoord".[56]
[5] In a Physics World article Richard Taylor wrote, Today, with the benet of hindsight, such explanations sound
rather contrived. At the height of the debate, though, no
less a physicist than Stephen Hawking was prepared to accept some version of Meadens theory. When a spate of
circles appeared in the countryside near his Cambridge
home in 1991, Hawking told a local newspaper that crop
circles are either hoaxes or formed by vortex movement
of air[59]

References

[1] http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/
crop-circle?q=crop+circle
[2] Colin Andrews, Pat Delgado Circular Evidence: A Detailed Investigation of the Flattened Swirled Crops. Phanes
Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7475-0635-3
[3] Edis, Taner. Science and Nonbelief. Prometheus Books.
2008, p. 138. ISBN 1-59102-561-3 Skeptics begin by
pointing out that many paranormal claims are the result
of fraud or hoaxes. Crop circles elaborate patterns that
appear on elds overnight appear to be of this sort.
Many crop circle makers have come forth or have been
exposed. We know a great deal about their various techniques. So we do not need to nd the perpetrator of every
crop circle to gure out that probably they all are human
made. Many true believers remain who continue to think
there is something paranormal perhaps alien about
crop circles. But the circles we know all fall within the
range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes. Nothing stands
out as extraordinary.

[9] Jeremy Northcote. Spatial distribution of Englands crop

circles (PDF). Geography Online (online journal, without
ISSN). Southern Illinois University.
[10] William E. Schmidt (10 September 1991). 2 'Jovial Con
Men' Demystify Those Crop Circles in Britain. New York
Times.
[11] Richard Taylor (August 2011). Coming soon to a eld
near you (PDF). Feature: Crop circles. Physics World.
[12] Margry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 140-2.
[13] Peter Jan Margry; Herman Roodenburg (2007). Reframing Dutch Culture: Between Otherness and Authenticity.
Progress in European Ethnology (illustrated ed.). Ashgate
Publishing. pp. 1501. ISBN 9780754647058.
[14] Laurie Eddie (4 November 2004). The Skeptics SA
Guide to: Crop circles. Skepticssa.org.au. Skeptics SA.
Retrieved 2012-01-01.
[15] Carl Sagan (1997). The Demon-Haunted World. Headline
Publishing Group. pp. 726. ISBN 0747251568.
[16] Hillary Mayell (2 August 2002). Crop circles: Artwork
or alien signs. National Geographic. p. 2. Retrieved 28
October 2010.
[17] Rob Irving; Peter Brookesmith (December 15, 2009).
Crop Circles: The Art of the Hoax. Smithsonian.com.
[18] John Aubrey. The Natural History of Staord-Shire. at
Project Gutenberg
[19] "The Natural History of Staordshire by Robert Plott;
Sciotericum Telescopicum or a new Contrivance of adapting a Telescope to a Horizontall Diall, for observing the moment of time by day or night by Will Molineux. Accounts
of Books. Philosophical Transactions (16831775). 16
(1686-1692): 20716. JSTOR 101866.
[20] Kevin Greene (1995). Archaeology: An Introduction:
The History, Principles and Methods of Modern Archaeology (PDF) (3, fully revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN
0203447204.

[4] Parker, Martin (2000). Human science as conspiracy theory.

The Sociological Review (Wiley Online Library) 48 (S2): 191207. doi:10.1111/j.1467954x.2000.tb03527.x.

[21] John Rand Capron (1880). Storm Eects (PDF).

Nature 22 (561): 290. Bibcode:1880Natur..22..290C.
doi:10.1038/022290d0. Retrieved from Nature archive
for the decade 18801889. nature.com. Nature. Retrieved 23 August 2011. Republished in A case of genuine crop circles dating from July 1880 as published in
Nature in the year 1880. Journal of Meteorology 25: 20
1. January 2000.

[5] Hines. T. Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus

Books, 2003. pp. 295-296. ISBN 1-57392-979-4

[22] Sussex Notes and Queries, 1937 Eliot Cecil Curwen

p.139-140

[6] Soto, J. Crop Cirles. In Michael Shermer (Ed). The Skeptic

Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 67-70.
ISBN 1-57607-653-9

[23] Moore P. That Wiltshire Crater Letter to the editor New

Scientist 8 August 1963

[7] Radford, B. Crop Circles Explained. LiveScience.

[8] Every crop circle in England in 2009 - with coordinates. The Guardian. September 15, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2015.

In the adjoining wheatelds were other

features, taking the form of circular or elliptical areas in which the wheat had been
attened. I saw these myself; they had not
been much visited, and were certainly peculiar One, very well-dened, was an oval 15

yards long by 41 broad. There was evidence

of spiral attening, and in one case there
was a circular area in the centre in which the
wheat had not been attened. In no case was
there any evidence of an actual depression in
the ground. (...) [The crater] could have been
caused by natural subsidence, but it did not
give that impression, and in any case there
are the areas of attened wheat to be taken
into account; it would be remarkable coincidence if these areas were not associated
with the crater. Since the areas of attened
wheat led to the crater, it looks very much
as though they, and the crater, were caused
by something which came from the sky. In
this case, the wheat would have been attened
by violent air-currents produced by the falling
body.
[24] Hugh Ernest Butler 'That Wiltshire Crater', New Scientist
issue 352, 15 August 1963 Letters to the editor
[25] Canadas Unidentied Flying Objects: The Search for
the Unknown: Duhamel, Alberta: August 1967. 14 December 2007 [2005]. At Library and Archives Canada.
(Original in French).

REFERENCES

[38] Hola Ridley (15 July 2002). Crop circle confession.

Scientic American. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
[39] Henry Hemming (2009). In Search of the English Eccentric. John Murray. ISBN 0719522129.
[40] Andrea Pelleschi (2012). Crop Circles. Essential Library/ABDO. p. 73.
[41] David Jenkins (25 August 2010). Crop circle conundrum. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[42] Rupert Sheldrake. The Crop Circle Making Competition (PDF). Rupert Sheldrake. Retrieved 10 August
2012.
[43] Crop Circles: Mysteries in the Fields. Discovery Channel.
2002-10-10.
[44] John Vidal (5 June 2009). The bizarre revival of crop
circles and advice on how to make your own. The
Guardian.
[45] Cahal Milmo (November 4, 2000). Police unravel mystery of the crop circle. The Independent (London).
[46] Man ned 100 for making crop circle.
shire.co.uk (Weybridge). 7 November 2000.

thisiswilt-

[26] Jim Gilchrist (September 7, 2002). The attened crops

society. The Scotsman. (registration required)

[47] Secrets of crop circles.

bridge). 2 May 2002.

[27] Eddie 2004 citing: D. Wood (2000).

pranksters?". Fortean Times 131 (52).

Pioneer

[48] Lewis Cohen (25 February 2008). Mystery surrounds

emergency landing. thisiswiltshire.co.uk (Weybridge).

[28] Oxford English Dictionary, Crop: Draft additions 1997,

in Jrnl. Meteorol. 13 290.

[49] Magnetic 'solution' to crop circle puzzle. BBC News. 9

August 2000. Retrieved 30 September 2015.

[29] Brian Regal (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780313355073.

[50] Joe Nickell (SeptemberOctober 2002). Circular Reasoning: The 'Mystery' of Crop Circles and Their 'Orbs of
Light. Skeptical Inquirer 26.5. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06.

[30] Crop circle picture gallery shows more complex forms.

The Telegraph. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

thisiswiltshire.co.uk (Wey-

[31] Disease brings poor crop of circles. BBC News. 200108-17. Retrieved 2007-02-08.

[51] Joe Nickell. Crop-circle mania: An investigative update. Skeptical Inquirer. Cited as reference 6 in Nickell
1996

[32] Benjamin Radford (8 June 2010). "'Beautiful Math Equation' Found in Crop Circle. LiveScience. Retrieved 201201-01.

[52] Flattened. (crop circles hoax)". The Economist (US). 14

September 1991 via Highbeam. (subscription required
(help)).

[33] Marc West (2008-06-30). Pi appears in crop circle.

plus.maths.org. Retrieved 2012-01-01.

[53] Farmer embarrassed by crop circle hoax. canada.com.

Canwest News Service. 2 October 2007.

[34] Crop circle season arrives with a mathematical message.

This Britain. The Independent. 2010-05-26. Retrieved
2012-01-01.

[54] Sagan 1997.

[35] Clarke, John (July 9, 2012). Mystery Crop Circles Revealed As Olympic Publicity Stunt. Forbes. Retrieved
July 29, 2015.
[36] Graham Brough (1991). Men who conned the world.
Today (defunct) (UK).
[37] Two British artists admit playing `circles hoax for the
past 13 years. Houston Chronicle (Star ed.). Houston
Chronicle News Services. 10 September 1991. p. A2.

[55] Roel Van der Meulen (1994). Faking UFOs. Roel Van
der Meulen.
[56] Margry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 143-5.
[57] Former RAF engineer: MI5 'paid people to fake crop
circles to discredit UFO research - Jon Austin - Express.co.uk - Tue, Sep 22, 2015
[58] Matt Ridley (4 June 2011). Houdini, crop circles and the
need to believe. Wall Street Journal.
[59] Taylor 2011

[60] Simon Hoggart; Mike Hutchinson (1995). Bizarre Beliefs. London: Richard Cohen Books. p. 59. ISBN
9781573921565. Cited in Nickell 2002
[61] Mayan 'apocalypse' crop circle appears at Silbury Hill.
The Telegraph. 8 July 2009.
[62] Eltjo Haselho (2001). The Deepening Complexity of
Crop Circles: Scientic Research & Urban Legends. Frog
Ltd. ISBN 1583940464.
[63] Jerome Clark; Nancy Pear (1995). Strange and Unexplained Happenings: When Nature Breaks the Rules of Science 3. Gale. ISBN 0810397803.
[64] Margry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 138-9.
[65] Charles Godfrey-Faussett (2004). England. Footprint
Travel Guides. ISBN 1903471915.
[66] Margry & Roodenburg 2007, p. 138.
[67] Joe Nickell (June 1996). Levengoods crop-circle plant
research. Skeptical Inquirer 6.2.
[68] W.C. Levengood (1994). Anatomical anomalies in crop
formation plants. Physiologia Plantarum 92 (2): 35663.
doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb05348.x. ISSN 00319317.
[69] Ika Krismantari (6 February 2011). Crop circles provide
food for thought. The Star.
[70] Stoned wallabies make crop circles. BBC News. 25 June
2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
[71] W.C. Levengood; Nancy P. Talbott (1999). Dispersion of energies in worldwide crop formations. Physiologia Plantarum 105: 61524. doi:10.1034/j.13993054.1999.105404.x.
[72] Margry & Roodenburg 2007, p. 152.

Further reading
Jim Schnabel (1993). Round in Circles: Physicists,
Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the
Cropwatchers. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN
0140179526.
Ralph Noyes, ed. (1990). The Crop Circle
Enigma: Grounding the Phenomenon in Science,
Culture and Metaphysics. Bath: Gateway Books.
ISBN 0946551669.
Michael Glickman (2009). Crop Circles: The Bones
of God. Frog Books. ISBN 978158394-2284.
Suzanne Taylor (2011), What On Earth? Inside
the Crop Circle Mystery (DVD 81-minute feature),
UBC, Prod #724101746123.
Richard Taylor (2010).
The crop
circle evolves.
Nature 465 (7299):
Bibcode:2010Natur.465..693T.
693.
doi:10.1038/465693a.

Brian Dunning (21 August 2007). Crop Circle

Jerks. Skeptoid. Episode 62.

9 External links
Media related to Crop circles at Wikimedia Commons
Crop Circles for large orchestra (2012) by JeanBaptiste Robin

10

10

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10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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10.2

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Widr, Mark e barnes, Frenfdf, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hmoraga, Stellas4lunch, Smart Nomad, Bibcode Bot, BG19bot, Inspired07, Roberticus,
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10.2

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File:Aerial_View_of_the_Crop_Circle_in_Diessenhofen_15.07.2008_16-44-41.JPG Source:
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wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Aerial_View_of_the_Crop_Circle_in_Diessenhofen_15.07.2008_16-44-41.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hansueli Krapf
File:Colour_sketch_of_a_spaceship_creating_crop_circles.jpg Source:
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Colour_sketch_of_a_spaceship_creating_crop_circles.jpg License: No restrictions Contributors: Colour sketch of a 'spaceship' creating
crop circles Original artist: The National Archives UK
File:CropCircleW.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/CropCircleW.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jabberocky
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File:Sthlm_gtb_top.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Sthlm_gtb_top.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: From http://www.sj.se/sj/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=656&a=9347&l=sv Original artist: Malcolm Hanes
File:Swiss_crop_circle_detail.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Swiss_crop_circle_detail.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Swiss Crop Circle Detail Original artist: Kecko from Northeast corner of, Switzerland

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