You are on page 1of 365

Obscure Serial Killers 1

The Monsters You May Not Know


Contents

1 Abraão José Bueno 1


1.1 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Adolfo Constanzo 2
2.1 Biography and beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Death pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Possible accomplices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5 Documentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.6 Pop culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Albert Fish 5
3.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 Birth and childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2 1890–1918: Early adulthood and criminal history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.3 1919–1930: Escalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.4 Bigamy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.5 Murder of Grace Budd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Other crimes discovered after Fish's arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1 Francis McDonnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.2 Billy Gaffney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Trial and execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.1 Known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.2 Suspected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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3.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Alexander Bychkov 13
4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4 Trial and conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 Alfred Gaynor 15
5.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 Alphabet murders 17
6.1 New York alphabet murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.1 Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 California alphabet murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2.1 Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3 In the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 Andre Crawford 20
7.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8 Andrei Chikatilo 21
8.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.1.1 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.1.2 Adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.1.3 Army service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.2 Move to Rostov-on-Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.2.1 Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.3 Teaching career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.3.1 Sexual assaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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8.4 First series of murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23


8.4.1 Murder of Yelena Zakotnova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.4.2 Second murder and subsequent killings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.4.3 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.4.4 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.5 First arrest and release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.5.1 Later murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.5.2 Definitive resurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.6 The snare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.6.1 Final murder and surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.7 Final arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.7.1 Blood group analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.8 Chikatilo's confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.8.1 Psychiatric evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.9 Trial and conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.10 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.11 List of victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.11.1 Suspected victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.12 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.12.1 Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.12.2 Books (factual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.12.3 Books (fictional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.12.4 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.14 Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.15 Cited works and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9 Anthony Hardy 40
9.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.3 Arrest and trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.4 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

10 Belle Gunness 42
10.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
10.1.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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10.1.2 First victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42


10.1.3 Suspicions of murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.1.4 The suitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.1.5 Turning point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10.1.6 Lamphere suspected of arson and murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.1.7 Morbid discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
10.1.8 The trial of Ray Lamphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.1.9 Aftermath and Gunness' fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.1.10 Burial, exhumation and DNA analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.2 Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

11 Benjamin Atkins 51
11.1 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

12 Bertha Gifford 52
12.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
12.2 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
12.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
12.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

13 Briley Brothers 53
13.1 Early lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.2 First murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.3 Murder spree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.3.1 William and Virginia Bucher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.3.2 Michael McDuffie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.3 Mary Gowen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.4 Christopher Philips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.5 John Gallaher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.6 Mary Wilfong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.7 Blanche Page and Charles Garner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.3.8 The Wilkerson family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.4 Capture and incarceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
13.5 Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
13.6 Executions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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13.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55


13.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

14 Carl Großmann 57
14.1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
14.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
14.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

15 Carlton Gary 58
15.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
15.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
15.3 Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
15.4 See all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
15.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
15.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

16 Charles Cullen 61
16.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
16.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
16.3 Arrest and sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
16.4 Motive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
16.5 Legal impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
16.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
16.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
16.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

17 Cynthia Coffman 66
17.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
17.2 Trial and punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
17.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
17.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

18 Dagmar Overbye 67
18.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

19 Daniel Camargo Barbosa 68


19.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
19.2 Crimes and imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
19.3 Escape from Colombia to Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
19.4 Modus operandi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
19.5 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
vi CONTENTS

19.6 Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
19.7 Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
19.8 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
19.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
19.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

20 Darkey Kelly 71
20.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
20.2 Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
20.3 Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
20.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

21 Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 72


21.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
21.2 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
21.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

22 David Alan Gore 74


22.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
22.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
22.3 Case information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
22.4 Last statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
22.5 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
22.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
22.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

23 David Carpenter 76
23.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
23.2 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
23.3 Popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
23.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
23.5 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
23.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

24 Dean Corll 78
24.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
24.1.1 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
24.1.2 Move to Houston Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
24.1.3 U.S. Army service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
24.2 Corll Candy Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CONTENTS vii

24.2.1 Friendship with David Brooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79


24.3 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
24.3.1 First known murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
24.3.2 Participation of Elmer Wayne Henley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
24.3.3 2020 Lamar Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
24.4 August 8, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
24.4.1 The shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
24.4.2 Contacting police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
24.5 Confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
24.5.1 Search for victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
24.6 Indictment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
24.7 Trial, conviction and incarceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
24.8 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
24.8.1 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
24.8.2 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
24.8.3 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
24.8.4 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
24.8.5 Forensic developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
24.9 Possible additional victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
24.9.1 Potential association with Dallas sex ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
24.10Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
24.10.1 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
24.10.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
24.10.3 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
24.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
24.12Cited works and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
24.13External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

25 Delphine LaLaurie 100


25.1 Biography to 1834 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
25.2 1834 fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
25.3 Later life and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
25.4 Lalaurie in folklore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
25.5 LaLaurie mansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
25.6 In other media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
25.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
25.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
25.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
25.9.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
viii CONTENTS

25.9.2 Academic papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105


25.9.3 Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
25.9.4 Web content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

26 Dnepropetrovsk maniacs 107


26.1 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
26.1.1 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
26.1.2 Arrest and trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
26.1.3 Suspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
26.1.4 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
26.1.5 Defense claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
26.1.6 Murder videos and photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
26.1.7 Victim in the video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
26.2 Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
26.3 Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
26.4 2010 Chilean documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
26.5 Alleged copycat case in Irkutsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
26.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
26.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

27 Donald Henry Gaskins 116


27.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
27.2 Second arrest and subsequent murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
27.3 Final arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
27.4 Imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
27.5 “Final Truth” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
27.6 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
27.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
27.8 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
27.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

28 Edson Izidoro Guimarães 119


28.1 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

29 Edward Edwards (serial killer) 120


29.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
29.2 Known murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
29.3 Other possible murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
CONTENTS ix

29.4 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121


29.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
29.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

30 Elmer Wayne Henley 122


30.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
30.2 Introduction to Dean Corll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
30.2.1 Participation in killings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
30.3 August 8 party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
30.3.1 Shooting of Corll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
30.4 Confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
30.5 Indictment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
30.6 Trial and conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
30.6.1 Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
30.7 Art controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
30.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
30.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

31 Erwin Hagedorn 128


31.1 Documentary Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
31.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

32 Francisco Garcia Escalero 129


32.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
32.2 Crimes and arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
32.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
32.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

33 Fred West 130


33.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
33.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
33.1.2 Marriage to Catherine “Rena”Costello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
33.1.3 Marriage to Rosemary “Rose”Letts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
33.1.4 Investigation, arrest and charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
33.2 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
33.3 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
33.4 The victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
33.5 Adaptations and dramatizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
33.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
33.7 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
x CONTENTS

33.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

34 Fritz Haarmann 136


34.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
34.1.1 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
34.1.2 Adolescence and first offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
34.2 Military service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
34.3 Criminal career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
34.3.1 Police informant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
34.4 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
34.4.1 First known victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34.4.2 Acquaintance with Hans Grans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34.4.3 Subsequent murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34.4.4 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
34.5 Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
34.6 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
34.6.1 Confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
34.7 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
34.8 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
34.9 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
34.10Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
34.10.1 Suspected victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
34.11Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
34.11.1 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
34.11.2 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
34.12See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
34.13References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
34.14Cited works and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
34.15External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

35 Futoshi Matsunaga 152


35.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
35.2 First two victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
35.3 Captivity and murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
35.4 Arrest and trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
35.5 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
35.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
35.7 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
35.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
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35.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

36 Harrison Graham 156


36.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

37 Hermann Duft and Hans Wilhelm Bassenauer 157


37.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
37.2 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
37.3 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
37.4 Trial and punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
37.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
37.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
37.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
37.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

38 Irina Gaidamachuk 159


38.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
38.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
38.3 Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
38.4 Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

39 Jane Toppan 160


39.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
39.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
39.3 Fictional portrayals and legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
39.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
39.5 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

40 Janie Lou Gibbs 162


40.1 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
40.2 Imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
40.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
40.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

41 Jeanne Weber 163


41.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
41.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
41.3 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
41.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
41.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
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42 Joseph Christopher 165


42.1 Murders and arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
42.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
42.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

43 José Luis Calva 166


43.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.1.2 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.1.3 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.1.4 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
43.3 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

44 José Miculax Bux 168


44.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
44.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
44.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
44.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

45 Juan Corona 170


45.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
45.1.1 Mental breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
45.1.2 Apparent recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
45.1.3 Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
45.2 Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
45.3 Legal proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
45.4 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
45.5 Second trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
45.6 Later years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
45.7 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
45.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

46 Juana Barraza 174


46.1 Early life and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
46.2 Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
46.3 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
46.4 Trial and verdict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
46.5 Mujeres Asesinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
46.6 Documentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
CONTENTS xiii

46.7 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175


46.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
46.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

47 Junko Ogata 176


47.1 Early life and murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
47.2 Arrest and trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
47.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
47.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
47.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

48 Karl Denke 177


48.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
48.2 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
48.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

49 Kendall Francois 178


49.1 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
49.2 Apprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
49.3 Trial and sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
49.4 Identified victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
49.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
49.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

50 Kenneth Bianchi 180


50.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
50.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
50.1.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
50.1.3 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
50.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
50.2.1 Citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
50.2.2 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
50.2.3 Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

51 Kristen Gilbert 183


51.1 Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
51.2 Career and murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
51.3 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
51.4 Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
51.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
xiv CONTENTS

51.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184


51.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

52 Lainz Angels of Death 186


52.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
52.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

53 Larry Eyler 187


53.1 Case history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
53.2 Conviction in the Daniel Bridges case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
53.3 Other potential victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
53.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
53.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
53.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
53.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

54 Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris 189


54.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
54.1.1 Lawrence Bittaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
54.1.2 Roy Norris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
54.2 First offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
54.2.1 Bittaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
54.2.2 Norris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
54.3 Acquaintance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
54.4 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
54.4.1 Lucinda Lynn Schaefer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
54.4.2 Andrea Joy Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
54.4.3 Jackie Doris Gilliam and Jacqueline Leah Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
54.4.4 Shirley Lynette Ledford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
54.5 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
54.6 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
54.6.1 Confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
54.6.2 Search of San Gabriel Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
54.7 Guilty plea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
54.7.1 Arraignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
54.8 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
54.8.1 Imprisonment and appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
54.9 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
54.10Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
CONTENTS xv

54.10.1 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200


54.10.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
54.10.3 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
54.11See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
54.12References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
54.12.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
54.13Cited works and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
54.14External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

55 Leonard Fraser 203


55.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
55.2 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
55.3 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
55.4 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
55.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
55.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
55.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

56 Leonarda Cianciulli 205


56.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
56.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
56.2.1 Faustina Setti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
56.2.2 Francesca Soavi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.2.3 Virginia Cacioppo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.3 Discovery and trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.4 Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.4.1 Cinema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.4.2 Theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
56.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

57 Lizzie Halliday 208


57.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
57.1.1 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
57.1.2 Press coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
57.1.3 Conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
57.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
57.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
57.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

58 Lorenzo Gilyard 210


xvi CONTENTS

58.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210


58.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
58.3 The trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
58.4 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
58.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

59 Lydia Sherman 212


59.1 Family links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
59.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
59.3 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

60 Mack Ray Edwards 213


60.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
60.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
60.2.1 Known victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
60.2.2 Possible victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
60.2.3 Cultural references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
60.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

61 Magdalena Solís 215


61.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
61.2 Psychiatric profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
61.3 The Hernandez Brothers's sect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
61.4 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
61.4.1 The blood ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
61.4.2 Last victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
61.5 Arrest and sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
61.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
61.7 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

62 Manuel Delgado Villegas 217


62.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
62.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
62.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
62.2.1 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
62.2.2 Criminal Investigation and Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
62.2.3 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
62.3 TV Programs featuring Delgado Villegas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
62.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
62.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
CONTENTS xvii

63 Manuel Octavio Bermúdez 221


63.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
63.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
63.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

64 Marc Dutroux 222


64.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
64.2 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
64.3 First arrest and release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
64.4 Abductions after arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
64.5 Second arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
64.6 Third arrest and discovery of the crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
64.7 Criticism of police investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
64.8 Allegations of cover-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
64.9 Parliamentary investigation and escape from custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
64.10Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
64.10.1 Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
64.11Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
64.12Dutroux's houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
64.13See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
64.14References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
64.15External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

65 Marcelo Costa de Andrade 227


65.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
65.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
65.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

66 Mark Goudeau 228


66.1 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
66.2 Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
66.3 False confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
66.4 Arrest of Goudeau as a suspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
66.5 Mishandling of evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
66.6 Another suspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
66.7 See all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
66.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
66.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

67 Michelle Knotek 233


xviii CONTENTS

67.1 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233


67.1.1 Kathy Loreno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
67.1.2 Shane Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
67.1.3 Ronald Woodworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
67.2 Prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
67.3 In the Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
67.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

68 Moors murders 235


68.1 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
68.2 Initial report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
68.3 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
68.4 Initial investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
68.5 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
68.6 Later investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
68.7 Perpetrators' backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
68.7.1 Ian Brady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
68.7.2 Myra Hindley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
68.7.3 As a couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
68.7.4 As murderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
68.8 Incarceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
68.8.1 Brady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
68.8.2 Hindley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
68.9 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
68.10Lasting notoriety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
68.11See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
68.12References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
68.13Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
68.14External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

69 Nannie Doss 254


69.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
69.2 First marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
69.3 Second marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
69.3.1 Grandchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
69.3.2 Death of Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
69.4 Third marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
69.5 Fourth marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
69.6 Fifth marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
CONTENTS xix

69.7 Confession and conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255


69.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
69.9 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
69.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

70 Paul Durousseau 257


70.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.2 Chronology of the murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
70.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

71 Peter Dupas 259


71.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
71.2 Sex offences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
71.3 Murder of Nicole Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
71.3.1 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
71.3.2 Trial and appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
71.4 Murder of Margaret Maher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
71.4.1 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
71.4.2 Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
71.5 Murder of Mersina Halvagis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
71.5.1 Inquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
71.5.2 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
71.5.3 Direct presentment to trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
71.5.4 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
71.6 Additional murders of which Dupas is suspected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
71.6.1 Murder of Helen McMahon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
71.6.2 Murder of Renita Brunton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.6.3 Murder of Kathleen Downes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.7 Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.8 Prison life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.9 Summary of criminal convictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.10Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
71.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

72 Peterborough ditch murders 268


72.1 Court proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
72.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
72.3 Victim selection and motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
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72.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269


72.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

73 Ray and Faye Copeland 270


73.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
73.2 In other media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
73.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
73.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

74 Richard Biegenwald 272


74.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
74.2 The first murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
74.3 Back on the outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
74.4 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
74.5 Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
74.6 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
74.7 Known victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
74.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

75 Richard Chase 275


75.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
75.2 Early adulthood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
75.3 Institutionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
75.4 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
75.5 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
75.6 Fictional portrayals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
75.7 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
75.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

76 Robert Berdella 278


76.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
76.2 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
76.2.1 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
76.3 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
76.4 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
76.5 In media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
76.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

77 Robert Hansen 281


77.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
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77.2 Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281


77.3 Known victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
77.4 Imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
77.5 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
77.6 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
77.6.1 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
77.6.2 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
77.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
77.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
77.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

78 Ronald Dominique 285


78.1 1992 presidential election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
78.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
78.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

79 Rosemary West 286


79.1 Early life and marriage to Fred West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
79.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
79.3 Conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
79.4 Post-conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
79.5 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
79.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
79.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

80 Satarō Fukiage 289


80.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
80.2 First murder and imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
80.3 Later murders and arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
80.4 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
80.5 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
80.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
80.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
80.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

81 Sean Vincent Gillis 291


81.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
81.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
81.3 Arrest and conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
81.4 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
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81.5 In the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292


81.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

82 Süleyman Aktaş 293


82.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

83 Theresa Knorr 294


83.1 Early life and first marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
83.2 Subsequent marriages and child abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
83.3 Suesan's death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
83.4 Sheila's death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
83.5 Arrests and convictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
83.6 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
83.7 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
83.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
83.9 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

84 Thomas Dillon 299


84.1 Life and crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
84.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
84.3 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
84.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

85 Thomas Neill Cream 301


85.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
85.2 Murder in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
85.3 Murder in Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
85.4 London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
85.5 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
85.6 “I am Jack The...” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
85.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
85.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
85.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

86 Thor Nis Christiansen 305


86.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
86.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
86.2.1 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
86.3 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
86.4 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
CONTENTS xxiii

86.5 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306


86.6 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
86.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
86.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
86.9 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

87 Tony Costa 307


87.1 1969 murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
87.1.1 Costa's account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
87.2 Trial and imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
87.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

88 Vaughn Greenwood 309


88.1 Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
88.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
88.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

89 Volker Eckert 310


89.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

90 Walter E. Ellis 311


90.1 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
90.1.1 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
90.2 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
90.3 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
90.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

91 Westley Allan Dodd 313


91.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
91.2 Criminal history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
91.2.1 Sex offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
91.2.2 Murders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
91.3 Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
91.4 Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
91.5 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
91.6 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
91.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
91.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
91.9 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
91.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
xxiv CONTENTS

92 Willem van Eijk 317


92.1 Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
92.2 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
92.2.1 Possible victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
92.3 Trial and sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
92.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

93 William Henry Hance 319


93.1 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
93.2 Legal cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
93.2.1 Military courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
93.2.2 Civilian courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
93.3 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
93.4 Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
93.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
93.6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
93.6.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
93.6.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
93.6.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Chapter 1

Abraão José Bueno

Abraão José Bueno (born 1977) is a Brazilian nurse and [3] Preso suspeito de intoxicar crianças (in Portuguese)
serial killer. In 2005 he was sentenced to 110 years impris-
[4] Ex-técnico de enfermagem pega 110 anos por matar crianças
onment for the murder of four children and the attempted
no Rio (in Portuguese)
murder of another four.* [1]

1.1 Crimes
Bueno worked as a nurse in the Instituto de Puericultura
Martagão Gesteira of the Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro (UFRJ) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.* [1]
In 2005 Bueno, working in a children's ward, began inject-
ing babies and older children with overdoses of sedatives,
causing them to stop breathing. He would then call med-
ical staff to resuscitate them. In the course of one month
up to fifteen children are thought to have been targeted, all
between the ages of one and ten.* [2] Many suffered from
AIDS and leukaemia.* [3]
Bueno was arrested in November 2005. On 15 May
2008* [4] he was found guilty by judge Valéria Caldi on four
counts of murder and four counts of attempted murder. He
was sentenced to 110 years in total.
It is thought that Bueno committed his crimes so that he
could be the first to notice a problem with a patient, thereby
earning the respect and admiration of his co-workers.* [3]

1.2 See also


• Edson Isidoro Guimarães - Brazilian nurse found
guilty of four murders

1.3 References
[1] Ex-enfermeiro que matou crianças em hospital do Rio é con-
denado a 110 anos (in Portuguese)

[2] Monstro de jaleco (in Portuguese)

1
Chapter 2

Adolfo Constanzo

Adolfo de Jesús Constanzo (November 1, 1962 – May 6, Constanzo started to raid graveyards for human bones to put
1989) was an American serial killer, drug dealer and cult in his nganga, or cauldron, but before long he would need
leader of an infamous gang called Los Narco-satanicos live human sacrifices instead of old bones. More than 20
(the Narco-satanists ).* [1] His nickname was El Padrino victims, whose mutilated bodies were found in and around
de Matamoros (The Godfather of Matamoros). Mexico City, are thought to have met their end this way.* [2]

2.1 Biography and beginnings 2.2 Murders

Constanzo was born in Miami, Florida to Delia Aurora Constanzo began to believe that his magic spells, many of
Gonzalez, a Cuban immigrant mother in 1962. She gave which he took from Palo Mayombe, were responsible for
birth to Adolfo at the age of 15 and eventually had three the success of the cartels and demanded to become a full
children of different fathers. She moved to San Juan, business partner with one of the most powerful families
Puerto Rico after her first husband died and remarried he knew, the Calzadas. When his demand was rejected,
there. Constanzo was baptized Catholic and served as an seven family members disappeared. Their bodies turned up
altar boy, but also accompanied his mother on trips to Haiti later with fingers, toes, ears, brains and even (in one case)
to learn about Voodoo.* [2] The family returned to Miami the spine missing.* [3] Constanzo soon made friends with a
in 1972 and his stepfather died soon after, leaving the fam- new cartel, the Hernandez brothers. He also took up with
ily with some money. As a teenager, Constanzo became a young woman named Sara Aldrete, who became the high
priestess of the cult.
apprenticed to a local sorcerer and began to practice a reli-
gion called Palo Mayombe, which involves animal sacrifice. In 1988, Constanzo moved to Rancho Santa Elena, a house
His mother remarried and his new stepfather was involved in the desert. It is there that he carried out more sadistic
in the religion and drug dealing. Constanzo and his mother ritual murders, sometimes of strangers and other times of
were arrested numerous times for minor crimes like theft, rival drug dealers. He also used the ranch to store huge
vandalism and shoplifting. He graduated from high school, shipments of cocaine and marijuana.* [3]
but was expelled from prep school. His mother believed On March 13, 1989, Constanzo's henchmen abducted a
he had psychic abilities for supposedly having foretold the pre-med student, Mark Kilroy, from outside a Mexican bar
attempted assassination of former U.S. President Ronald and took him back to the ranch. Kilroy was a U.S. citi-
Reagan in 1981. zen who had been in Mexico on spring break. When Kilroy
As an adult, Constanzo moved to Mexico City and met the was brought to the ranch, Constanzo murdered him. Un-
men who were to become his followers: Martin Quintana, der pressure from Texan politicians, Mexican police ini-
Jorge Montes and Omar Orea. They began to run a prof- tially picked up four of Constanzo's followers, including
itable business casting spells to bring good luck, which in- two of the Hernandez brothers.* [4] Police quickly discov-
volved expensive ritual sacrifices of chickens, goats, snakes, ered the cult and that Constanzo had been responsible for
zebras and even lion cubs.* [2] Many of his clients were Kilroy's death, after a 'good'/superior brain for one of his
rich drug dealers and hitmen who enjoyed the violence of ritual spells. Officers raided the ranch and discovered Con-
Constanzo's “magical”displays. He also attracted other stanzo's cauldron, which contained various items such as
rich members of Mexican society, including several high- a dead black cat and a human brain.* [4] Fifteen muti-
ranking corrupt policemen who introduced him to the city's lated corpses were dug up at the ranch, one of them Kil-
powerful narcotics cartels.* [2] roy's.* [4] Officials said Kilroy was killed by Constanzo with

2
2.6. POP CULTURE 3

a machete chop to the back of the neck when Kilroy tried is titled“Sacrificial Evil.”Constanzo was portrayed by ac-
to escape about 12 hours after being taken to the ranch.* [5] tor Aldo Uribe.

2.3 Death pact 2.6 Pop culture


Constanzo fled to Mexico City with four of his follow- • The band Pain Teens, Sacrifical Shack is from the
ers. They were only discovered when police were called to point of view of a cult member after being captured
the apartment because of an unrelated dispute taking place and taking them to the shack.
there. As the officers approached, Constanzo mistakenly
believing they had located him, opened fire with a machine • Borderland, a 2007 film loosely based on Constanzo
gun. This only served to soon getting him surrounded by and his cult.
the police. Determined not to go to prison, he handed the
• Brujeria, a death metal band whose lyrics focus on
gun to follower Alvaro de Leon and ordered him to open
Satanism, anti-Christianity, sex and drug smuggling,
fire on him and Martin Quintana.* [4] By the time police
put a picture of a severed head (later nicknamed Coco
reached the apartment, both Constanzo and Quintana were
Loco) in their album Matando Güeros. The head is
dead. De Leon, known as “El Duby”, and Sara Aldrete
believed to be of a victim of Adolfo Constanzo cult.
were immediately arrested.
A total of fourteen cult members were charged with a range • Japanese doom metal band Church of Misery refer-
of crimes, from murder and drug-running to obstructing ence Constanzo in their song El Padrino (Godfather,
the course of justice.* [4] Sara Aldrete, Elio Hernandez and in Spanish). It appears on their Houses of the Unholy
Serafin Hernandez were convicted of multiple murders and album, each song being about a serial killer/mass mur-
were ordered to serve prison sentences of over sixty years derer.
each. De Leon was given a thirty-year term.
• Danish Psych/Noise Rock band Narcosatanicos is al-
legedly named after the cult headed by Constanzo.
2.4 Possible accomplices • In the Perdita Durango film two white-american
teenagers are kidnapped by hispanic criminals (escap-
• Abel Lima“El Sodomita de Iztapalapa”(alleged sus- ing from the DEA), and attempt a santeria human-
pect for the kidnappings in the mid-90s). sacrifice.

• Rubén Estrada “Patitas Cortas”

• Christian Campos “El Panzas” 2.7 References


• Emmanuel Romero “El Trompas” [1] http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/53172.html
• Saúl Sánchez “El Macaco” [2] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds
of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 88. ISBN
• Ricardo Peña “El Cepillín” 0760775664.

[3] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds


2.5 Documentaries of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 89. ISBN
0760775664.

The Discovery Channel series Most Evil, by Dr. Michael [4] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds
Stone, profiled Constanzo in the last episode ("Cult Lead- of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 90. ISBN
ers") of the second season. Constanzo's “evil level”was 0760775664.
22, the highest.* [6]
[5] Applebome, Peter (April 13, 1989). “Drugs, Death and the
Constanzo was also profiled in the documentary Instinto As- Occult Meet In Grisly Inquiry at Mexico Border”. New York
esino, which aired on Discovery en Español in 2010. The Times. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
episode was entitled "El Padrino".
[6] Most Evil (2012-08-07). “The main page in Discovery
On July 13, 2013, the Investigation Discovery Channel pro- Channel website, the official source to Most Evil series”.
filed this crime in its Poisoned Passions series. The episode Investigation.discovery.com. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
4 CHAPTER 2. ADOLFO CONSTANZO

2.8 External links


• Crime Library 2 another Court TV article on the
“Death Priests”
Chapter 3

Albert Fish

For the 2007 documentary film, see Albert Fish (film). For he was given at an orphanage in which he spent much of
the Canadian politician, see Albert Fish (politician). his childhood. Fish's family had a history of mental illness.
For other people named Hamilton Fish, see Hamilton Fish His uncle suffered from mania. A brother was confined in a
(disambiguation). state mental hospital. His sister was diagnosed with a“men-
tal affliction”. Three other relatives were diagnosed with
Hamilton Howard "Albert" Fish* [1] (May 19, 1870 – mental illnesses, *and *his mother had “aural and/or visual
January 16, 1936) was an American serial killer. He was hallucinations”. [9] [10]
also known as the Gray Man, the Werewolf of Wyste- His father was a river boat captain and, by 1870, was a
ria, the Brooklyn Vampire, the Moon Maniac, and The fertilizer manufacturer.* [8] The elder Fish died in 1875
Boogey Man.* [2] A child rapist and cannibal, he boasted at the Sixth Street Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad in
that he “had children in every state”,* [2] and at one time Washington, D.C. of a myocardial infarction. Fish's mother
stated the number was about 100. However, it is not known then put her son into Saint John's Orphanage in Washing-
whether he was referring to rapes or cannibalization, nor is ton, where he was frequently treated sadistically. He began
it known if the statement was truthful.* [3] He was a suspect to enjoy the physical pain that the beatings brought.* [11] Of
in at least five murders during his lifetime. Fish confessed his time at the orphanage, Fish remarked, “I was there till
to three murders that police were able to trace to a known I was nearly nine, and that's where I got started wrong. We
homicide, and he confessed to stabbing at least two other were unmercifully whipped. I saw boys doing many things
people. He was put on trial for the kidnapping and murder they should not have done.”
of Grace Budd, and was convicted and executed by electric By 1880, his mother had a government job and was able
chair.* [4]* [5]
to remove Fish from the orphanage. In 1882, at age 12,
he began a relationship with a telegraph boy. The youth
introduced Fish to such practices as urolagnia (drinking
3.1 Early life urine) and coprophagia (eating feces). Fish began visit-
ing public baths where he could watch other boys undress
and spent a great portion of his weekends on these vis-
3.1.1 Birth and childhood its.* [11] Throughout his life, he would write obscene letters
to women whose names he acquired from classified adver-
Fish was born in Washington, D.C., on May 19, 1870, to tising and matrimonial agencies.* [9]
Randall (1795 – October 16, 1875) and Ellen (née How-
ell; 1838–c. 1903* [6]) Fish. His father was American, of
English ancestry, and his mother was Scots-Irish Ameri- 3.1.2 1890–1918: Early adulthood and crim-
can. The Congressional Cemetery records show that Ran-
dall died on October 16, 1875 and was buried on October
inal history
19, 1875 in grave R96/89. Randall was married to Ellen
(1838–?) of Ireland.* [7] Fish said that he was named after By 1890, Fish arrived in New York City, and he said at that
statesman and politician Hamilton Fish, a distant relative. point he became a prostitute and began raping young boys.
His father was 43 years older than his mother* [8] and 75 In 1898, his mother arranged *
a marriage for him with a
*
years old at the time of his birth. Fish was the youngest woman nine years his junior. [10] [12] They had six chil-
child and had three living siblings: Walter, Annie, and Ed- dren: Albert, Anna, Gertrude, Eugene, John, and Henry
*
win. He wished to be known as “Albert”after a dead Fish. [10]
sibling and to escape the nickname “Ham & Eggs”that Throughout 1898, he worked as a house painter. He said

5
6 CHAPTER 3. ALBERT FISH

he continued molesting children, mostly boys younger than John the Apostle.* [11]
age six. He later recounted an incident in which a male It was about this time that Fish began to indulge in self-
lover took him to a waxworks museum, where Fish was fas- harm. He would embed needles into his groin and ab-
cinated by a bisection of a penis. After that, he became domen.* [10] After his arrest, X-rays revealed that Fish had
obsessed with sexual mutilation.* [12]* [13] In 1903, he was at least 29 needles lodged in his pelvic region.* [10] He also
arrested for grand larceny and was sentenced to incarcera- hit himself repeatedly with a nail-studded paddle and in-
tion in Sing Sing. serted wool doused with lighter fluid into his anus and set
it alight.* [15] While he was never thought to have physi-
cally attacked or abused his children, he did encourage them
and their friends to paddle his buttocks with the same nail-
studded paddle he used to abuse himself. He soon devel-
oped a growing obsession with cannibalism, often preparing
himself a dinner consisting solely of raw meat and some-
times serving it to his children.

3.1.3 1919–1930: Escalation

In about 1919, he stabbed an intellectually disabled boy


in Georgetown, Washington, D.C..* [16] Fish chose peo-
ple who were either mentally handicapped or African-
American as his victims, explaining that he assumed these
people would not be missed when killed.* [17] Fish tortured,
mutilated, and murdered young children with his “imple-
ments of Hell": a meat cleaver, a butcher knife, and a small
handsaw.* [18]
X-ray of Fish's pelvis and perineum, introduced as evidence at his
trial, demonstrating more than two dozen self-embedded needles On July 11, 1924, Fish found eight-year-old Beatrice Kiel
playing alone on her parents' Staten Island farm. He offered
Around 1910, while he was working in Wilmington, her money to come and help him look for rhubarb. She
Delaware, Fish met a 19-year-old man named Thomas Ked- was about to leave the farm when her mother chased Fish
den. He took Kedden to where he was staying, and the two away. Fish left but returned later to the Kiels' barn, where
began a sadomasochistic relationship; it is unclear whether he tried to sleep but was discovered by Hans Kiel and forced
or not Fish forced Kedden to do these things, but in his con- to leave. During 1924, the 54-year-old Fish, suffering from
fession he implies that the man was intellectually disabled. psychosis, felt that God was commanding him to torture and
After ten days, Fish took Kedden to “an old farm house” sexually mutilate children.* [10]
, where he began to torture him. The torture took place Shortly before his abduction of Grace Budd, Fish attempted
over two weeks. Fish eventually tied Kedden up and cut to test his “implements of Hell”on a child he had been
off half of his penis. “I shall never forget his scream, or molesting named Cyril Quinn. Quinn and his friend were
the look he gave me,”Fish later recalled. He originally in- playing boxball on a sidewalk when Fish asked them if they
tended to kill Kedden, cut up his body, and take it home, had eaten lunch. When they said that they had not, he in-
but he feared the hot weather would draw attention to him; vited them into his apartment for sandwiches. While the
instead, Fish poured peroxide over the wound, wrapped it two boys were wrestling on Fish's bed, they dislodged his
in a vaseline-covered handkerchief, left a $10 bill, kissed mattress; underneath was a knife, a small handsaw, and a
Kedden goodbye, and left. “Took first train I could get meat cleaver. They became frightened and ran out of the
back home. Never heard what become of him, or tried to apartment.* [19]
find out,”Fish said.* [14]
In January 1917, Fish's wife left him for John Straube, a
handyman who boarded with the Fish family. Fish then 3.1.4 Bigamy
had to raise his children as a single parent. After his arrest,
Fish told a newspaper that when his wife left him, she took Fish remarried on February 6, 1930, in Waterloo, New
nearly every possession the family owned.* [15] He began York, to Estella Wilcox but divorced after only one
to have auditory hallucinations. He once wrapped himself week.* [20] Fish was arrested in May 1930 for “sending
in a carpet, saying that he was following the instructions of an obscene letter to a woman who answered an advertise-
3.1. EARLY LIFE 7

ment for a maid.”* [21] Following that arrest and one in that evening. The elder Albert Budd was a porter for the
1931, he was sent to the Bellevue psychiatric hospital for United States Equitable Life Assurance Society. Grace had
observation.* [22] a younger sister, Beatrice, two older brothers, Edward and
George Budd, and a younger brother, Albert Budd II. Grace
left with Fish that day but never returned.* [23]
3.1.5 Murder of Grace Budd The police arrested 66-year-old superintendent Charles Ed-
ward Pope on September 5, 1930 as a suspect, accused by
Pope's estranged wife.* [5] He spent 108 days in jail be-
tween his arrest and trial on December 22, 1930.* [24] He
was found not guilty.

Letter

In November 1934, an anonymous letter was sent to the


girl's parents which ultimately led the police to Fish. Mrs.
Budd was illiterate and could not read the letter herself,
so she had her son read it to her.* [25] The unaltered letter
(complete with Fish's misspellings and grammatical errors)
reads:* [10]

My dear Mrs Budd


In 1894 a friend of mine shipped as a deck
hand on the steamer Tacoma, Capt John Davis.
They sailed from San Francisco to Hong Kong
China. On arriving there he and two others went
ashore and got drunk. When they returned the
boat was gone. At that time there was a famine
in China. Meat of any kind was from $1–$3 Dol-
lars a pound. So great was the suffering among
the very poor that all children under 12 were sold
to the Butchers to be cut up and sold for food in
order to keep others from starving. A boy or girl
under 14 was not safe in the street. You could go
in any shop and ask for steak – chops – or stew
Grace Budd (1918–1928) meat. Part of the naked body of a boy or girl
would be brought out and just what you wanted
On May 25, 1928, Fish saw a classified advertisement in the cut from it. A boy or girls behind which is the
Sunday edition of the New York World that read, “Young sweetest part of the body and sold as veal cut-
man, 18, wishes position in country. Edward Budd, 406 let brought the highest price. John staid there so
West 15th Street.”On May 28, 1928, Fish, then 58 years long he acquired a taste for human flesh. On his
old, visited the Budd family in Manhattan under the pre- return to N.Y. he stole two boys one 7 one 11.
tense of hiring Edward; he later confessed that he planned Took them to his home stripped them naked tied
to tie Edward up, mutilate him, and leave him to bleed to them in a closet then burned everything they had
death. He introduced himself as Frank Howard, a farmer on. Several times every day and night he spanked
from Farmingdale, New York. Fish promised to hire Budd them – tortured them – to make their meat good
and his friend Willie, and said he would send for them in and tender. First he killed the 11 yr old boy, be-
a few days. He failed to show up, but he sent a telegraph cause he had the fattest ass and of course the most
to the Budd family apologizing and set a later date. When meat on it. Every part of his body was cooked
Fish returned, he met Grace Budd. He apparently changed and eaten except Head – bones and guts. He
his intended victim from Edward Budd to Grace Budd and was Roasted in the oven, (all of his ass) boiled,
quickly made up a story about having to attend his niece's broiled, fried, stewed. The little boy was next,
birthday party. He convinced the parents, Delia Flanagan went the same way. At that time I was living
and Albert Budd I, to let Grace accompany him to the party at 409 E 100 St, rear – right side. He told me
8 CHAPTER 3. ALBERT FISH

so often how good Human flesh was I made up and strangling her, he did have two involuntary ejaculations.
my mind to taste it. On Sunday June the 3 – This information was used at trial to make the claim the kid-
1928 I called on you at 406 W 15 St. Brought napping was sexually motivated, thus avoiding any mention
you pot cheese – strawberries. We had lunch. of cannibalism.* [31]
Grace sat in my lap and kissed me. I made up
my mind to eat her, on the pretense of taking her
to a party. You said Yes she could go. I took her
to an empty house in Westchester I had already 3.2 Other crimes discovered after
picked out. When we got there, I told her to re-
main outside. She picked wild flowers. I went Fish's arrest
upstairs and stripped all my clothes off. I knew
if I did not I would get her blood on them. When 3.2.1 Francis McDonnell
all was ready I went to the window and called her.
Then I hid in a closet until she was in the room.
During the night of July 14, 1924, eight-year-old Francis
When she saw me all naked she began to cry and
McDonnell was reported missing by his parents. He failed
tried to run down stairs. I grabbed her and she
to return home after playing catch with friends in the Port
said she would tell her mama. First I stripped her
Richmond neighborhood of Staten Island. A search was
naked. How she did kick – bite and scratch. I
organized and his body was found̶hanged by a tree̶in
choked her to death then cut her in small pieces
a wooded area near his home. He had been sexually as-
so I could take my meat to my rooms, cook and
saulted, then strangled with his suspenders.* [9] According
eat it. How sweet and tender her little ass was
to an autopsy, McDonnell had also suffered extensive lacer-
roasted in the oven. It took me 9 days to eat her
ations to his legs and abdomen, and his left hamstring had
entire body. I did not fuck her tho I could of had
almost entirely been stripped of its flesh. Fish refused to
I wished. She died a virgin.
claim responsibility for this, although he later stated that he
intended to castrate the boy but fled when he heard someone
Police investigated the letter. The story concerning“Capt. approaching the area.
Davis”and the “famine”in Hong Kong were unable to
McDonnell's friends told the police that he was taken by
be verified. The part of the letter concerning the murder of
an elderly man with a gray mustache. A neighbor also
Grace Budd, however, was found to be accurate in its de-
told the police he observed the boy with a similar-looking
scription of the kidnapping and subsequent events, although
man walking along a grassy path into the nearby woods.* [9]
it was impossible to confirm whether or not Fish had actu-
Francis's mother, Anna McDonnell, said she saw the same
ally eaten parts of Grace's body.* [26]* [27]* [28]
man earlier that day. She told the reporters, “He came
shuffling down the street mumbling to himself and making
Capture queer motions with his hands ... I saw his thick gray hair and
his drooping gray mustache. Everything about him seemed
*
The letter was delivered in an envelope that had a small faded and gray.” [9]
hexagonal emblem with the letters“N.Y.P.C.B.A.”repre- This description resulted in the mysterious stranger becom-
senting “New York Private Chauffeur's Benevolent Asso- ing known as “The Gray Man”. The McDonnell mur-
ciation”. A janitor at the company told the police he had der remained unsolved until the murder of Grace Budd.* [9]
taken some of the stationery home but left it at his room- When several eyewitnesses, among them the Staten Is-
ing house at 200 East 52nd Street when he moved out. The land farmer Hans Kiel, positively identified Albert Fish as
landlady of the rooming house said that Fish checked out of the odd stranger seen around Port Richmond on the day
that room a few days earlier. She said that Fish's son sent of Francis McDonnell's disappearance, Richmond County
him money and he asked her to hold his next check for him. District Attorney Thomas J. Walsh announced his inten-
William F. King was the chief investigator for the case. He tion to seek an indictment against Fish for the boy's mur-
waited outside the room until Fish returned. Fish agreed der. At first Fish denied the charges. It was only in March
to go to headquarters for questioning, then brandished a 1935, after the conclusion of his trial for the Budd murder
razor blade. King disarmed Fish and took him to police and his confession to the killing of Billy Gaffney, that Fish
headquarters. Fish made no attempt to deny the murder of confirmed to investigators that he also raped and murdered
Grace Budd, saying that he meant to go to the house to kill Francis McDonnell. When the McDonnell confession was
Edward Budd, Grace's brother.* [29] Fish said it “never made public, the New York Daily Mirror wrote that the dis-
even entered [his] head”to rape the girl,* [30] but he later closure solidified Fish's reputation as “the most vicious
claimed to his attorney that, while kneeling on Grace's chest child-slayer in criminal history”.* [9]
3.3. TRIAL AND EXECUTION 9

3.2.2 Billy Gaffney slimy water you will see all along the road going
to North Beach. Water is 3 to 4 ft. deep. They
On February 11, 1927, 3-year-old Billy Beaton and his 12- sank at once. I came home with my meat. I had
year-old brother were playing in the apartment hallway in the front of his body I liked best. His monkey and
Brooklyn with 4-year-old Billy Gaffney. When the 12- pee wees and a nice little fat behind to roast in the
year-old left for his apartment, both younger boys disap- oven and eat. I made a stew out of his ears – nose
peared; Beaton was found later on the roof of the apart- – pieces of his face and belly. I put onions, car-
ments. When asked what happened to Gaffney, Beaton said rots, turnips, celery, salt and pepper. It was good.
“the bogeyman took him.”Gaffney's body was never re- Then I split the cheeks of his behind open, cut off
covered.* [32] Initially, serial killer Peter Kudzinowski was his monkey and pee wees and washed them first.
a suspect in the boy's murder. Then, Joseph Meehan, a I put strips of bacon on each cheek of his behind
motorman on a Brooklyn trolley, saw a picture of Fish in and put in the oven. Then I picked 4 onions and
a newspaper and identified him as the old man whom he when meat had roasted about 1/4 hr., I poured
saw February 11, 1927; the old man had been trying to about a pint of water over it for gravy and put in
quiet a little boy sitting with him on the trolley. The boy the onions. At frequent intervals I basted his be-
was not wearing a jacket, was crying for his mother, and hind with a wooden spoon. So the meat would
was dragged by the man on and off the trolley. Beaton's be nice and juicy. In about 2 hr., it was nice and
description of the “bogeyman”matched Fish's.* [33] Po- brown, cooked thru. I never ate any roast turkey
lice matched the description of the child to Billy Gaffney. that tasted half as good as his sweet fat little be-
Detectives of the Manhattan Missing Persons Bureau were hind did. I ate every bit of the meat in about four
able to establish that Fish was employed as a house painter days. His little monkey was as sweet as a nut, but
by a Brooklyn real estate company during February 1927 his pee-wees I could not chew. Threw them in
and that on the day of Billy Gaffney's disappearance he was the toilet.
working at a location a few miles away from where the boy
was abducted.* [34] Fish claimed the following in a letter to Elizabeth Gaffney visited Fish in Sing Sing, accompanied
his attorney:* [10] by Detective King and two other men. She wanted to ask
him about her son's death, but Fish refused to speak to her.
I brought him to the Riker Ave. dumps. Fish began to weep and asked to be left alone. After two
There is a house that stands alone, not far from hours of asking him questions through his lawyer, James
where I took him ... I took the G boy there. Dempsey, Mrs. Gaffney gave up. She was still unconvinced
Stripped him naked and tied his hands and feet that Albert Fish was her son's killer.
and gagged him with a piece of dirty rag I picked
out of the dump. Then I burned his clothes.
Threw his shoes in the dump. Then I walked 3.3 Trial and execution
back and took trolley to 59 St. at 2 A.M. and
walked home from there. Next day about 2 P.M.,
I took tools, a good heavy cat-of-nine tails. Home Albert Fish's trial for the murder of Grace Budd began on
made. Short handle. Cut one of my belts in half, March 11, 1935, in White Plains, New York. Frederick P.
slit these half in six strips about 8 in. long. I Close presided as judge and Westchester County Chief As-
whipped his bare behind till the blood ran from sistant District Attorney Elbert F. Gallagher was prosecut-
his legs. I cut off his ears – nose – slit his mouth ing attorney. Fish's defense counsel was James Dempsey,
from ear to ear. Gouged out his eyes. He was a former prosecutor and the one-time mayor of Peekskill,
dead then. I stuck the knife in his belly and held New York. The trial lasted for 10 days. Fish pleaded
my mouth to his body and drank his blood. I insanity, and claimed to have heard voices from God telling
picked up four old potato sacks and gathered a him to kill children. Several psychiatrists testified about
pile of stones. Then I cut him up. I had a grip Fish's sexual fetishes, which included sadism, masochism,
with me. I put his nose, ears and a few slices of cunnilingus, anilingus, fellatio, flagellation, exhibitionism,
his belly in the grip. Then I cut him thru the mid- voyeurism, piquerism, cannibalism, coprophagia, urophilia,
dle of his body. Just below his belly button. Then pedophilia and infibulation. Dempsey in his summation
thru his legs about 2 in. below his behind. I put noted that Fish was a “psychiatric phenomenon”and that
this in my grip with a lot of paper. I cut off the nowhere in legal or medical records was there another indi-
head – feet – arms – hands and the legs below the vidual who possessed so many sexual abnormalities.* [9]
knee. This I put in sacks weighed with stones, The defense's chief expert witness was Fredric Wertham,
tied the ends and threw them into the pools of a psychiatrist with an emphasis on child development who
10 CHAPTER 3. ALBERT FISH

conducted psychiatric examinations for the New York crim- mately, as one later explained, they felt he should be ex-
inal courts. During two days of testimony, Wertham ex- ecuted anyway.* [9]* [36] They found him to be sane and
plained Fish's obsession with religion and specifically his guilty, and the judge ordered the death sentence. Fish ar-
preoccupation with the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac rived at prison in March 1935, and was executed on Jan-
(Genesis 22:1–24). Wertham said that Fish believed that uary 16, 1936, in the electric chair at Sing Sing. He entered
similarly “sacrificing”a boy would be penance for his the chamber at 11:06 p.m. and was pronounced dead three
own sins and that even if the act itself was wrong, an- minutes later.* [4] He was buried in the Sing Sing Prison
gels would prevent it if God did not approve. Fish at- Cemetery. Fish is said to have helped the executioner posi-
tempted the sacrifice once before but was thwarted when a tion the electrodes on his body. His last words were report-
car drove past. Edward Budd was the next intended victim, edly,“I don't even know why I'm here.”* [18] According to
but he turned out to be larger than expected so he settled one witness present, it took two jolts before Fish died, cre-
on Grace. Although he knew Grace was female, it is be- ating the rumor that the apparatus was short-circuited by
lieved that Fish perceived her as a boy.* [9] Wertham then the needles that Fish inserted into his body.* [30] These ru-
detailed Fish's cannibalism, which in his mind he associ- mors were later regarded as untrue, as Fish reportedly died
ated with communion. The last question Dempsey asked in the same fashion and time frame as others in the electric
Wertham was 15,000 words long, detailed Fish's life and chair.* [18]
ended with asking how the doctor considered his mental At a meeting with reporters after the execution, Fish's
condition based on this life. Wertham simply answered lawyer James Dempsey revealed that he was in possession
“He is insane”.* [9] Gallagher cross-examined Wertham on of his client's“final statement”. This amounted to several
whether Fish knew the difference between right and wrong. pages of hand-written notes that Fish apparently penned
He responded that he did know but that it was a perverted in the hours just prior to his death. When pressed by the
knowledge based on his opinions of sin, atonement and re- assembled journalists to reveal the document's contents,
ligion and thus was an “insane knowledge”.* [9] The de- Dempsey refused, stating, “I will never show it to anyone.
fense called two more psychiatrists to support Wertham's It was the most filthy string of obscenities that I have ever
findings.* [35] read.”* [18]
The first of four rebuttal witnesses was Menas Gregory, the
former manager of the Bellevue psychiatric hospital, where
Fish was treated during 1930. He testified that Fish was ab- 3.4 Victims
normal but sane. Under cross examination, Dempsey asked
if coprophilia, urophilia and pedophilia indicated a sane or
insane person. Gregory replied that such a person was not 3.4.1 Known
“mentally sick”and that these were common perversions
that were“socially perfectly alright”and that Fish was“no • Francis X. McDonnell, age 8, July 15, 1924
different from millions of other people”, some very promi- • Billy Gaffney, age 4, February 11, 1927* [21]
nent and successful, who suffered from the “very same”
perversions. The next witness was the resident physician • Grace Budd, age 10, June 3, 1928* [5]
at The Tombs, Perry Lichtenstein. Dempsey objected to a
doctor with no training in psychiatry testifying on the issue
of sanity, but Justice Close overruled on the basis that the 3.4.2 Suspected
jury could decide what weight to give a prison doctor. When
asked whether Fish's causing himself pain indicated a men- • Emma Richardson, age 5, October 3, 1926
tal condition, Lichtenstein replied,“That is not masochism”
• Yetta Abramowitz, age 12, 1927.* [37]
, as he was only “punishing himself to get sexual gratifi-
cation”. The next witness, Charles Lambert, testified that • Robin Jane Liu, age 6, May 2, 1931
coprophilia was a common practice and that religious canni-
balism may be psychopathic but“was a matter of taste”and • Mary Ellen O'Connor, age 16, February 15,
not evidence of a psychosis. The last witness, James Vava- 1932.* [21]
sour, repeated Lambert's opinion.* [9] Another defense wit-
• Benjamin Collings, age 17, December 15, 1932.* [21]
ness was Mary Nicholas, Fish's 17-year-old stepdaughter.
She described how Fish taught her and her brothers and sis-
ters several games involving overtones of masochism and
child molestation.* [10] 3.5 See also
None of the jurors doubted that Fish was insane, but ulti-
• Ed Gein
3.6. REFERENCES 11

• H. H. Holmes [12] Berry-Dee, Christopher (2011). Cannibal Serial Killers:


Profiles of Depraved Flesh-eating Murderers. Berkeley, CA:
• Andrei Chikatilo Ulysses Press. p. 157. ISBN 1569759022.
• Peter Kudzinowski, a serial killer who committed his [13] Capo, Fran (2011). Myths and Mysteries of New York. Guil-
crimes against children in the same timeframe and lo- ford, CT: Morris Book Publishing, LLC. p. 114. ISBN 978-
cation 0-7627-6107-4.

• List of individuals executed in New York [14] Borowski, John (September 5, 2014). Albert Fish: In His
Own Words. Waterfront Productions. p. 314. ISBN
• Lonely hearts killer 0692263756.

[15] Taylor, Troy. Albert Fish: The Life & Crimes of One of
America's Most Deranged Killers.”Dead Men Do Tell Tales.
3.6 References 2004. Retrieved February 14, 2007.

[16] “Fish is Sentenced. Admits New Crimes; Death in Elec-


[1] Murder Cases of the Twentieth Century - Biographies and
tric Chair Fixed for Week of April 29, 1935. Move to Set
Bibliographies of 280 Convicted or Accused Killers; David
Aside Verdict Denied”. New York Times. March 26, 1935.
K. Frasier ̶McFarland & Company (Publisher), Copyright
Retrieved 2010-03-29. As Albert H. Fish was sentenced to
September, 1996; ISBN 0-7864-3031-1
die in the electric chair at Sing Sing, Westchester authori-
[2] Kray, Kate. The World's 20 Worst Crimes: True Stories of ties revealed today that he had confessed to a series of other
20 Killers and Their 1000 Victims. crimes in various parts of the country.

[3] Doidge, Christina (2012). Profile of Serial Killers. Cre- [17] “Albert Fish: real life Hannibal Lecter”. Crime Library.
ateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978- Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved
1475050905. 2008-11-07.

[4] “Albert Fish, 65, Pays Penalty at Sing Sing”. New York [18] Taylor, Troy (2004). “Albert Fish: The Life &
Times. January 17, 1936. Retrieved 2010-03-29. Albert Crimes of One of America's Most Deranged Killers”.
Fish, 65 years old, of 55 East 128th Street, Manhattan, a Prairieghosts.com. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
house painter who murdered Grace Budd, 6, after attacking
[19] Borowski, John (September 5, 2014). Albert Fish: In His
her in a Westchester farmhouse in 1928, was put to death
Own Words. Waterfront Productions. ISBN 0692263756.
tonight in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison.
[20] “Ex-Wife Unconcerned”. New York Times. December 15,
[5] “Wife Accuses Caretaker as Abductor Who Vanished With
1934. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-03-29. Mrs. Estella Wilcox of
Girl Two Years Ago”. New York Times. September 5,
Waterloo, former wife of Albert Fish, said tonight that she
1930. Retrieved 2010-03-29. The kidnapping of 10-year-
did not care what happens to her former husband.
old Grace Budd, a mystery that has baffled the police for
more than two years since the girl was lured from her par- [21] “Police Try To Link Budd Girl's Slayer To 3 Other Crimes.
ents' home at 406 West Seventieth Street on June 3, 1928, Fish Questioned On O'Connor, Collings And Gaffney Cases.
was believed to have been solved yesterday, detectives said, He Denies Part In Them”. New York Times. December
with the first actual arrest on the kidnapping charge. 15, 1934. Retrieved 2010-03-29. Albert H. Fish, 65-year-
old house painter who confessed that he had kidnapped and
[6] Sing Sing Prison's receiving blotter indicates Fish was 33
slain Grace Budd in 1928, will be surrendered to Westch-
when his mother died. Available on Ancestry.com under Al-
ester County for trial on murder charges as soon as the evi-
bert H. Fish.
dence against him is completed, it was announced yesterday.
[7] “Ancestry of Albert Fish”. wargs.com. William Addams
[22] “Mr. and Mrs. Budd Name Him on Stand as One Who Took
Reitwiesner. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Child Away Before Murder”. New York Times. March 13,
[8] Media:1870 census Fish.jpg|Albert Fish in the 1870 US 1935. Retrieved 2010-03-29. The parents of 10-year-old
Census for Washington, D.C. Grace Budd identified Albert Fish today as the man ... He
criticized psychiatrists of Bellevue and Kings County Hos-
[9] Schechter, Harold (1990). Deranged: The Shocking True pitals for ...
Story of America's Most Fiendish Killer. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 0-671-67875-2. [23] Grace Budd in the 1920 US Census for Manhattan

[10] “Albert Fish”. Crime Library. Archived from the original [24] “C. E. Pope Accused in Disappearance of Child From Her
on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16. Home on June 3, 1928”. New York Times. December 22,
1930. Retrieved 2010-03-29. Charles Edward Pope, who
[11] Wilson, Colin; Seaman, Donald (2004). The Serial Killers. has spent the last 108 days in jail after his arrest in connec-
Virgin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-1321-7. tion with the disappearance of Grace Budd, 10 years old,
12 CHAPTER 3. ALBERT FISH

who was last seen at her parents' home, 406 West Fifteenth [36] Scott, Gini Graham (2007). American Murder: Volume 1:
Street, on June 3, 1928, will go on trial today before Judge Homicide in the Early 20th Century. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Allen in General Sessions on a charge of kidnapping the p. 85. ISBN 978-0-275-999-77-3.
missing girl.
[37] Howard, Amanda; Smith, Martin (1 August 2004). River of
[25] Schechter, Harold; Everitt, David (2006). The A to Z En- Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims, Volume 1. Universal
cyclopedia of Serial Killers. Pocket Books. p. 163. ISBN Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-518-6.
978-1-4165-2174-7.

[26] Schechter, Harold (1998). Deranged: The Shocking True


Story of America's Most Fiendish Killer!. Gallery Books.
3.7 External links
[27] Heimer, Mel (1971). Cannibal; The Case Of Albert Fish. • Albert Fish bibliography
Lyle Stuart.
• Prairie Ghosts: Albert Fish
[28] Martingale, Moira (1993). Cannibal Killers: The Impossible
Monsters. Robert Hale Ltd. • Twisted Minds: Albert Fish

[29] Fish supplied the following biographical information in cap- • Fish family history
tivity:“I was born May 19, 1870, in Washington, D.C.. We
lived on B Street, N.E., between Second and Third. My fa- • The Gray Man (2007) at the Internet Movie Database
ther was Captain Randall Fish, 32nd-degree Mason, and he
• Albert Fish: In Sin He Found Salvation (2007) at the
is buried in the Grand Lodge grounds of the Congressional
Cemetery. He was a Potomac River boat captain, run- Internet Movie Database
ning from D.C. to Marshall Hall, Virginia [sic]. My father
• Angel Killer: A True Story of Cannibalism, Crime
dropped dead October 15, 1875, in the old Pennsylvania Sta-
tion where President Garfield was shot, and I was placed in
Fighting, and Insanity in New York City by Deborah
St. John's Orphanage in Washington. I was there till I was Blum (The Atavist), October 2012
nearly nine, and that's where I got started wrong. We were
• Albert Fish: In His Own Words
unmercifully whipped. I saw boys doing many things they
should not have done. I sang in the choir from 1880 to 1884,
soprano, at St. John's. I came to New York. I was a good
painter, interiors or anything. I got an apartment and brought
my mother up from Washington. We lived at 76 West 101st
Street, and that's where I met my wife. After our six chil-
dren were born, she left me. She took all the furniture and
didn't even leave a mattress for the children to sleep on. I'm
still worried about my children, you'd think they'd come to
visit their old dad in jail, but they haven't.”

[30] Wilson, Colin and Donald Seaman. The Serial Killers. Vir-
gin Publishing Ltd. 2004. p. 70.

[31] Wilson, Colin and Donald Seaman. The Serial Killers. Vir-
gin Publishing Ltd. 2004, page 69.

[32] Billy Gaffney's parents were Edward and Elizabeth Gaffney.

[33] The Charley Project page on Billy Gaffney. Retrieved Jan-


uary 26, 2010

[34] " Albert Fish.”The Life of a Cannibal. Retrieved February


14, 2007

[35] “Fish Held Insane By Three Experts. Defense Alienists Say


Budd Girl's Murderer Was And Is Mentally Irresponsible”
. New York Times. May 21, 1935. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
Three psychiatrists testified in Supreme Court today that Al-
bert H. Fish, on trial for the murder of Grace Budd in June,
1928, was legally insane when he committed the murder and
has been insane since that date.
Chapter 4

Alexander Bychkov

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 4.2 Murders


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). Alexander Bychkov committed his first murder on 17
September 2009. He met the victim, 60-year-old Yevgeni
Alexander Vladimirovich Bychkov (Russian: Александр Zhidkov, at a local tavern and offered to let him spend the
Владимирович Бычков; born April 1, 1988) is a Russian night at his home. Zhidkov came to the city to fill out the
serial killer and self-confessed cannibal. He committed at documents needed for drawing a pension from the district
least nine murders of men in the town of Belinsky, Penza archive. When the two came to Bychkov's house and the
Oblast, between 2009 and 2012. elderly man felt asleep, Bychkov stabbed him to death and
dismembered the corpse.* [2]
Bychkov, who called himself "Rambo",* [4] lured his vic-
tims, men who suffered from alcoholism or were tramps, to
his home or other lonely place where he killed them with a
hammer or a knife. He then dismembered the corpses* [5]
and buried the remains in the backyard of his house and in
the city's rubbish dump.* [4] He decided to kill in the warm
4.1 Background season in order to make the police suspect migrant workers.
Bychkov also killed a man who started to suspect him of the
murders and tried to blackmail him.* [6]
Alexander was born in 1988.* [1] His parents, Irina and The first dismembered corpse was found in the Spring of
Vladimir Bychkov, resided in a house bought by his paternal 2010. It belonged to Sergei Berezovsky, an ex-partner of
grandmother. Two years later his younger brother Sergei Irina Bychkova. In September of the same year two more
was born. The mother suffered from alcoholism, soon the dismembered corpses were found. A local man, Alexan-
father began to drink too. He hanged himself at the age der Zhuplov, was arrested for the murders on 19 Septem-
of 40. Neighbours claimed that the alcoholism and the sui- ber 2010. Zhuplov, who was insane, confessed to all three
cide of Vladimir Bychkov were apparently caused by the murders. He was found guilty of all three murders and sent
infidelity of his wife.* [2] to a mental institution.* [6]
The mother forced her children to work hard on the family's
vegetable garden from the age of five. The boys also were
forced to work for money for their neighbours, collect metal 4.3 Arrest
scrap and beaten when returned home with no money.* [2]
The boys also committed petty thefts from the property of On the night of 21 January 2012* [5] Alexander Bychkov
townspeople. They were caught several times, but pitied broke into a hardware store* [7] and stole three knives and
every time.* [3] money to the total amount of 9,908 Russian rubles (ca 315$
In the late 2000s Sergei was badly beaten and had his brain at the time).* [3] He was arrested several days later. Police
injured after being thrown out of a car when it was on found in his home a personal diary in which the author, call-
motion. Alexander had to leave college in order to take ing himself a“lone wolf”, claimed to be responsible for 11
care of his brother, who survived but eventually became murders. In the diary he also wrote that he began to murder
disabled.* [2] after being kicked off by his girlfriend.* [8]

13
14 CHAPTER 4. ALEXANDER BYCHKOV

Being questioned by police, Bychkov claimed that he ate [7] Gutterman, Steve (22 March 2013). “Russian serial killer
livers, hearts and muscles of his victims.* [4] who called himself 'Rambo' gets life sentence for 9 murders”
. Reuters. Retrieved 21 September 2013.

[8] Leshchinskaya, Nastacia (22 March 2013). “Russian Se-


4.4 Trial and conviction rial Killer Sentenced to Life in Prison”. Crime Library.
Retrieved 21 September 2013.

Bychkov was diagnosed with mixed personality disorder


but declared mentally competent to stand trial.* [1] He was
found guilty of nine murders and a burglary. The bodies of
two other victims mentioned in the diary were not found.
On 22 March 2013 Bychkov was sentenced to life impris-
onment by the Penza Oblast Court.* [1]* [5]
Lyubov Zhuplova, mother of Alexander Zhuplov, made a
petition to Rashid Nurgaliyev at the time of his service as
the Minister of Internal Affairs in Russia, asking for review-
ing the case of her son. It became possible only after the
sentencing of Bychkov.* [6]

4.5 See also


• Alexander Spesivtsev

• Nikolai Dzhumagaliev

4.6 References
[1] К пожизненному заключению приговорен житель горо-
да Белинского Александр Бычков, убивший девятерых
бомжей (in Russian). DV-ROSS. 22 June 2013. Retrieved
21 September 2013.

[2] Самоделова, Светлана (21 March 2012). Звериный


оскал каннибализма (in Russian). Moskovskij Komsomo-
lets. Retrieved 21 September 2013.

[3] Пензенский каннибал убивал людей, чтобы доказать


своей девушке, что "он ̶не тряпка" (in Russian).
NEWSru.com. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 21 September
2013.

[4] Маньяк из Пензы покорял девушку людоедством (in


Russian). Pravda.Ru. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 21
September 2013.

[5] Белинского Чикатило приговорили к пожизненному за-


ключению (in Russian). Пенза: ПензаИнформ. 2013-03-
22. Retrieved 2013-09-02.

[6] Под Пензой маньяк по кличке Рэмбо, убивший 9


человек, получил пожизненный срок (in Russian).
NEWSru.com. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 21 September
2013.
Chapter 5

Alfred Gaynor

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with trol.


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
In 2005, Gaynor's art titled “A Righteous Man's Reward”
only in preview). , depicting Jesus was offered on an online auction.* [3] In
2010, Gaynor tried to sell hair samples and a vampire draw-
Alfred J. Gaynor (born 1967) is an American serial ing online.* [4]
killer and rapist who killed nine women in Springfield,
Massachusetts.
5.2 Victims
5.1 Biography • Vera E. Hallums, 45 - found tied, beaten and strangled
in her apartment on April 20, 1995.
Alfred Gaynor was born in 1967 in Springfield, • Amy Smith, 20 - found in her apartment on July 11,
Massachusetts. Gaynor, a former handyman and crack 1996 with her 22-month-old daughter Destiny Smith,
addict worked odd jobs in the 1990s. He met several who died of starvation and dehydration.
of his victims in a mutual search for crack cocaine and
robbed some for drug money after strangling and raping • Jill Ann Ermellini, 34 - found in the cab of a truck in
them. Three of the women's bodies were found by their an auto body yard on June 16, 1997.
children.* [1] He killed 9 women between April 1995 and
• Robin M. Atkins, 29 - found strangled, bound and
February 1998.
gagged in a downtown alley on Oct. 25, 1997.
Gaynor was arrested on April 10, 1998. He was originally
convicted of murdering JoAnn C. Thomas, Loretta Daniels, • JoAnn C. Thomas, 38 - found in her home on Nov. 1,
Rosemary A. Downs and Joyce L. Dickerson-Peay* [2] and 1997.
sentenced to life in prison on May 19, 2000. After the death • Yvette Torres, 33 - her partially clothed body was
of his 67-year-old mother in 2006, he admitted to the rapes found propped against the bathroom door of her apart-
and murders. Gaynor denied guilt before his mother's death ment on Nov. 15, 1997.
because he ʻjust couldn't destroy everything she believed
in.ʼ* [1] In 2010, Gaynor admitted to killing Vera E. Hal- • Loretta Daniels, 38 - found in an alley on Feb. 2, 1998.
lums, Jill Ann Ermellini, Robin M. Atkins and Yvette Tor-
res in a plea deal with his nephew Paul L. Fickling, who • Rosemary A. Downs, 42 - found in her home on Feb.
had been sentenced to life in prison after being convicted 11, 1998.
of the murders of Amy Smith and Destiny Smith on Nov. • Joyce L. Dickerson-Peay, 37 - found outside an empty
17, 1998.* [2] Gaynor admitted to killing Smith, while Fick- restaurant on March 11, 1998.
ling pleaded guilty to manslaughter, reducing his sentence
to 19 to 20 years in prison minus the 14 he had already
served.* [1]
5.3 References
On April 30, 1998, Gaynor was caught on video being at-
tacked in court by a victim's son. The son, significantly [1] “Handyman admits to killing at least 8 Mass. women”.
larger than Gaynor, delivered several punches and then hit Associated Press. December 12, 2010. Retrieved March
Gaynor with a chair before officers were able to gain con- 12, 2014.

15
16 CHAPTER 5. ALFRED GAYNOR

[2] Buffy Spencer (October 18, 2010). “Paul Fickling pleads


guilty to manslaughter charges in death of Amy Smith; Al-
fred Gaynor admits to 4 additional murders”. The Repub-
lican. Retrieved March 12, 2014.

[3] Katherine Ramsland and Karen Pepper. “Serial Killer Cul-


ture”. www.crimelibrary.com. Retrieved March 12, 2014.

[4] Dan Ring (November 21, 2010). “Sale of prison-made


items by Alfred Gaynor, convicted serial killer, raises leg-
islative issue”. The Republican. Retrieved March 12, 2014.

5.4 External links


• Murderpedia
Chapter 6

Alphabet murders

This article is about the serial killings. For the 1965 a Rochester native who later moved to Los Angeles and,
film, see The Alphabet Murders. For the poem, see John with his cousin Angelo Buono, Jr., committed the Hillside
Tranter. Strangler murders between 1977 and 1978.* [3]
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with
Bianchi was never charged with the alphabet murders, and
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown he has repeatedly tried to have investigators officially clear
only in preview).
him of suspicion. However, there is circumstantial evidence
that his car was seen at two of the murder scenes.
The alphabet murders (also known as the “double initial
murders”) occurred in the 1970s in the Rochester, New
York, area and possibly in Los Angeles, California. 6.1.1 Details

• Carmen Colon, 10, disappeared November 16, 1971.


6.1 New York alphabet murders She was found two days later in Riga, New York,
near Churchville, 12 miles from where she was last
Three young girls were raped and strangled in the seen.* [4]
Rochester, New York area.
• Michelle Maenza, 11, disappeared November 26,
The case received its name from the fact that each of the 1973. She was found two days later in Macedon, New
girls' first and last names started with the same letter. Fur- York, 15 miles from Rochester.
thermore, each body was found in a town that had a name
starting with the same letter as the victim's name: • Wanda Walkowicz, 11, disappeared April 2, 1973.
She was found the next day at a rest area off State
• Carmen Colon in Churchville Route 104 in Webster, New York, 7 miles from
Rochester.
• Michelle Maenza in Macedon
• Wanda Walkowicz in Webster
6.2 California alphabet murders
Investigators have theorized that a series of murders with
similar circumstances in California, in the late 1970s, is
On April 11, 2011, 77-year-old Joseph Naso, a New York
connected to these three murders. native who lived in Rochester, New York, during the 1970s,
Although hundreds of people were questioned, the killer was arrested in Reno, Nevada, for four murders in Califor-
was never caught. One man, considered to be a person of nia (in 1977, 1978, 1993, and 1994). He was a professional
interest (he committed suicide six weeks after the last of photographer who had traveled between New York and Cal-
the murders) was cleared in 2007 by DNA profiling.* [1] ifornia extensively for decades.* [5]* [6]* [7]* [8]* [9]
In the case of Carmen Colon, her uncle was also considered All four of the murdered women were described by author-
a suspect until his suicide in 1991.* [2] ities as prostitutes.* [5]* [6]
Another suspect was Kenneth Bianchi, who at the time Naso was a person of interest in the Rochester, New York,
was an ice cream vendor in Rochester, New York, vend- alphabet murders, but his DNA did not match samples
ing from sites close to the first two murder scenes. He was taken from those victims.

17
18 CHAPTER 6. ALPHABET MURDERS

On January 12, 2012, in his preliminary hearing in Marin [2] Cawthorne, Nigel (2007). The Mammoth Book of Killers at
County, California, his alleged “rape diary”was entered Large. UK: Robinson. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-84529-631-5.
into evidence. It mentioned the death of a girl in the“Buf-
[3] Craig, Gary (March 2, 2009). “Serial killer Bianchi de-
falo woods,”a possible allusion to Upstate New York.* [10] nies he is 'double initial' slayer”. Democrat and Chronicle
On June 18, 2013, Naso was tried for the murder of the (Rochester: Gannett). p. 6A. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
four California alphabet murder victims.* [11] On August Bianchi was a suspect in the double initial killings because
20, 2013, Naso was convicted by a Marin County jury of he lived in Rochester in the early 1970s and was a security
guard.
the murders. On November 22, 2013, Naso was sentenced
to death for the murders.* [12] [4] Craig, Gary (March 1, 2009). "'Double initial' murders re-
main mystery after 35 years”. Democrat and Chronicle
(Rochester: Gannett). pp. 1A, 8A. Retrieved March 2,
6.2.1 Details 2009. Two days later, her crumpled body was found in a
gully, lying against a rock, along an infrequently traveled
The California murder victims, like the New York victims, road in the town of Riga, near the Chili border.
had double initials.
[5] Justin Berton (July 7, 2011). “Joseph Naso now wants an
attorney for murder trial”. SFGate.com. Retrieved August
• Carmen Colon (not the Rochester, New York, victim 20, 2011.
of the same name)
[6] Henry K. Lee (June 17, 2011). “Slaying suspect Joseph
• Pamela Parsons Naso kept notes on victims”. SFGate.com. Retrieved Au-
gust 20, 2011.
• Roxene Roggasch, 18, was found dead on January 11,
[7] Dearen, Jason; Scott Sonner (13 April 2011). “What's in a
1977, on the side of a road near Fairfax, California name? It may link Calif, NY cold cases”. The Salem News.
A.P. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
• Tracy Tofoya
[8] CNN Wire Staff (12 April 2011).“77-year-old man charged
in four slayings dating to 1977”. CNN Justice (CNN). Re-
trieved 3 April 2012.
6.3 In the media
[9] Dearen, Jason; Scott Sonner. “Eerie similarites [sic] noted
• In 2001, the Discovery Channel aired a program re- in NY, Calif. cold cases”. Crime & Courts on MSNBC.com.
visiting the murders.* [13] A.P. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

[10] Dillon, Nancy (12 January 2012). “Joseph Naso, sus-


• A 2008 film titled The Alphabet Killer was very loosely
pected serial killer, kept rape diary: authorities”. NYDai-
based on the murders.* [14] lyNews.com (New York Times). Retrieved 3 April 2012.
• In 2010, a book titled Alphabet Killer: The True Story [11] “Accused 'Double Initial' serial killer Joseph Naso, on trial
of the Double Initial Murders was released by author for killing four prostitutes, claims he is not the 'monster'
Cheri Farnsworth.* [15]* [16] prosecutors say he is”. Daily News (New York) (Mortimer
Zuckerman). 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
• On April 1, 2011, the AMC network aired a short doc-
umentary titled Countdown to the Killing: The Alpha- [12] Klein, Gary (2013-11-22). “Marin judge sentences Joseph
bet Murders.* [17] Naso to death row for murders of six women”. San Jose
Mercury News. Retrieved 2014-09-13.

[13] Murder Reopened̶The Alphabet Killer @ Yahoo! TV


6.4 See also [14] The Alphabet Killer at the Internet Movie Database

• The A.B.C. Murders, a 1936 detective novel by Agatha [15] Gary, Craig. “New book delves deeper into Rochester un-
solved Double Initial murders”. Democrat and Chronicle.
Christie describing a similar series of killings.
Retrieved 2010-09-07.

[16] Cheri, Farnsworth (2010). Alphabet Killer: The True Story


6.5 References of the Double Initial Murders. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-
0-8117-0632-2.

[1] Double Initial DNA Test Clears Man, R News, February 21, [17] Countdown to The Killing: Alphabet Murders @ AMC (TV
2007. channel) TV
6.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 19

6.6 External links


• New York State Police Homicide Victim (Information
about the case of victim Wanda Walkowicz.)
Chapter 7

Andre Crawford

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with ford case: Chicago serial killer was physically and sexually
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown abused as a teen, defense witness says”. Chicago Tribune.
only in preview). Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[3] St. Clair, Stacy; Burnette II, Daarel (3 November 2009).


Andre Crawford (born 20 March 1962) is an American “Chicago serial-killing trial: Jury selection begins in Andre
convicted serial killer, who killed 11 women between 1993 Crawford case”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
to 1999. Many of the women were prostitutes or drug ad- [4] Lutz, B.J.; Anthony Ponce (18 December 2009). “Andre
dicts. He also had sex with their corpses.* [1] Crawford Gets Life Sentence”. NBC Chicago. WMAQ.
Crawford had been placed in foster care as an infant after Retrieved 6 April 2012.
authorities found him living alone in squalor and after his [5] “Hubert Geralds, Jr.”. Center on Wrongful Convictions.
mother admitted leaving him unattended for long periods Northwestern University School of Law. Retrieved 6 April
of time. As a child he had lived with a foster family.* [2] As 2012.
an adult, he became a transient, living in vacant buildings in
Chicago.* [3]
He was accused of the murder of Evandry Harris, Patri- 7.2 External links
cia Dunn, Rhonda King, Angel Shatteen, Shaquanta Lang-
ley, Sonja Brandon, Nicole Townsend, Cheryl Cross, Tom- • Entry at murderpedia
mie Dennis, Sheryl Johnson and Constance Bailey. He was
linked by DNA to 7 of the victims, and confessed to all
11 murders. He was convicted in December, 2009.* [3] A
12th woman was attacked and left for dead on Thanksgiving
1997, but survived.* [4]
Hubert Geralds, Jr., 34, was convicted in 1997 of murder-
ing six women in Chicagoʼ s Englewood neighborhood. The
first victim was Rhonda King. Under interrogation by po-
lice, he confessed to all six murders. In 1998 he was sen-
tenced to death. In 2000 prosecutors moved to vacate the
conviction for the King murder, because DNA linked her
death to Andre Crawford. Geralds remained on death row
for the other five murders, however.* [5] Crawford is serving
his sentence in Menard Correctional Center.

7.1 References
[1] Walberg, Matthew; Daarel Burnette II; Stacy St. Clair (20
December 2009). “Serial killer Andre Crawford spared
death penalty”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[2] Walberg, Matthew (16 December 2009). “Andre Craw-

20
Chapter 8

Andrei Chikatilo

Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo (Russian: Андрей Рома- As a child, Chikatilo was constantly berated by his mother.
нович Чикатило, Ukrainian: Андрій Романович Чика- His sister later recalled that in spite of the hardships en-
тило; 16 October 1936 – 14 February 1994) was a Soviet dured by her parents, their father, Roman, was a kind man,
serial killer, nicknamed the Butcher of Rostov, the Red whereas their mother was harsh and unforgiving toward her
Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper, who committed the sexual children.* [9]
assault, murder and mutilation of a minimum of 52 women
When the Soviet Union entered World War II, Chikatilo's
and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR, father was drafted into the Red Army and subsequently
the Ukrainian SSR and the Uzbek SSR. Chikatilo confessed
taken prisoner after being wounded in combat.* [10] Be-
to a total of 56 murders and was tried for 53 of these killings
tween 1941 and 1944, Chikatilo witnessed some of the
in April 1992. He was convicted and sentenced to death
effects of the Nazi occupation of Ukraine, which he de-
for 52 of these murders in October 1992 and subsequently scribed as“horrors”, adding he witnessed bombings, fires,
executed in February 1994. and shootings* [11] from which he and his mother would
Chikatilo was known by such titles as the Rostov Ripper and hide in cellars and ditches. On one occasion, Chikatilo
the Butcher of Rostov because the majority of his murders and his mother were forced to watch their own hut burn
were committed in the Rostov Oblast of the Russian SFSR. to the ground.* [12] With his father at war, Chikatilo and
his mother slept sharing a single bed. He was a chronic bed
wetter* [9] and was berated and beaten by his mother for
8.1 Early life each offense.
In 1943, Chikatilo's mother gave birth to a baby girl,
8.1.1 Childhood Tatyana. Because Chikatilo's father had been conscripted
in 1941, Tatyana could not have been his child, and it has
Andrei Chikatilo was born in the village of Yabluchne in been speculated that she was conceived as a result of a rape
*
the Sumy Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. At the time of his committed by a German soldier. [13]
birth, Ukraine was in the grip of mass famine caused by In September 1944,* [6] Chikatilo began his schooling. He
Joseph Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture.* [3] would later recollect that, although shy and ardently stu-
Chikatilo's parents were both collective farm labourers who dious as a child, he was physically weak and regularly at-
lived in a one-room hut* [4] and who received no wages for tended school in homespun clothing and, by 1946, with his
their work, but instead received the right to cultivate a plot stomach swollen from hunger resulting from the post-war
*
of land behind the family hut. The family seldom had suffi- famine which plagued much of the Soviet Union. [6] On
cient food; Chikatilo himself later claimed not to have eaten several occasions, this hunger caused Chikatilo to faint both
*
bread until the age of twelve,* [5] adding that he and his at home and at school, [12] and he was consistently tar-
*
family often had to eat grass and leaves in an effort to stave geted by bullies [14] who, he would later recollect, regu-
off hunger.* [6] Throughout his childhood, Chikatilo was re- larly mocked him over his physical stature and timid nature.
peatedly told by his mother Anna that prior to his birth, an Chikatilo developed a passion for reading and memorizing
older brother of his named Stepan had, at age 4, been kid- data, and often studied at home, both to increase his sense
napped and cannibalized by starving neighbours, although of self-worth and to compensate for his myopia, which
it has never been independently established whether this in- often prevented him from reading the classroom black-
cident actually occurred, or if a Stepan Chikatilo even ex- board.* [15] To his teachers, Chikatilo was an excellent stu-
isted.* [7]* [8] Nonetheless, Chikatilo recalled his childhood dent upon whom they would regularly bestow praise and
as being blighted by poverty, ridicule, hunger, and war.

21
22 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

commendation. Chikatilo performed his compulsory military service be-


tween 1957 and 1960,* [28] assigned to a KGB communi-
cations unit in Berlin. Here, his work record was unblem-
8.1.2 Adolescence ished, and he joined the Communist party in 1960, shortly
before his military service ended.* [29]
By his teens, Chikatilo was both a model student and an Upon completing his army service, Chikatilo returned to
ardent Communist. He was appointed editor of his school his native village to live with his parents. He became ac-
newspaper at age 14* [16] and chairman of the pupils' Com- quainted with a young divorcee, and the pair began a three-
munist committee two years later. An avid reader of Com- month relationship, which ended after several unsuccessful
munist literature, he was also delegated the task of organiz- attempts at intercourse, when the girl innocently asked her
ing street marches.* [17] Although he claimed learning did friends for advice as to how Chikatilo might overcome his
not come easy to him due to headaches and a poor memory, inability to maintain an erection.* [22] As a result, most of
he was the only student from his collective farm to com- his peers discovered his impotence. In a 1993 interview
plete the final year of study,* [17] graduating with excellent regarding this incident, Chikatilo stated: “Girls were go-
grades in 1954. ing behind my back, whispering that I was impotent. I was
At the onset of puberty, Chikatilo discovered that he suf- so ashamed. I tried to hang myself. My mother and some
fered from chronic impotence, worsening his social awk- young neighbours pulled me out of the noose ... I had to
*
wardness and self-hatred.* [18] He was shy in the company run away from there, away from my homeland.” [22]
of women;* [19] his first crush, at age 17, had been on a
girl named Lilya Barysheva, with whom he had become
acquainted through his school newspaper,* [20] yet he was
chronically nervous in her company and never asked her
8.2 Move to Rostov-on-Don
for a date. The same year, Chikatilo jumped upon an 11-
year-old friend of his younger sister and wrestled her to the After several months, Chikatilo found a job as a communi-
ground, ejaculating as the girl struggled in his grasp.* [21] cations engineer in a town located north of Rostov-on-Don.
He relocated to Russia in 1961, renting a small apartment
Following his graduation, Chikatilo applied for a scholar-
close to his workplace. The same year, his younger sister,
ship at Moscow State University. Although he passed the
Tatyana, finished her schooling and moved into his apart-
entrance examination with good-to-excellent scores,* [22]
ment (his parents would relocate to the Rostov-on-Don re-
his grades were not deemed good enough for accep-
gion shortly thereafter).* [30] Tatyana lived with her brother
tance.* [22] Chikatilo speculated his father's tainted war
for six months before marrying a local youth and moving
record was the reason his scholarship application was re-
into her in-laws' home; she noted nothing untoward with
jected (his father had been branded a traitor for being
regard to her brother's lifestyle, except his chronic shyness
taken prisoner in 1943),* [23]* [24] but the truth was that
around women,* [31] and resolved to help her brother find a
other students had performed better in a highly competi-
wife and start a family.
tive exam.* [25] Chikatilo did not attempt to enrol at an-
other university; instead, he travelled to the city of Kursk,
where he worked as a labourer for three months before en-
rolling in a vocational school, where he studied to become a 8.2.1 Marriage
communications technician.* [22] The same year̶1955̶
Chikatilo formed his first serious relationship, with a local In 1963, Chikatilo married a woman named Feodosia
girl two years his junior. On three separate occasions, the Odnacheva, to whom he had been introduced by his younger
couple attempted intercourse, although on each occasion, sister. According to Chikatilo, although he was attracted
Chikatilo was unable to sustain an erection.* [26] After 18 to Feodosia, his marriage was basically an arranged one
months, the girl broke off their relationship. which occurred barely two weeks after they had met and
in which the decisive roles were played by his sister and her
husband.* [32]
8.1.3 Army service Chikatilo later claimed that his marital sex life was mini-
mal and that, after his wife understood he was unable to
Upon completion of his two-year vocational training, maintain an erection, they agreed she would conceive by
Chikatilo was deployed to the Urals city of Nizhny his ejaculating externally and pushing his semen inside her
Tagil* [27] to work upon a long-term construction project. vagina with his fingers.* [33] In 1965, Feodosia gave birth
He worked in the Urals for two years until he was drafted to a daughter, Lyudmila. Four years later, in 1969, a son
into the Soviet Army in 1957. named Yuri was born.* [32]
8.4. FIRST SERIES OF MURDERS 23

8.3 Teaching career September 1978, before finding another teaching position
in Shakhty.* [42]
In 1970, Chikatilo completed a correspondence course in Chikatilo's career as a teacher ended in March 1981 follow-
Russian literature and obtained his degree in the subject ing several complaints of child molestation against pupils
from Rostov University.* [34] Shortly before obtaining hisof both sexes.* [43] The same month, he began a job as a
degree, Chikatilo obtained a job managing regional sports supply clerk for a factory based in Rostov which produced
activities.* [35] He remained in this position for one year,
construction materials.* [44] This role required Chikatilo to
before beginning his career as a teacher of Russian language
travel extensively across much of the Soviet Union to either
and literature in Novoshakhtinsk.* [36] physically purchase the raw materials required to fulfill pro-
Chikatilo was largely ineffective as a teacher; although duction quotas, or to negotiate supply contracts.
knowledgeable in the subjects he taught, he was unable to
maintain discipline in his classes and was regularly sub-
jected to mockery by his students* [37] who, he claimed,
took advantage of his modest nature.

8.3.1 Sexual assaults

Yelena Zakotnova, aged 9. Murdered 22 December 1978.

8.4 First series of murders

8.4.1 Murder of Yelena Zakotnova

Technical School № 33, Shakhty. Chikatilo worked at this school at In September 1978, Chikatilo moved to Shakhty, a coal
the time of his first murder.* [38] mining town near Rostov-on-Don, where he committed his
first documented murder. On 22 December, Chikatilo lured
In May 1973, Chikatilo committed his first known sexual a 9-year-old girl named Yelena Zakotnova to an old house
assault upon one of his pupils. In this incident, he swam which he had secretly purchased; he attempted to rape her
towards a 15-year-old girl and groped her breasts and gen- but failed to achieve an erection. When the girl struggled,
itals, ejaculating as the girl struggled against his grasp. he choked her and stabbed her three times in the abdomen,
He was not disciplined for this incident,* [39] nor after ejaculating while stabbing the child. In an interview after
the occasions in which fellow teachers observed Chikatilo his arrest, Chikatilo later recalled that after stabbing Ye-
fondling himself in the presence of his students, or for re- lena, the girl had “said something very hoarsely", where-
peatedly entering the girls' dormitory in the hope of see- upon he strangled her into unconsciousness before throwing
ing them undressed.* [40] Months later, Chikatilo sexually her body into a nearby river.* [45] Her body was found two
assaulted another teenage girl whom he had locked in his days later.
classroom.* [41] In response to the increasing number of Numerous pieces of evidence linked Chikatilo to Zakat-
complaints lodged against him by his students, the direc- nova's murder: spots of blood had been found in the snow
tor of the school summoned Chikatilo to a formal meeting near the house Chikatilo had purchased; neighbours had
and informed him he should resign voluntarily, or be fired. noted that Chikatilo had been present in the house on the
Chikatilo left his employment discreetly and found another evening of 22 December; Zakotnova's school rucksack had
job as a teacher at another school in Novoshakhtinsk in Jan- been found upon the opposite bank of the river at the end of
uary 1974. He lost this job as a result of staff cutbacks in the street (indicating the girl had been thrown into the river
24 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

at this location); and a witness had given police a detailed tilated the body with his teeth and a stick;* [9] he also tore
description of a man closely resembling Chikatilo, whom one nipple from Tkachenko's body with his teeth, before
she had seen talking with Zakotnova at the bus stop where loosely covering her body with leaves, branches, and torn
the girl had last been seen alive.* [46] Despite these facts, pages of newspaper.* [54] Tkachenko's body was found the
a 25-year-old labourer named Aleksandr Kravchenko who, following day.
as a teenager, had served a prison sentence for the rape and
murder of a teenage girl,* [47] was arrested for the crime.
A search of Kravchenko's home revealed spots of blood on
his wife's sweater: the blood type was determined to match
both Zakotnova and Kravchenko's wife.
Kravchenko had a watertight alibi for the afternoon of 22
December: he had been at home with his wife and a friend
of hers the entire afternoon, and neighbours of the couple
were able to verify this.* [48] Nonetheless, the police, hav-
ing threatened Kravchenko's wife with being an accomplice
to murder and her friend with perjury, obtained new state-
ments in which the women claimed Kravchenko had not
returned home until late in the evening on the day of the
murder.* [49] Confronted with these altered testimonies,
Kravchenko confessed to the killing.* [49] He was tried for
the murder in 1979. At his trial, Kravchenko retracted his
confession and maintained his innocence, stating his con-
fession had been obtained under extreme duress. Despite
his retraction, he was convicted of the murder and sen-
tenced to death in 1979. This sentence was commuted to
15 years' imprisonment (the maximum possible length of
imprisonment at the time) by the Supreme Court in Decem-
ber, 1980.* [50] Under pressure from the victim's relatives,
Kravchenko was retried and eventually executed for Zakot-
nova's murder in July 1983.* [51]
Lyubov Biryuk, aged 13. Murdered 12 June 1982.
Following Zakotnova's murder, Chikatilo was able to
achieve sexual arousal and orgasm only through stabbing Nine months after the murder of Tkachenko, on 12 June
and slashing women and children to death, and he later 1982, Chikatilo travelled by bus to the Bagayevsky District
claimed that the urge to relive the experience had over- of Rostov to purchase vegetables. Having to change buses
whelmed him* [52] although he did stress that, initially, he in the village of Donskoi, he decided to continue his jour-
had struggled to resist these urges. ney on foot.* [55] Walking away from the bus station, he
encountered a 13-year-old girl, named Lyubov Biryuk, who
was herself walking home from a shopping trip.* [56] Once
8.4.2 Second murder and subsequent the path both were taking together was shielded from the
killings view of potential witnesses by bushes, Chikatilo pounced
upon Biryuk, dragged her into nearby undergrowth, tore
On 3 September 1981, Chikatilo encountered a 17-year-old off her dress, and killed her by stabbing and slashing her
boarding school student, named Larisa Tkachenko, stand- to death.* [57] When her body was found on 27 June, the
ing at a bus stop as he exited a public library in Ros- medical examiner discovered evidence of 22 knife wounds
tov city centre. According to his subsequent confession, inflicted to the head, neck, chest,* [58] and pelvic region. In
Chikatilo lured Tkachenko to a forest near the Don River addition, several striations were discovered upon Biryuk's
with the pretext of drinking vodka and “relaxing”.* [53] eye sockets.
When they reached a secluded area, he threw the girl to Following Biryuk's murder, Chikatilo no longer attempted
the ground before tearing off her clothes and attempting in- to resist his homicidal urges: between July and September
tercourse, as Tkachenko remonstrated against his actions. 1982, he killed a further five victims between the ages of
When Chikatilo failed to achieve an erection, he forced mud nine and 19. He established a pattern of approaching chil-
inside her mouth to stifle her screams before battering and dren, runaways, and young vagrants at bus or railway sta-
strangling her to death. As he had no knife, Chikatilo mu- tions, enticing them to a nearby forest or other secluded
8.4. FIRST SERIES OF MURDERS 25

area, and killing them, usually by stabbing, slashing and before stuffing mud or loam into the victims' mouth to si-
eviscerating the victim with a knife; although some victims, lence their screams, and then proceed to kill them.* [64] Af-
in addition to receiving a multitude of knife wounds, were ter the killing, Chikatilo would make rudimentary̶though
also strangled or battered to death.* [59] seldom serious ̶efforts to conceal the body* [65] before
leaving the crime scene.
On 11 December 1982, Chikatilo encountered a 10-year-
old girl named Olga Stalmachenok riding a bus to her par-
ents' home in Novoshakhtinsk and persuaded the child to
leave the bus with him. She was last seen by a fellow pas-
senger, who reported the girl was being led firmly by the
hand by a middle-aged man.* [66] Stalmachenok was lured
to a cornfield on the outskirts of Novoshakhtinsk before she
was killed. Chikatilo stabbed the girl in excess of 50 times
around the head and body, ripped open her chest and ex-
cised her lower bowel and uterus.* [61]

8.4.3 Investigation

By January 1983, a total of four victims thus far killed had


been tentatively linked to the same killer. A Moscow po-
lice team, headed by Major Mikhail Fetisov, was sent to
Rostov-on-Don to direct the investigation. Fetisov centered
the investigations around Shakhty and assigned a newly ap-
pointed specialist forensic analyst, Viktor Burakov, to head
the investigation. In April, Olga Stalmachenok's body was
found. Burakov was summoned to the crime scene, where
he noted the eviscerations conducted upon the child and that
her eye sockets bore striations. Burakov later stated that,
as he noted the striations upon Stalmachenok's eye sockets,
Memorial to Chikatilo's seventh victim, Irina Karabelnikova. This any doubts about the presence of a serial killer evaporated.
memorial was erected by Karabelnikova's father at the site of her
murder.* [60] Chikatilo did not kill again until June 1983, when he mur-
dered a 15-year-old Armenian girl named Laura Sarkisyan;
Many of the victims' bodies bore evidence of mutilation her body was found close to an unmarked railway platform
to the eye sockets. Pathologists concluded the injuries near Shakhty.* [67] By September, he had killed a further
were caused by a knife, leading investigators to the conclu- five victims. The accumulation of bodies found and the
sion the killer had gouged out the eyes of his victims.* [61] similarities between the pattern of wounds inflicted on the
Chikatilo's adult female victims were often prostitutes or victims forced the Soviet authorities to acknowledge that a
homeless women whom he would lure to secluded areas serial killer was on the loose. On 6 September 1983, the
with promises of alcohol or money. Chikatilo would typ- public prosecutor of the USSR formally linked six of the
ically attempt intercourse with these victims, but he would murders thus far committed to the same killer.* [68]
usually be unable to achieve or maintain an erection; this Due to the sheer savagery of the murders and the precision
would send him into a murderous fury, particularly if the of the eviscerations upon the victims' bodies, police theo-
woman mocked his impotence. He would achieve orgasm rized that the killings had been conducted by either a group
only when he stabbed and slashed the victim to death. His harvesting organs to sell for transplant, the work of a Sa-
child victims were of both sexes; Chikatilo would lure these tanic cult,* [69] or a mentally ill individual. Much of the
victims to secluded areas using a variety of ruses, usually police effort concentrated upon the theory that the killer
formed in the initial conversation with the victim,* [62] such must be either mentally ill, homosexual, or a paedophile,
as promising them assistance or company, or offering to and the alibis of all individuals who had either spent time
show them a shortcut,* [63] a chance to view rare stamps, in psychiatric wards or had been convicted of homosexual-
films or coins, or with an offer of food or candy. He would ity or paedophilia were checked* [70] and logged in a card
usually overpower these victims once they were alone, often filing system. Registered sex offenders were also investi-
tying their hands behind their backs with a length of rope gated and, if their alibi was corroborated, eliminated from
26 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

the inquiry. 8.4.4 1984


Beginning in September 1983, several young men con-
In January and February 1984, Chikatilo killed two women
fessed to the murders, although these individuals were
in Rostov's Aviators' Park. On 24 March, he lured a 10-
often intellectually disabled youths who admitted to the
year-old boy, named Dmitry Ptashnikov, away from a stamp
crimes only under prolonged and often brutal interrogation.
kiosk in Novoshakhtinsk. While walking with the boy,
Three known homosexuals and a convicted sex offender
Chikatilo was seen by several witnesses who were able to
committed suicide as a result of the investigators' heavy-
give investigators a detailed description of the killer. When
handed tactics.* [71] As a result of the investigation into
Ptashnikov's body was found three days later, police also
the killings, more than 1000 unrelated crimes, including 95
found a footprint of the killer and both semen and saliva
murders* [72] and 245 rapes,* [73] were solved.
samples on the victim's clothing.* [77]
On 25 May, Chikatilo killed a young woman named
Tatyana Petrosyan and her 10-year-old daughter, Svetlana,
in a wooded area outside Shakhty; Petrosyan had known
Chikatilo for several years prior to her murder.* [78] By the
end of July, he had killed three additional young women
between the ages of 19 and 21, and a 13-year-old boy. In
the summer of 1984, Chikatilo was fired from his work as a
supply clerk for theft of property. The accusation had been
filed against him the previous February, and he had been
asked to resign quietly but had refused to do so, as he had
denied the charges.* [79] Chikatilo found another job as a
supply clerk in Rostov on 1 August.* [80]

Sergey Markov, aged 14. Murdered in Kazachi Lagerya, 27 De-


cember 1983.

However, as police obtained confessions from suspects,


bodies continued to be discovered, proving that the suspects
who had confessed could not be the killer the police were
seeking. On 30 October 1983, the eviscerated body of a
19-year-old prostitute, named Vera Shevkun, was found in
Shakhty.* [74] Shevkun had been killed on 27 October. Al-
though the mutilations inflicted upon Shevkun's body were
otherwise characteristic of those found upon other victims
linked to the unknown murderer, the victim's eyes had not
been enucleated or otherwise wounded.* [74] Two months
later, on 27 December, a 14-year-old Gukovo schoolboy,
named Sergey Markov, was lured off a train and murdered Natalya Golosovskaya, aged 16, killed in Aviators' Park, Rostov on
in Kazachi Lagerya.* [75] Markov was emasculated and suf- 2 August 1984.
fered over 70 knife wounds to his neck and upper torso* [76]
before being eviscerated. On 2 August, Chikatilo killed a 16-year-old girl, Natalya
8.5. FIRST ARREST AND RELEASE 27

Golosovskaya, in Aviators' Park. On 7 August, he lured a no further bodies were found bearing the trademark muti-
17-year-old girl named Lyudmila Alekseyeva to the banks lation of Chikatilo's victims; investigators in Rostov theo-
of the Don River on the pretense of showing her a short- rized that the unknown killer might have moved to another
cut to a bus terminal. Alekseyeva suffered 39 slash wounds part of the Soviet Union and continued killing there. The
to her body before Chikatilo mutilated and disemboweled Rostov police sent bulletins to all forces throughout the So-
her̶intentionally inflicting wounds he knew would not be viet Union, describing the pattern of wounds their unknown
immediately fatal.* [81] Her body was found in the follow- killer inflicted upon his victims and requesting feedback
ing morning, her excised upper lip inside her mouth.* [82] from any police force who had discovered murder victims
Hours after Alekseyeva's murder, Chikatilo flew to the with wounds matching those upon the victims found in the
Uzbekistan capital of Tashkent on a business trip. By the Rostov Oblast. The response was negative.* [92] (Uzbek-
time he had returned to Rostov on 15 August, he had killed istan investigators did not link the two murders committed
an unidentified young woman and a 10-year-old girl.* [82] by Chikatilo in Tashkent to the series because in one in-
Within two weeks an 11-year-old boy had been found stran- stance, the victim had been beheaded,* [93] and in the sec-
gled and castrated, with his eyes gouged out, in Rostov be- ond instance, the mutilations upon the victim had been so
fore a young librarian, Irina Luchinskaya, was killed in Ros- extensive police had concluded the body had been caught in
tov's Aviators' Park on 6 September.* [83] a harvesting machine.)* [94]

8.5 First arrest and release 8.5.1 Later murders

Upon his release from jail in December 1984, Chikatilo


On 13 September 1984, exactly one week after his 15th found new work at a locomotive factory in Novocherkassk
killing of the year, Chikatilo was observed by an undercover and kept a low profile. He did not kill again until 1 Au-
detective attempting to lure young women away from a Ros- gust 1985, when̶on a business trip to Moscow* [95]̶he
tov bus station.* [84] He was arrested and held. A search encountered an 18-year-old woman named Natalia Pokhlis-
of his belongings revealed a knife and rope.* [85] He was tova at a railway platform near Domodedovo Airport.* [96]
also discovered to be under investigation for minor theft Pokhlistova was lured into a thicket of woods where she
at one of his former employers, which gave the investiga- was bound, stabbed 38 times, then strangled to death.* [97]
tors the legal right to hold him for a prolonged period of Based upon the hypothesis that the killer had travelled from
time. Chikatilo's dubious background was uncovered, and the Rostov Oblast to Moscow via air, investigators checked
his physical description matched the description of the man all Aeroflot flight records of passengers who had commuted
seen with Dmitry Ptashnikov in March prior to the boy's between Moscow and the Rostov Oblast between late July
murder. A sample of Chikatilo's blood was taken; the re- and early August. On this occasion, however, Chikatilo
sults of which revealed his blood group to be type A,* [86] had travelled to Moscow by train and accordingly, no docu-
whereas semen samples found upon a total of six victims mentation existed for investigators to research. Four weeks
murdered by the unknown killer throughout the spring and later, on 27 August, Chikatilo killed another young woman,
summer of 1984* [87] had been classified by medical ex- Irina Gulyaeva, in Shakhty. As had been the case with
aminers to be type AB. Chikatilo's name was added to the Natalia Pokhlistova, the wounds inflicted upon the victim
card index file used by investigators; however, the results
linked her murder to the hunt for the serial killer.
of his blood type analysis largely discounted him as being
the unknown killer. (By Chikatilo's arrest, the index file had In November 1985, a special procurator, named Issa Kos-
expanded to include over 25,000 individuals investigated in toyev, was appointed to supervise the investigation.* [98]
connection with the murders.)* [88] The known murders around Rostov were carefully re-
investigated, and police began another round of question-
Chikatilo was found guilty of theft of property from his pre- ing of known sex offenders. The following month, the
vious employer* [89] and sentenced to one year in prison, militsiya and Voluntary People's Druzhina resumed the pa-
but was freed on 12 December 1984 after serving three trolling of railway stations around Rostov. The police also
months.* [90] took the step of consulting a psychiatrist, Dr. Alexandr
On 8 October 1984, the head of the Russian Public Prose- Bukhanovsky, the first such consultation in a serial killer
cutors Office formally linked 23 of Chikatilo's murders into investigation in the Soviet Union.* [99]
one case and dropped all charges against the mentally hand- Bukhanovsky produced a 65-page psychological profile of
icapped youths who had previously confessed to the mur- the unknown murderer for the investigators, describing the
ders.* [91] killer as a man aged between 45 and 50 years old who was
Following the 6 September murder of Irina Luchinskaya, of average intelligence, likely to be married or previously
28 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

married, but also a sadist who could achieve sexual arousal 8.5.2 Definitive resurfacing
only by seeing his victims suffer.* [100] Because many of
the killings had occurred on weekdays near mass transport In 1988, Chikatilo killed three times, murdering an uniden-
hubs and across the entire Rostov Oblast, Bukhanovsky also tified woman in Krasny Sulin in April and two boys in May
argued that the killer's work required him to travel regu- and July. His first murder victim was lured off a train
larly, and based upon the actual days of the week when the at Krasny Sulin before Chikatilo bound her hands behind
killings had occurred, the killer was most likely tied to a her back and stuffed her mouth with dirt, before severing
production schedule.* [101] her nose from her face* [105] and inflicting numerous knife
Chikatilo followed the investigation carefully, reading wounds to her neck. Chikatilo then bludgeoned her to death
newspaper reports about the manhunt for the killer, which with a slab of concrete; her body was found on 6 April.
had begun to appear in the news media,* [102] and keep- Investigators noted that the knife wounds inflicted upon
ing his homicidal urges under control. For almost a year this victim were similar to those inflicted on the victims
following the August 1985 murder of Irina Gulyaeva, no linked to the manhunt and killed between 1982 and 1985,
further victims were found in either the Rostov or Moscow but as the woman had been killed with a slab of concrete
Oblasts whose bodies bore the signature mutilations of the and had not been disemboweled, investigators were un-
unknown murderer. Investigators did tentatively link the sure whether to link this murder to the investigation.* [106]
murder of a 33-year-old woman named Lyubov Golovakha In May, Chikatilo killed a 9-year-old boy, named Aleksey
̶found stabbed to death on 23 July 1986̶to the investiga- Voronko, in Ilovaisk, Ukraine. The boy's wounds left no
tion, although this was solely upon the basis that the killer's doubt the killer had struck again, and this murder was linked
semen type matched that of the killer they were seeking, to the manhunt.* [107] On 14 July, Chikatilo killed a 15-
that the victim had been stripped naked prior to her murder, year-old boy, named Yevgeny Muratov, at Donleskhoz sta-
and that she had been stabbed in excess of 20 times.* [10] tion near Shakhty. Muratov's murder was also linked to the
The victim had not been dismembered or otherwise muti- investigation, although his body was not found until April
lated, nor had she been seen near mass transportation. Be- 1989.* [108]
cause of these discrepancies, many investigators expressed
serious doubts as to whether Golovakha's murder had been
committed by the killer they were seeking.
On 18 August 1986, a victim was found buried in a de-
pression of earth in the grounds of a collective farm in the
city of Bataysk. The wounds inflicted upon this victim did
seem to bear the trademark mutilations of victims linked
to the manhunt killed between 1982 and 1985. The victim
was an 18-year-old named Irina Pogoryelova. Pogoryelova's
body bore all the trademark mutilations of the previous vic-
tims: her body had been slit open from the neck to the gen-
italia, with one breast removed and her eyes cut out. As the
murderer had made serious efforts to bury the body,* [103]
some investigators theorized that this explained the sudden
dearth in the number of victims found.
In 1987, Chikatilo killed three times. On each occasion
the murder took place while he was on a business trip far
away from the Rostov Oblast, and none of these murders
were linked to the manhunt in Rostov.* [104] Chikatilo's
first murder in 1987 was committed in May, when he killed
a 13-year-old boy, named Oleg Makarenkov, in the Urals
town of Revda. In July, he killed a 12-year-old boy, named
Ivan Bilovetsky, in the Ukrainian city of Zaporizhia, and
on 15 September, he killed a 16-year-old vocational school
student, named Yuri Tereshonok, in woodland on the out-
skirts of Leningrad.

Aleksey Khobotov, aged 10. Chikatilo led police to Khobotov's body


in December 1990.
8.6. THE SNARE 29

Chikatilo did not kill again until 8 March 1989, when he to strike at any of these locations, and to have undercover
killed a 16-year-old girl in his daughter's vacant apartment. agents patrol smaller and less busy stations, where the mur-
He dismembered her body and hid the remains in a sewer. derer's activities would be more likely to be noticed. The
As the victim had been dismembered, police did not link plan was approved, and both the uniformed and undercover
her murder to the investigation. Between May and August, officers were instructed to question any adult man in the
Chikatilo killed a further four victims, three of whom were company of a young woman or child, and note his name
killed in Rostov and Shakhty,* [107] although only two of and passport number.* [116] Police deployed a total of 360
these victims were linked to the killer. men at all the stations in the Rostov Oblast, but only under-
cover officers were posted at the three smallest stations on
On 14 January 1990, Chikatilo encountered an 11-year-old
boy named Andrei Kravchenko standing outside a Shakhty the route through the oblast where the killer had struck most
frequently̶Kirpichnaya, Donleskhoz, and Lesostep* [117]
theater. Kravchenko was lured from the theater on the
pretext of being shown imported Western films Chikatilo ̶in an effort to force the killer to strike at one of those
three stations. The operation was implemented on 27 Oc-
claimed to have at his residence; his emasculated body
was found in a secluded section of woodland the following tober 1990.* [118]
month.* [109] Seven weeks after Kravchenko's murder, on 7 On 30 October, police found the body of a 16-year-old boy
March, Chikatilo lured a 10-year-old boy, named Yaroslav named Vadim Gromov at Donleskhoz station. The wounds
Makarov, from a Rostov train station to Rostov's Botani- upon Gromov's body immediately linked his murder to the
cal Gardens. The eviscerated body was found the following manhunt: the youth had been strangled, stabbed 27 times
day.* [110] and castrated, with the tip of his tongue severed and his left
On 11 March, the leaders of the investigation, headed by eye stabbed.* [119] Gromov had been killed on 17 Octo-
Mikhail Fetisov, held a meeting to discuss progress made ber, 10 days before the start of the initiative. The same day
in the manhunt.* [111] Fetisov was under intense pressure Gromov's body was found, Chikatilo lured another 16-year-
from the public, the press, and the Ministry of the Interior old boy, Viktor Tishchenko, off a train at Kirpichnaya sta-
in Moscow to solve the case. The intensity of the man- tion, another station under surveillance from undercover po-
hunt in the years up to 1984 had receded to a degree be- lice, and killed him in a nearby forest.* [120] Tishchenko's
tween 1985 and 1987, when Chikatilo had committed only body̶bearing 40 separate knife wounds̶was found on 3
three murders investigators had conclusively linked to the November.
killer ̶all killed by 1986. However, by March 1990, a
further six victims had been linked to the killer. Fetisov
had also noted laxity in some areas of the investigation 8.6.1 Final murder and surveillance
and warned that people would be fired if the killer was not
caught soon.* [112] On 6 November 1990, Chikatilo killed and mutilated a 22-
Chikatilo had killed three further victims by August 1990: year-old woman named *
Svetlana Korostik in woodland near
on 4 April, he lured a 31-year-old woman, named Lyubov Donleskhoz station. [121] While leaving the crime scene,
Zuyeva, off a train and killed her in woodland near Don- he was observed by an undercover officer.* [122] The po-
*
leskhoz station; [113] on 28 July, he lured a 13-year-old liceman observed Chikatilo approach a well and wash his
*
boy, named Viktor Petrov, away from a Rostov railway sta- hands and face. [122] When he approached the station, the
*
tion and killed him in Rostov's Botanical Gardens; [114] undercover officer noted that Chikatilo's coat had grass and
and on 14 August, he killed an 11-year-old boy, named Ivan soil stains on the elbows. Chikatilo also had a small red
*
Fomin, in the reeds near Novocherkassk beach. smear on his cheek. [123] To the officer, he looked suspi-
cious. The only reason people entered woodland near the
station at that time of year was to gather wild mushrooms (a
popular pastime in Russia), but Chikatilo was not dressed
8.6 The snare like a typical forest scavenger; he was wearing more formal
attire. Moreover, he had a nylon sports bag, which was un-
The discovery of more victims sparked a massive police op- suitable for carrying mushrooms. The policeman stopped
eration. Because several victims had been found at stations Chikatilo and checked his papers, but had no formal reason
on one rail route through the Rostov Oblast,* [115] Viktor to arrest him. When the policeman returned to his office,
Burakov̶who had been involved in the hunt for the killer he filed a routine report, containing *
the name of the person
since January 1983̶suggested a plan to saturate all larger he had stopped at the station. [124]
stations in the Rostov Oblast with an obvious uniformed On 13 November, Korostik's body was found; she was the
police presence which the killer could not fail to notice. 36th known victim linked to the manhunt. Police sum-
The intention was to discourage the killer from attempting moned the officer in charge of surveillance at Donleskhoz
30 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

station, and examined the reports of all men stopped to give Chikatilo hope that if he confessed, he would not
and questioned in the previous week.* [125] Not only was be prosecuted by reason of insanity. Police knew their case
Chikatilo's name among those reports, but it was famil- against Chikatilo was largely circumstantial, and under So-
iar to several officers involved in the case, because he had viet law, they had 10 days in which they could legally hold
been questioned in 1984, and had been placed upon a 1987 a suspect before either charging or releasing him.
suspect list compiled and distributed throughout the So-
viet Union.* [126]* [127] After checking with Chikatilo's
present and previous employers, investigators were able to 8.7.1 Blood group analysis
place him in various towns and cities at times when several
victims linked to the investigation had been killed.* [128] On 21 November, the results of Chikatilo's blood test again
Former colleagues from Chikatilo's teaching days informed revealed his blood type to be type A and not type AB.
investigators that Chikatilo had been forced to resign from Due to the amount of physical and circumstantial evi-
his teaching position due to complaints of sexual assault dence investigators had thus far compiled, which indicated
from several pupils.* [129] Chikatilo was indeed the murderer they had been pursuing,
plus the fact that investigators had deduced the blood type
Police placed Chikatilo under surveillance on 14 Novem-
of the murderer they had pursued using semen samples ob-
ber. In several instances, particularly on trains or buses, he
tained from the clothing and bodies of the victims as op-
was observed approaching lone young women or children,
posed to blood samples, investigators obtained a sample of
and engaging them in conversation. If the woman or child
Chikatilo's semen to test his blood type, the results of which
broke off the conversation, Chikatilo would wait a few min-
confirmed that Chikatilo's semen was type AB, whereas his
utes and then seek another conversation partner.* [130] On
blood and saliva were type A.* [137] (Investigators had re-
20 November, after six days of surveillance, Chikatilo left
ceived a circular in 1988 indicating that in extremely rare
his house with a large jar, which he had filled with beer
cases, a man's blood type may differ from his semen and
at a small kiosk in a local park,* [131] before he wandered
saliva type.)* [138]
around Novocherkassk, attempting to make contact with
children he met on his way. Upon exiting a cafe, Chikatilo Throughout the questioning, Chikatilo repeatedly denied
was arrested by four plainclothes police officers.* [132] that he had committed the murders, although he did confess
to molesting his pupils during his career as a teacher.* [139]
He also produced several written essays for Kostoyev which,
8.7 Final arrest although evasive regarding the actual murders, did reveal
psychological symptoms consistent with those predicted by
Dr. Bukhanovsky in 1985. The interrogation tactics used
Upon his arrest, Chikatilo gave a statement claiming that by Kostoyev may also have caused Chikatilo to become de-
the police were mistaken, and complained that he had also fensive; the informer sharing a KGB cell with the suspect re-
been arrested in 1984 for the same series of murders.* [133] ported to police that Chikatilo had informed him that Kos-
A strip-search of the suspect revealed a further piece of ev- toyev had repeatedly asked him direct questions regarding
idence: one of Chikatilo's fingers had a flesh wound. Medi- the mutilations inflicted upon the victims.* [137]
cal examiners concluded the wound was from a human bite.
Chikatilo's penultimate victim was a physically strong 16-
year-old. At the crime scene, the police had found numer-
ous signs of a ferocious physical struggle between the victim 8.8 Chikatilo's confession
and his murderer. Although a finger bone was later found to
be broken, and his fingernail had been bitten off, Chikatilo On 29 November, at the request of Burakov and Fetisov,
had never sought medical treatment for his injuries.* [134] Dr. Alexandr Bukhanovsky, the psychiatrist who had writ-
A search of Chikatilo's belongings revealed he had been in ten the 1985 psychological profile of the then-unknown
possession of a folding knife and two lengths of rope. A killer, was invited to assist in the questioning of the suspect.
sample of Chikatilo's blood was taken,* [135] and he was Bukhanovsky read extracts *
from his 65-page psychologi-
placed in a cell inside the KGB headquarters in Rostov with cal profile to Chikatilo. [140] Within two hours, Chikatilo
a police informer, who was instructed to engage Chikatilo confessed to Bukhanovsky that he was indeed guilty of the
in conversation and elicit any information he could from crimes for which he had been arrested. After conversing
him.* [136] The next day, 21 November, formal question- into the evening, Bukhanovsky reported to Burakov and
ing of Chikatilo began. The interrogation was performed by Fetisov that Chikatilo was ready to confess.
Issa Kostoyev. The strategy chosen by the police to elicit a Armed with the handwritten notes Bukhanovsky had pre-
confession was to lead Chikatilo to believe that he was a pared, Issa Kostoyev prepared a formal accusation of mur-
very sick man in need of medical help. The intention was der dated 29 November̶the eve of the expiration of the
8.8. CHIKATILO'S CONFESSION 31

10-day time period during which Chikatilo could legally be victims.* [146]
held before being charged. Chikatilo also informed Kostoyev he had often tasted the
The following morning, 30 November, Issa Kostoyev re- blood of his victims,* [147] to which he stated he “felt
sumed the interrogation. According to the official pro- chills”and “shook all over.”He also confessed to tear-
tocol, Chikatilo confessed to 34 of the 36 murders po- ing at victims' genitalia, lips, nipples and tongues with his
lice had linked to him, although he denied two additional teeth. In several instances, Chikatilo would cut or bite
murders committed in 1986 the police had initially be- off the tongue of his victim as he performed his eviscer-
lieved he had committed: one of whom was Lyubov Golo- ations, then̶either at or shortly after the point of death
vakha,* [141] found stabbed to death in the town of Chaltyr ̶run around the body as he held the tongue aloft in one
in the Myasnikovsky District of Rostov on 23 July 1986 hand.* [148]* [149] Although he also admitted that he had
and whom investigators had had serious doubts about link- chewed upon the excised uterus of his female victims and
ing to the manhunt; the second was 18-year-old Irina Pogo- the testicles of his male victims, he stated he had later dis-
ryelova, found murdered in Bataysk on 18 August 1986 carded these body parts.
and whose mutilations closely matched those inflicted upon On 30 November, Chikatilo was formally charged with each
other victims linked to the manhunt. (Chikatilo would later of the 34 murders he had confessed to, all of which had been
specifically state in an outburst at his trial he had indeed committed between June 1982 and November 1990.* [150]
killed Pogoryelova, whom he referred to by name in this
outburst.)* [142] Over the following days, Chikatilo confessed to a further
22* [4] killings which had not been connected to the case,
Chikatilo gave a full, detailed description of each murder either because the murders had been committed outside
on the list of charges, all of which were consistent with the Rostov Oblast,* [93] because the bodies had not been
known facts regarding each killing. When prompted, he found, or, in the case of Yelena Zakotnova, because an in-
could draw a rough sketch of various crime scenes, indicat-
nocent man had been convicted and executed for the mur-
ing the position of the victim's body and various landmarks der. (Aleksandr Kravchenko received a posthumous par-
in the vicinity of the crime scene. Additional details pro-
don for Yelena Zakotnova's murder.) As had been the case
vided further proof of his guilt: one victim on the list of with the victims compiled upon the initial list of charges,
charges was a 19-year-old student named Anna Lemesheva,
Chikatilo was able to provide details of these additional
whom Chikatilo had killed on 19 July 1984 near Shakhty killings only the perpetrator could have known: one of
station. Chikatilo recalled that as he had fought to over-
these additional victims, 14-year-old Lyubov Volobuyeva,
power her, she had stated that a man named“Bars”would had lived in south-western Siberia, and had been killed in
retaliate for his attacking her. Lemesheva's fiancé had the a sorghum field near Krasnodar Airport on 25 July 1982.
nickname “Bars”tattooed on his hand. Chikatilo recalled that he had killed Volobuyeva in a mil-
In describing his victims, Chikatilo falsely referred to them let field, and that he had approached Volobuyeva as she sat
as "déclassé elements”whom he would lure to secluded ar- in the waiting rooms at Krasnodar Airport. Volobuyeva,
eas before killing. In many instances, particularly (though Chikatilo stated, had informed him she lived in the Siberian
not exclusively) with his male victims, Chikatilo stated he city of Novokuznetsk and was awaiting a connecting flight
would bind the victims' hands behind their back with a at the airport to visit relatives.* [151]
length of rope before he would proceed to kill them. He In December 1990, Chikatilo led police to the body of
would typically inflict a multitude of knife wounds upon the Aleksey Khobotov,* [152] a boy he had confessed to killing
victim; initially inflicting shallow knife wounds to the chest in August 1989 and whom he had buried in woodland near
area* [144] before inflicting deeper stab and slash wounds a Shakhty cemetery, proving unequivocally that he was the
̶usually 30 to 50 in total̶before proceeding to eviscer- killer.* [153] He later led investigators to the bodies of two
ate the victim. He had, he stated, become adept at avoiding other victims he had confessed to killing. Three of the 56
the spurts of blood from his victims' bodies as he inflicted victims Chikatilo confessed to killing could not be found or
the knife wounds and eviscerations upon them,* [69] adding identified, but Chikatilo was charged with killing 53 women
that the victims' “cries, the blood and the agony gave me
and children between 1978 and 1990. He was held in the
relaxation and a certain pleasure.”* [145] When questioned same cell in Rostov-on-Don where he had been detained on
as to why most of his later victims' eyes had been stabbed
20 November, to await trial.
and/or slashed, but not enucleated as his earlier victims had
been, Chikatilo stated that he had initially believed in an old
superstition that the image of a murderer is left imprinted
upon the eyes of the victim. However, he stated, in “later
years,”he had become convinced this was simply an old
wives' tale and he had ceased to gouge out the eyes of his
32 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

8.8.1 Psychiatric evaluation ation at the Serbsky Institute, investigators had conducted a
press conference in which a full list of Chikatilo's crimes
On 20 August 1991,* [154] after police had completed was released to the press, alongside a 1984 identikit of
their interrogation, including re-enactments of all the mur- the individual charged, but not the full name or a photo-
ders at each crime scene,* [155] Chikatilo was transferred graph of the accused. The media first saw Chikatilo on
to the Serbsky Institute in Moscow to undergo a 60-day the first day of his trial, as he entered an iron cage specif-
psychiatric evaluation to determine whether he was men- ically constructed in a corner of the courtroom to protect
tally competent to stand trial. Chikatilo was analysed by a him from attack by the enraged and often hysterical rela-
senior psychiatrist, Dr. Andrei Tkachenko, who concluded tives of his victims. In the opening weeks of Chikatilo's
on 18 October that, although suffering from borderline per- trial, the Russian press regularly published exaggerated and
sonality disorder with sadistic features,* [156] Chikatilo was often sensationalistic headlines about the murders, refer-
legally sane and competent to stand trial.* [157] In Decem- ring to Chikatilo being a “cannibal”or a “maniac”and
ber 1991, details of Chikatilo's arrest and a brief summary to his physically resembling a shaven-skulled demon. (As
of his crimes were released to the newly liberated Russian a standard prison procedure to prevent the spread of lice,
media by police.* [158] Chikatilo's head had been shaved.)* [161]
The first two days of the trial were devoted to Judge
Akubzhanov reading the long lists of indictments against
Chikatilo. Each murder was discussed individually and, on
several occasions, relatives present in the courtroom broke
down in tears or fainted when details of their relatives' mur-
der were revealed.* [162]
After reading the indictment, Judge Akubzhanov an-
nounced to the journalists present in the courtroom his in-
tention to conduct an open trial, stating: “Let this trial at
least teach us something, so that this will never happen any-
time or anywhere again.”* [163] Judge Akubzhanov then
asked Chikatilo to stand, identify himself and provide his
date and location of birth. Chikatilo complied, although
this would prove to be one of the few civil exchanges be-
tween the judge and Chikatilo.* [164]
Chikatilo was initially questioned in detail about each
charge upon the indictment. Responding to specific ques-
tions regarding the murders, Chikatilo often gave dismissive
replies to questions, particularly when questioned as to the
specific nature of the wounds he had inflicted upon his vic-
tims and the ruses he had used to entice his victims to the
locations where he had killed them. He would become in-
dignant only when accused of stealing personal possessions
from the victims, or to his retaining organs excised from
Chikatilo, pictured at his trial in April 1992.
the victims missing from the crime scenes. On one occa-
sion, when asked as to his seeming indifference as to the
lifestyle and gender of those whom he had killed, Chikatilo
replied:“I did not need to look for them. Every step I took,
8.9 Trial and conviction they were there.”* [165]

Andrei Chikatilo was brought to trial in Rostov on 14 April In what became a regular (though not continuous) oc-
1992, charged with 53 counts of murder in addition to five currence throughout the trial, Judge Akubzhanov berated
charges of sexual assault against minors committed when he Chikatilo as he questioned him in detail as to the charges;
had been a teacher.* [159] He was tried in Courtroom Num- ordering him to“shut your mouth”, before adding,“You're
ber 5 of the Rostov Provincial Court, before Judge Leonid not crazy!" as Chikatilo's responses to questions deviated
Akubzhanov.* [160] into his discussing issues such as the repression his fam-
ily had endured throughout his childhood, and his claim-
Chikatilo's trial was the first major media event of liberal- ing that the charges filed against him were false. These
ized post-Soviet Russia. Shortly after his psychiatric evalu-
8.9. TRIAL AND CONVICTION 33

verbal exchanges between Chikatilo and the judge would testify as to his analysis of Chikatilo, although solely in the
occur whether Chikatilo was cooperative or uncoopera- capacity as a witness. For three hours, Bukhanovsky testi-
tive throughout proceedings, and the manner in which the fied as to his 1985 psychological profile of Chikatilo, and of
judge questioned Chikatilo repeatedly led Chikatilo's de- his 1990 conversations in which he persuaded Chikatilo to
fense lawyer, Marat Khabibulin, to protest against the ac- confess. Four psychiatric experts from the Serbsky Institute
cusatory nature of the court proceedings. In the instances in in Moscow testified as to the results of a behavioral analysis
which Chikatilo was uncooperative throughout questioning, they had conducted on Chikatilo in May, 1992, following
he would simply shout over the judge, denounce the court the initial adjournment of the trial. All testified as to his
as a farce, and launch into rambling, disjointed speeches. behaviour in the courtroom being strikingly at contrast to
On occasion, Chikatilo would also expose himself to the his behaviour in his cell, and that they considered his antics
court, or sing socialist movement anthems throughout pro- to be a calculated attempt to obtain acquittal on the grounds
ceedings. These antics regularly resulted in his being re- of insanity.
turned to his cell as court proceedings continued in his ab-
On 9 August, the defense delivered their closing arguments
sence. before the judge. Upon beginning his 90-minute closing ar-
On 21 April, Chikatilo's defense lawyer requested that gument, Marat Khabibulin first stated he had no confidence
Dr. Aleksandr Bukhanovsky be allowed to testify as to his voice would be heard above the“general outcry”to kill
his 1985 psychological profile of Chikatilo and his sub- Chikatilo, before questioning the reliability of the foren-
sequent consultations with Chikatilo following his arrest, sic evidence presented at the trial, and describing areas of
adding that Dr. Bukhanovsky held the ability to exert in- Chikatilo's confessions as being “baseless”. Khabibulin
fluence over Chikatilo and, by extension, might influence also questioned the judge's objectivity, and again harked to
the court proceedings.* [166] This request was denied. The the decision of the court not to allow the defense to present
same day, Chikatilo began to refuse to answer any ques- testimony from independent psychiatrists; emphasizing that
tions from the judge, the prosecutor or his own defense the crimes could not have been committed by an individual
lawyer.* [167] Chikatilo refused to answer any questions for of sane mind. Khabibulin then formally requested the judge
three consecutive days* [166] before, on 29 April, claiming find his client not guilty.* [172]
his presumption of innocence had been irredeemably vio- The following day, prosecutor Anatoly Zadorozhny deliv-
lated by the judge and stating his intention to give no fur- ered his closing argument before the judge. Harking to-
ther testimony.* [168] The following day, proceedings were wards the earlier testimony of psychiatrists at the trial,
adjourned for two weeks. Zadorozhny argued that Chikatilo fully understood the
Chikatilo withdrew his confessions to six of the killings for criminality of his actions, was able to resist his homici-
which he had been charged on 13 May,* [142] also claim- dal impulses, and had made numerous conscious efforts to
ing he had killed four further victims who were not in- avoid detection. Moreover, Zadorozhny emphasized that
cluded upon the indictment. The same day, Chikatilo's de- in 19 of the charges, the material evidence of the crimes
fense lawyer again submitted a request that his client be had been provided by Chikatilo himself. Zadorozhny then
subjected to a second psychiatric evaluation. This mo- recited each of the charges before formally requesting the
tion was dismissed by the judge as being groundless. In death penalty. (Chikatilo was not present in the courtroom
response, Khabibulin rose from his seat, condemning the throughout the prosecutor's closing argument, having again
composition of the court, and arguing that the judge was interrupted the proceedings.)
unfit to continue presiding over the case. Chikatilo him- Following the conclusion of the prosecutor's closing ar-
self repeated his earlier remarks as to the judge making gument, Judge Akubzhanov invited Chikatilo back into
numerous rash remarks prejudging his guilt. The prosecu- the courtroom, before formally asking him whether he
tor, Nikolai Gerasimenko, vocally supported the defense's would like to make a final statement on his own be-
claim, stating that the judge had indeed made too many such half. In response, Chikatilo simply sat mute.* [173] Judge
comments and had committed numerous procedural vio- Akubzhanov then announced an initial date of 15 Septem-
lations in his lecturing and insulting the defendant,* [169] ber for himself and the two official jurors to review the ev-
adding that in his conducting an open trial, Chikatilo had idence and pass final sentence upon Chikatilo.* [174] (This
already been effectively prejudged as being guilty by the date was later postponed until 14 October.)* [175] As court
press. * [170] Gerasimenko also requested that the judge be announced recess, the brother of Lyudmila Alekseyeva, a
replaced.* [171] (Judge Akubzhanov would later rule that 17-year-old girl killed by Chikatilo in August 1984, threw
the prosecutor be replaced instead, briefly conducting the a heavy chunk of metal at Chikatilo, hitting him in the
trial in the absence of a prosecutor until a replacement pros-
chest.* [173] When security tried to arrest the young man,
ecutor, Anatoly Zadorozhny, could be found.) other victims' relatives shielded him.
On 3 July, Dr. Aleksandr Bukhanovsky was permitted to
34 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

On 14 October, the court reconvened to hear formal sen- fessions to police, Chikatilo had stated he had killed an Ar-
tencing (this sentencing would not finish until the following menian girl in the early summer of 1983 and that she had
day). Judge Akubzhanov began sentencing by announcing been killed in a stretch of woodland located near Kirpich-
Chikatilo guilty of 52 of the 53 murders for which he had naya station. Although Chikatilo had been unable to iden-
been tried. He was sentenced to death for each offense. tify Sarkisyan's picture when presented to him, the timing
Chikatilo was also found guilty of five counts of sexual as- of Sarkisyan's disappearance and Chikatilo's physical de-
sault committed during the years he worked as a teacher scription both of the victim, her clothing, and where he had
in the 1970s. In reciting his findings, the judge read the killed her did match scattered, partial skeletal remains and
list of murders again, before criticizing both the police and personal effects which, although determined as being those
the prosecutor's department for various mistakes in the in- of a female in her early- to mid-teens, could not be precisely
vestigation which had allowed Chikatilo to remain free un- identified.* [215]
til 1990.* [176] Particular criticism was directed towards Although he had at one stage denied having committed
not local police, but the prosecutor's department̶primar-
six of the murders for which he had been brought to trial,
ily procurator Issa Kostoyev ̶whom Judge Akubzhanov Chikatilo never specifically disputed Sarkisyan as being a
scathed as “negligent”, and who had been dismissive of
victim of his.
Chikatilo's inclusion upon a 1987 suspect list compiled by
police. Akubzhanov also rejected claims that police had
withheld documents from the prosecutor's department as 8.11.1 Suspected victims
being provably baseless.* [177]
On 15 October, Judge Akubzhanov formally sentenced • Chikatilo confessed to three additional murders which
Chikatilo to death plus 86 years for the 52 murders and police were unable to verify. According to Chikatilo,
five counts of sexual assault for which he had been found these three murders were committed in and around
guilty. Chikatilo kicked his bench across his cage when the city of Shakhty between 1980 and 1982. Despite
he heard the verdict, and began shouting abuse. However, his confessions, police were unable to either match his
when given an opportunity to make a speech in response to description of the victims to any missing persons re-
the verdict, he again remained silent.* [178] Upon passing ports,* [216] nor were they able to locate the remains.
final sentence, Judge Leonid Akubzhanov made the follow- Therefore, he was never charged with these three fur-
ing speech: ther killings he claimed to have committed.
Chikatilo was taken from the courtroom to his cell at • Chikatilo is the prime suspect in the murder of 18-
Novocherkassk prison to await execution. He did file an ap- year-old Irina Pogoryelova, a court secretary from
peal against his conviction with the Russian Supreme Court, Bataysk who had disappeared on 11 August 1986 and
but this appeal was rejected in 1993.* [179] whose body was found buried in the grounds of a
collective farm on 18 August. Pogoryelova's body
bore precisely the same mutilations found upon vic-
8.10 Execution tims Chikatilo killed both before and after 1986. In his
initial confession, Chikatilo had denied he had killed
Pogoryelova, yet later insisted at his trial he had indeed
On 4 January 1994, Russian President Boris Yeltsin refused
killed her.
a last-ditch appeal for clemency.* [180]
On 14 February 1994, Chikatilo was taken from his • At his trial, Chikatilo claimed he had committed four
death row cell to a soundproofed room in Novocherkassk further murders in addition to the 53 for which he
prison and executed with a single gunshot behind the right was brought to trial. Presumably, three of these vic-
ear.* [181]* [182] tims were the three he had initially confessed to hav-
ing committed in 1990 and which the police were un-
able to either locate or match to any missing persons
records, the fourth individual he specifically named as
8.11 List of victims Irina Pogoryelova. If his claims of having killed four
additional victims are true, the total number of victims
Footnote Chikatilo claimed is 57.
Judge Leonid Akhobzyanov cleared Chikatilo of the mur-
der of 15-year-old Laura Sarkisyan at his trial due to
insufficient evidence.* [214] Sarkisyan, a runaway from Ar- 8.12 Media
menia, was last seen by her family on 18 June. In his con-
8.13. SEE ALSO 35

8.12.1 Films within the novel are set several decades earlier, dur-
ing the Stalin era of the Soviet Union and immediately
• The film Citizen X (1995) is directly based upon the thereafter.
murders committed by Andrei Chikatilo. Inspired by
Robert Cullen's non-fiction book The Killer Depart-
ment, Citizen X largely portrays the investigation of the 8.12.4 Television
“Rostov Ripper”murders through the experiences of
Detective Viktor Burakov, in his efforts to ensnare the • Criminal Russia: The Trail of Satan (1997). A docu-
killer. This film casts Stephen Rea as Viktor Burakov, mentary focusing on the case of Andrei Chikatilo that
Jeffrey DeMunn as Andrei Chikatilo, Donald Suther- was broadcast on the Russian TV channel NTV.
land as Colonel Mikhail Fetisov, and Max von Sydow • Inside Story: The Russian Cracker (1999). A BBC
as Dr. Alexandr Bukhanovsky. documentary focusing upon the disproportionate num-
ber of serial killers in Rostov-on-Don in the years
• The film Evilenko (2004) is loosely based upon the
leading to and immediately following the collapse of
murders committed by Andrei Chikatilo. This film
the Soviet Union, and the efforts of Dr. Aleksandr
cast Malcolm McDowell as Andrei Evilenko and
Bukhanovsky to treat offenders. The case of Andrei
Marton Csokas as Inspector Lesev.
Chikatilo is one of several included within this docu-
• The film Child 44 (2015) is based upon the fiction mentary.* [217]
novel Child 44 by British writer Tom Rob Smith, • The Butcher of Rostov (2004). A 45-minute The
which was itself inspired by the Andrei Chikatilo Biography Channel documentary focusing upon the
case. The film was released in April 2015, and stars murders committed by Andrei Chikatilo. Viktor Bu-
Tom Hardy as Leo Demidov, Joel Kinnaman as Vasili rakov is among those interviewed for this documen-
Nikitin, Noomi Rapace as Raisa Demidova, and Gary tary.* [218]
Oldman as General Timur Nesterov.

8.12.2 Books (factual) 8.13 See also

Four non-fiction books have been written about the case of 8.14 Footnotes
Andrei Chikatilo:
[1] Cullen, Robert (1993). The Killer Department: Detective
• Conradi, Peter (1992). The Red Ripper: Inside the Viktor Burakov's Eight-Year Hunt for the Most Savage Se-
Mind of Russia's Most Brutal Serial Killer. True Crime. rial Killer in Russian History (First ed.). Pantheon. ISBN
ISBN 0-86369-618-X. 0-679-42276-5.

[2] The Red Ripper


• Cullen, Robert (1993). The Killer Department: De-
tective Viktor Burakov's Eight-Year Hunt for the Most [3] “Andrei Chikatilo: The Rostov Ripper”
Savage Serial Killer of Our Times. Orion Media. ISBN www.crimeandinvestigation.com.
1-85797-210-4.
[4] The Killer Department pg. 207
• Krivich, Mikhail & Olgin, Olgert (1993). Comrade [5] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 141.
Chikatilo: The Psychopathology of Russia's Notorious
Serial Killer. Barricade Books. ISBN 0-942-63790-9. [6] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 143.

• Lourie, Richard (1993). Hunting The Devil: The Pur- [7] New Straits Times Apr. 20, 1992
suit, Capture and Confession of the Most Savage Serial [8] The Killer Department, p. 212
Killer in History. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-586-21846-
7. [9] The Killer Department, p. 213.

[10] The Killer Department, pp. 133–134

8.12.3 Books (fictional) [11] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 113.

[12] The Killer Department, p. 262


• Tom Rob Smith's novel Child 44 (2008) was directly
inspired by the case of Andrei Chikatilo. The events [13] Born to Kill in the USSR p. 180
36 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

[14] The Killer Department, pp. 214–215 [49] "Valley of Deadly Shadow" Russian: Долина смертной те-
ни, Anatoly Pristavkin, Zebra, Moscow, pages 30–33.
[15] The Killer Department, p. 261
[50] Murder in Mind issue 7, p. 6
[16] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 146.
[51] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 246.
[17] The Killer Department, p. 263
[52] The Killer Department, p. 198
[18] The Killer Department, p. 264–265
[53] The Red Ripper, p. 55
[19] The Killer Department, p. 264
[54] Hunting The Devil p. 60
[20] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 147.
[55] The Killer Department, p. 199.
[21] The Killer Department, p. 216
[56] The Killer Department, p. 4.
[22] The Killer Department, p. 217
[57] The Red Ripper, p. 60.
[23] The Killer Department, p. 261
[58] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 89.
[24] New Straits Times 20 April 1992
[59] Real Life Crimes, issue 7, p. 150.
[25] The Red Ripper, pp. 18–19
[60] Murder in Mind, Issue 7, p. 37
[26] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 153.
[61] The Killer Department p. 30
[27] The Red Ripper, p. 19
[62] The Red Ripper, p. 178
[28] The Red Ripper, p. 20
[63] The Red Ripper, p. 98
[29] The Killer Department, p. 218

[30] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 157. [64] The Killer Department, p. 202.

[31] The Red Ripper, pp. 24–25 [65] The Red Ripper, p. 146

[32] The Killer Department, p. 219 [66] The Red Ripper, p. 65

[33] The Killer Department p. 266 [67] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 92.

[34] The Red Ripper, p. 29 [68] The Red Ripper, p. 253.

[35] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 160. [69] Real-Life Crimes ISBN 9781515315407. p.150

[36] The Killer Department, p. 221 [70] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 98.

[37] The Red Ripper, p. 30 [71] The Killer Department, p. 251.

[38] The Red Ripper, p. 35 [72] Real-Life Crimes, ISBN 9781515315407, p.151

[39] The Red Ripper, p. 32 [73] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 33.

[40] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 163. [74] The Killer Department, p. 48.

[41] The Killer Department, p. 187 [75] The Red Ripper, p. 76.

[42] The Killer Department, p. 223 [76] The Killer Department, p. 50.

[43] The Red Ripper, p. 252 [77] crimeandinvestigation.co.uk

[44] The Killer Department, p. 228 [78] The Red Ripper, pp. 85–87

[45] The Red Ripper, p. 43 [79] The Red Ripper, p. 79

[46] The Red Ripper, p. 44 [80] The Red Ripper, p. 254

[47] Murder in Mind issue 7 p. 3 [81] The Red Ripper, p. 94

[48] Murder in Mind, issue 7, p. 3 [82] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 200.


8.14. FOOTNOTES 37

[83] The Red Ripper, p. 101. [118] The Killer Department p. 165

[84] The Red Ripper, p. 1. [119] The Killer Department, p. 165

[85] The Red Ripper, p. 8. [120] The Killer Department, p. 166

[86] The Killer Department, p. 87 [121] The Killer Department, p. 169

[87] The Killer Department, p. 78 [122] The Killer Department p. 171

[88] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 100. [123] The Red Ripper, p. 186.

[89] The Red Ripper, p. 118 [124] The Red Ripper, p. 187

[90] The Red Ripper, p. 118. [125] The Killer Department p. 170

[91] The Red Ripper, pp. 112–13 [126] The Killer Department pp. 170–71

[92] The Red Ripper, p. 115 [127] The Killer Department p. 251

[93] The Red Ripper, p. 95 [128] The Killer Department p207

[94] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 225. [129] The Killer Department, p. 172

[95] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 216. [130] The Red Ripper, p. 192

[96] The Killer Department, p. 111 [131] The Killer Department p. 175

[97] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 218. [132] The Red Ripper, p. 193

[98] The Killer Department, pp. 118–19 [133] The Killer Department, p. 181

[99] The Killer Department. [134] The Killer Department, p. 177.

[100] The Killer Department, p. 126–29. [135] The Red Ripper, p. 198

[101] The Killer Department, p. 129. [136] The Killer Department, p. 179

[102] The Killer Department p. 233 [137] The Killer Department, p. 190

[103] The Killer Department p. 136 [138] The Killer Department, p. 149-150

[104] The Red Ripper p. 133 [139] The Killer Department, pp. 187–88

[105] Hunting The Devil p. 153 [140] The Killer Department, pp. 193–96

[106] The Killer Department, p. 146. [141] The Killer Department, p. 135

[107] The Red Ripper, pp. 256–57 [142] The Killer Department, p. 243

[108] The Killer Department, p. 152 [143] Murder in Mind issue 7 p. 11

[109] The Red Ripper p. 165 [144] Hunting The Devil p. 57

[110] The Red Ripper, p. 257 [145] The Killer Department, p. 205

[111] The Killer Department, p. 159 [146] The Killer Department, p. 196

[112] The Red Ripper, pp. 158–59 [147] The Killer Department, p 203

[113] The Red Ripper, p. 157 [148] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 194.

[114] The Red Ripper, p. 167 [149] The Killer Department, p. 202

[115] The Killer Department, p. 164 [150] The Red Ripper, p. 258

[116] The Red Ripper, p. 187. [151] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 187.

[117] The Killer Department, pp. 163–65 [152] The Killer Department, p. 204
38 CHAPTER 8. ANDREI CHIKATILO

[153] The Killer Department, p. 205. [187] The Killer Department, p. 25.

[154] The Red Ripper, p. 214 [188] The Killer Department, p. 65


[155] The Killer Department, p. 210 [189] The Killer Department, pp. 47–48
[156] Giannangelo, SJ. (2012). Real-life Monsters: A Psychologi-
[190] The Killer Department, p. 49.
cal Examination of the Serial Murderer. Praeger. pp. 71–72.
ISBN 978-0-31-339784-4. [191] The Killer Department, pp. 48–49
[157] The Red Ripper, p. 216
[192] The Red Ripper, p. 82.
[158] The Killer Department, p. 235
[193] The Red Ripper, p. 254.
[159] The Red Ripper, p. 229
[194] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 264.
[160] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 23.
[195] The Red Ripper, p. 93
[161] The Red Ripper, p. 230
[196] The Red Ripper, pp. 93–94.
[162] The Red Ripper, p. 231

[163] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 268. [197] The Red Ripper, pp. 123–24

[164] The Killer Department, p. 238 [198] The Red Ripper, p. 255

[165] The Red Ripper, pp. 230–231 [199] The Red Ripper, p. 256
[166] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 271. [200] The Red Ripper, p. 256.
[167] The Red Ripper, p. 234
[201] The Red Ripper, pp. 133–35
[168] Hunting The Devil p. 264
[202] /vitaextensa.narod.ru.
[169] The Red Ripper, p. 236
[203] The Killer Department, p. 146
[170] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 273.
[204] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 233.
[171] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 274.
[205] The Killer Department, p. 147
[172] The Killer Department, p. 246

[173] The Red Ripper, p. 241 [206] The Killer Department, p. 152.

[174] The Red Ripper, p. 242 [207] The Red Ripper, p. 257.

[175] The Killer Department, pp. 245–46 [208] The Killer Department, p. 156

[176] The Red Ripper, pp. 244–48 [209] The Red Ripper, p. 165
[177] The Red Ripper, p. 247 [210] The Killer Department, p. 157
[178] The Red Ripper, p. 249
[211] The Red Ripper, p. 166.
[179] The Killer Department, p. 259
[212] The Killer Department, pp. 160–161
[180] New York Times, 16 February 1994.
[213] The Killer Department, p. 165.
[181] New Straits Times. 16 Feb., 1994
[214] Comrade Chikatilo, p. 285.
[182] Born to Kill in the USSR p. 197
[215] The Killer Department, p. 249.
[183] The Red Ripper, pp. 252–57.

[184] The Red Ripper, p. 55. [216] The Red Ripper, p. 205.

[185] The Killer Department, p. 3–5. [217] BBC.co.uk 12 Aug. 1999

[186] The Killer Department, p. 15 [218] Born to Kill in the USSR p. 391
8.16. EXTERNAL LINKS 39

8.15 Cited works and further read-


ing
• Conradi, Peter. The Red Ripper: Inside the Mind of
Russiaʼs Most Brutal Serial Killer. True Crime, 1992.
ISBN 0-440-21603-6
• Cullen, Robert. The Killer Department: Detective Vik-
tor Burakov's Eight-Year Hunt for the Most Savage Se-
rial Killer of Our Times. Orion Media, 1993. ISBN
1-85797-210-4
• Kalman, Robert. Born to Kill in the USSR: True Stories
of Soviet Serial Killers. Friesen Press, 2014. pp. 177–
198. ISBN 978-1-460-22730-5.

• Krivich, Mikhail; Olgin, Olgert. Comrade Chikatilo:


The Psychopathology of Russia's Notorious Serial
Killer. Barricade Books, 1993. ISBN 0-942-63790-
9

• Lane, Brian; Gregg, Wilfred. The Encyclopedia of Se-


rial Killers. Headline Books, 1992. pp. 96–98. ISBN
978-0-7472-3731-0

• Lourie, Richard. Hunting the Devil: The Pursuit, Cap-


ture and Confession of the Most Savage Serial Killer in
History.Grafton, 1993. ISBN 0-06-017717-9
• Wilson, Colin; Wilson,Damon. The World's Most
Evil Murderers: Real-Life Stories of Infamous Killers.
Paragon Publishing, 2006. pp. 117–134. ISBN 978-
1-405-48828-0

8.16 External links


• Biography of Andrei Chikatilo at creativescapism.com

• Encyclopaedia Britannica article upon Andrei


Chikatilo

• Crime and Investigation Network biography of


Chikatilo

• Contemporary news article detailing Chikatilo's 1992


murder conviction

• Image gallery pertaining to Andrei Chikatilo


Chapter 9

Anthony Hardy

Anthony John Hardy* [1]* [2] (born 31 May 1951) is an cluded that White had died of a heart attack, in spite of
English serial killer. the circumstances. Patel later came under scrutiny for this
and other findings in his career, including the 2009 death of
Ian Tomlinson, resulting in a suspension from the govern-
ment's register of pathologists pending an inquiry* [6]* [7]
9.1 Early life and in 2012 his name was erased from the medical register
by the General Medical Council, meaning that he can no
Born in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire,* [3] Hardy had longer practise medicine in the United Kingdom.* [8]
an apparently uneventful childhood and excelled in school
Hardy pleaded guilty to a charge of criminal damage and
and college, particularly in engineering in which he earned
claimed he had no knowledge of how Sally White came to
a degree from Imperial College London. He subsequently
* be in his flat due to his drinking problem. Whilst in cus-
was a manager of a large company. [4]
tody Hardy was transferred to a psychiatric hospital, under
He married and fathered three sons and one daughter; his section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983, remaining there
wife divorced him in 1986, accusing him of domestic vio- until November 2002.* [9]
lence. In 1982 Hardy had been arrested in Tasmania, Aus-
On 30 December 2002 a homeless man scavenging for food
tralia, where he was working as an engineer, for trying to
in bins found some of the dismembered remains of two
drown his wife, but the charges were later dropped.* [4]
women found stuffed in bin-liners. The victims were iden-
After the divorce, Hardy spent time in mental hospitals, di- tified as Bridgette MacClennan, 34, and Elizabeth Valad,
agnosed with bipolar disorder.* [5] He lived in various hos- 29.
tels in London, picking up convictions for theft (for which
he served six months of a 1 year sentence in 1991)* [4] and
being drunk and disorderly. He was arrested in 1998 when
a prostitute accused him of raping her, but the charges were 9.3 Arrest and trial
dropped due to lack of evidence. He became an alcoholic
and diabetic.* [4] The investigation led to Hardy, who was arrested a week
later. He had gone on the run, but was spotted by an
off-duty policeman when he went to a hospital to collect
his prescription for insulin. On-duty police arrived on the
9.2 Murders scene and during a search of the grounds of Great Ormond
Street hospital, Hardy was found hiding behind bins. A
In January 2002 police were called to the block of flats fight took place as he resisted arrest, during the course of
where Hardy lived after a neighbour complained that some- which a police officer was knocked unconscious and an-
one had vandalised her front door and that she strongly sus- other police officer was stabbed through the hand and had
pected Hardy. When the police investigated Hardy's flat his eye socket dislocated. Despite suffering these injuries,
they found a locked door and, despite his claims to the con- the wounded police officer held Hardy until back up arrived
trary, police found that Hardy had a key. In the room the and he was arrested at the scene. A subsequent search of
police found the naked dead body of a woman lying on a his flat found evidence, including old blood stains, indicat-
bed with cuts and bruises to her head. She was identified as ing the two women had been killed and dismembered there.
Sally White, 38, a prostitute who had been living in London. Both had died over the Christmas holidays.
Forensic pathologist Dr Freddy Patel subsequently con- Under arrest, Hardy simply said “no comment”to every

40
9.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 41

question put to him by police. He was eventually charged [2] http://news.sky.com/story/151680/


with the murders of both MacClennan and Valad, and Sally hardy-charged-with-bin-bag-murders
White, the woman whose death had originally been put
[3] http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/
down to natural causes. Burtonborn-killer-told-die-prison/story-21497844-detail/
At his trial in November 2003 Hardy, despite his initial lack story.html
of cooperation with the police, abruptly changed his plea to
[4]
guilty to all three counts of murder and was sentenced to
life imprisonment. Because of Hardy's history of psychi- [5] Bell, Rachael. “Anthony John Hardy, England's famous
atric problems and violent behaviour, an independent en- Camden Ripper”. The Crime library. Retrieved 2012-09-
quiry was announced into his care.* [10] 17.

Police have been reported to believe that Hardy is possibly [6] Paul Lewis (2009-04-11). “Pathologist in Ian Tomlinson
connected to the unsolved cases of two prostitutes found G20 death case was reprimanded over conduct”. Guardian.
dismembered and dumped in the River Thames, and up to Retrieved 2012-09-17.
five or six other area murders that bore marked similari-
[7] “Officer under investigation over Ian Tomlinson's death
ties to the ones for which he was convicted, but there is not 'should not have been working for Met'". Telegraph.co.uk.
enough evidence available directly implicating him in the 2010-06-28. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28.
murders for further action.* [11] It is believed that Hardy Retrieved 2012-09-17.
may have committed as many as nine murders.
[8] “Ian Tomlinson pathologist Dr Freddy Patel struck off”.
Hardy has been diagnosed with a personality disorder.* [12] BBC News. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
In May 2010, a High Court judge decided that Hardy should
never be released from prison, placing him on the list of [9] “Independent Review into the Care and Treatment of Mr
whole life tariff prisoners. Mr Justice Keith, sitting in Lon- Anthony Hardy Sept 2005” (PDF). Camden Government.
don, said: “This is one of those exceptionally rare cases in Gov.UK. p. 204. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
which life should mean life.”* [12] [10] “North Central Strategic Health Authority | Newsroom
| Press Release 5 July 2004 | Independent Review Into
The Care And Treatment Of Anthony Hardy”. Nclon-
9.4 In popular culture don.nhs.uk. 2012-07-27. Archived from the original on
2007-10-12. Retrieved 2012-09-17.

Hardy was the subject of an episode of Evil Up Close on [11] Bell, Rachael. “Anthony John Hardy, England's famous
the Crime and Investigation Network in September 2012 Camden Ripper ̶Connections ̶Crime Library on”.
broadcast in the U.K., Western Europe and Australasia and Trutv.com. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
focussing on the 2010 decision to keep Hardy in prison for [12] Pearse, Damien (14 May 2010).“Camden Ripper: Anthony
the rest of his life. The film was directed by Robert Mur- Hardy Will Never Be Released Decides Mr Justice Keith
ray and written and produced by Will Hanrahan.* [13] After After Three Murders | UK News | Sky News”. sky.com.
Hardy was imprisoned British rap artist Plan B released a Retrieved 2013-06-06.
song about Hardy, dubbing him the 'Camden Ripper'. The
song describes how Hardy had psychiatric problems and [13] “New Episodes - Evil Up Close on Crime and Investigation
Network”. Crimeandinvestigation.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-
was able to carry out the murders because of “neighbours
09-17.
who were always out raving". The song talks about a fic-
tional victim, Suzanne Smith, and samples folk music artist
Leonard Cohen's song, “Suzanne”. Hardy is also men-
tioned, and his flat pointed out, in the music video“Guided 9.6 External links
tour of Camden”by Charlie Sloth. Hardy was the subject
of a Channel 4 documentary, The Hunt for the Camden Rip-
per, broadcast in 2004. It was narrated by Juliet Stevenson
and directed by Olly Lambert.

9.5 References
[1] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1418048/
Third-bin-bag-murder-victim-named.html
Chapter 10

Belle Gunness

Belle Sorenson Gunness (born as Brynhild Paulsdatter Atlantic.


Størseth; November 11, 1859 – declared dead April 28, Following the example of a sister, Nellie Larson, who
1908) was a Norwegian-American serial killer. had immigrated to America earlier, Gunness moved to the
Standing six feet tall (183 cm) and weighing over 200 United States in 1881 and assumed a more American-style
pounds (91 kg), she was a physically strong woman.* [2] name. Initially, she worked as a servant.
She killed most of her suitors and boyfriends, and her two
daughters, Myrtle and Lucy. She may also have killed both
of her husbands and all of their children, on different occa- 10.1.2 First victim
sions. Her apparent motives involved collecting life insur-
ance, cash and other valuables, and eliminating witnesses. In 1884, Gunness married Mads Ditlev Anton Sorenson in
Reports estimate that she killed between 25 and 40 people Chicago, Illinois, where, two years later, they opened a con-
over several decades. fectionery store. The business was not successful; within a
year the shop mysteriously burned down. They collected
insurance, which paid for another home.
10.1 Biography Though some researchers assert that the Sorenson union
produced no offspring,* [3] other investigators report that
10.1.1 Early years the couple had four children: Caroline, Axel, Myrtle, and
Lucy. Caroline and Axel died in infancy, allegedly of acute
Gunness' origins are a matter of some debate. Most of colitis. The symptoms of acute colitis ̶nausea, fever, di-
her biographers state that she was born on November 11, arrhea, and lower abdominal pain and cramping ̶are also
1859, near the lake of Selbu, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway, and symptoms of many forms of poisoning. Both Caroline's and
christened Brynhild Paulsdatter Størset. Her parents were Axel's lives were reportedly insured, and the insurance com-
Paul Pedersen Størset (a stonemason) and Berit Olsdatter. pany paid out. An article in The New York Times (May 7,
She was the youngest of their eight children. They lived at 1908) states that two children belonging to Gunness and her
Størsetgjerdet, a very small cotter's farm in Innbygda, 60 husband, Mads Sorensen, were interred in her plot in Forest
km southeast of Trondheim, the largest city in central Nor- Home cemetery. On June 13, 1900, Gunness and her fam-
way (Trøndelag). ily were counted on the United States Census in Chicago.
An Irish TV documentary by Anne Berit Vestby aired on The census recorded her as the mother of four children, of
September 4, 2006, tells a common, but unverified, story whom only two were living: Myrtle A., 3; and Lucy B., 1.
about Gunness' early life. The story holds that, in 1877, An adopted 10-year-old girl, identified possibly as Morgan
Gunness attended a country dance while pregnant. There Couch but apparently later known as Jennie Olsen, also was
she was attacked by a man who kicked her in the abdomen, counted in the household.
causing her to miscarry the child. The man, who came Sorenson died on July 30, 1900, reportedly the only day
from a rich family, was never prosecuted by the Norwe- on which two life insurance policies on him overlapped.
gian authorities. According to people who knew her, her The first doctor to see him thought he was suffering from
personality changed markedly. The man who attacked her strychnine poisoning. However, the Sorensons' family doc-
died shortly afterwards. His cause of death was said to be tor had been treating him for an enlarged heart, and he
stomach cancer. Having grown up in poverty, Gunness took concluded that death had been caused by heart failure. An
service the next year on a large, wealthy farm and served autopsy was considered unnecessary because the death was
there for three years in order to pay for a trip across the not thought suspicious. Gunness told the doctor that she had

42
10.1. BIOGRAPHY 43

given her late husband medicinal “powders”to help him In 1907 Gunness employed a single farm hand, Ray Lam-
feel better. phere, to help with chores.
She applied for the insurance money the day after her hus-
band's funeral. Sorenson's relatives claimed that Gunness
10.1.4 The suitors
had poisoned her husband to collect on the insurance. Sur-
viving records suggest that an inquest was ordered. It is
Around the same time, Gunness inserted the following ad-
unclear, however, whether that investigation actually oc-
vertisement in the matrimonial columns of all the Chicago
curred or Sorenson's body was ever exhumed to check for
daily newspapers and those of other large midwestern cities
arsenic, as his relatives demanded. The insurance com-
to attract her victims:
panies awarded her $8,500 (about $240,000 in 2012 dol-
lars* [4]), with which she bought a farm on the outskirts of
La Porte, Indiana. Personal ̶comely widow who owns a large
farm in one of the finest districts in La Porte
County, Indiana, desires to make the acquain-
10.1.3 Suspicions of murder tance of a gentleman equally well provided, with
view of joining fortunes. No replies by letter con-
sidered unless sender is willing to follow answer
In 1901, Gunness purchased a house on McClung Road in
with personal visit. Triflers need not apply.* [8]
LaPorte, Indiana.* [5] It has been reported that both the boat
and carriage houses burned to the ground shortly after she
acquired the property. Several middle-aged men of means responded to Gunness'
ads. One of these was John Moe, who arrived from Elbow
As she was preparing to move from Chicago to LaPorte, she Lake, Minnesota. He had brought more than $1,000 with
became re-acquainted with a recent widower, Peter Gun- him to pay off her mortgage, or so he told neighbors, to
ness, also Norwegian-born. They were married in LaPorte whom Gunness introduced him as her cousin. He disap-
on April 1, 1902; just one week after the ceremony, Pe- peared from her farm within a week of his arrival. Next
ter's infant daughter died (of uncertain causes) while alone came George Anderson from Tarkio, Missouri, who, like
in the house with Belle. In December 1902, Peter himself Peter Gunness and John Moe, was an immigrant from Nor-
met with a “tragic accident.”According to Belle, he was way.
reaching for his slippers next to the kitchen stove when he
was scalded with brine. She later declared that, in fact, part During dinner with Anderson, she raised the issue of her
of a sausage-grinding machine fell from a high shelf, caus- mortgage. Anderson agreed that he would pay this off if
ing a fatal head injury. A year later, Peter's brother, Gust, they decided to wed. Late that night, while sleeping in the
took Peter's older daughter, Swanhild, to Wisconsin. She is guest room, Anderson awoke startled to see Belle standing
the only child to have survived living with Belle.* [6] over him, peering into his eyes and holding a candle in her
hand. He later stated that the expression on her face was so
Her husband's death netted Gunness another $3,000 (some
sinister and murderous, that he let out a loud yell and she
sources say $4,000; value of about $65,200 and $87,500 immediately ran from the room without uttering a single
in 2012, respectively). Local people refused to believe that
word. Left feeling terrified and uncomfortable, Anderson
her husband could be so clumsy; he had run a hog farm on somehow knew of Gunness's intentions to murder him. He
the property and was known to be an experienced butcher; quickly jumped out of bed and threw on his clothes. He
the district coroner reviewed the case and unequivocally an- fled the house without saying goodbye, and as he ran away,
nounced that he had been murdered. He convened a coro- he kept looking over his shoulder the entire time, fearing
ner's jury to look into the matter. Gunness would come chasing after him. When he finally
Gunness successfully convinced the investigators that she made it to La Porte still in one piece, he got on the first train
was innocent of any wrongdoing. At the time, Gunness headed to Missouri. He never returned for his belongings,
did not mention that she was pregnant, despite the possibil- nor did he ever speak to Gunness again.
ity that it might have inspired sympathy, and in May 1903 The suitors kept coming, but none, except for the lucky An-
Gunness gave birth to son Phillip. In late 1906 Belle told derson, ever left the Gunness farm. By this time, she had
neighbors that her foster daughter, Jennie Olsen, had gone begun ordering huge trunks to be delivered to her home.
away to a Lutheran College in Los Angeles (some neigh- Hack driver Clyde Sturgis delivered many such trunks to
bors were informed that it was a finishing school for young her from La Porte and later remarked how the heavyset
ladies). In fact, Jennie's body would later be found buried woman would lift these enormous trunks “like boxes of
on her adoptive mother's property.* [7] marshmallows,”tossing them onto her wide shoulders and
Between 1903 and 1906 Belle continued to run her farm. carrying them into the house. She kept the shutters of her
44 CHAPTER 10. BELLE GUNNESS

house closed day and night, keeping mostly to herself; farm- farm.* [10] Gunness was also in correspondence with a man
ers traveling past the dwelling at night saw her digging with from Arkansas and sent him a letter dated May 4, 1908. He
a shovel in the hog pen. would have visited her, but did not because of the fire at her
*
Ole B. Budsberg, an elderly widower from Iola, Wiscon- farm. [11] Gunness allegedly promised marriage to a suitor
sin, appeared next. He was last seen alive at the La Porte Bert Albert, *
which did not go through because of his lack
Savings Bank on April 6, 1907, when he mortgaged his of wealth. [12]
Wisconsin land there, signing over a deed and obtaining
several thousand dollars in cash. Ole B. Budsberg's sons, 10.1.5 Turning point
Oscar and Mathew Budsberg, had no idea that their father
had gone off to visit Gunness. When they finally discovered
his destination, they wrote to her; she promptly responded,
saying she had never seen their father.
Several other middle-aged men appeared and disappeared
in brief visits to the Gunness farm throughout 1907. Then,
in December 1907, Andrew Helgelien, a bachelor farmer
from Aberdeen, South Dakota, wrote to her and was warmly
received. The pair exchanged many letters, until a letter ar-
rived that overwhelmed Helgelien, written in Gunness' own
careful handwriting and dated January 13, 1908. This letter
was later found at the Helgelien farm. It read:

To the Dearest Friend in the World: No


woman in the world is happier than I am. I know
that you are now to come to me and be my own.
I can tell from your letters that you are the man
I want. It does not take one long to tell when to
like a person, and you I like better than anyone
in the world, I know. Think how we will enjoy
each other's company. You, the sweetest man in
the whole world. We will be all alone with each
other. Can you conceive of anything nicer? I
think of you constantly. When I hear your name
mentioned, and this is when one of the dear chil-
dren speaks of you, or I hear myself humming it
with the words of an old love song, it is beautiful Ray Lamphere
music to my ears.
My heart beats in wild rapture for you, My The hired hand Ray Lamphere was deeply in love with Gun-
Andrew, I love you. Come prepared to stay for- ness; he performed any chore for her, no matter how grue-
ever.* [9] some. He became jealous of the many men who arrived
to court his employer and began making scenes. She fired
In response to her letter, Helgelien rushed to her side in Jan- him on February 3, 1908. Shortly after dispensing with
uary 1908. He had with him a check for $2,900, his savings, Lamphere, she presented herself at the La Porte County
which he had drawn from his local bank. A few days after courthouse. She declared that her former employee was
Helgelien arrived, he and Gunness appeared at the Savings not in his right mind and was a menace to the public. She
Bank in La Porte and deposited the check. Helgelien van- somehow convinced local authorities to hold a sanity hear-
ished a few days later, but Gunness appeared at the Savings ing. Lamphere was pronounced sane and released. Gun-
Bank to make a $500 deposit and another deposit of $700 ness was back a few days later to complain to the sheriff
in the State Bank. At this time, she started to have problems that Lamphere had visited her farm and argued with her.
with her farm hand, Ray Lamphere. She contended that he posed a threat to her family and had
In March 1908, Gunness sent several letters to a farmer Lamphere arrested for trespassing.
and horse dealer in Topeka, Kansas, named Lon Townsend, Lamphere returned again and again to see her, but she drove
inviting him to visit her; he decided to put off the visit him away. Lamphere made thinly disguised threats; on one
until spring, and thus did not see her before a fire at her occasion, he confided to farmer William Slater,“Helgelien
10.1. BIOGRAPHY 45

won't bother me no more. We fixed him for keeps.”Hel- about Lamphereʼs alleged threats; he took one look at the
gelien had long since disappeared from the precincts of La carnage and quickly sought out the ex-handyman. Leliter
Porte, or so it was believed. However, his brother, Asle Hel- came forward to recount his tale about Gunness' will and
gelien, was disturbed when Andrew failed to return home, how she feared Lamphere would kill her and her family and
and he wrote to Belle in Indiana, asking her about his sib- burn her house down.
ling's whereabouts. Gunness wrote back, telling Asle Hel- Lamphere did not help his cause much. At the moment
gelien that his brother was not at her farm and probably went Sheriff Smutzer confronted him, and, before a word was ut-
to Norway to visit relatives. Asle Helgelien wrote back say- tered by the lawman, Lamphere exclaimed, “Did Widow
ing that he did not believe his brother would do that; more-
Gunness and the kids get out all right?" He was then told
over, he believed that his brother was still in the La Porte about the fire, but he denied having anything to do with it,
area, the last place he was seen or heard from. Gunness
claiming that he was not near the farm when the blaze oc-
brazened it out; she told him that if he wanted to come and curred. A youth, John Solyem, was brought forward. He
look for his brother, she would help conduct a search, but
said that he had been watching the Gunness place and that
she cautioned him that searching for missing persons was an he saw Lamphere running down the road from the Gunness
expensive proposition. If she were to be involved in such a
house just before the structure erupted in flames. Lamphere
manhunt, she stated, Asle Helgelien should be prepared to snorted to the boy: “You wouldn't look me in the eye and
pay her for her efforts. Asle Helgelien did come to La Porte, say that!"
but not until May.
“Yes, I will”, replied Solyem.“You found me hiding behind
Lamphere represented an unresolved danger to her; now the bushes and you told me you'd kill me if I didn't get out
Asle Helgelien was making inquiries that could very well of there.”Lamphere was arrested and charged with murder
send her to the gallows. She told a lawyer in La Porte, M.E. and arson. Then scores of investigators, sheriff's deputies,
Leliter, that she feared for her life and that of her children. coroner's men and many volunteers began to search the ru-
Ray Lamphere, she said, had threatened to kill her and burn ins for evidence.
her house down. She wanted to make out a will, in case
Lamphere went through with his threats. Leliter complied The body of the headless woman was of deep concern to La
and drew up her will. She left her entire estate to her chil- Porte residents. C. Christofferson, a neighboring farmer,
dren and then departed Leliter's offices. She went to one took one look at the charred remains of this body and said
of the La Porte banks holding the mortgage for her prop- that it was not the remains of Belle Gunness. So did another
erty and paid this off. She did not go to the police to tell farmer, L. Nicholson, and so did Mrs. Austin Cutler, an old
them about Lamphere's allegedly life-threatening conduct. friend of Gunness. More of Gunness' old friends, Mrs. May
The reason for this, most later concluded, was that there had Olander and Mr. Sigward Olsen, arrived from Chicago.
been no threats; she was merely setting the stage for her own They examined the remains of the headless woman and said
arson. it was not Gunness.
Doctors then measured the remains, and, making al-
lowances for the missing neck and head, stated the corpse
10.1.6 Lamphere suspected of arson and was that of a woman who stood five feet three inches tall and
murder weighed no more than 150 pounds. Friends and neighbors,
as well as the La Porte clothiers who made her dresses and
Joe Maxson, who had been hired to replace Lamphere in other garments, swore that Gunness was taller than 5'8”and
February 1908, awoke in the early hours of April 28, 1908, weighed between 180 and 200 pounds. Detailed measure-
smelling smoke in his room, which was on the second floor ments of the body were compared with those on file with
of the Gunness house. He opened the hall door to a sheet several La Porte stores where she purchased her apparel.
of flames. Maxson screamed Gunness' name and those of
her children but got no response. He slammed the door and When the two sets of measurements were compared, the
then, in his underwear, leapt from the second-story window authorities concluded that the headless woman could not
of his room, barely surviving the fire that was closing in possibly have been Belle Gunness, even when the ravages
about him. He raced to town to get help, but by the time the of the fire on the body were taken into account. (The flesh
old-fashioned hook-and-ladder arrived at the farm at early was badly burned but intact). Moreover, Dr. J. Meyers
dawn, the farmhouse was a gutted heap of smoking ruins. examined the internal organs of the dead woman. He sent
Four bodies were found inside the house. One of the bodies stomach contents of the victims to a pathologist in Chicago,
was that of a woman who could not immediately be identi- who reported months later that the organs contained lethal
fied as Gunness, since she had no head. The head was never doses of strychnine.
found. The bodies of Gunness' children were found still
in their beds. County Sheriff Smutzer had somehow heard
46 CHAPTER 10. BELLE GUNNESS

10.1.7 Morbid discovery • William Mingay, a coachman of New York City, who
had left that city on April 1, 1904;* [15]
Gunness' dentist, Dr. Ira P. Norton, said that if the
teeth/dental work of the headless corpse had been located • Herman Konitzer of Chicago who disappeared in Jan-
he could definitely ascertain if it was her. Thus Louis uary 1906;
“Klondike”Schultz, a former miner, was hired to build a • Charles Edman of New Carlisle, Indiana;
sluice and begin sifting the debris (as more bodies were un-
earthed, the sluice was used to isolate human remains on a • Christie Hilkven of Dovre, Barron County, Wiscon-
larger scale). On May 19, 1908, a piece of bridgework was sin, who sold his farm and came to La Porte in
found consisting of two human canine teeth, their roots still 1906;* [16]
attached, porcelain teeth and gold crown work in between.
Norton identified them as work done for Gunness. As a • Chares Neiburg, a 28-year-old Scandinavian immi-
result, Coroner Charles Mack officially concluded that the grant who lived in Philadelphia, told friends that he
adult female body discovered in the ruins was Belle Gun- was going to visit Gunness in June 1906 and never
ness. came back ̶he had been working for a saloon keeper
and took $500 with him;* [17]* [17]
Asle Helgelien arrived in La Porte and told Sheriff Smutzer
that he believed his brother had met with foul play at Gun- • John H. McJunkin of Coraopolis (near Pittsburgh) left
ness' hands. Then, Joe Maxson came forward with infor- his wife in December 1906 after corresponding with a
mation that could not be ignored: He told the Sheriff that La Porte woman;* [18]
Gunness had ordered him to bring loads of dirt by wheelbar-
row to a large area surrounded by a high wire fence where • Olaf Jensen, a Norwegian immigrant of Carroll, Indi-
the hogs were fed. Maxson said that there were many deep ana, wrote his relatives in 1906 he was going to marry
depressions in the ground that had been covered by dirt. a wealthy widow at La Porte;* [19]
These filled-in holes, Gunness had told Maxson, contained • Henry Bizge of La Porte who disappeared June 1906
rubbish. She wanted the ground made level, so he filled in and his hired man named Edward Canary of Pink Lake
the depressions. Ill who also vanished 1906;* [20]
Smutzer took a dozen men back to the farm and began to
• Bert Chase of Mishawaka, Indiana, sold his butcher
dig. On May 3, 1908, the diggers unearthed the body of
shop and told friends of a wealthy widow and that
Jennie Olson (vanished December 1906). Then they found
he was going to look her up; his brother received a
the small bodies of two unidentified children. Subsequently
telegram supposedly from Aberdeen, South Dakota
the body of Andrew Helgelien was unearthed (his overcoat
claiming Bert had been killed in a train wreck; his
was found to be worn by Lamphere). As days progressed
brother investigated and found the telegram was fic-
and the gruesome work continued, one body after another
titious;* [21]
was discovered in Gunness' hog pen:* [13]
• Tonnes Peterson Lien of Rushford, Minnesota, is al-
• Ole B. Budsberg of Iola, Wisconsin, (vanished May leged to have disappeared April 2, 1907;* [22]
1907);
• A gold ring marked “S.B. May 28, 1907”was found
• Thomas Lindboe, who had left Chicago and had gone in the ruins;* [23]
to work as a hired man for Gunness three years earlier;
• A hired man named George Bradley of Tuscola, Illi-
• Henry Gurholdt of Scandinavia, Wisconsin, who had nois, is alleged to have gone to La Porte to meet
gone to wed her a year earlier, taking $1,500 to her; a a widow and three children in October 1907;* [24]
watch corresponding to one belonging to Gurholdt was {note name could also have been spelled “George
found with a body; Berry"[?]* [25]

• T.J. Tiefland of Minneapolis is alleged to have come


• Olaf Svenherud, from Chicago;
to see Gunness in 1907;* [26]
• John Moe of Elbow Lake, Minnesota; his watch was
• Frank Riedinger, a farmer of Waukesha, Wiscon-
found in Lamphere's possession;
sin, came to Indiana in 1907 to marry and never re-
• Olaf Lindbloom, age 35 from Wisconsin.* [14] turned;* [27]

• Emil Tell, a Swede from Kansas City, Missouri, is al-


Reports of other possible victims began to come in: leged to have gone in 1907 to La Porte;* [28]
10.1. BIOGRAPHY 47

• Lee Porter of Bartonville, Oklahoma separated from • an unnamed man from Montana told people at a re-
his wife and told his brother he was going to marry a sort he was going to sell Gunness his horse and buggy,
wealthy widow at La Porte;* [29] which were found with several other horses and bug-
gies at the farm.* [17]
• John E. Hunter left Duquesne, Pennsylvania, on
November 25, 1907 after telling his daughters he was
Most of the remains found on the property could not be
going to marry a wealthy widow in Northern Indiana.
identified. Because of the crude recovery methods, the ex-
• Two other Pennsylvanians ̶George Williams of Wa- act number of individuals unearthed on the Gunness farm
pawallopen and Ludwig Stoll of Mount Yeager ̶also is unknown, but is believed to be approximately twelve. On
left their homes to marry in the West.* [30] May 19, 1908, remains of approximately seven unknown
victims were buried in two coffins in unmarked graves in the
• Abraham Phillips, a railway man of Burlington, West pauper's section of La Porte's Pine Lake Cemetery.* [39]
Virginia, left in the winter of 1907 to go to Northern Andrew Helgelien* [40] and Jennie Olson* [41] are buried
Indiana and marry a rich widow ̶a railway watch was in La Porte's Patton Cemetery, near Peter Gunness.
found in the debris of the house.* [31]

• Benjamin Carling of Chicago, Illinois, was last seen 10.1.8 The trial of Ray Lamphere
by his wife in 1907 after telling her that he was going
Ray Lamphere was arrested on May 22, 1908, and tried
to La Porte to secure an investment with a rich widow;
he had with him $1,000 from an insurance company for murder and arson. He denied the charges of arson and
and borrowed money from several investors as well; inmurder that were filed against him. His defense hinged on
June 1908 his widow was able to identify his remains the assertion that the body was not Gunness'. Lamphere's
from La Porte's Pauper's cemetery by the contour of lawyer, Wirt Worden, developed evidence that contradicted
his skull and three missing teeth;* [32]* [33] Norton's identification of the teeth and bridgework. A lo-
cal jeweler testified that, though the gold in the bridgework
• Aug. Gunderson of Green Lake, Wisconsin; had emerged from the fire almost undamaged, the fierce
heat of the conflagration had melted the gold plating on
• Ole Oleson of Battle Creek, Michigan;
several watches and items of gold jewelry. Local doctors
• Lindner Nikkelsen of Huron, South Dakota; replicated the conditions of the fire by attaching a similar
piece of dental bridgework to a human jawbone and plac-
• Andrew Anderson of Lawrence, Kansas; ing it in a blacksmithʼs forge. The real teeth crumbled
and disintegrated; the porcelain teeth came out pocked and
• Johann Sorensen of St. Joseph, Missouri;* [34] pitted, with the gold parts rather melted (both the artificial
elements were damaged to a greater degree than those in
• A possible victim was a man named Hinkley;* [35]
the bridgework offered as evidence of Gunness' identity).
The hired hand Joe Maxson and another man also testified
Reported unnamed victims were: that theyʼd seen“Klondike”Schultz take the bridgework
out of his pocket and plant it just before it was “discov-
• a daughter of Mrs. H. Whitzer of Toledo, Ohio, who ered.”Lamphere was found guilty of arson, but acquitted
had attended Valparaiso University near La Porte in of murder. On November 26, 1908, he was sentenced to
1902;* [15] 20 years in the State Prison (in Michigan City). He died of
tuberculosis on December 30, 1909.
• an unknown man and woman are alleged to have dis-
On January 14, 1910, the Rev. E. A. Schell came forward
appeared in September 1906, the same night Jennie
with a confession that Lamphere was said to have made to
Olson went missing. Gunness claimed they were a Los
him while the clergyman was comforting the dying man.
Angeles“professor”and his wife who had taken Jen-
* In it, Lamphere revealed Gunness' crimes and swore that
nie to California; [36]
she was still alive. Lamphere had stated to the Reverend
• a brother of Miss Jennie Graham of Waukesha, Wis- Schell and to a fellow convict, Harry Meyers, shortly be-
consin, who had left her to marry a rich widow in La fore his death, that he had not murdered anyone, but that
Porte but vanished;* [37] he had helped Gunness bury many of her victims. When a
victim arrived, she made him comfortable, charming him
• a hired man from Ohio age 50 name unknown is al- and cooking a large meal. She then drugged his coffee and,
leged to have disappeared and Gunness became the when the man was in a stupor, she split his head with a meat
“heir”to his horse and buggy;* [38] chopper. Sometimes she would simply wait for the suitor to
48 CHAPTER 10. BELLE GUNNESS

go to bed and then enter the bedroom by candlelight and 10.1.9 Aftermath and Gunness' fate
chloroform her sleeping victim. A powerful woman, Gun-
ness would then carry the body to the basement, place it
Gunness was, for several decades, allegedly seen or sighted
on a table, and dissect it. She then bundled the remains and
in cities and towns throughout the United States. A local
buried these in the hog pen and the grounds about the house.
delivery boy who had brought some groceries to the home
Belle had become an expert at dissection, thanks to instruc-
of Elizabeth Smith, Gunness' closest friend in La Porte,
tion she had received from her second husband, the butcher
three days after the fire at her farm, later said he saw Belle
Peter Gunness. To save time, she sometimes poisoned her
standing in Smith's kitchen. Terrified, however, he didnʼt
victims' coffee with strychnine. She also varied her dis-
tell anyone for years, and his story was never verified.* [43]
posal methods, sometimes dumping the corpse into the hog-
Friends, acquaintances, and amateur detectives apparently
scalding vat and covering the remains with quicklime. Lam-
spotted her on the streets of Chicago, San Francisco, New
phere even stated that if Belle was overly tired after murder-
York, and Los Angeles. As late as 1931, Gunness was re-
ing one of her victims, she merely chopped up the remains
ported alive and living in a Mississippi town, where she sup-
and, in the middle of the night, stepped into her hog pen
posedly owned a great deal of property and lived the life of
and fed the remains to the hogs.
a doyenne. Smutzer, for more than 20 years, received an
The handyman also cleared up the mysterious question of average of two reports a month. She became part of Amer-
the headless female corpse found in the smoking ruins ican criminal folklore, a female Bluebeard.
of Gunness' home. Gunness had lured this woman from
The bodies of Gunness' three children were found in the
Chicago on the pretense of hiring her as a housekeeper
home's wreckage, but the headless adult female corpse
only days before she decided to make her permanent es-
found with them was never positively identified. Gunness'
cape from La Porte. Gunness, according to Lamphere, had
true fate is unknown; La Porte residents were divided be-
drugged the woman, then bashed in her head and decapi-
tween believing that she was killed by Lamphere and that
tated the body, taking the head, which had weights tied to
she had faked her own death. In 1931, a woman known
it, to a swamp where she threw it into deep water. Then she
as“Esther Carlson”* [44] was arrested in Los Angeles for
chloroformed her children, smothered them to death, and
poisoning August Lindstrom February 9, 1931* [45] for his
dragged their small bodies, along with the headless corpse,
money. Two people who had known Gunness claimed to
to the basement.
recognize her from photographs of three unknown children
She dressed the female corpse in her old clothing, and re- in Carlson possession,* [46] but the identification was never
moved her false teeth, placing these beside the headless proved.* [1] Carlson died May 6, 1931* [47] while awaiting
corpse to assure it being identified as Belle Gunness. She trial.* [48]
then torched the house and fled. Lamphere had helped her,
he admitted, but she had not left by the road where he waited
for her after the fire had been set. She had betrayed her one-
time partner in crime in the end by cutting across open fields
and then disappearing into the woods. Some accounts sug-
10.1.10 Burial, exhumation and DNA anal-
gest that Lamphere admitted that he took her to Stillwell (a
town about nine miles from La Porte) and saw her off on a ysis
train to Chicago.
Lamphere said that Gunness was a rich woman, that she had The body believed to be that of Belle Gunness was buried
murdered 42 men by his count, perhaps more, and had taken next to her first husband at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest
amounts from them ranging from $1,000 to $32,000. She Park, Illinois.
had allegedly accumulated more than $250,000 through her On November 5, 2007, with the permission of descendants
murder schemes over the years ̶a huge fortune for those of Belle's sister, the headless body was exhumed from Gun-
days (about $6.3 million in 2012 dollars* [42]). She had a ness' grave in Forest Home Cemetery by a team of forensic
small amount remaining in one of her savings accounts, but anthropologists and graduate students from the University
local banks later admitted that she had indeed withdrawn of Indianapolis in an effort to learn her true identity. It
most of her funds shortly before the fire. The fact that Gun- was initially hoped that a sealed envelope flap on a letter
ness withdrew most of her money suggested that she was found at the victim's farm would contain enough DNA to
planning to evade the law. be compared to that of the body. Unfortunately, there was
not enough DNA there, so efforts continue to find a reli-
able source for comparison purposes, including the disin-
terment of additional bodies and contact with known living
relatives.* [1]
10.4. REFERENCES 49

10.2 Legacy [2] http://listverse.com/2007/09/09/top-10-most-evil-women/


#BelleGunness
• Damon Runyon based a 1937 short story, "Lonely [3] Oliver Cyriax ̶The Penguin Encyclopedia of Crime (1996)
Heart", on the Gunness case, including the handyman. p.218
• Belle Gunness' notoriety was formidable enough to in- [4] The Inflation Calculator from WestEgg.com
spire a folk song in 1938.* [49]
[5] Google Maps
• Her story was fictionalized on the radio show, Nick
Harris, Detective under the name,“The Female Ogre.” [6] Ted Hartzell, American History Magazine, June 2008 and
Her character was named“Mrs. Ruth Cooper.”It was also personal family history as told by the widow of Swan-
* hild's son.
first broadcast on April 7, 1940. [50]
[7] Oliver Cyriax ̶The Penguin Encyclopedia of Crime (1996)
• The character of Bessie Denker from the 1954 novel
p.220
The Bad Seed (later adapted into a Broadway play and
a film) is based roughly on Belle Gunness. [8] Oliver Cyriax ̶The Penguin Encyclopedia of Crime (1996)
p.219
• The 2004 movie, Method, was inspired by and loosely
based on the Belle Gunness murders. [9] Oliver Cyriax ̶The Penguin Encyclopedia of Crime (1996)
[page unnoted]
• In 2005, Anne Berit Vestby directed the 50-minute
documentary Belle Gunness- a serial killer from Selbu. [10] Salt lake Herald May 12, 1908
• In 2007, Rob Zombie/ex-Marilyn Manson guitarist [11] Washington Herald May 26, 1908
John 5 released the album The Devil Knows My Name, [12] Evening World May 8, 1908
including the track “Black Widow of La Porte,”a
direct reference to Gunness. This song is a playable [13] Newspaper photo of where 10 bodies were found Times dis-
track in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.* [51] patch June 1, 1908

• E. L. Doctorow based a short story, “A House on the [14] Valentine Democrat May 14, 1908
Plains,”on the Gunness case.
[15] Washington Times May 21, 1908
• Backroad Brewery, a microbrewery located in La [16] Times Dispatch June 10, 1908
Porte, Indiana produces an Irish style dry stout named
after Belle Gunness.* [52] [17] Washington Herald May 9, 1908

• The Steve Alten book “Meg 4: Hell's Aquarium " [18] Salt Lake Herald May 15, 1908
features a megalodon pup name Belle after Gunness.
[19] The Sun May 12,1908
• The song “Bella the Butcher”featured on the band
[20] New York Tribune May 10, 1908 see also next reference
Macabre's album Grim Scary Tales is based on Belle
Gunness. [21] Washington Times May 9, 1908

• The series, True Nightmares on Investigation Discov- [22] San Francisco Call July 17, 1908
ery which aired October 14, 2015 profiled Belle Gun-
[23] websleuth Forum
ness. The episode was called “Crazy Love”.
[24] Washington Herald May 13, 1908

[25] The Ocala evening star., May 21, 1908, Page SEVEN, Image
10.3 See also 7

• Lonely hearts killer [26] Salt Lake Herald May 10, 1908

[27] Salt Lake herald May 12, 1908 {another account identities
him as William Riedinger of Delafield Wis}
10.4 References
[28] Washington Herald may 14, 1908
[1] Kridel, Kristen (2008-02-12). “Did local serial killer fake [29] The Sun May 12, 1908
her death?". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). pp. 1,
14. Retrieved 2008-02-12. [30] Washington Herald May 22, 1908
50 CHAPTER 10. BELLE GUNNESS

[31] Washington Herald May 19, 1908

[32] Washington Herald June 6, 1908

[33] Another report is that it was Curling's sister who came to


La Porte to identify her brother Washington Herald May 22,
1908

[34] Paducah Evening Sun May 15, 1908

[35] San Francisco Call May 14, 1908 {Gunnes had used an alias
of “Mrs. Jennie Hinkley”to receive mail at her farm

[36] Los Angeles Herald May 19, 1908

[37] Celebrated criminal cases of America

[38] Valentine Democrat May 14, 1908

[39] New York Tribune May 20, 1908.

[40] Find A grave Andrew Helgelien

[41] Find A grave Jennie Olson

[42] “The Inflation Calculator”. Westegg.com. Retrieved 2012-


08-15.

[43] “Did Belle Get Away with Murder?". Sword and Scale.
2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

[44] The Spokane Chronicle March 7, 1931

[45] California Death Index 2-9-1931

[46] Miluakee Senitel May 4,1931

[47] California Death Record May 6, 1931

[48] The Milwaukee Journal May 27, 1931

[49] Autopsy 8: Dead Giveaway ̶Documentary from HBO

[50] http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logd1074.htm

[51] The Devil Knows My Name ̶Album information

[52] , Backroad Brewery's website, featuring their description of


their Belle Gunness Stout.

10.5 External links


• Crime Library: Belle Gunness
• The Legend of Belle Gunness], with book citations
• Marta Weigle, American Folklore Society (1989).
Creation and Procreation. University of Pennsylvania
Press. ISBN 0-8122-8096-2., chapter by Janet Lan-
glois in Women's Folklore, Women's Culture (1989) via
GoogleBooks. ISBN 0-8122-1206-1 Accessed April
22, 2008.
Chapter 11

Benjamin Atkins

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with • Valerie Chalk, 34, found repeatedly sodomized,
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown raped, and strangled, on February 17, 1992 at Mon-
only in preview). terey Motel, Room 68, Highland Park.
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with
unknown parameter “mo”(this message is shown only in • Juanita Hardy, 23, found raped and strangled at Mon-
preview). terey Motel, Room 35, February 17, 1992.

• Unknown female's body found raped and strangled at


Benjamin (Tony) Atkins (August 26, 1968 – September Monterey Motel, Room 18, February 17, 1992.
17, 1997), also known as the Woodward Corridor Killer,
was an American serial killer who murdered 11 women in • Brenda Mitchell, 38, found raped and strangled on
Detroit, Michigan, during a period of nine months between April 9, 1992 in Highland Park.
December 1991 and August 1992.* [2] • Vicki Beasley-Brown, 43, found raped and strangled
All the victims were found in vacant buildings, all had been on April 15, 1992 in Highland Park.
raped and strangled. Most of them had been murdered
• Joanne O'Rourke, 40, found repeatedly raped, stran-
in Highland Park. Many of the victims were working as
gled on June 15, 1992 in Highland Park.
prostitutes, and Atkins said he was motivated by a hatred
of prostitution. • Ocinena Waymer, 22, found beaten, raped, sodom-
During his trial, it was revealed that Atkins himself was ized, and strangled on August 21, 1992 in Highland
raped at age 10 and had witnessed his mother engage in Park.
prostitution.
He was sentenced to eleven life sentences. On September
17, 1997, he died of an infection caused by HIV.
11.2 References
[1] “Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) - Offender
Profile”. The State of Michigan. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
11.1 Victims
[2] “Crack addict confesses he killed women”. Kingman Daily
Miner / AP. 1992-08-30. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
• Darlene Saunders, 35, attacked, raped, and sodomized
in October 1991 in Highland Park. She survived.

• Debbie Ann Friday, 30, found raped, strangled, and


sodomized on December 14, 1991 in Highland Park.

• Bertha Jean Mason, 26, found strangled, raped, and


sodomized on December 30, 1991 in Detroit.

• Patricia Cannon George, 36, found strangled, raped,


and sodomized on January 3, 1992 in Detroit.

• Vickie Truelove, 39, found sodomized, strangled, and


raped, on January 25, 1992 in Detroit.

51
Chapter 12

Bertha Gifford

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 12.3 References


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). [1] “Missouri Deaths” (PDF). Missouri. 1910–1960. Re-
trieved March 6, 2011.
Bertha Gifford (October 1872 – August 20, 1951)* [1] was [2] Murphy, Kay (2008). Tainted Legacy: The Story of Al-
a farmwife in rural Catawissa, Missouri during the early leged Serial Killer Bertha Gifford. PublishAmerica. ISBN
1900s who was accused of murdering 17 members of the 1-60563-803-X.
local community. Some consider her to be America's third
[3] “Mrs. W.P. Williams”. The Western Star ([probably]
female serial killer, behind Lydia Sherman and Jane Top-
Coldwater, KS). August 24, 1923. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
pan.* [2]
Obituary of Bertha Gifford's mother, as quoted on Rootsweb

[4] “Jefferson County Missouri marriage licenses”. Archived


from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved January 30,
12.1 Personal life 2009.

Bertha Alice Williams Graham Gifford was born in [5] “Henry Graham obituary (Bertha Giffordʼs first husband
and supposed first victim)". Archived from the original on
Grubville, Missouri,* [1] the daughter of William Poindex-
April 26, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
ter Williams and his wife Matilda, née Lee.* [3] She was
one of 10 children. She was married to Henry Graham* [4] [6] St. Louis Post Dispatch
and this union produced one daughter, Lila. Following Gra-
ham's death,* [5] she married Eugene Gifford* [4] and they [7] “Reflections on Farmington State Hospital”. The Daily
Journal (Flat River, Missouri). April 24, 1987. Retrieved
had one child, James.
April 24, 2013. as quoted on Rootsweb

12.2 Crimes 12.4 External links


In 1928, Gifford ̶known in her community for her cook- • Brief history of Morse Mill, Missouri
ing skills and caring for sick neighbors and relatives ̶was
arrested at Eureka, Missouri* [6] and charged with the mur- • Protection Cemetery, burial place of Bertha Giffordʼ
ders of three people. Following the exhumation and post- s parents
mortem exams of Edward Brinley and Elmer and Lloyd • Burial place of Bertha Gifford and several of her vic-
Schamel, the men's bodies were found to contain large tims
amounts of arsenic. Gifford was put on trial for their mur-
ders in Union, Missouri. Following the three-day trial, she
was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed
to the Missouri State Hospital #4 (a mental institution)* [7]
where she remained until her death in 1951.
Although counts vary, most historians and family members
agree that Gifford actually killed at least 17 people over a
period of 21 years.

52
Chapter 13

Briley Brothers

The three "Briley Brothers" (Anthony Ray Briley, James He soon determined that the bullet could only have come
Dyral Briley, Jr. and Linwood Earl Briley) were responsible from the Briley home across the alley. There, the murder
for a killing spree in Richmond, Virginia in 1979 that lasted weapon was found and Linwood admitted to the crime with
seven months before their arrest. indifference: “I heard she had heart problems, she would
have died soon anyway.”
Linwood was sent to reform school to serve a one-year sen-
13.1 Early lives tence for the killing. His young brother, James or “J.B.”
followed in his path at the same age, having been sentenced
to time in juvenile hall for having pulled a gun and fired
The brothers were born to a stable home with two parents upon a police officer during a pursuit.
in the Highland Park neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.
With their younger brother Anthony, Linwood and James
were regarded by older neighbors as people who would help
neighbors repair cars or mow lawns.
The three boys collected exotic pets, such as tarantulas, 13.3 Murder spree
piranhas, and boa constrictors. It is also alleged that all
three brothers engaged in zoosadism. Their father, James In 1979, the three Briley brothers and an accomplice, Dun-
Briley, Sr., was unnerved enough by their behavior that he can Meekins, began the seven-month series of random
kept his bedroom door padlocked from the inside overnight. killings that terrified the city and the surrounding region.
James Sr. was the only person the brothers feared.

13.2 First murder 13.3.1 William and Virginia Bucher

In 1971, the first killing was committed by Linwood, then Their first attack occurred on March 12, when Linwood
16. While alone at home one day, he took aim with a rifle knocked on the door of Henrico County couple William
from his bedroom window and fatally shot Orline Chris- and Virginia Bucher. Claiming that he had car trouble and
tian, an elderly neighbor across the alley as she was hanging needed to use their telephone, Linwood eventually forced
out some laundry on the line, The crime almost went un- his way into their home. At this point, he held the couple at
detected, but her curious relatives noticed a small bloody gun point and waved his brother Anthony inside. The two
mark under her armpit at the viewing and asked the funeral Brileys tied up the couple and robbed the house, dousing
director to re-examine the body. each room with kerosene after picking it clean of valuables.
Upon a second examination, the director found a small cal- As they left, a lit match was tossed on the fuel. The two
iber bullet wound under her armpit. Police investigators hurriedly packed their stolen loot – a television, CB radio,
were contacted and they sought out to find the source of the and jewelry into their trunk and drove out of the area. They
gunshot. Standing in the back yard where Mrs. Christian were not around when Mr. Bucher managed to free himself
had been shot a detective used a sheet of plywood to rep- and his wife from their restraints and escape just before the
resent her body, with a hole cut out to represent the bullet house became engulfed in flames. They would be the sole
wound. survivors of the rampage.

53
54 CHAPTER 13. BRILEY BROTHERS

13.3.2 Michael McDuffie 13.3.7 Blanche Page and Charles Garner

Michael McDuffie, a vending machine serviceman, was


murdered by the brothers at his suburban home on March Five days later on October 5, just two blocks from the Bri-
21. The brothers first assaulted McDuffie, before shooting ley home on 4th Avenue in Richmond, 79-year-old Blanche
him dead and stealing his valuables. Page and her 59-year-old boarder Charles Garner were both
brutally murdered by the brothers. Page was bludgeoned to
death while Garner was fatally assaulted with a variety of
13.3.3 Mary Gowen weapons, which included a baseball bat, five knives, a pair
of scissors, and a fork. The scissors and fork were left em-
On April 9, the brothers followed 76-year-old Mary Gowen bedded in Garner's back.
across town from her babysitting job. They followed her
into her house to rape and murder her. The brothers es-
caped from the residence with many of her valuables.

13.3.4 Christopher Philips


13.3.8 The Wilkerson family
The gang saw seventeen-year-old Christopher Philips hang-
ing around Linwood Briley's parked car on July 4. Suspect-
ing that he might have been trying to steal the vehicle, the The victims of the final murders were a long-time neigh-
gang surrounded him and dragged him into a nearby back- borhood friend of the brothers, Harvey Wilkerson, and his
yard. There the three brothers wrestled him to the ground. family. On the morning of October 19, having promised a
When Philips screamed for help, Linwood murdered him judge earlier that day that he would stay out of trouble while
by dropping a cinderblock onto his skull. out on parole for a 1973 robbery and malicious wounding
conviction, J.B. led his brothers on the prowl that night for
yet another victim.
13.3.5 John Gallaher Upon seeing the brothers down the street, Wilkerson, who
lived with his 23-year-old wife Judy Barton (who was five
On September 14, disc jockey John “Johnny G.”Gal- months pregnant at the time) and her 5-year-old son Harvey,
laher was performing with his band at a South Richmond instinctively closed and locked his door. This action was no-
nightclub. Stepping outside between sets for a break, he ticed by the brothers, who then walked over to Wilkerson's
inadvertently came right into the hands of the Briley broth- front door. Terrified by their response if he refused them
ers. Having been looking around town for a victim all night entry, Wilkerson allowed them in. The brothers preyed on
without success, they decided to lie in wait for whomever people who were scared and/or intimidated by them.
might happen to step outside.
Both adults in the home were overpowered, bound and
Gallaher was assaulted by Linwood and put into the trunk gagged with duct tape. Linwood Briley then assaulted Judy
of his own Lincoln Continental. He was then driven out to Barton in the kitchen, where she was raped within hear-
Mayo Island in the middle of the James River, where the ing distance of the others. Fellow gang member Duncan
remnants of an abandoned paper mill stood. There he was Meekins (their next door neighbor who was 16 years old at
removed from the trunk of his car and shot dead at point the time) continued the sexual assault, after which Linwood
blank range in the head. His body was then dumped into dragged Barton back into the living room, briefly rummaged
the river. The remains were found two days later. When ar- in the premises for valuables, and then left the house.
rested months later, Linwood was still wearing a ring stolen
The three remaining gang members covered their victims
from Gallaher's hand.
with sheets. J.B. told Meekins, “you've got to get one”,
upon which Meekins took a pistol and fatally shot Harvey
13.3.6 Mary Wilfong Wilkerson in the head. J.B. then shot Barton to death.
Police happened to be in the general vicinity of the neigh-
On September 30, 62-year-old private nurse Mary Wilfong borhood, and later saw the gang members running down the
was followed home to her Richmond apartment. The broth- street at high speed. They did not know where the shots had
ers surrounded her just outside the door and Linwood beat been fired. The bodies were not discovered until three days
her to death with a baseball bat. The brothers then entered following the crime, but the brothers were all arrested soon
her apartment and robbed it of valuables. afterwards.
13.6. EXECUTIONS 55

13.4 Capture and incarceration hostage while en route to delivering medication to inmates
in the unit.
During interrogation by police, Duncan Meekins was of- The group's initial plan was to escape into Canada. Two
fered a plea agreement in return for turning state's evidence inmates, Lem Tuggle and Willie Jones, almost succeeded,
against the Brileys. He took the offer and provided a full de- making it as far as Vermont before capture at gunpoint
tailing of the crime spree; as a result, he escaped the death by police. The group was held at Marble Valley Correc-
penalty and was incarcerated at a Virginia prison away from tional Facility in Rutland, pending their extradition back to
all of the Briley brothers. Virginia.
The plea agreement gave him a sentence of life plus 80 Splitting off from their two remaining co-escapers at
years, which at the time of conviction would make him eli-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Brileys went to live near
gible for parole after serving 12–15 years. Duncan Meekinstheir uncle in the north of the city. They were captured
is still in prison awaiting parole; both the (former) case pros-
on June 19 by a heavily armed group of FBI agents and po-
ecutors and the detective who arrested him are publicly ad-
lice, who had determined their location by placing wiretaps
vocating his release to the parole board. on their uncle's phone line. Following their return to Rich-
A single life sentence with parole eligibility was handed mond, Virginia, few sought to plead for the Brileys' lives to
down to Anthony Briley, youngest brother of the trio, due be spared.
to his limited involvement in the killings.
Because of Virginia's “triggerman statute,”both J.B. and
Linwood received numerous life sentences for murders
13.6 Executions
committed during the spree, but faced capital charges only
in cases where they had physically committed the actual In short order, the remaining appeals ran out for both broth-
killing of the victim. ers. They were executed in the electric chair at the Virginia
State Penitentiary in Richmond; Linwood on October 12,
Linwood was sentenced to death for the abduction and mur-
1984, and James April 18, 1985.
der of John Gallaher, while J.B. received two death sen-
tences, one for each of the murders of Judy Barton and her Linwood is survived by one son, Norman Laquan Ampy,
son Harvey. currently serving time in prison for bank robbery. James
is survived by three daughters, who live in Richmond. The
A Richmond judge presiding at one of the trials summed up
brothers are buried at the Council cemetery in Bethel, North
the case following the verdict,“This was the vilest rampage
Carolina.
of rape, murder and robbery that the court has seen in thirty
years.” Their younger brother Anthony remains incarcerated in
Virginia's corrections system and comes up for parole con-
Both were sent to death row at Mecklenburg Correctional
sideration every few years. To date, all his applications for
Center near Boydton in early 1980. While there, they
parole have been denied by the state parole board.
were disruptive inmates who used their guile and physical
prowess to threaten both fellow inmates and officers. A
flourishing drug and weapon trade operated in the prison
under their leadership. 13.7 See also
• List of individuals executed in Virginia
13.5 Escape • Capital punishment in Virginia

Linwood and J.B. Briley were the ringleaders in the six in- • Capital punishment in the United States
mate escape from Virginia's death row at Mecklenburg Cor-
rectional Center on May 31, 1984. During the early mo-
ments of the escape, in which a co-ordinated effort resulted 13.8 References
in inmates taking over the death row unit, both Brileys ex-
pressed strong interest in killing the captured guards by •“So Vicious, So Violent”, Page B-1, The Washington
dousing them with rubbing alcohol and tossing a lit match. Post, August 16, 1984
Willie Lloyd Turner, another death row inmate, stepped in
the way of James Briley and forbade him to do so. Mean- • Jackson, Joe; Dead Run: The Untold Story of Dennis
while, cop killer Wilbert Lee Evans prevented Linwood Stockton and America's Only Mass Escape from Death
Briley from raping a female nurse who had been taken Row, Times Books, 1999.
56 CHAPTER 13. BRILEY BROTHERS

• Williams, Reed; Bill McKelway (13 May 2009).“Of-


ficials seek release for Briley brothers accomplice”.
Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

• James D. Briley at Find a Grave


• Linwood E. Briley at Find a Grave

•“In his father's shadow”, "Richmond Times-


Dispatch", November, 7, 2007
Chapter 14

Carl Großmann

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 14.1 Bibliography


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). • Matthias Blazek (2009), Carl Großmann und
Friedrich Schumann – Zwei Serienmörder in den
Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Großmann (13 December 1863 zwanziger Jahren, ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN
– 5 July 1922), was a German serial killer who cannibalized 978-3-8382-0027-9
his victims. He committed suicide while awaiting execution
• Horst Bosetzky (2004), Die Bestie vom Schlesischen
without giving a full confession leaving the extent of his
Bahnhof, Jaron-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-89773-078-2
crimes and motives largely unknown.
Little is known about Carl Großmann's early life, except • Peter Haining (2005), Cannibal Killers Murderers who
that he had sadistic sexual tastes and had several convictions kill and eat their victims, chapter: “The Bread And
for child molestation. On 21 August in 1921 when he was in Butter Brides”, Magpie Books, UK, ISBN 978-1-
his mid fifties, Großmann was arrested at his apartment in 84529-792-3
Berlin after neighbours heard screams and banging noises, • Maria Tatar (1995), Lustmord: Sexual Murder in
followed by silence. The police burst into the apartment, Weimar Germany, Princeton, NJ (English), ISBN 0-
finding on the bed the body of a young woman who had re- 691-01590-2
cently been murdered. Großmann was taken into custody
and charged with first degree murder. Neighbours reported • Masters, R.E.L.; Lea, Eduard; Edwardes, Allen,
that he seemed to have had a steady supply of female com- (1963), Perverse Crimes in History: Evolving Concepts
panions, mostly destitute-looking young women, over the of Sadism, Lust-Murder, and Necrophilia from Ancient
previous few years. Many went into the apartment, but few to Modern Times, NY: Julian Press
emerged from it.
During World War I, Großmann sold meat on the black
market and even had a hotdog stand at a train station near 14.2 References
his home. It is believed the meat contained the remains
of his victims, their bones and other inedible parts hav- [1] Blazek (2009), p. 61.
ing been thrown into the river. How many lives Großmann
took is not known. Only the body of his final victim was
found, along with bloodstains in the apartment that indi- 14.3 See also
cated at least three other persons had been butchered in the
few weeks leading up to his arrest. Some have suggested • Karl Denke
as many as 50 women entered Großmann's apartment and
ended up being murdered, dismembered and eaten by un-
witting customers of Großmann's meat business.
Carl Großmann was convicted of murder and was sentenced
to death. Before his sentence could be carried out, he
hanged himself in his own cell.* [1]

57
Chapter 15

Carlton Gary

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 15.2 Murders


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview).
In May 1970, soon after Carlton Gary moved to Albany,
an elderly woman named Marion Brewer was robbed and
Carlton Michael Gary (born December 15, 1950)* [1] is attacked in her hotel room. Two months later, 85-year-old
an American serial killer convicted of the murders of el- Nellie Farmer was robbed in her apartment and strangled to
derly white women in Columbus, Georgia from 1977-1978. death.* [6] After Gary attempted an assault on a third elderly
He is believed to be responsible for several more in Albany woman, he was arrested and his fingerprints matched one
and Syracuse, New York. left at the scene of the Farmer murder. Gary admitted hav-
On December 1, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to ing taken part in a robbery, but claimed that an accomplice,
hear Gary's latest appeal, clearing the way for an execution John Lee Mitchell, was responsible for the actual murder.
date to be set.* [2] On December 4, a court set a Decem- Gary testified against Mitchell in court and Mitchell was
ber 16 execution date for Gary.* [3] On December 15, the charged, despite no material evidence connecting him to
state Board of Pardons and Paroles denied a request to stay the crime.* [6] Gary was only charged with robbery, a sen-
his execution.* [4] On December 16, only hours before the tence he served in the Onondaga County Correctional In-
execution, the Georgia Supreme Court halted the execution stitution in Jamesville, New York.* [6] He was paroled in
to hold a hearing and determine whether DNA tests should 1975 and moved to Syracuse, New York. Here, two more
be conducted to determine Gary's guilt or innocence.* [5] elderly women were attacked, raped, and strangled in their
homes; one died and the other survived. Both attacks oc-
curred within four days of each other. The two survivors
were not able to identify Gary positively as the crimes oc-
15.1 Background curred in the dark; at least one victim was sure that her at-
tacker was a mustachioed black male, and she was strangled
Carlton Gary was born on December 15, 1952 in with a scarf. Gary was never charged for any of these crimes
Columbus, Georgia. His father was a construction worker but was instead sent back to prison for parole violation and
who wanted nothing to do with him and would accept no robbery after he was caught trying to sell coins stolen from
financial responsibility for him. Gary only met his father the same apartment building as one of the surviving Syra-
once, when he was twelve years old. Gary's mother was cuse victims. On August 22, 1977, Gary escaped from his
extremely poor and as a result, they moved around a lot. low-security prison by sawing through the bars of his cell
He was malnourished most of the time and was often left and made it back to Columbus, Georgia.* [6]
with his aunt or great aunt, both maids for elderly, wealthy, One month after his escape, on September 16, 1977, 60-
white women.* [6] In elementary school, Gary suffered se- year-old Ferne Jackson was raped, beaten, and strangled to
rious head trauma when he was knocked unconscious in a death with a nylon stocking at her home in the Wynnton
playground accident, and in his teens, he was a heavy drug district of Columbus. Nine days later, 71-year-old Jean Di-
user. Between the ages of 14 and 18, he was arrested multi- menstein was killed similarly, as were 89-year-old Florence
ple times for robbery, arson, and assault. During that time, Scheible on October 21, and 69-year-old Martha Thurmond
he also got married to a woman named Sheila, and had two on October 23. Five days later, Gary struck again, rap-
children. In 1970, he moved to Albany, New York, where ing and killing 74-year-old Kathleen Woodruff. This time
he had plans to become a singer, but he continued to carry there was no stocking left at the scene.* [7] Four months
out his criminal activities.* [6] later on February 12, 1978, Ruth Schwob was attacked but

58
15.4. SEE ALL 59

she triggered a bedside alarm and her assailant fled. He sites. They also claim Gary's interview at which he sup-
went just two blocks down the road before breaking into posedly confessed was not recorded, nor were notes taken,
another house and raping and strangling 78-year-old Mil- and Gary's confession was written by a police officer in
dred Borom. His final victim was 61-year-old Janet Cofer, the days following the interview, from his own recollection.
murdered on April 20.* [7] When submitted as evidence, the confession was unsigned
Police announced that they suspected an African-American and undated, and Gary denied having made it. They allege
man of the murders. Things became more complicated Gary's semen antigen secretion did not match the perpe-
when a man calling himself the “Chairman of the Forces trator's.* [12] Furthermore, a cast made from a bite wound
on a victim allegedly did not match Gary's. His support-
of Evil”threatened to murder selected black women if the
Stocking Strangler was not stopped. This turned out to be ers claimed that the prosecution withheld this evidence at
trial.* [13]* [14]
an African-American Male (William Henry Hance) trying
to cover up three murders of his own by putting the blame Rose's book also links prosecutors, judges and police who
onto white vigilantes. The Chairman was arrested on April worked on the case to a white-only club called The Big Eddy
4 and police had hoped that this was the Stocking Strangler, Club and traces the history of racial injustice in Columbus,
but their hopes were dashed when Cofer was murdered.* [7] including the role of the judge's family members in lynch-
*
Following a robbery in Gaffney, Georgia in December ings and other injustices in the city. [11]
1978, Gary was arrested and he confessed and was sen- An appeal hearing concluded that Gary had been denied
tenced to 21 years in prison for armed robbery. He escaped his Constitutional right to due process, but refused leave to
from custody in 1983 and remained at large for a year be- appeal.
fore he was apprehended again. New evidence had come In 2007 Gary was positively linked through DNA to the rape
into light, including a gun that was traced back to Gary and and murder case of 40-year-old Marion Fisher. Marion was
a possible fingerprint match that led the police to believe
raped and murdered after leaving a bar in Nedrow, New
that Gary was the murderer they were looking for.* [7] York.* [15]
Overall, Gary is alleged to have raped and/or murdered
seven elderly women between 1977 and 1978 in Colum-
bus. Known there as the Stocking Strangler, in three of 15.4 See all
the cases he was convicted of beating, sexually assaulting
and strangling the victims, mostly by using stockings. Two
of the survivors testified that he strangled them into un- • List of death row inmates in the United States
consciousness before raping or attempting to rape them.
The one Georgia survivor positively identified him as her
attacker in court. However, she had previously positively 15.5 References
identified three other black men as the attacker, and in her
initial statement had indicated that it was too dark to even [1] Noe, Denise. “Carlton Gary: The Columbus, Georgia
distinguish the race of the attacker.* [1] His fingerprints Stocking Strangler”. Crime Library. truTV. Retrieved 7
were found at four of the crime scenes. Gary was indicted April 2013.
for the murders on May 5, 1984,* [8] convicted on August
26, 1986 and sentenced to death the following day.* [9] He [2] U.S. Supreme Court refuses to hear Carlton Garyʼs latest
is currently on Georgia's death row. appeal

[3] Rankin, Bill (3 December 2009). “Execution date set for


ʻColumbus stocking strangler'". ajc.com. Atlanta Journal-
15.3 Controversy Constitution.

[4] Cook, Rhonda (16 December 2009). “Parole Board denies


Questions have been raised over the propriety of Gary's clemency for 'stocking strangler'". ajc.com. Atlanta Journal-
conviction.* [10] According to a group of supporters and a Constitution.
book by investigative journalist David Rose, Gary's lawyer
[5] Cook, Rhonda (16 December 2009). “Georgia Supreme
was refused state funding to carry out a defense.* [11] There
Court halts Carlton Gary's execution”. ajc.com. Atlanta
is also evidence that Gary's fingerprints were not held to
Journal-Constitution.
match the crime scene prints until seven years after, when
the case was re-examined, despite Gary having been printed [6] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds
just one year after the murder at a time when all prints in of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 162. ISBN
the U.S. were being compared to prints found at the crime 0760775664.
60 CHAPTER 15. CARLTON GARY

[7] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds


of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 163. ISBN
0760775664.

[8] “Jury Indicts Georgian As 'Stocking Strangler'". The New


York Times. 5 May 1984. Retrieved March 2007.

[9] Jackson, Ed; Charles Poe. “This Day in Georgia History”


. GeorgiaInfo. University System of Georgia. Retrieved 7
April 2013.

[10] Rose, David (14 July 2007). “A very modern lynching”.


Mail Online. Daily Mail. Retrieved 7 April 2013.

[11] Rose, David (2011). The Big Eddy Club: The Stocking Stran-
glings and Southern Justice (First Paperback ed.). UK: The
New Press. ISBN 978-1595586711. Retrieved June 2015.

[12] Rose, David (13 June 2004).“Terminate with extreme prej-


udice p2”. The Observer Magazine. Guardian News and
Media, Ltd. Retrieved 7 April 2013.

[13] http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200706/
20070611_rose.html[]

[14] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2576524/
My-bid-clear-innocent-Death-Row-prisoner-reporter-whos-dedicated-two-decades-justice-U-S-man-accused-killing-seven-women.
html

[15] “DNA Links Georgia Killer to Local 1975 Murder Case”


. News Channel 9 abc. WSYR. 23 August 2007.

15.6 Further reading


• Ressler, Robert and Tom Schactman, Whoever Fights
Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for
the FBI. St Martin's Press, 1992. See pp. 157–161.
ISBN 0-312-95044-6

• Rose, David (2008). Violation: Justice, Race and Se-


rial Murder in the Deep South. HarperPerennial. ISBN
978-0-00-711811-3.
• Rose, David, The Big Eddy Club: The Stocking Stran-
glings and Southern Justice The New Press, UK, 2011,
First Paperback Edition | ISBN 978-1595586711
Chapter 16

Charles Cullen

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 1978, devastated by his mother's death, Cullen dropped
unknown parameter “birth_date name”(this message is out of high school and enlisted in the U.S. Navy. He was
shown only in preview). assigned to the submarine service and served aboard the
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with ballistic missile sub USS Woodrow Wilson. Cullen rose to
unknown parameter“endear”(this message is shown only the rank of petty officer third class as part of the team that
in preview). operated the ship's Poseidon missiles. At this point, Cullen
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with began to show signs of mental instability. He was trans-
unknown parameter “begin year”(this message is shown ferred to the supply ship USS Canopus. Cullen tried to end
only in preview). his life seven times over the next few years. He received a
medical discharge from the Navy on March 30, 1984.
Charles Edmund Cullen (born February 22, 1960) is a That same month, Cullen enrolled at the Mountainside Hos-
former nurse who is the most prolific serial killer in New pital School of Nursing in Montclair, New Jersey, where he
Jersey history and is suspected to be the most prolific serial was the only male student. Cullen was later elected presi-
killer in American history.* [1] He confessed to authorities dent of his nursing class. He graduated in 1987 and took
that he killed up to 40 patients during the course of his 16- a job at the burn unit of St. Barnabas Medical Center in
year nursing career.* [2] But in subsequent interviews with Livingston, New Jersey.* [5]
police, psychiatric professionals, and journalists Charles
Graeber and Steve Kroft,* [3] it became clear that he had
killed many more, whom he could not specifically remem- 16.2 Murders
ber by name, though he could often remember details of
their case.* [4] Experts have estimated that Charles Cullen
may ultimately be responsible for over 300 deaths, which
would make him the most prolific serial killer in American
history.* [1]

16.1 Early life


Cullen was born in West Orange, New Jersey, and was the
youngest of eight children. His father, a bus driver, was 58
years old at the time of Charles' birth and died when Cullen
was seven months old. Cullen described his childhood as
miserable. He first attempted suicide at age nine by drinking
chemicals from a chemistry set. This would be the first of
Somerset Medical Center
many suicide attempts throughout his life. Later, working
as a nurse, Cullen claimed to have fantasized about stealing Cullen's first confessed murders occurred while working
drugs from the hospital where he worked and using them to at St. Barnabas. On June 11, 1988 he administered a
end his life. lethal overdose of intravenous medication to Judge John
On December 6, 1977, Cullen's mother died in an automo- W. Yengo, Sr, who had been admitted to the hospital suf-
bile accident in a car that his sister was driving. In April fering from a photoallergic reaction to a blood-thinning

61
62 CHAPTER 16. CHARLES CULLEN

drug.* [6] Cullen admitted to killing several other patientsapparently received no injections. Cullen caused a patient's
at St. Barnabas, including an AIDS patient who died af- death at Liberty which was blamed on another nurse. Af-
ter being given an overdose of insulin.* [4] Cullen left St.ter leaving Liberty Nursing and Rehab Center, Cullen was
Barnabas in January 1992 when hospital authorities began employed at Easton Hospital in Easton, Pennsylvania, from
investigating who had contaminated IV bags. An internal November 1998 to March 1999. On December 30, 1998
investigation at St. Barnabas determined that Cullen was he murdered yet another patient with digoxin. A coroner's
most likely responsible for the contaminations, resulting inblood test showed lethal amounts of digoxin in the patient's
dozens of patient deaths at the hospital.* [4] blood, but an internal investigation within Easton Hospital
was inconclusive; nothing pointed definitively to Cullen as
One month after leaving St. Barnabas, Cullen took a job
at Warren Hospital in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. He mur- the murderer.
dered three elderly women at the hospital by giving them Even with his history of mental instability and the num-
overdoses of the heart medication digoxin. His final victim ber of deaths during his employment at various hospitals,
said that a “sneaky male nurse”had injected her as she Cullen continued to find work due to a national shortage
slept, but family members and healthcare providers at the of nurses. Additionally, no reporting mechanism or other
hospital dismissed her comments as unfounded. The fol- systems existed at the time to identify nurses with mental
lowing year, Cullen moved into a basement apartment on health issues or employment problems. Cullen took a job
Shaffer Avenue in Phillipsburg following a contentious di- at the burn unit of Lehigh Valley Hospital in Allentown,
vorce from his wife; he shared custody of his daughters. He Pennsylvania, in March 1999. During Cullen's tenure with
would later claim that he wanted to quit nursing in 1993, Lehigh Valley Hospital, he murdered one patient and at-
but the court-ordered child support payments forced him to tempted to murder another.
continue working. In April 1999, Cullen voluntarily resigned from Lehigh Val-
In March 1993, Cullen broke into a co-worker's home while ley Hospital. Shortly afterwards, he took a job working at
she and her young son slept, but left without waking them. St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he
Cullen then began stalking the woman, who filed a police worked in the cardiac care unit. Within the next three years,
report against him. Cullen subsequently pleaded guilty to Cullen killed at least five patients and is known to have at-
trespassing and received one year's probation. The day af- tempted to murder two more. On January 11, 2000, Cullen
ter his arrest, Cullen attempted suicide again. He took two attempted suicide again. He put a charcoal grill in his bath
months off work and was treated for depression in two psy- tub, lit it, and hoped to succumb to carbon monoxide poi-
chiatric facilities, but attempted suicide twice more before soning. Cullen's neighbors smelled the smoke and called the
the end of 1993, at which point he quit his job at Warren fire department and police. Cullen was taken to a hospital
Hospital. and a psychiatric facility but returned home the following
Cullen began a three-year stint in the intensive care/cardiac day.
care unit of Hunterdon Medical Center in Flemington. He No one suspected Cullen was murdering patients at St.
claimed that he did not harm anyone during the first two Luke's Hospital until a co-worker found vials of medica-
years, but hospital records for that time period had been de- tion, some used, some not, in a disposal bin. The drugs
stroyed by the time he was arrested in 2003. He did admit were not valuable outside the hospital and were not used by
to murdering five patients between January and September recreational drug users, so their theft seemed curious. An
1996, again with overdoses of digoxin. Cullen then found investigation showed that Cullen had taken the medication.
work at Morristown Memorial Hospital in Morristown, He was offered a deal by the medical facility: resign and
New Jersey, but was soon fired for poor performance. he would be given a neutral recommendation, or he would
Throughout the latter half of 1997, Cullen remained un- be fired. He resigned and was escorted from the building
employed for six months and stopped making child-support in June 2002. Seven of Cullen's co-workers at St. Luke's
payments. He again sought treatment for depression in the later met with the Lehigh County district attorney to alert
Warren Hospital emergency room. He was admitted to a authorities to their suspicions that Cullen had used drugs to
kill patients. Investigators never looked into Cullen's past,
psychiatric facility but left a short time later.
and the case was dropped nine months later due to lack of
In February 1998, Cullen was hired by the Liberty Nurs- evidence.
ing and Rehabilitation Center in Allentown, Pennsylvania,
where he staffed a ward of respirator-dependent patients. In September 2002 Cullen began working for Somerset
While at Liberty Hospital, Cullen was accused of giving pa- Medical Center in Somerville, New Jersey in the critical
tients drugs at unscheduled times, and was eventually fired care unit. Around this time Cullen began dating a local
after he was seen entering a patient's room with syringes woman, but his depression worsened. He killed at least
in his hand. The patient ended up with a broken arm, but eight patients and attempted to kill at least one more by
16.4. MOTIVE 63

June 2003. As usual, his drugs of choice were digoxin,


epinephrine, and insulin.
On June 18, 2003 Cullen attempted to murder Philip Gre-
gor, a patient at Somerset Medical Center. Gregor sur-
vived and was discharged, but he died six months later of
natural causes. Soon afterward, Somerset Medical Center
began to observe clues indicating Cullen's wrongdoing. The
hospital's computer system showed that Cullen was access-
ing the records of patients to whom he was not assigned,
co-workers began seeing him in the rooms of patients' to
whom he was not assigned, and the hospital's computerized
drug-dispensing cabinets showed that Cullen was request-
ing medications that his patients had not been prescribed.
Cullen's drug requests were strange, with many orders that
were immediately canceled, and many repetitive requests New Jersey State Prison
within minutes of each other.
In July 2003 the executive director of the New Jersey Poi-
they did not seek the death penalty for his crimes. A month
son Information and Education System warned Somerset
later, he pleaded guilty to the murder of three more patients
Medical Center officials that at least four suspicious over-
in New Jersey. In November 2004, Cullen pleaded guilty in
doses indicated the possibility that an employee was killing
an Allentown, Pennsylvania court to killing six patients and
patients. The hospital delayed contacting authorities until
trying to kill three others.* [8]
October 2003. By then, Cullen had killed at least another
five patients and attempted to kill a sixth. In July 2005, Cullen was in the Somerset County Jail in New
Jersey as authorities continued to investigate the possibility
When a patient in Somerset died of low blood sugar in Octo-
of his involvement in other deaths. Cullen is currently serv-
ber 2003, the medical center alerted state authorities. That
ing a sentence of life in prison without parole for over 100
patient was Cullen's final victim. State officials castigated
years, to be served consecutively with his other sentences
the hospital for failing to report a nonfatal insulin overdose,
in Pennsylvania. On March 2, 2006, Cullen was sentenced
administered by Cullen, in August. An investigation into
to 18 consecutive life sentences in New Jersey, and is not
Cullen's employment history revealed past suspicions about
eligible for parole until year 2403.* [9] Currently, he is held
his involvement with prior deaths. Somerset Medical Cen-
at New Jersey State Prison in Trenton, New Jersey.
ter fired Cullen on October 31, 2003, ostensibly for lying
on his job application. Fellow nurse Amy Loughren alerted On March 10, 2006, Cullen was brought into the courtroom
the police after becoming alarmed about Cullen's records of Lehigh County President Judge William H. Platt for a
of accessing drugs and links to patient deaths.* [7] Policesentencing hearing. Cullen, who was upset with the judge,
kept him under surveillance for several weeks, until they kept repeating“Your honor, you need to step down”for 30
had finished their investigation. minutes until Platt had Cullen gagged with cloth and duct
tape. Even after being gagged, Cullen continued to try to
repeat the phrase.* [10] In this hearing, Platt gave him an
additional six life sentences. As part of his plea agreement,
16.3 Arrest and sentencing Cullen has been working with law enforcement officials to
identify additional victims. Cullen originally told authorities
Cullen was arrested at a restaurant on December 12, 2003, about 40 patients he could specifically recall killing during
charged with one count of murder and one count of the course of his 16-year nursing career.* [2]* [4]* [11]
attempted murder. On December 14, 2003, Cullen ad-
mitted to homicide detectives Dan Baldwin and Tim Braun In August 2006, Cullen * *
donated a kidney to the brother of
the murder of Rev. Florian Gall and the attempted murder a former girlfriend. [1] [12]
of Jin Kyung Han, both patients at Somerset. In addition,
Cullen told the detectives that he had murdered as many as
40 patients over his 16-year career. 16.4 Motive
In April 2004, Cullen pleaded guilty in a New Jersey court
to killing 13 patients and attempting to kill two others by Cullen stated he administered overdoses to patients in order
lethal injection while employed at Somerset. As part of his to spare them from being“coded”̶going into cardiac or
plea agreement, he promised to cooperate with authorities if respiratory arrest and being listed as a "Code Blue" emer-
64 CHAPTER 16. CHARLES CULLEN

gency. Cullen told detectives that he could not bear witness 16.6 See also
to or hear about attempts at saving a victim's life. Cullen
also stated that he gave patients overdoses so that he could • Donald Harvey
end their suffering and prevent hospital personnel from de-
humanizing them. However, many of his victims were not • Orville Lynn Majors
terminal and were to be released from the hospital shortly.
• List of serial killers in the United States
Investigators stated that he may have caused patients to suf-
fer, but that Cullen appears not to realize this, contradicting
his claims of wanting to save patients. Similarly, Cullen told 16.7 References
investigators that although he often observed patients' suf-
fering for several days, the decision to commit each murder [1] Graeber, Charles (9 April 2007). “The Tainted Kidney”.
was performed on impulse. nymag.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
He told detectives in December 2003 that he lived most of [2] “Killer nurse gets 11 life sentences”. CNN. March 10, 2006.
his life in a fog and that he had blacked out memories of Retrieved 2010-05-12.
murdering most of his victims. He said he could not re-
call how many of them there were or why he had chosen [3] “First serial killer on 60 Minutes in 45 years”. 60 Minutes.
them. In some cases, Cullen adamantly denied committing Retrieved 26 April 2013.
any murders at a given facility. But after reviewing medical [4] Pérez-Peña, Richard; Kocieniewski, David; George, Jason
records, he admitted that he was involved in patient deaths. (February 29, 2004). “DEATH ON THE NIGHT SHIFT:
16 Years, Dozens of Bodies; Through Gaps in System, Nurse
Left Trail of Grief”. The New York Times.

[5] Graeber, Charles (2013). The Good Nurse: A True Story of


16.5 Legal impact Medicine, Madness, and Murder. New York, NY: Twelve.
pp. 6–7. ISBN 1455574139.

Experts state that the reason Cullen was largely able to move [6] Hepp, R (December 1, 2004). Cullen admits killing N.J.
from facility to facility undetected, was because of the lack judge. Newark Star Ledger archive
of requirements to report on suspicious behavior by med- [7] “How nurse caught nationʼs deadliest serial killer, her co-
ical workers, and inadequate legal protection for employ- worker”. NY Post.
ers. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, like most states, required
health care facilities to report suspicious deaths only in the [8] “Nurse pleads guilty to six more killings, Charles Cullen has
most egregious cases, and penalties for failing to report in- now pleaded guilty to murdering 35 patients in New Jersey
and Pennsylvania.”. The Philadelphia Enquirer. November
cidents were minor. Many states did not give investigators
18, 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-12. In a tone barely audible to
the legal authority to discover where a worker had previ- the dozens who packed an Allentown courtroom yesterday,
ously been employed. Employers feared to investigate inci- serial killer Charles Cullen pleaded guilty to six more mur-
dents or give a bad employment reference for fear that such ders and three attempted murders, bringing his death tally to
actions might trigger a lawsuit. According to detectives and 35 in two states. Relatives of victims strained to hear a rea-
Cullen himself, several hospitals suspected he was harming son or explanation from Cullen, who claimed when arrested
or killing patients, but failed to take appropriate legal ac- in December that he had killed about 40 patients in his 16-
tions. A number of hospitals had individual workers con- year career as a registered nurse. But the 44-year-old father
tact nearby hospitals in secret, to alert them that they should of three offered nothing but short responses ...
not hire Cullen. [9] Gettlemen, Jefferey. “As Victims' Relatives Watch, Nurse
Prompted by the Cullen case, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Who Killed 29 Gets 11 Life Terms”. New York times. As-
and 35 other states adopted new laws which encourage sociated Press. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
employers to give honest appraisals of workers' job per- [10] “Over Killer's Loud Objections, He Gets 6 More Life
formance and which give employers immunity when they Terms”. New York Times. The Associated Press. 11 March
provide a truthful employee appraisal. Many of the laws, 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
passed in 2004 and 2005, strengthen disclosure require-
ments for health care facilities, bolster legal protections for [11] “Killer nurse gets 11 life sentences”. CNN. March 10, 2006.
Retrieved 2010-05-12.
health care facilities that report improper patient care and
require licensed health care professionals to undergo crim- [12] Ramirez, Anthony. “Killer Donated His Kidney, Lawyer
inal background checks and be fingerprinted at their own Says”. New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 7
cost. April 2013.
16.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 65

16.8 External links


• NJ.com archive of news articles about Charles Cullen

• CNN Law Center: Death a Constant Companion of


Confessed Killer Nurse
Chapter 17

Cynthia Coffman

For the politician, see Cynthia Coffman (politician). penalty in that state in 1977.* [6] A further trial in 1992 con-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with victed her of another murder, for which she received a sen-
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown tence of life imprisonment.* [4]
only in preview).
As of November 2015 she remains on death row.

Cynthia Coffman (born January 19, 1962) is an American


woman convicted in the 1986 deaths of four women in Cal- 17.3 References
ifornia. She was convicted along with her boyfriend, James
Marlow. Coffman admits to committing the murders, but [1] Wride, Nancy (April 26, 1992). “Condemned and Waiting
insists she suffered from battered-woman syndrome. She : Cynthia Coffman Came West for a New Life; Now She
was sentenced to death and is sitting on death row in Cali- Faces 2nd Death Sentence”. Los Angeles Times.
fornia.* [1]
[2] Lasseter, Don (1995). Property of the Folsom Wolf.
Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-
7860-0090-6.
17.1 Background
[3] Wride, Nancy (April 26, 1992). “Condemned and Waiting
: Cynthia Coffman Came West for a New Life; Now She
She was born in St. Louis, Missouri.* [2] After her fa- Faces 2nd Death Sentence”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
ther left her family, she was raised by her mother. Coff- February 3, 2014.
man's mother attempted to give her and her brothers away
at one point. By the age of 18, Coffman had married and [4] Flowers, R. Barri (2004). Murders In The United States:
become a mother, though the marriage did not last long. Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century.
She moved to Arizona with a friend and met Marlow not McFarland. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7864-2075-9.
long after he had gotten out of jail. They began to use [5] Kelleher, Michael D.; C. L. Kelleher (1998). Murder most
methamphetamine together, got married and began to com- rare: the female serial killer. Praeger. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-
mit violent crimes.* [3] 275-96003-2.
Coffman and Marlow were accused of killing four women in [6] Furio, Jennifer (2001). Team killers: a comparative study
October–November 1986. They were arrested on Novem- of collaborative criminals. Algora Publishing. p. 56. ISBN
ber 14, 1986,* [4] following which Coffman confessed to 978-1-892941-62-6.
the murders.* [5] Coffman's attorneys say that she loved
Marlow but that he battered, brainwashed and starved her, Peter Vronsky: “Female Serial Killers: How and Why
so she did not run from Marlow when the crime spree be- Women Become Monsters”, Berkley Books, New York
gan.* [3] (2007), p. 288, 440

17.2 Trial and punishment 17.4 External links


They were put on trial in July 1989, and in 1990 sentenced • Entry at murderpedia.org
to death. Coffman was the first woman to receive a death
sentence in California since the reinstatement of the death

66
Chapter 18

Dagmar Overbye

Dagmar Johanne Amalie Overbye (April 23, 1887 – May


6, 1929) was a Danish serial killer. She murdered between
9 and 25 children – of which one was her own – during a
seven-year period from 1913 to 1920. On March 3, 1921,
she was sentenced to death in one of the most noted trials
in Danish history, that changed legislation on childcare.* [1]
The sentence was later commuted to life in prison.
Overbye was working as a professional child caretaker, car-
ing for babies born outside of marriage, murdering her own
charges. She strangled them, drowned them or burned them
to death in her masonry heater. The corpses were either
cremated, buried or hidden in the loft.
Overbye was convicted of nine murders, as there were no
proof of the others. Her lawyer based the case on Overbye
being abused herself as a baby, but that did not impress the
judge. She became one of the three women sentenced to
death in Denmark in the 20th century, but she – like the
other two – was reprieved.
She died in prison on May 6, 1929, at age 42. Notes relat-
ing to her case are included in the Politihistorisk Museum
(Museum of Police History) in Nørrebro, Copenhagen.
The Danish author Karen Søndergaard Koldste wrote a fic-
tion novel called Englemagersken (The Angel Maker) based
on her.* [2] Teatret ved Sorte Hest in Copenhagen has per-
formed a play named Historien om en Mo(r)der (Morder
meaning“murderer”and moder meaning“mother”) based
on her life.

18.1 References
[1] Hanne Rimmen Nielsen (2003). “Dagmar Overby (1887–
1929)". Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon (in Danish).
KVINFO.

[2] http://www.englemagersken.dk/

67
Chapter 19

Daniel Camargo Barbosa

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or pa- in this way reported the crime, and both Camargo and Es-
ternal family name is Camargo and the second or maternal peranza were arrested and taken to separate prisons.* [1] Ca-
family name is Barbosa. margo was convicted of sexual assault in Colombia on 10
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with April 1964.* [3]
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
A judge sentenced Camargo to three years in prison, and
only in preview). Camargo was initially grateful for the perceived leniency of
the judge, swearing to repent and mend his ways. How-
Daniel Camargo Barbosa (22 January 1930 – 13 Novem- ever, a new judge was given precedence over the case and
ber 1994) was a Colombian serial killer. It is believed that Camargo was sentenced to eight years in prison. This pro-
he raped and killed up to 150 young girls in Colombia and voked Camargo to rebellious anger. He served his full sen-
Ecuador during the 1970s and 1980s. tence, and was released.* [1]
In 1973 he was arrested in Brazil for being undocumented.
Due to a delay in sending Camargo's criminal records from
19.1 Early life Colombia, he was deported and released with his false iden-
tity.* [2] When he returned to Colombia, he took up a job
Camargo's mother died when he was a little boy and his fa- as a street vendor in Barranquilla selling television moni-
ther was overbearing and emotionally distant. He was raised tors. One day when passing by a school he kidnapped a
by an abusive stepmother, who punished him and some- nine-year-old girl, raping her and murdering her so that she
times dressed him in girls' clothing, making him a victim could not inform the police as his previous victim had. This
of ridicule in front of his peers.* [1] was his first assault involving murder.* [1]* [3]
Camargo was arrested on 3 May 1974 in Barranquilla,
Colombia when he returned to the scene of the crime to
19.2 Crimes and imprisonment recover the television screens that he had forgotten beside
the victim. Even though it is believed that he raped and
He was first arrested in Bogotá on 24 May 1958 for petty killed more than 80 girls in Colombia, Camargo was im-
theft.* [2] prisoned in Colombia after being convicted of raping and
killing a nine-year-old girl. He was initially sentenced to 30
Camargo had a de facto union with a woman named Al- years in prison, but this sentence was reduced to 25 years,
cira and had two children with her. He fell in love with and he was interned in the prison on the island of Gorgona,
another woman, Esperanza (age 28), whom he planned to Colombia* [1] on 24 December 1977.* [3]
marry, but then found out that she was not a virgin. This
became the root of Camargo's fixations. He and Esper-
anza formed an agreement that he would stay with her if
she aided him in finding other virgin girls to have sex with. 19.3 Escape from Colombia to
This began a period of their partnership in crime. Esper-
anza was Camargo's accomplice, luring young girls to an Ecuador
apartment under false pretenses and then drugging them
with sodium seconal sleeping pills so that Camargo could In November 1984 Camargo escaped from Gorgona prison
rape them. Camargo committed five rapes in this way, but (known as the Colombian Alcatraz) in a primitive boat af-
did not kill any of the girls. The fifth child that they abused ter having carefully studied the ocean currents. The author-

68
19.6. INTERVIEW 69

ities assumed that he died at sea and the press reported that Daniel Camargo calmly confessed to killing 72 girls in
he had been eaten by sharks.* [3] He eventually arrived in Ecuador since escaping from the Colombian prison. He led
Quito, Ecuador. He then traveled by bus to Guayaquil on 5 authorities to the dumping grounds of those victims whose
or 6 December 1984.* [1] On 18 December he abducted a bodies had not yet been recovered. The bodies had been
nine-year-old girl from the city of Quevedo, in the province dismembered. While he told the Ecuadorean authorities of
of Los Ríos, Ecuador. The next day a 10-year-old girl also the locations of the bodies and how the sadistic crimes were
disappeared. committed, he showed no feelings of remorse. After rap-
From 1984 to 1986 Carmago committed a series of at least ing his victims, he had hacked, slashed and crushed the girls
with a machete. He gave a cynical explanation for choos-
54 rapes and murders in Guayaquil. The police at first be-
lieved that all the deaths were the work of a gang, not un- ing children. He wanted virgins “because they cried"; this
apparently gave him greater satisfaction. According to Ca-
derstanding that one man could have killed so many. Ca-
margo slept on the streets, and lived off of the money he margo, he killed because he wanted revenge on woman's
unfaithfulness. He hated them for not being what he be-
could gain by reselling ballpoint pens in the streets. Occa-
sionally he supplemented his income by selling clothing or lieved women were supposed to be.
small valuables belonging to his victims.* [3]

19.6 Interview
19.4 Modus operandi
In June 1986 Francisco Febres Cordero, a journalist for the
Camargo selected helpless, young, lower-class girls in newspaper Hoy (Today), managed to arrange an interview
search of work and approached them, pretending to be a with Camargo. It was difficult to get the interview due to
foreigner who needed to find a Protestant pastor in a church the police blocking all access to Camargo, and the fact that
on the outskirts of town. He explained that he had to de- Camargo himself demanded a large fee before he would let
liver a large sum of money, which he showed them as proof, himself be interviewed. The journalist pretended to be part
and he offered them a reward if they would accompany him of a group of psychologists that were allowed access to the
to show him the way. He pretended that he was a stranger prisoner, allowing him to ask Camargo questions without
to the area, and hinted at the possibility of the girls get- arousing his suspicion.
ting a job at the factory. No one was suspicious of an older Afterward Febres Cordero described him as highly intelli-
man accompanying a girl or young woman who could be his gent, “He had an answer for everything and was able to
granddaughter. Carmago would then enter into the woods, speak of God and the Devil equally”. Well-read, he cited
claiming to be looking for a shortcut in order to avoid arous- Hesse, Vargas Llosa, García Márquez, Guimarães Rosa,
ing suspicion in his victims. If the girls grew suspicious Nietzsche, Stendhal and Freud, all knowledge that he ac-
and drew back, he did not prevent them from leaving. Ca- quired from a literary education during his time in prison
margo raped his victims before strangling them, sometimes on the Isle of Gorgona.* [1]
stabbing them when they resisted. After his victims were
dead, he left their bodies in the forest to be picked clean by
scavengers.* [3]
19.7 Sentence

19.5 Arrest Camargo was convicted in 1989 and sentenced to 16 years


in prison, the maximum sentence available in Ecuador.
While serving his sentence in the Garcia Moreno de Quito
Camargo was arrested by two policemen in Quito on 26 jail, he claimed to have converted to Christianity. In this
February 1986 only a few minutes after he had murdered penitentiary he was imprisoned with Pedro Alonso López
a 9-year-old girl named Elizabeth. The policemen were on (“the Monster of the Andes”), who is believed to have
patrol and approached him at the height of the avenue Los raped and killed more than 300 girls in Colombia, Ecuador
Granados, thinking that he was acting suspiciously. They and Peru.
found that he was carrying with him a bag containing the
bloody clothes and clitorus of his latest victim, and a copy
of Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky.* [1] He was taken
into custody and later moved to Guayaquil for identification. 19.8 Death
When he was arrested he gave a false name, Manuel Bul-
garin Solis, but he was later identified by one of his rape It was reported that in November 1994, he was murdered
victims who escaped.* [2] in prison by Geovanny Noguera.* [4]
70 CHAPTER 19. DANIEL CAMARGO BARBOSA

19.9 References
[1] “La Infancia y La Virginidad: Dos Vertientes Del Crimen”
[Children and Virginity: Twofold Crime]. Hoy (in Spanish)
(Ecuador). 15 November 1994. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

[2] “Cronologia de los Asesinatos de Camargo Barbosa”[Time-


line of the Murders of Barbosa Camargo]. Hoy (in Spanish)
(Ecuador). 15 November 1994. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

[3] Special Envoy Jose Comas (2 February 1988). "'El sádico


del Chanquito'" [The Chanquito sadistic]. El Pais (in Span-
ish) (Spain). Retrieved 31 March 2010.

[4] http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/
MAM-250868

• The New Encyclopedia Of Serial Killers, Brian Lane


and Wilfred Gregg (Revised Edition 1996), Headline
Book Publishing ISBN 0-7472-5361-7

19.10 External links


• Entry at murderpedia.org
Chapter 20

Darkey Kelly

Dorcas “Darkey”Kelly (died 7 January 1761) was an Irish 20.2 Legend


brothel-keeper and serial killer who was burned at the stake
in Dublin in 1761. Various legends grew up around Kelly after her execution.
The most common story is that she became pregnant with
the child of Dublinʼs Sheriff Simon Luttrell, 1st Earl of
20.1 Biography Carhampton, a member of the Hellfire Club. She demanded
financial support from him. He responded by accusing her
Dorcas Kelly was a madam who operated the Maiden Tower of witchcraft, and killed their baby in a Satanic ritual. The
brothel on Copper Alley, off Fishamble Street in the south- body was never found. Darkey was then burnt at the stake.
west part of Dublin, Ireland. Accused of killing shoemaker This story may have its origin in one told about Luttrell's
John Dowling on St. Patrick's Day 1760, her brothel was son Henry, who supposedly raped a girl in a brothel, and
investigated by the authorities. Investigators then found the then had the girl and her family imprisoned under false
corpses of five men hidden in the vaults of her brothel. Kelly charges.* [4]
was executed by partial hanging and burning at the stake on
Gallows Road (modern Baggot Street). After her execution
she was waked by prostitutes on Copper Alley; thirteen of
them were arrested for disorder and sent to Newgate Prison,
20.3 Legacy
Dublin.* [1]* [2]
A pub on Fishamble Street, near where her brothel once
An account of the 1773 execution of the murderess Mrs stood, is named Darkey Kelly's.* [5]
Herring on St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, gives an idea of
what Kelly's execution may have been like:
20.4 References
She was placed on a stool something more
than two feet high, and, a chain being placed un-
[1] Cathy Hayes (2011-01-12). “Was Irish witch Darkey Kelly
der her arms, the rope round her neck was made really Irelandʼs first serial killer?". IrishCentral.com. Re-
fast to two spikes, which, being driven through a trieved 2015-03-04.
post against which she stood, when her devotions
were ended, the stool was taken from under her, [2] “PodOmatic | Podcast - No Smoke Without Hellfire”
and she was soon strangled. When she had hung . Nosmokewithouthellfire1.podomatic.com. 2011-01-19.
about fifteen minutes, the rope was burnt, and Retrieved 2015-03-04.
she sunk till the chain supported her, forcing [3] “Five things you might not have known about St. Stephens
her hands up to a level with her face, and the Green”. Come here to me!. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
flame being furious, she was soon consumed. The
crowd was so immensely great that it was a long [4] “The Legend Of Darkey Kelly - Dublin Tours”. Hidden-
time before the faggots could be placed for the dublinwalks.com. 2012-06-26. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
execution.* [3] [5] “Darkey Kelly's Pub”. Darkeykellys.ie. 2014-03-23. Re-
̶Edward Cave (“Sylvanus Urban”), The trieved 2015-03-04.
gentlemanʼs magazine, and historical chronicle,
Volume 43, London, 1773

71
Chapter 21

Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova

Not to be confused with Darya Petrovna Eventually, however, relatives of the murdered women
Saltykova. were able to bring a petition before Empress Catherine II.
Catherine decided to try Saltykova publicly, in order to fur-
ther her “lawfulness”initiative. Saltykova was arrested in
Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova (Russian: Дарья 1762.
Николаевна Салтыкова; née Ivanova, commonly
Saltykova was held for six years (until 1768), while the au-
known as Saltychikha) (1730 – December 27, 1801) was
thorities conducted a painstaking investigation. Catherine's
a Russian sadist, serial killer and noble from Moscow who
Collegium of Justice questioned many witnesses and exam-
became notorious for torturing and killing over 100 of her
ined the records of the Saltykova estate. The investigating
serfs, mostly women and girls.
official counted as many as 138 suspicious deaths, of which
the vast majority were attributed to Saltykova.
She was found guilty of having killed 38* [1]* [2] female
serfs by beating and torturing them to death, but the Em-
press was unsure about how to punish her; the death penalty
had been abolished in Russia in 1754, and the new Empress
needed the support of the nobility.
In 1768, Saltykova was chained on a platform in Moscow
for one hour, with a sign around her neck with the text:
“This woman has tortured and murdered.”Many people
came to look at her during the hour she was displayed. Af-
terward, she was sent to imprisonment for life in the base-
ment of Ivanovsky Convent in Moscow. She was buried
next to her relatives in the Donskoy Monastery necropolis.

Saltykova punishing one of her serf


21.1 See also
Darya Nikolayevna married young into the famous Saltykov
family. She was born to the nobles Nikolai Avtonomovich • Elizabeth Báthory
Ivanov and Anna Ivanovna Davydova, and married the no-
ble Gleb Alexeyevich Saltykov, uncle of Nikolai Saltykov. • La Quintrala
She had two sons: Theodore (1750-1801) and Nicholas (d.
1775). • Delphine LaLaurie
She was widowed by in 1755 by the age of 26. With her
husband's death, she inherited a substantial estate, where
she lived with her two young sons and a substantial num- 21.2 Sources
ber of serfs. Many early complaints to authorities about
the deaths at the Saltykova estate were ignored, or resulted • История России. Всемирная, мировая история
in punishment to the complainants, because Saltykova was - Салтычиха(Салтыкова Дарья Николаевна) (Rus-
well connected with holders of power at the royal court. sian)

72
21.3. REFERENCES 73

• Simon Sebag Montefiore: Potemkin

21.3 References
[1] История России. Всемирная, мировая история -
Салтычиха(Салтыкова Дарья Николаевна) (Russian)

[2] German Wikipedia on Darya Saltykova


Chapter 22

David Alan Gore

David Alan Gore (August 21, 1953 – April 12, 2012) was he raped them both and then put a bullet into the head of
an American serial killer known for committing six mur- Hsiang.* [5] After doing so, he demanded that his cousin
ders. Gore“was on death row for nearly three decades”.* [1] Fred Waterfield rape and kill Ying.
His murders were said to have “[shaken] the quiet Florida
His third murder victim, Judy Kay Daley, was a 35-year-old
town of Vero Beach”.* [1] Throughout the time it took him a former Fort Pierce resident visiting from California.* [5]
to commit his murders, it was said that he seemed as if he
After days of stalking, on July 15, 1981 Gore disabled Judyʼ
did not feel guilty; however, when issuing his last statement, s car parked in Round Island Park in Indian River County.
it seemed he was a changed man.* [1] Gore and his cousin
Judy, seeking assistance, reaches out to Gore who was pre-
Fred Waterfield were dubbed the “Killing Cousins”.* [2] tending to help her. He lured her into his truck and hand-
Police interrogated both him and his cousin in 1976 (before
cuffed her. She was then raped and strangled to death in his
he had murdered any of his victims) after a rape at gunpoint trailer.* [2] On June 3, 1984, police discovered body parts
was reported by Angela Hommell Austin but failed by let- in a garbage bag dug in a hole near Vero Beach.
ting him go, falsely believing it was consensual.* [3]
Gore and Waterfield found 14-year-old, Orlando runaways
Angelica LaVellee and Barbara Ann Byer hiking on May
20, 1983 by Interstate 95 in Brevard County.* [5] They be-
22.1 Background come Goreʼs fourth and fifth murders after he lured both
girls into his truck and tied them up. He managed all of this
David Alan Gore was born on August 21, 1953 in Florida. by putting a gun to their head. They headed south toward
In his youth he had two major obsessions: firearms and Vero Beach where Gore killed the girls by shooting them in
women. His obsession for women led him to lose his first the head. After doing so he then dismembered them.* [1]
job as a gas station attendant after his boss found a hole that
David Alan Goreʼs final victims were Lynn Elliot, 17 and
allowed Gore to look into the womenʼ s bathroom.* [2] Gore
Regan Martin, 14 years of age and attended Vero Beach
was also an Auxiliary Police Officer and committed some
High School. Gore and Waterfield picked them up on July
of his convicted crimes by abusing his police badge.* [2]
26, 1983.* [1] They took both girls to Goreʼs parentsʼva-
Fred Waterfield was born on September 29, 1952 in New cation home. Upon arrival at the police station, Gore told
Jersey.* [4] He was a former high school football star.* [2] officers that he raped both girls. Lynn Elliot with her hands
tied, managed to escape the house but only got as far as the
driveway until she lost her footing. Gore, in panic, tells po-
lice,“I kept running after her then she tripped and fell and
22.2 Victims then I caught up to her”.* [6] Gore, realizing he was los-
ing control of the situation, says in his sworn statement, “I
Their first rape victim was Fred's sister. David helped hold started dragging her back and she was trying, like, resisting,
down the victim and watched as Fred raped his sister. fighting me, so I threw her to the ground. Thatʼs when I
*
Davidʼs first murder victim was Ying Hua Ling, a 17- shot her in the head”. [6] Gore shot her twice and real-
*
year-old award-winning math student at Vero Beach High ized that a neighbor had seen the whole incident. [7] The
School.* [5] On February 19, 1981 Ying Ling was on the neighbor called the police, which led to a 90-minute stand-
bus heading home after school. Once off the bus Gore man- off between the cops and Gore. Cops arrested Gore and
aged to lure Ying Ling and her mother Hsiang Huang Ling, took him to prison where he was later convicted of first-
48 years old (who was waiting for her daughter) into his degree murder. Police later report that they found Elliotʼs
truck by presenting himself as a sheriff. He told police that naked body in the trunk of a car and were able to rescue

74
22.5. DEATH 75

Martin who was found in the attic, naked, handcuffed, and 22.5 Death
with electrical cords tied around her legs.>
Police searched for the remaining victimsʼbodies, but with After being on death row since 1984, Gore was executed
no success. On December 7, 1983, Gore led police to three on Thursday, April 12, 2012. He tried to appeal to the U.S
of his six murder victims that were buried. These victims Supreme Court, but to no surprise, he was rejected and later
were Babara Ann Bayer, Hsiang Huang Ling and her daugh- that day David Alan Gore, 58 years old, was pronounced
ter, Ying Hau Ling. He also admitted to killing three other dead at 6:19 PM by lethal injection. His last meal con-
girls and two women. sisted of fried chicken, French fries, and butter pecan ice
cream.* [1] Davidʼs last words were simply his final state-
ment, which he dedicated only to the Elliot family.* [8]

22.3 Case information 22.6 References


[1] Stebner, Beth (12 April 2012). "'God bless all of y'all': Se-
On August 10, 1983 a grand jury charges Gore with first- rial rapist and killer dies of lethal injection (after last meal
degree murder with two counts of kidnapping and two of fried chicken and butter pecan ice cream).”. Daily Mail.
counts of sexual battery. Daily Mail. Retrieved 20 Feb 2015.
On January 6, 1984 Goreʼs trial is moved from Vero Beach [2] Park, Sunju, Fong, Cho, Zhang, Gritz, Milan, Herzlich,
to St. Petersburg, Florida. Two months after on March 16, Gore, Ashley, Chuck, Alan G.,Hyung, Cheng, David
1984 the jury convicts him of first-degree murder and after C.,Gibran, Alexandra A., Patrick, Morganti, Roy S.“David
a 11-1 vote he receives the death sentence. Alan Gore “The Killing Cousins"" (PDF). maamodt. De-
On August 22, 1985 The Supreme Court confirms Goreʼs partment of Psychology Radford University. Retrieved 20
Feb 2015.
first-degree murder and death penalty.
On January 21, 1985, Waterfield was convicted of the mur- [3] Holsman, Melissa E. (April 9, 2012).“Gore killed 6 women,
ders of Byer and LaVellee, receiving two consecutive life but targeted more than a dozen for kidnap, rape, court files
show”. tcpalm.com. Treasure Coast Newspapers. Retrieved
sentences.* [2]
July 4, 2015. The cousins insisted the sex was consensual
On March 3, 1988 Governor Bob Martinez signs Goreʼs and they were never charged in her case.
death warrant.
[4] “Fred Waterfield”(PDF). radford.edu. Archived from the
On July 5, 2007 The Florida Supreme Court confirms Goreʼ original (PDF) on April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
s death sentence.
[5] Lemmon, Russ (29 July 2010). “About Victims of Serial
Killer David Alan Gore”. otaulc. Retrieved 20 Feb 2015.

[6] Holsman, Melissa E. (9 April 2012). “David Alan Gore: A


killer with no remorse”. Palms Beach Post. Retrieved 20
22.4 Last statement February 2015.

[7] Whisper (9 April 2012). “Serial Killer David Gore Cant


“I would like to say to Mr. and Mrs. Elliott that I am truly Be Executed Fast Enough,Bragged About Killing Kids”.
sorry for my part in the death of your daughter. I wish above dreamindemon. Retrieved 20 Feb 2015.
all else my death could bring her back. I am not the same [8] “Relatives of victims happy to see David Alan Goreʼs ex-
man today that I was 28 years ago. When I accepted Jesus ecution day is almost here”. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 20
Christ as my Savior I become a New Creature in Christ and February 2015.
I know God has truly forgiven me for my past sins. I am
able to face today because I know Christ lives in me. The
Apostle Paul saidʻfor to die is to gain.ʼ
So I do not fear today 22.7 External links
but truly look forward to spending Eternity with Christ. Mr.
and Mrs. Elliott, I have prayed for you both and pray yʼall
• Entry at murderpedia.org
can find the peace that only Christ can give. Last, I just want
to say I have had a tremendous amount of remorse and pray
you and your family can forgive me.
God bless all of yʼall”.* [1]
Chapter 23

David Carpenter

For other people named David Carpenter, see David Following his conviction in San Diego for the Marin County
Carpenter (disambiguation). murders, Carpenter was tried and subsequently convicted
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with by a Santa Cruz jury for the murders of two other women in
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown Santa Cruz county, Ellen Hansen and Heather Scaggs.* [6]
only in preview). The same jury also found Carpenter guilty of the attempted
murder of Hansen's hiking companion Steven Haertle, the
*
David Joseph Carpenter (born May 6, 1930), aka the attempted rape of Hansen, and the rape of Scaggs. [7]
Hansen, who was a University of California, Davis, has a
Trailside Killer,* [1] is an American serial killer known
for stalking and murdering women on hiking trails near San memorial scholarship created in honor of her courage dur-
Francisco, California.* [2] ing the attack, which allowed Haertle to escape alive.* [8]
In 1995, the Santa Cruz convictions were overturned due
to juror misconduct, and Carpenter was not retried.* [9]
In December 2009, San Francisco police reexamined evi-
23.1 Early life dence from the October 21, 1979, murder of Mary Frances
Bennett. Bennett, 23 years old at the time of her murder,
Born and raised in San Francisco, Carpenter was physically had been jogging at Lands End, San Francisco, when she
abused as a child by his alcoholic father and domineering was attacked and stabbed to death. A DNA sample obtained
mother. As a boy, he suffered a severe stutter and a bed- from the evidence was matched to Carpenter through state
wetting problem, and he tortured animals. At 13 he was Department of Justice files. In February 2010, San Fran-
incarcerated for molesting two of his cousins.* [3] cisco police confirmed the match with a recently obtained
He married in 1955, a union that produced three children. sample from Carpenter.* [10]
Carpenter is still a suspect in the murders of Edna Kane and
Barbara Schwartz.* [11]
23.2 Crimes
Carpenter attempted murder in 1960, for which he spent 23.3 Popular culture
seven years in prison. In 1970, he was arrested for
kidnapping and spent a further seven years behind bars. Af- The Trailside killings provide the context for Joyce May-
ter his release, he was a suspect in the notorious Zodiac nard's 2013 novel After Her.* [12]
murders, although he was eventually cleared.
From 1979–1981, Carpenter raped and murdered five
women in Santa Cruz and Marin Counties. On May 10,
1988, a San Diego jury convicted Carpenter of five counts 23.4 References
of first degree murder in the slayings of Richard Stow-
ers, Cynthia Moreland, Shauna May, Diane O'Connell and [1] Schechter, p. 102.
Anne Alderson. Carpenter was also pronounced guilty of
raping two of the women and attempting to rape a third.* [4] [2] Clifford L. Linedecker (1997). Smooth Operator: The True
He was sentenced to die in the gas chamber, and remains Story of Seductive Serial Killer Glen Rogers. New York: St.
on San Quentin's death row.* [5] Martin's Paperbacks. pp. intr. at xi. ISBN 0-312-96400-5.

76
23.6. FURTHER READING 77

[3] Ramsland, Katherine. “The Trailside Killer of San Fran-


cisco: The Man Behind the Predator”. TruTV Crime Li-
brary. Retrieved 5 April 2012.

[4] http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/4th/
21/1016.html

[5] “David Carpenter”. Serial Killers A-Z. Archived from the


original on October 26, 2009.

[6] http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/
people-v-carpenter-30965

[7] http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/
people-v-carpenter-30965

[8] http://wrrc.ucdavis.edu/research/index.html

[9] http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/re-carpenter-31226

[10] Van Derbeken, Jaxon (February 24, 2010). “DNA ties


Trailside Killer to '79 S.F. slaying”. The San Francisco
Chronicle.

[11] “Boca Raton News - Google News Archive Search”.


google.com. Retrieved 7 September 2015.

[12] Maynard, Joyce (14 Aug 2013). “Echoes of the Savage and
Sublime on Mount Tamalpais”. The New York Times.

23.5 Sources
• Schechter, Harold (2003), The Serial Killer Files: The
Who, What, Where, How, and Why of the World's Most
Terrifying Murderers, Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-
345-46566-5

23.6 Further reading


• Graysmith, Robert (April 3, 1991), The Sleeping Lady:
The Trailside Murders Above the Golden Gate, Onyx,
ISBN 978-0451402554
Chapter 24

Dean Corll

Dean Arnold Corll* [2] (December 24, 1939 – August 8, murmur. As a result of this diagnosis, Corll was ordered to
1973) was an American serial killer who (with two young avoid P.E. at school.
accomplices named David Brooks and Elmer Wayne Hen- In 1950, Corll's parents remarried and moved to Pasadena,
ley, Jr.) abducted, raped, tortured, and murdered a mini-
Texas; however, the reconciliation was short-lived and, in
mum of 28 boys in a series of killings spanning from 1970 1953, the couple once again divorced, with the mother again
to 1973 in Houston, Texas. The crimes, which became
retaining custody of her two sons. Their divorce was de-
known as the Houston Mass Murders, came to light only creed on amicable grounds and both boys maintained regu-
after Henley fatally shot Corll.
lar contact with their father.
Corll was also known as the Candy Man and the Pied Following the second divorce, Corll's mother married a
Piper, because he and his family had owned and operated a
traveling clock salesman named Jake West and the family
candy factory in Houston Heights, and he had been known moved to the small town of Vidor, where Corll's half-sister,
to give free candy to local children. Joyce, was born in 1955.* [8] Upon advice from a pecan nut
At the time of their discovery, the Houston Mass Mur- salesman, Corll's mother and stepfather started a small fam-
ders were considered the worst example of serial murder ily candy company named 'Pecan Prince', initially operating
in American history.* [3]* [4] from the garage of their home. From the earliest days of
the family candy business, Corll was working day and night
while still attending school.* [9] He and his younger brother
were delegated the responsibility of running the candy mak-
24.1 Early life ing machines and packing the product, which his stepfather
would sell on his sales route. This route often involved West
24.1.1 Childhood traveling to Houston, where much of the produce was sold.
From 1954 to 1958, Corll attended Vidor High School,
Dean Arnold Corll was born on December 24, 1939, in Fort where he was regarded as a well-behaved student who
Wayne, Indiana, the first child of Mary Robinson (May 9, achieved satisfactory grades. As had been the case in
1916 – May 31, 2010) and Arnold Edwin Corll (February his childhood, however, Corll was also considered some-
7, 1916 – April 5, 2001).* [5]* [6] Corll's father was strict what of a loner, although he is known to have occasionally
with his son, whereas his mother was extremely protective dated girls in his teenage years.* [10] At Vidor High School,
of him. Their marriage was marred by frequent quarreling, Corll's only major interest was the high school brass band,
and the couple divorced in 1946, four years after the birth in which he played trombone.* [11]
of their younger son, Stanley.* [2] Mary Corll subsequently
sold the family home and relocated to a trailer home in
Memphis, Tennessee, where Arnold Corll had been drafted 24.1.2 Move to Houston Heights
into the Air Force after the couple had divorced, in order
that her sons could retain contact with their father. Corll's Corll graduated from Vidor High School in the summer of
parents subsequently attempted reconciliation. 1958. In a logistical move shortly thereafter, he and his
Corll was a shy, serious child who seldom socialized with family moved to the northern outskirts of Houston so that
other children, but who at the same time displayed concern the family candy business could be closer to the city where,
for the well-being of others.* [7] At the age of seven, he they had noted, the majority of their product had been sold.
suffered an undiagnosed case of rheumatic fever, which was Corll's family opened a new shop, which they named Pecan
only noted in 1950, when doctors found Corll had a heart Prince* [12] in reference to the brand name of the family

78
24.2. CORLL CANDY COMPANY 79

product. In 1960, at the request of his mother, Corll moved that he was needed within his family's business.* [14]* [17]
to Indiana to live with his widowed grandmother.* [13]* [14] The army granted his request and he was given an honor-
During this period of time, Corll formed a close relationship able military discharge on June 11, 1965, after ten months
with a local girl, although he rejected a subsequent marriage of service.* [10]
proposal this girl made to him in 1962. Corll lived in Indi- Reportedly, Corll divulged to some of his close acquain-
ana for almost two years, but returned to Houston in 1962 tances after his release from the United States Army that
to help with his family's candy business, which by this date it was during his period of service that he had first real-
had moved to Houston Heights. He later moved into an ized that he was homosexual and had experienced his first
apartment of his own above the shop.* [11]
homosexual encounters. Other acquaintances noted sub-
Corll's mother divorced Jake West in 1963 and opened tle changes in Corll's mannerisms when in the company of
a new candy business, which she named 'Corll Candy teenage males after he had completed his service in the
Company'. Dean was appointed as vice-president of the army and returned to Houston, which led them to believe
new family firm.* [14] The same year, one of the teenage he may possess homosexual tendencies.* [18]
male employees of Corll Candy Company complained to
Corll's mother that Corll had made sexual advances towards
him.* [15] In response, Mary West simply fired the youth. 24.2 Corll Candy Company
Following his honorable discharge from the army, Corll re-
turned to Houston Heights and resumed the position he had
held as vice-president of his family's candy business.* [13]
Corll's former stepfather had retained ownership of the
family's former candy business following his mother's di-
vorce in 1963, and competition between the two firms was
fierce. As had been the case in his teenage years, Corll in-
creased the number of hours he devoted to the candy busi-
ness to satisfy an increasing demand for his family's prod-
uct.
In 1965, shortly after Corll completed his military ser-
vice,* [16] the Corll Candy Company relocated to 22nd
Street, directly across the street from Helms Elementary
School. Corll was known to give free candy to local chil-
dren,* [19]* :3651 in particular teenage boys: as a result of
this behavior, he earned himself the nicknames the Candy
Man and the Pied Piper. The company also employed a
small work force, and he was seen to behave flirtatiously to-
wards several teenage male employees.* [20] Corll is known
to have installed a pool table at the rear of the candy factory
where employees and local youths would congregate.* [21]
Corll, aged 24, shortly after his enlistment in the U.S. Military in
August 1964
24.2.1 Friendship with David Brooks

In 1967, Corll befriended 12-year-old David Owen


24.1.3 U.S. Army service Brooks,* [11] then a bespectacled sixth grade student and
one of the many children to whom he gave free candy.
Corll was drafted into the United States Army on August Brooks initially became one of Corll's many youthful close
10, 1964,* [2] and assigned to Fort Polk, Louisiana, for ba- companions; the youth regularly socialized with Corll and
sic training.* [16] He was later assigned to Fort Benning, various teenage boys who congregated at the rear of the
Georgia, to train as a radio repairman before his permanent candy company. He also joined Corll on the regular trips
assignment to Fort Hood, Texas. According to official mil- he took to south Texas' beaches in the company of various
itary records, Corll's period of service in the army was un- youths, and later harked to the fact that Corll was the first
blemished.* [10] Corll, however, reportedly hated military adult male who did not mock his appearance.* [22] When-
service; he applied for a hardship discharge on the grounds ever Brooks told Corll he was in need of cash, he was given
80 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

money, and the youth began to view Corll as a substitute wall. Once manacled, the victims would be sexually as-
father figure.* [21] Upon Corll's urging, a sexual relation-saulted, beaten, tortured and̶sometimes after several days
ship gradually developed between the two: beginning in ̶killed by strangulation or shooting with a .22-caliber pis-
1969,* [23] Corll paid Brooks in cash or with gifts to allow
tol. Their bodies were then tied in plastic sheeting* [32] and
him to perform fellatio on the youth.* [24] buried in any one of four places: a rented boat shed; a beach
Brooks' parents were divorced. His father lived in Hous- on the Bolivar Peninsula; a woodland near Lake Sam Ray-
ton and his mother had relocated to Beaumont, a city 85 burn (where Corll's family owned *
a lakeside log cabin); or
miles (140 km) east of Houston. In 1970, when he was 15, a beach in Jefferson County. [2]
Brooks dropped out of high school and moved to Beaumont In several instances, Corll forced his victims to either phone
to live with his mother. Whenever he visited his father in or write to their parents with explanations for their ab-
Houston, he also visited Corll, who allowed him to stay at sences in an effort to allay the parents' fears for their sons'
his apartment if he wished to do so. Later the same year, safety.* [33] Corll is also known to have retained keepsakes
Brooks moved back to Houston and, by his own later ad- ̶usually keys̶from his victims.* [34]
mission, began regarding Corll's apartment as his second During the years in which he abducted and murdered young
home.* [11] men, Corll often changed addresses.* [35] However, until he
By the time Brooks dropped out of high school, Corll's moved to Pasadena in the spring of 1973, he always lived in
mother and half-sister, Joyce, had moved to Colorado af- or close to Houston Heights.* [36]
ter the failure of her third marriage and the closure of the
family candy company in June 1968. Although she often
talked to her eldest son on the telephone, she never saw him 24.3.1 First known murder
again.* [19]* :3647
Following the closure of the candy company, Corll took Corll killed his first known victim, an 18-year-old college
a job as an electrician at the Houston Lighting and freshman, Jeffrey Konen, on September 25, 1970. Konen
Power Company, where he tested electrical relay sys- vanished while hitchhiking with another student from the
tems.* [11]* [25] He worked in this employment until the University of Texas to his parents' home in Houston;* [37]
day he was killed by Elmer Wayne Henley. he was dropped off alone at the corner of Westheimer Road
and South Voss Road near the Uptown area of Houston. At
the time of Konen's disappearance, Corll lived in an apart-
ment on Yorktown Street, near the intersection with Wes-
24.3 Murders theimer Road. Corll likely offered to drive Konen to his
parents' home. Konen evidently accepted a lift from him.
Between 1970 and 1973, Corll is known to have killed a
David Brooks led police to the body of Jeffrey Konen on
minimum of 28 victims. All of his victims were males
aged 13 to 20, the majority of whom were in their mid- August 10, 1973. The body was buried at High Island
Beach. Forensic scientists subsequently deduced that the
teens. Most victims were abducted from Houston Heights,
which was then a low-income neighborhood northwest of youth had died of asphyxiation caused by manual strangu-
lation and a cloth gag that had been placed in his mouth.
downtown Houston. With most abductions, he was as-
sisted by one or both of his teenaged accomplices: Elmer The body was found buried beneath a large boulder,* [38]
Wayne Henley, and David Owen Brooks. Several victims covered with a layer of lime, wrapped in plastic, naked,
were friends of either or both of Corll's accomplices; oth- and bound hand and foot, suggesting he had also been vio-
ers were individuals with whom Corll had himself become lated.* [39]* :25
acquainted prior to their abduction and murder* [11]* [26] Around the time of Konen's murder, David Brooks inter-
and two other victims, Billy Baulch and Gregory Malley rupted Corll in the act of assaulting two teenage boys whom
Winkle, were former employees of the Corll Candy Com- Corll had strapped to a plywood torture board.* [40] Corll
pany.* [27]* [28] promised Brooks a car in return for his silence; Brooks
Corll's victims were typically lured into one of two vehicles accepted the offer and Corll later bought him a green
he owned, a Ford Econoline van or a Plymouth GTX,* [21] Chevrolet Corvette. Brooks was later told by Corll that the
with an offer of a party or a lift, and then driven to his two youths had been murdered, and he was offered $200
house.* [29] There, they were plied with alcohol or other for any boy he could lure to Corll's apartment.* [2]
drugs until they passed out, tricked into putting on hand- On December 13, 1970, David Brooks lured two 14-year-
cuffs,* [30] or simply grabbed by force.* [31] They were then old Spring Branch youths named James Glass and Danny
stripped naked and tied to either Corll's bed or, usually, Yates away from a religious rally held in the Heights dis-
a plywood torture board, which was regularly hung on a trict of Houston to Corll's Yorktown apartment.* [21] Glass
24.3. MURDERS 81

was an acquaintance of Brooks who, at Brooks' behest, had of both of these two victims remains unknown.* [45]
previously visited Corll's address. Both youths were tied
to opposite sides of Corll's torture board and subsequently
raped, strangled and buried in a boat shed Corll had rented
on November 17.* [41]
24.3.2 Participation of Elmer Wayne Henley
Six weeks after the double murder of Glass and Yates, In the winter of 1971, Brooks introduced Elmer Wayne
on January 30, 1971, Brooks and Corll encountered two Henley to Dean Corll. Henley was likely lured to Corll's
teenage brothers named Donald and Jerry Waldrop walking address as an intended victim. However, Corll evidently
toward their parents' home.* [21] The Waldrop brothers had decided the youth would make a good accomplice and of-
been driven to a friend's home by their father with view to fered him the same fee̶$200̶for any boy he could lure
discussing forming a bowling league, and had begun walk- to his apartment, informing Henley that he was involved in
ing home after learning their friend was not at home.* [42] a "white slavery ring”operating from Dallas.* [46]* [47]
Both boys were enticed into Corll's van and driven to an
apartment Corll had rented on Mangum Road, where they Henley later stated that, for several months, he completely
were raped, tortured, strangled and subsequently buried in ignored Corll's offer; however, in early 1972, he decided
the boat shed. Between March and May 1971, Corll ab- to accept the offer as he and his family were in dire finan-
ducted and killed three further victims; all of whom lived in cial circumstances. According to Henley, the first abduction
Houston Heights and all of whom were buried towards the he participated in occurred during the time Corll resided at
rear of the rented boat shed. In each of these abductions, 925 Schuler Street; an address Corll moved to in February
Brooks is known to have been a participant. One of these 1972. (David Brooks later claimed that Henley became in-
three victims, 15-year-old Randell Harvey, was last seen volved in the abductions of the victims while Corll resided
by his family on the afternoon of March 9 cycling towards at the address he had occupied immediately prior to Schuler
Oak Forest,* [43] where he worked part-time as a gas sta- Street.) If Henley's statement is to be believed, the vic-
tion attendant. Harvey was also driven to Corll's Mangum tim was abducted from the Heights in February or early
Road apartment, where he was subsequently killed by a sin- March 1972. In the statement Henley gave to police fol-
gle gunshot to the head.* [43] The other two victims, 13- lowing his arrest, the youth stated that he and Corll picked
year-old David Hilligiest and 16-year-old Gregory Malley up “a boy”at the corner of 11th and Studewood,* [48]
Winkle, were abducted and killed together on the afternoon and lured him to Corll's home on the promise of smoking
of May 29, 1971. As had been the case with parents of some marijuana with the pair. At Corll's residence̶us-
other victims of Corll, both sets of parents launched a fran- ing a ruse he and Corll had prepared̶Henley cuffed his
tic search for their sons. One of the youths who voluntarily own hands behind his back, freed himself with a key hid-
offered to distribute posters the parents had printed offering den in his back pocket, then duped the youth into donning
a reward for information leading to the boys' whereabouts the handcuffs before leaving him alone with Corll, believing
was 15-year-old Elmer Wayne Henley̶a lifelong friend of he was to be sold into the sexual slavery ring.* [49]
Hilligiest. The youth pinned the reward posters around the The identity of this victim is not conclusively known, al-
Heights and attempted to reassure Hilligiest's parents that though it is possible the youth was Willard Branch, a 17-
there may be an innocent explanation for the boys' absence. year-old Oak Forest youth known to both Corll and Hen-
On August 17, 1971, Corll and Brooks encountered a ley who disappeared on February 9, 1972, and whose *
17-year-old acquaintance of Brooks named Ruben Wat- emasculated body was found buried in the boat shed. [1]
son Haney walking home from a movie theater in Hous- A month later, on March 24, 1972, Henley, Brooks and
ton. Brooks persuaded Haney to attend a party at an ad- Corll encountered an 18-year-old acquaintance of Henley's
dress Corll had moved to on San Felipe Street the previous named Frank Aguirre leaving a restaurant on Yale Street,
month.* [44] Haney agreed and was taken to Corll's home where the youth worked.* [50] Henley called Aguirre over
where he was subsequently strangled and buried in the boat to Corll's van and invited the youth to drink beer and smoke
shed. In September 1971, Corll moved to another apart- marijuana with the trio at Corll's apartment. Aguirre agreed
ment in the Heights: 915 Columbia St. David Brooks later and followed the trio to Corll's home in his Rambler. Inside
stated he had assisted Corll in the abduction and murder of Corll's house, Aguirre smoked marijuana with the trio be-
two youths during the time Corll resided at this address, in- fore picking up a pair of handcuffs Corll had left on his ta-
cluding one youth who was killed“just before Wayne Hen- ble, whereupon Corll pounced upon the youth, pushed him
ley came into the picture.”In his confession, Brooks stated onto the table and cuffed his hands behind his back.
the youth killed immediately prior to Henley's involvement
Henley later claimed that he had not known of Corll's
in the murders was abducted from the Heights and kept alive
true intentions towards Aguirre when he had persuaded the
for approximately four days before his murder. The identity
youth to accompany him to Corll's home. In a 2010 in-
82 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

terview, he claimed to have attempted to persuade Corll gled and buried in the boat shed.* [53] Approximately one
not to assault and kill Aguirre once Corll and Brooks had month later, on or about August 21, a 19-year-old* [54]
bound and gagged the youth. However, Corll refused and youth named Roy Bunton was abducted while walking to
informed Henley that he had raped, tortured and killed the his job as an assistant in a Houston shoe store. Bunton was
previous victim he had assisted in abducting, and that he in- shot twice in the head and was also buried in the boat shed.
tended to do the same with Aguirre.* [46] Henley was again Neither youth was named by either Brooks or Henley as be-
paid for luring the victim to Corll's home and subsequently ing a victim of Corll, and both youths were only identified
assisted Corll and Brooks in Aguirre's burial at High Island as victims in 2011.
Beach.
Less than two months after the murder of Roy Bunton,
Despite the revelations that Corll was, in reality, killing the on October 2, 1972, Henley and Brooks encountered two
boys whom he and Brooks had assisted in abducting, Henley Heights youths named Wally Jay Simoneaux and Richard
nonetheless became an active participant in the abductions Hembree. Henley later informed police he and Brooks
and murders. Within one month, on April 20, 1972, he as- had spotted the two youths as they walked towards Hem-
sisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction of another youth; bree's home. Simoneaux and Hembree were enticed into
a 17-year-old friend of his named Mark Scott. Scott was Brooks' Corvette and driven to Corll's Westcott Towers
grabbed by force and fought furiously against attempts by apartment. That evening, Simoneaux is known to have
Corll to secure him to the torture board, even attempting to phoned his mother's home and to have shouted the word
stab his attackers with a knife. However, Scott saw Hen- “Mama”into the receiver* [55] before the connection was
ley pointing a pistol toward him and, according to Brooks, terminated. The following morning, Hembree was acciden-
Mark “just gave up.”Scott was tied to the torture board tally shot in the mouth by Henley. Several hours later, both
and suffered the same fate as Aguirre: rape; torture; stran- youths were strangled to death and subsequently buried in a
gulation and burial at High Island Beach. common grave inside Corll's boat shed directly above the
According to Brooks, Henley was“especially sadistic”in his bodies of James Glass and Danny Yates. The following
participation in the murders committed at Schuler Street. month, a 19-year-old Heights youth named Richard Kep-
Before Corll vacated the address on June 26, Henley as- ner disappeared on his way to a phone booth. Kepner was
sisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction and murder of strangled and buried at High Island Beach. Altogether, a
a further two youths named Billy Baulch and Johnny De- minimum of 10 teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19
lome.* [51] In Brooks' confession, he stated that both youths were murdered between February and November 1972; five
were tied to Corll's bed and, after their torture and rape, of whom were buried at High Island Beach, and five inside
Corll's boat shed.* [56]
Henley manually strangled Baulch, then shouted, “Hey,
Johnny!" and shot Delome in the forehead, with the bullet On January 20, 1973, Corll moved to an address on Wirt
exiting through the youth's ear. Delome then pleaded with Road in the Spring Branch district of Houston. Within two
Henley, “Wayne, please don't!" before he too was stran- weeks of moving into this address, he had killed a 17-year-
gled. Both youths were buried at High Island Beach. old named Joseph Lyles. Lyles was known to both Corll
During the time Corll resided at Schuler Street, the trio and Brooks. He had lived on Antoine Drive – the same
lured a 19-year-old named Billy Ridinger to the house. street upon which Brooks resided in 1973.* [57] On March
Ridinger was tied to the plywood board, tortured and 7, Corll vacated his Wirt Road apartment and moved into
abused by Corll. Brooks later claimed he persuaded Corll an address his father had vacated in Pasadena: 2020 Lamar
to allow Ridinger to be released, and the youth was allowed Drive.
to leave the residence. On another occasion during the time
Corll resided at Schuler Street, Henley knocked Brooks un-
conscious as he entered the house. Corll then tied Brooks 24.3.3 2020 Lamar Drive
to his bed and assaulted the youth repeatedly before releas-
ing him.* [39]* :31 Despite the assault, Brooks continued to No known victims were killed from February to June 3,
assist Corll in the abductions of the victims. 1973, although Corll is known to have suffered from a
hydrocele* [58] in early 1973. In addition, around the time
After vacating the Schuler residence, Corll moved to an of Lyles' murder, Henley had temporarily moved away from
apartment at Westcott Towers, where, in the summer of Houston to Mount Pleasant in an apparent effort to distance
1972, he is known to have killed a further two victims. The himself from Corll. These facts may account for this sudden
first of these victims, 17-year-old Steven Sickman, was last lull in killings.
seen leaving a party held in the Heights shortly before mid-
night on July 19.* [52] The youth was savagely bludgeoned Nonetheless, from June, Corll's rate of killings increased
about the chest with a blunt instrument before he was stran- dramatically, and both Henley and Brooks later testified to
the increase in the level of brutality of the murders commit-
24.4. AUGUST 8, 1973 83

were abducted together on the afternoon of July 25. Henley


himself buried both youths' bodies in the boat shed.
On August 3, 1973, Corll killed his last victim, a 13-
year-old boy from South Houston named James Dreymala.
Dreymala was abducted by Brooks and Corll while riding
his bike in Pasadena, and driven to Corll's home, where he
was tied to Corll's torture board, raped, tortured and stran-
gled with a cord before being buried in the boat shed. David
Brooks later described Dreymala as a “small, blond boy”
for whom he had bought a pizza and in whose company he
had spent 45 minutes before the youth was attacked.

Lake Sam Rayburn. Four victims killed by Corll and his accom-
plices in 1973 were buried at this location 24.4 August 8, 1973
On the evening of August 7, 1973, Henley, aged 17, in-
vited a 19-year-old named Timothy Cordell Kerley to attend
ted while Corll resided at Lamar Drive. Henley later com-
a party at Corll's Pasadena house. Kerley̶who was in-
pared the acceleration in the frequency of killings and the
tended to be Corll's next victim̶accepted the offer. David
increase in the brutality exhibited by Corll towards his vic-
Brooks was not present at the time. The two youths arrived
tims to being“like a blood lust”, adding that he and Brooks
at Corll's house, where they sniffed paint fumes and drank
would instinctively know when Corll was to announce that
alcohol until midnight before leaving the house to purchase
he“needed to do a new boy”, due to the fact that he would
sandwiches.* [67] Henley and Kerley then drove back to
appear restless, smoking cigarettes and making reflex move-
Houston Heights and Kerley parked his vehicle close to
ments.* [21] On June 4, Henley and Corll abducted a 15-
Henley's home. Henley exited the vehicle and walked to-
year-old named William Ray Lawrence; the youth was last
wards the home of 15-year-old Rhonda Williams, a friend
seen alive by his father on 31st Street.* [59] After three days
of his, who had been beaten by her drunken father that
of abuse and torture, Lawrence was strangled before being
evening, and who had decided to temporarily leave home
buried at Lake Sam Rayburn. Less than two weeks later,
until her father became sober.* [2] Henley invited Rhonda
a 20-year-old named Raymond Blackburn was abducted,
to spend the evening at Corll's home, Rhonda agreed and
strangled and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.
climbed into the back seat of Kerley's Volkswagen. The
On July 6, 1973, Wayne Henley began attending classes trio then drove towards Corll's Pasadena residence.
at the Coaches Driving School in Bellaire,* [60] where he
At approximately 3 a.m. on the morning of August 8, 1973,
became acquainted with a 15-year-old named Homer Luis
Henley and Kerley returned to Corll's home accompanied
Garcia.* [61] The following day, Garcia phoned his mother
by Rhonda Williams.* [68] Corll was furious that Henley
to say he was spending the night with a friend; he was shot
had brought a girl to his house, telling him in private that he
and left to bleed to death in Corll's bathtub before he was
had “ruined everything.”Henley explained that Williams
also buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.* [62]* [63] Five days later,
had argued with her father that evening, and did not wish
on July 12, a 17-year-old Orange County youth named John
to return home.* [2] Corll appeared to calm down, and of-
Sellars was bound, shot to death and buried at High Island
fered the trio beer and marijuana. The three teenagers be-
Beach.* [64]
gan drinking and smoking marijuana, with Henley and Ker-
In July 1973, David Brooks married his pregnant fi- ley also sniffing paint fumes* [69] as Corll watched them in-
ancée,* [21] and Henley temporarily became Corll's sole tently. After approximately two hours, Henley, Kerley, and
procurer of victims, assisting in the abduction and murder Williams each passed out.
of a further three Heights youths between July 19 and 25.
According to Henley, these three abductions were the only
three that occurred after his becoming an accomplice to 24.4.1 The shooting
Corll, in which David Brooks was not a participant.* [65]
One of these three victims, 15-year-old Michael Baulch, Henley awoke to find himself lying upon his stomach and
was last seen by his family on July 19 on his way to get Corll snapping handcuffs onto his wrists.* [69] His mouth
a haircut;* [66] he was strangled and buried at Lake Sam had been taped shut and his ankles had been bound to-
Rayburn. The other two victims in whose murder Brooks gether.* [2] Kerley and Williams lay beside Henley, securely
was not a participant, Charles Cobble and Marty Ray Jones, bound with nylon rope, gagged with adhesive tape and ly-
84 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

ing face down on the floor. Kerley had also been stripped After he shot Corll, Henley released Kerley and Williams
naked.* [70] from the torture board, and all three teenagers dressed and
Noting Henley had awoken, Corll removed the gag from discussed what actions they should take. Henley suggested
his mouth. Henley protested in vain against Corll's actions, to Kerley and Williams that they should simply leave, *
to
whereupon Corll reiterated that he was angry with Henley which Kerley “
replied, No, we should call the police.” [70]
for bringing a girl to his house and that he was going to kill Henley agreed and looked up the number for the Pasadena
all three teenagers after he had assaulted and tortured Ker- Police in Corll's telephone directory.
ley. He repeatedly kicked Williams in the chest,* [21] then
dragged Henley into his kitchen and placed a .22-caliber
pistol against his stomach, threatening to shoot him.* [71]
24.4.2 Contacting police
Henley calmed Corll, promising to participate in the torture
At 8:24 a.m. on August 8, 1973, Henley placed a call to the
and murder of both Williams and Kerley if Corll released
Pasadena Police.* [39]* :1* [41] His call was answered by an
him. Corll agreed and untied Henley, then carried Kerley
operator named Velma Lines. In his call, Henley blurted
and Williams into his bedroom and tied them to opposite
to the operator: “Y'all better come here right now! I just
sides of his torture board: Kerley on his stomach; Williams
killed a man!"* [68] Henley gave the address to the operator
on her back.
as 2020 Lamar Drive, Pasadena.* [77] As Kerley, Williams
Corll then handed Henley a hunting knife and ordered him and Henley waited upon Corll's porch for the police to ar-
to cut away Williams' clothes,* [72] insisting that, while he rive, Henley mentioned to Kerley that he had “done that
would rape and kill Kerley, Henley would do likewise to (killed by shooting) four or five times.”* [78]
Williams.* [2] Henley began cutting away Williams' clothes
Minutes later, a Pasadena Police car arrived at 2020 Lamar
as Corll undressed and began to assault and torture Ker-
Drive. The three teenagers were sitting on the porch outside
ley. Both Kerley and Williams had awakened by this point.
the house, and the officer noted the .22 caliber pistol on the
Kerley began writhing and shouting as Williams, whose gag
driveway near the trio. Henley told the officer that he was
Henley had removed, lifted her head and asked Henley,“Is
the individual who had made the call and indicated that the
this for real?" to which Henley answered,“Yes.”Williams
body of Dean Corll was inside the house.* [74]
then asked Henley: “Are you going to do anything about
it?" After confiscating the pistol and placing Henley, Williams
and Kerley inside the patrol car, the officer entered the bun-
Henley then asked Corll whether he might take Rhonda
galow and discovered Corll's body inside the hallway. The
into another room. Corll ignored him and Henley then
officer returned to the car and read Henley his Miranda
grabbed Corll's pistol, shouting, “You've gone far enough,
* rights. In response, Henley shouted: “I don't care who
Dean!" [73] As Corll clambered off Kerley, Henley elab-
knows about it! I have to get it off my chest!"* [79]
orated: “I can't go on any longer! I can't have you
kill all my friends!"* [21] Corll approached Henley, say- Kerley later told detectives that before the police officer had
ing, “Kill me, Wayne!"* [71] Henley stepped back a few arrived at Lamar Drive, Henley had told him,“I could have
paces as Corll continued to advance upon him, shouting, gotten $200 for you.”* [80]
“You won't do it!"* [2] Henley fired at Corll, hitting him
in the forehead (the bullet failed to fully penetrate Corll's
skull).* [19]* :3641 Corll continued to lurch towards Hen- 24.5 Confession
ley, whereupon the youth fired a further two rounds, hit-
ting Corll in the left shoulder.* [39]* :2 Corll spun round and
staggered out of the room, hitting the wall of the hallway. In custody at the Pasadena Police Department, Henley was
Henley fired three additional bullets into his lower back and initially questioned in relation to the murder of Dean Corll.
shoulder as Corll slid down the wall in the hallway outside Henley recounted the events of the previous evening and
the room where the two other teenagers were bound. Corll that morning; explaining that he had shot Corll in self-
died where he fell, his naked body lying face towards the defense. The statements given by Kerley and Williams cor-
wall.* [74]* [75]* [76] roborated Henley's account, and the detective questioning
Henley believed he had indeed acted in self-defense.* [81]
Henley would later recall that, having shot Corll, the sole
thought dominant in his mind in the moments immediately When questioned regarding his claim that as Corll had
thereafter was that Corll would have been proud of the way threatened him that* morning he had shouted that he had
he had reacted to the confrontation, adding that Corll had killed several boys, [82] Henley explained that for almost
been training him to react fast and react greatly, and that three years, he and David Brooks had helped procure
was what he had done.* [76] teenage boys, some of whom had been their own friends,
for Corll, who had raped and murdered them. Henley gave
24.5. CONFESSION 85

a verbal statement stating he had initially believed the boys 24.5.1 Search for victims
he had abducted were to be sold into a Dallas-based organi-
zation for “homosexual acts, sodomy, maybe later killing”
, but soon learned Corll was himself actively killing the vic- Henley agreed to accompany police to Corll's boat shed in
tims procured. Henley admitted he had assisted Corll in Southwest Houston, where he claimed the bodies of most of
several abductions and murders, and that he had actively the victims could be found. Inside Corll's boat shed, police
participated in the torture and mutilation of some victims found a half-stripped car, which turned out to have been
prior to their murder.* [83] Most victims had been buried in stolen from a used car lot in March, a child's bike, empty
a Southwest Houston boat shed; with others buried at Lake bags of lime,* [2] and a box full of teenage boys' clothing.
Sam Rayburn and High Island Beach.* [84] Corll had paid Police began digging through the soft, shell-crushed earth
up to $200 for each victim he or Brooks were able to lure of the boat shed and soon uncovered the body of a young
to his apartment.* [11] blond-haired teenaged boy, lying on his side, encased in
Police were initially skeptical of Henley's claims, assuming clear plastic and buried beneath a layer of lime. Police con-
the sole homicide of the case was that of Corll, which they tinued excavating through the earth of the shed, unearthing
had ascribed to being the result of drug-fueled fisticuffs that the remains of more victims in varying stages of decompo-
had turned deadly. Henley was quite insistent, however, sition.* [2] Most of the bodies found were wrapped in thick,
and upon his recalling the names of three boys̶Cobble, clear plastic sheeting. Some victims had been shot, oth-
Hilligiest and Jones̶whom he stated he and David Brooks ers strangled,* [89] the ligature still wrapped tightly around
had procured for Corll, the police accepted that there was their necks.
something to his claims, as all three teenagers were listed All of the victims found had been sodomized and most vic-
as missing at Houston Police headquarters. David Hilligiest tims found bore evidence of sexual torture: pubic hairs
had been reported missing in the summer of 1971; the other had been plucked out, genitals had been chewed, objects
two boys had been missing for just two weeks. Moreover, had been inserted into their rectums, and glass rods had
the floor of the room where the three teenagers had been been shoved into their urethrae and smashed.* [2]* [53]* [90]
tied was covered in thick plastic sheeting. Police also found Cloth rags had also been inserted into the victims' mouths
a plywood torture board measuring 8 by 3 feet (2.44 by 0.91 and adhesive tape wound around their faces to muffle their
m) with handcuffs in each corner. Also found at Corll's ad- screams.* [91] The mouth of the third victim unearthed on
dress were a large hunting knife, rolls of clear plastic of the August 8 ̶later identified as Marty Ray Jones ̶was so
same type used to cover the floor, a portable radio rigged to agape that all upper and lower teeth were visible, leading
a pair of dry cells to give increased volume,* [85] an electric investigators to theorize the youth had died with a scream
motor with loose wires attached,* [86] eight pairs of hand- on his lips.* [92] On August 8, 1973, eight corpses were un-
cuffs, a number of dildos, thin glass tubes and lengths of covered at the boat shed.* [93]
rope.* [2]
Accompanied by his father, David Brooks presented him-
Corll's Ford Econoline van parked in the driveway conveyed self at the Houston Police Station on the evening of August
a similar impression. The rear windows of the van were 8, 1973, and gave a statement denying any participation in
sealed by opaque blue curtains. In the rear of the vehicle, the murders, but admitting to having known that Corll had
police found a coil of rope, a swatch of beige rug covered in raped and killed two youths in 1970.* [94]
soil stains,* [85] and a wooden crate with air holes drilled in
On the morning of August 9, 1973, Henley gave a full
the sides. The pegboard walls inside the rear of the van were
written statement detailing his and Brooks' involvement
rigged with several rings and hooks.* [87] Another wooden
with Dean Corll in the abduction and murder of numer-
crate with air holes drilled in the sides was also found in
ous youths. In this confession, Henley readily admitted to
Corll's back yard. Inside this crate were several strands of
having personally killed several youths and having assisted
human hair.
Corll in the strangulation of others.* [48] He also stated the
“He (Henley) started to take a step inside (the boat shed), “only three”abductions and murders Brooks had not as-
but then his face just turned ashen, pale, grim ... he stag- sisted him and Corll with were three murders committed
gered around outside the door. Right then's when I knew in the summer of 1973. That afternoon, Henley accompa-
there were going to be bodies in that shed.” nied police to Lake Sam Rayburn in San Augustine County,
Houston Police officer describing Henley's actions upon where he, Brooks and Corll had buried four victims killed
leading police to Corll's boat shed on August 8.* [88] that year.* [95] Two additional bodies were found in shal-
low graves located close to a dirt road. Inside the lakeside
log cabin owned by Corll's family, police found a second
plywood torture board, rolls of plastic sheeting, shovels and
a sack of lime.* [96]
86 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

Police found nine additional bodies in the boat shed on Au- sive to their adamant insistence that their sons had no rea-
gust 9, 1973,* [97] all of which were in an advanced state sons to run away from home. Everett Waldrop, the father
of decomposition. One of the bodies unearthed bore evi- of Donald and Jerry Waldrop, complained that shortly after
dence of sexual mutilation (the severed genitals of the vic- his sons had disappeared in 1971, he had informed police
tim were found inside a sealed plastic bag placed beside the an acquaintance had observed Corll burying what appeared
body);* [98] another victim unearthed had several fractured to be bodies at his boat shed. In response, the police per-
ribs. The 13th and 14th bodies unearthed bore identifica- formed a perfunctory search around the shed, before dis-
tion cards naming the victims as Donald and Jerry Waldrop. missing the reports as a hoax.* [105] Waldrop also stated
that on one occasion when he visited the Houston Police
David Brooks gave a full confession on the evening of Au-
gust 9,* [99] admitting to being present at several killings Department, the police chief had simply told him, “Why
are you down here? You know your boys are runaways.”
and assisting in several burials, although he continued to *
deny any direct participation in the murders.* [100] In ref- [106] The mother of Gregory Malley Winkle stated:“You
don't run away [from home] with nothing but a bathing suit
erence to the torture board upon which Corll had restrained
and tortured his victims, Brooks stated: “Once they were and 80 cents.”* [107]
on the board, they were as good as dead; it was all over but
By April 1974, twenty-one of Corll's victims had been iden-
the shouting and the crying.”* [101] He agreed to accom- tified, with all but four of the youths having either lived in or
had close connections to Houston Heights.* [108] Two more
pany police to High Island Beach to assist in the search for
the bodies of the victims. teenagers were identified in 1983 and 1985: one of whom,
*
On August 10, 1973, Henley again accompanied police to Richard Kepner, also lived in* Houston Heights. [109] The
Lake Sam Rayburn, where two more bodies were found other youth, Willard Branch, [110] lived in the Oak Forest
buried just 10 feet (3 m) apart. As with the two bodies district of Houston.
found the previous day, both victims had been tortured and
severely beaten, particularly around the head.* [102] That
afternoon, both Henley and Brooks accompanied police to 24.6 Indictment
High Island Beach, leading police to the shallow graves of
two more victims. On August 13, a Grand Jury convened in Harris County to
On August 13, 1973, both Henley and Brooks again accom- hear evidence against Henley and Brooks: the first witnesses
panied the police to High Island Beach, where four more to testify were Rhonda Williams and Tim Kerley, who tes-
bodies were found, making a total of twenty-seven known tified to the events of August 7 and 8 leading to the death
victims – the worst killing spree in American history at the of Dean Corll,* [111] another witness who testified to his
time. experience at the hands of Dean Corll was Billy Ridinger.
After listening to over 6 hours of testimony from various
Henley initially insisted that there were two more bodies
people, on August 14, the jury initially indicted Henley on
to be found inside the boat shed, and also that the bodies
three murder charges and Brooks on one count. Bail for
of two more boys had been buried at High Island Beach
each youth was set at $100,000.* [112]
in 1972.* [103] At the time, the killing spree was the worst
case of serial murder, in terms of the number of victims, in The District Attorney requested that Henley undergo a psy-
the United States, exceeding the 25 murders attributed to chiatric examination to deduce whether he was mentally
Juan Corona, who had been arrested in California in 1971 competent to stand trial, but his attorney, Charles Melder,
for killing twenty-five men. The macabre record of num- opposed the decision, stating the move would violate Hen-
ber of known victims attributed to a single murder case set ley's Constitutional rights.
by the Houston Mass Murders was only surpassed in 1978 By the time the Grand Jury had completed its investigation,
by John Wayne Gacy, who murdered 33 boys and young Henley had been indicted for six murders, and Brooks for
men and who admitted to being influenced by Corll and his four. Henley was not charged with the death of Dean Corll,
accomplices. which was ruled self-defense.* [113]* [114]
Families of Corll's victims were highly critical of the
Houston Police Department,* [4]* [104] which had been
quick to list the missing boys as runaways who had not been
considered worthy of any major investigation. The families
24.7 Trial, conviction and incarcera-
of the murdered youths asserted that the police should have tion
noted an insidious trend in the pattern of disappearances
of teenage boys from the Heights neighborhood;* [21] other Elmer Wayne Henley and David Owen Brooks were tried
family members complained the police had been dismis- separately for their roles in the murders. Henley was
24.7. TRIAL, CONVICTION AND INCARCERATION 87

brought to trial in San Antonio on July 1, 1974,* [115] fense team's attempts to present evidence contending that
charged with six murders committed between March 1972 the initial trial should not have been held in San Antonio had
and July 1973. The prosecution called dozens of witnesses, also been overruled by the judge. Henley's appeal was up-
including Tim Kerley and a youth named Billy Ridinger, held and he was awarded a retrial in December 1978.* [123]
who had been lured to Corll's Schuler Street address by Henley's retrial began on June 18, 1979. This sec-
Henley, Brooks and Corll in 1972. Ridinger testified that ond trial was held in Corpus Christi,* [124] with Henley
at Corll's home he was tied to Corll's torture board and as- again represented by defense attorneys Will Gray and Ed
saulted repeatedly by Corll before he was released.* [116] Pegelow.* [125] Henley's attorneys again attempted to have
Other incriminating testimony came from police officers Henley's written statements ruled inadmissible. However,
who read from Henley's written statements. In one part of Judge Noah Kennedy ruled the written statements given by
his confession, Henley had described his luring of two of Henley on August 9, 1973 as admissible evidence. The re-
the victims for whose murder he had been brought to trial, trial lasted nine days, with Henley's attorneys again calling
Charles Cobble and Marty Jones, to Corll's Pasadena house. no defense witnesses and again attacking the credibility of
Henley had confessed that after their initial abuse and tor- Henley's written confession. The defense also contended
ture at Corll's home, Cobble and Jones each had one wrist the evidence provided by the State“belonged to Dean Corll,
and ankle bound to the same side of Corll's torture board. not Elmer Wayne Henley.”On June 27, 1979, the jury de-
The youths were then forced by Corll to fight each other liberated for over two hours before reaching their verdict:
with the promise that the youth who beat the other to death Henley was again convicted of six murders and sentenced
would be allowed to live. After several hours of each youth to six concurrent 99-year terms.* [125]
beating the other, Jones was tied to a board and forced to David Brooks was brought to trial on February 27,
watch Charles Cobble again be assaulted, tortured and shot 1975.* [126] Brooks had been indicted for four mur-
to death before he himself was again raped, tortured and ders* [127] committed between December 1970 and June
strangled with a venetian blind cord.* [117] The two youths 1973, but was brought to trial charged only with the June
were killed on July 27, 1973, two days after they had been 1973 murder of 15-year-old William Ray Lawrence.* [128]
reported missing. Several victims' parents had to leave the Brooks' defense attorney, Jim Skelton, argued that his client
courtroom to regain their composure as police and medical had not committed any murders and attempted to portray
examiners described how their relatives were tortured and Corll and, to a lesser degree, Henley as being the active
murdered. participants in the actual killings.* [129] Assistant District
Throughout the trial, the State introduced eighty-two pieces Attorney Tommy Dunn dismissed the defense's contention
of evidence, including Corll's torture board and one of the outright, at one point telling the jury: “This defendant was
boxes used to transport the victims.* [118] Inside the box, in on this killing, this murderous rampage, from the very
police had found hair which examiners had concluded came beginning. He tells you he was a cheerleader if nothing
from Charles Cobble.* [119] Upon advice from his defense else. That's what he was telling you about his presence. You
counsel, Henley did not take the stand to testify. His defense know he was in on it.”* [128]
attorney, Will Gray, cross-examined several witnesses but David Brooks' trial lasted less than one week. The jury
did not call any witnesses or experts for the defense. deliberated for just 90 minutes before they reached a ver-
On July 15, 1974, both counsels presented their closing dict. He was found guilty of Lawrence's murder on March
arguments to the jury:* [120] the prosecution seeking life 4, 1975, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He showed no
imprisonment; the defense a verdict of not guilty. In his emotion as the sentence was passed, although his wife burst
closing argument to the jury, District Attorney Carol Vance into tears.* [128]
apologized for his not being able to seek the death penalty, Brooks also appealed against his sentence, contending that
adding that the case was the “most extreme example of the signed confessions used against him were taken without
man's inhumanity to man I have ever seen.”* [121] his being informed of his legal rights, but his appeal was
The jury deliberated for 92 minutes before finding Henley dismissed in May 1979.* [130]
guilty of all six murders for which he was tried.* [122] The Both Henley and Brooks are serving life sentences.* [131]
following day, July 16,* [39]* :34 Henley was sentenced to Henley is incarcerated at the Mark W. Michael Unit in
six consecutive 99-year terms̶a total of 594 years̶for Anderson County, Texas;* [132] Brooks is incarcerated at
each of the murders for which he was charged. the Ramsey Unit near Rosharon, Texas.* [133]
Henley appealed against his sentence and conviction, con-
tending the jury in his initial trial had not been sequestered;
that his attorneys' objections to news media being present
in the courtroom had been overruled and citing that his de-
88 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

24.8 Victims • May 29: David Hilligiest, 13. One of Henley's earliest
childhood friends; he was last seen alongside his friend
Corll and his accomplices are known to have killed a min- Gregory Malley Winkle climbing into a white van.
imum of 28 teenagers and young men between September
• May 29: Gregory Malley Winkle, 16. A former em-
1970 and August 1973, although it is suspected that the true
ployee of Corll Candy Company and boyfriend of
number of victims may be 29 or more. As Corll had been
Randell Harvey's sister; Winkle disappeared on his
killed immediately prior to his murders being discovered,
way to visit a local swimming pool. His body was
the true number of victims he had claimed will never be
found in the boat shed with the cord used to strangle
known. To date, 27 of Corll's known victims have been
him knotted around his neck.* [136]
identified, and the identity of a 28th victim whose body has
never been found is conclusively known. All of these vic- • August 17: Ruben Watson Haney, 17. Left his home
tims had been killed by either shooting, strangulation or a to visit the cinema on the afternoon of August 17.
combination of both. Haney later called his mother to tell her he was spend-
ing the evening with Brooks. He was gagged, strangled
and buried in Corll's boat shed.* [137]
24.8.1 1970

• September 25: Jeffrey Konen, 18. A student at the 24.8.3 1972


University of Texas at Austin abducted while hitch-
hiking from Austin to the Braeswood Place district of • February 9: Willard Branch, Jr. 17. The
Houston. He was buried at High Island Beach.* [134] son of a Houston Police officer who subsequently
died of a heart attack in the search for his son.
• December 13: James Glass, 14. An acquaintance of Branch was emasculated before he was strangled and
Corll who also knew David Brooks. Glass was last buried in the boat shed. Remains identified July
seen by his brother in the company of Danny Yates 1985.* [138]* [139]* [140]
walking towards the exit of the church the trio had at-
tended. He was strangled with a cord and buried inside • March 24: Frank Aguirre, 18. Aguirre had been en-
the boat shed. gaged to marry Rhonda Williams, whose presence in
Corll's house sparked the fatal confrontation between
• December 13: Danny Yates, 14. Lured with his friend Henley and Corll. He was strangled and buried at High
James Glass from a Heights evangelical rally by David Island Beach.* [141]* [142]* [143]
Brooks to Corll's Yorktown apartment. He and his
friend were strangled before being buried in a com- • April 20: Mark Scott, 17. A friend of both Henley
*
mon grave in Corll's boat shed. [21] and Brooks who was killed at Corll's Schuler Street
address. According to Henley, Scott was strangled and
buried at High Island, although his remains were never
24.8.2 1971 found.* [144]

• May 21: Johnny Delome, 16. A Heights youth who


• January 30: Donald Waldrop, 15. Vanished on his was last seen with his friend walking to a local store.
way to visit a friend to discuss forming a bowling He was shot in the head, then strangled by Hen-
league. According to Brooks, Donald's father, who ley.* [145]
was a builder, was working on the apartment next to
Corll's at the time that Donald and his brother were • May 21: Billy Baulch Jr., 17. A former employee of
murdered.* [135] Corll Candy Company. Baulch was forced to write a
letter to his parents claiming he and Delome had found
• January 30: Jerry Waldrop, 13. The youngest of work in Madisonville before he was strangled by Hen-
Corll's victims. He and his brother were strangled ley and buried at High Island Beach.* [146]
and buried in a common grave inside Corll's boat
shed.* [135] • July 19: Steven Sickman, 17. Sickman was last seen
leaving a party held in the Heights. He suffered sev-
• March 9: Randell Harvey, 15. Disappeared on his eral fractured ribs before he was strangled with a nylon
way home from his job as a gas station attendant; he cord and buried in the boat shed. Remains misiden-
was shot in the head and buried in Corll's boat shed. tified December 1993 and correctly identified March
Remains identified October 2008. 2011.* [147]
24.8. VICTIMS 89

• c. August 21: Roy Bunton, 19. Disappeared on his • July 19: Michael Baulch, 15. Corll had killed his older
way to work at a shoe store. He was shot twice in the brother, Billy, the previous year. He was strangled
head and buried in the boat shed. Remains misidenti- and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn. Remains identified
fied October 1973 and correctly identified November September 2010.* [157]
2011.* [148]* [149]
• July 25: Marty Jones, 18. Jones was last seen along
• October 2: Wally Jay Simoneaux, 14. Lured with with his friend and roommate, Charles Cobble, walk-
his friend into Brooks' Corvette on the night of Oc- ing along 27th Street in the company of Henley.
tober 2. Simoneaux attempted to call his mother
at Corll's residence before the phone was discon- • July 25: Charles Cary Cobble, 17. A school friend
nected. He was strangled and buried in Corll's boat of Henley whose wife was pregnant at the time of his
shed.* [3]* [11]* [150] murder; Cobble last phoned his father in a state of
hysteria claiming he and Jones had been kidnapped by
• October 2: Richard Hembree, 13. Last seen alongside
drug dealers. His body, shot twice in the head, was
his friend in a vehicle parked outside a Heights grocery
found in the boat shed.* [158]* [159]
store. He was shot in the mouth and strangled at Corll's
Westcott Towers address.* [146]
• August 3: James Dreymala, 13. The son of Seventh-
• November 12: Richard Kepner, 19. Vanished on his day Adventists, Dreymala was last seen riding his bike
way to call his fiancée from a pay phone, he was stran- in South Houston. He last called his parents to tell
gled and buried at High Island Beach. Remains iden- them he was at a “party”across town.* [160]
tified September 1983.* [151]
Footnotes
24.8.4 1973
• At Henley's trial in 1974, the Harris County medi-
• February 1: Joseph Lyles, 17. An acquaintance of cal examiner raised questions as to whether John Sel-
Corll who lived on the same street as Brooks. He was lars was actually a victim of Dean Corll.* [161] Sel-
seen by Brooks to be “grabbed”by Corll at his Wirt lars, a U.S. Marine who had been reported missing
Road address and was subsequently buried at Jefferson on July 12, 1973,* [162] had been killed by four gun-
County Beach.* [152] Remains located August 1983 shot wounds to the chest fired from a rifle, whereas all
and identified November 2009. of Corll's other known victims had either been shot
with the same pistol that Henley had used to kill Corll
• June 4: William Ray Lawrence, 15. A friend of Hen- or strangled. Moreover, Sellars' car had been found
ley who phoned his father to ask if he could go fish- burned-out in Starks one week after the youth had dis-
ing with “some friends.”He was kept alive by Corll appeared.* [161]
for three days before he was strangled with a cord and
buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.* [39]* :27* [153] • Police had been led to Sellars' body on August 13,
1973 by a trucker who recalled conversing with a
• June 15: Raymond Blackburn, 20. A married man
youth he believed to be Henley after he had observed
from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, who vanished while
a car stuck in the sand close to where Sellars' body
hitchhiking from the Heights to see his newborn child.
was subsequently found. The youth had rebuffed the
He was strangled by Corll at his Lamar Drive residence
trucker's offer of assisting to free the car, stating he
and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.* [154]
had two friends with him who would free the vehi-
• July 7: Homer Garcia, 15. Met Henley while both cle.* [163] Neither Henley or Brooks specifically men-
youths were enrolled at a Bellaire driving school. He tioned Sellars being a victim of Corll's in their confes-
was shot in the head and chest and left to bleed to death sions, nor have they disputed his being a victim. The
in Corll's bathtub before he was buried at Lake Sam official tally of victims was reduced to 26 in 1974 after
Rayburn.* [155] Dr. Jachimczyk testified Sellars “probably was not”
murdered by Corll and his accomplices. However, Sel-
• July 12: John Sellars, 17. An Orange County youth lars was of the same age as Corll's known victims and
killed two days before his 18th birthday. Sellars was his grave on High Island Beach was close to where con-
killed by four gunshots to the chest and buried at High firmed victims of Corll were buried. In addition, the
Island Beach. He was the only victim to be buried fully youth's body was found bound hand and foot with rope
clothed.* [156] as other victims had been.
90 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

24.8.5 Forensic developments research to Dr. Derrick that indicated that the second
victim unearthed from the boat shed had been mis-
In June 2008, Dr. Sharon Derrick, a forensic anthropol- identified.* [45]
ogist with the medical examiner's office in Houston, re-
leased digital images of Corll's three still-unidentified vic- • Henley had stated in his confession to police that he
tims. The unidentified victims were listed as ML73-3349, and Corll had “choked”Michael Baulch and buried
ML73-3356 and ML73-3378. Two of the unidentified vic- him at Lake Sam Rayburn. The unidentified vic-
tims were found buried in the boat shed and were estimated tim mistakenly identified as Michael Baulch had been
to have been killed in 1971 or 1972.* [164]* [165] ML73- killed by two gunshots to the head and buried inside
3378 was buried at Lake Sam Rayburn just 10 feet (3 m) the boat shed. Three factors had helped lead to the
from the body of Homer Garcia, who had disappeared on 1973 mis-identification of Michael Baulch: Michael's
July 7, 1973.* [166] The victim was estimated to be in a parents had previously filed a missing person's report
slightly more advanced state of decomposition to Garcia, on their son (who had previously left home to search
leading investigators to estimate that he had been killed in for his older brother)* [171] in August 1972 – precisely
mid- to late-June 1973.* [167] the same time as the second victim unearthed from
the boat shed was estimated to have been killed. This
was the only missing person's report on file for Michael
• On October 17, 2008, ML73-3349 was identified as
Baulch. In addition, the victim was of a similar height
Randell Lee Harvey; a Heights teenager who had been
to Baulch and circumstantial dental fractures had also
reported missing on March 11, 1971 – two days af-
helped facilitate the mis-identification.
ter he had disappeared. Harvey, who had been shot
through the eye,* [43] was wearing a navy blue jacket • On November 4, 2011, the victim mistakenly iden-
with red lining, jeans and lace-up boots. A plastic or- tified as Michael Baulch (case file ML73-3333) was
ange pocket comb was also found alongside his body. identified through DNA analysis as Roy Eugene Bun-
ton, a Heights teenager who was last seen by his fam-
• A body found on a beach in Jefferson County in Au-
ily heading for work at a Houston shoe store in 1972.
gust 1983 is strongly believed to be a 28th victim of
Bunton's family had always believed him to be a vic-
Dean Corll.* [57] The body was identified November
tim of Corll and had contacted Dr. Derrick in 2009
11, 2009, through DNA analysis as 17-year-old Joseph
to submit a DNA sample for comparison with the
Lyles, a Heights teenager who had disappeared on
unidentified bodies. Initially, the results conducted
February 1, 1973. Lyles is known to have both vis-
had been negative due to the misidentification of Bun-
ited Corll's apartment and to have lived on the same
ton's remains as being those of Michael Baulch. How-
street as David Brooks. He was listed as a possible vic-
ever, upon discovering the 1973 misidentification of
tim of Corll after the other murders were discovered
Baulch's remains, DNA samples obtained from Bun-
in 1973.* [168] At the time of his disappearance, Corll
ton's family were compared to those taken from the
resided in an apartment at 1855 Wirt Road, where he
body mistakenly identified as being that of Michael
lived between January 20 and March 7, 1973, when
Baulch and these proved to be a conclusive match to
he moved to his father's Pasadena bungalow.* [169]
Roy Bunton. Bunton is estimated to have been killed
Brooks had specifically stated Corll had“got one boy
on or about August 21, 1972.
by himself”during the time he lived at this address.
In addition, at the time that Lyles disappeared, Hen-
ley had temporarily moved to Mount Pleasant,* [170]
which leaves a strong possibility that Corll had killed • In the confession given by Elmer Wayne Henley on
Lyles without the assistance of Henley. August 9, 1973, the youth had stated that victim Mark
Scott had been strangled and buried at High Island.
• On September 13, 2010, DNA analysis was able to David Brooks had also stated in his confession that
confirm that the unidentified victim known as ML73- Scott (who was well known to both of Corll's accom-
3378 was actually Michael Anthony Baulch, who plices) was likely buried at High Island. Scott had been
had incorrectly been identified as case file ML73- a blond youth who had not had any teeth extracted
3333: the second victim unearthed from the boat prior to his disappearance; however, a Dr. Elizabeth
shed. Michael Baulch had disappeared en route to a Johnson of the Harris County Medical Institute had
barbers on July 19, 1973 ̶a year after his brother, concluded in 1993 that the fifteenth set of remains un-
Billy, had been murdered by Corll. The 1973 mis- earthed from the boat shed̶which had physical char-
identification of Michael Baulch was discovered as a acteristics such as dark brown hair and two extracted
result of an independent investigation conducted by a molars̶were those of Mark Scott. Dr. Johnson had
reporter named Barbara Gibson, who submitted her based her findings upon comparison of DNA analysis
24.9. POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL VICTIMS 91

and who was murdered at Corll's Westcott Towers ad-


dress. Sickman's mother had reported her son missing
shortly after his disappearance, but police had been
unwilling to conduct a search for the youth, telling the
mother that the youth was 17 years old and that unless
they found a body, there was nothing they could do to
assist her. Had Henley not been adamant in his asser-
tion that the body of Mark Scott had been misidenti-
fied, Sickman would have never been conclusively con-
firmed as a victim of Corll.* [172]

• All six bodies directly linked to the Houston Mass


Murders found at High Island have been identified. As
Henley's claim that the victim known as ML73-3355
was not Mark Scott has been proven to be correct, a
strong suspicion remains that the body of Mark Scott
remains buried on High Island.

24.9 Possible additional victims


Forty-two boys had vanished within the Houston area since
1970.* [39]* :9 The police were heavily criticized for curtail-
ing the search for further victims once the macabre record
set by Juan Corona for having the most victims had been
surpassed. After finding the 26th and 27th bodies, tied to-
gether, at High Island Beach, the search was terminated on
August 13, 1973,* [174] despite Henley's insistence that two
further bodies had been buried on the beach in 1972. A cu-
rious feature about this final discovery was the presence of
Mark Scott. Initial DNA tests conducted in 1993 led to the remains two extra bones (an arm bone and a pelvis) in the grave,
of Steven Sickman being misidentified as Scott* [172]
indicating at least one additional victim awaiting discovery.
The two bodies that Henley had insisted were still buried on
of a blood sample taken from Scott's mother with the the beach may have been those of Mark Scott and Joseph
remains unearthed from the boat shed, stating with a Lyles. In light of developments relating to the identifica-
98.5% degree of accuracy the decedent had been re- tions of victims, the body of Mark Scott still lies undiscov-
lated to Scott's mother.* [172] ered at High Island and the victim Joseph Lyles was only
found by chance in 1983. Had the search for bodies con-
• In a 2010 interview granted to an investigative re-
tinued, the two victims would have likely been discovered.
porter named Barbara Gibson, Henley disputed the
Following Hurricane Ike in 2008, the area of High Island
1993 identification of a victim buried in the boat shed
Beach where Corll is known to have buried his victims re-
as being Mark Scott and reiterated his claim that Scott
mains submerged,* [21] leaving a strong possibility the body
had been buried at High Island“in the sand: fetal po-
of Mark Scott will never be found.
sition; head up,”* [173] adding that he had repeatedly
argued this point with Dr. Jachimczyk. “How that man was able to go out to that storage shed, time
after time, and bury one more dead boy is something I'll
• As a result of Henley's claims, DNA tests on the body never understand. You get close to evil like that, no matter
identified as Scott were again tested against samples of how long ago it was, and it never leaves you.”
DNA taken from Scott's family. In March 2011, DNA
analysis confirmed that the victim known as ML73- Detective David Mullican, *
recollecting the Houston Mass
3355, had also been misidentified and the same month, Murders, April 2011. [21]
the victim was identified as Steven Kent Sickman, a Fellow workers at the Corll Candy Company recalled Corll
17-year-old who was last seen walking down West doing a lot of digging in the years leading up to 1968, when
34th street shortly before midnight on July 19, 1972, his mother's third marriage was deteriorating and the firm
92 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

was failing. Corll stated he was burying spoiled candy to tim had likely been killed in 1971 or 1972. This uniden-
avoid contamination by insects. He subsequently cemented tified victim was found wearing swimming trunks,* [177]
over the floor. He was also observed digging in waste cowboy boots, a leather bracelet and a T-shirt, leading in-
ground that was later converted into a car park. Former vestigators to conclude that he was likely killed in the sum-
employees of the Corll Candy Company also recalled that mer months. The body was found buried near the entrance
Corll had rolls of clear plastic of precisely the same type to the boat shed between the bodies of Ruben Haney and
used to bury his victims. Moreover, colleagues at the Hous- Steven Sickman, whereas the bodies of the victims killed
ton Lighting and Power Company̶where Corll had been between December 1970 and May 1971 were found buried
employed since 1968̶would also state that, from the ear- at the rear of the shed.* [178] It is likely, though not con-
liest days of his employment, Corll had repeatedly retained clusive, that the unidentified 16th victim found within the
coils of used nylon cord which would otherwise have been boatshed may have been killed in the late summer or early
discarded. This brand of cord was the same type used to fall of 1971. Dr. Sharon Derrick has stated that she has rea-
strangle and bind the bodies of many of his victims.* [175] son to believe this particular victim may be named Harman,
The suspicion is that Corll may have begun killing much Harmon or French,* [179] due to the fact that the only out-
earlier than 1970, and may also have been abusing youths standing missing person's reports relating to youths from
prior to this date.* [176] the Houston area dated between 1970 and 1973 which fit
Moreover, Brooks names Corll's first murder victim as a the forensic profile of this unknown youth hold these sur-
youth killed at an apartment complex on Judiway Street, names. In addition, the T-shirt this youth had worn bore
where Corll had lived prior to September 1970.* [166] The a handwritten inscription believed to read either 'LB4MF',
earliest victims Brooks had initially confessed to having 'LBHMF',* [179] or 'L84MF'.* [180]
known Corll had killed were two teenage boys killed at Regardless of the date when the unidentified victim buried
3300 Yorktown, an address Corll had moved to after he in the boat shed had been killed, there still remains a gap
had moved out of his Judiway Street apartment. The earli- of four months between February and June 1973 when no
est double murder Corll is known to have committed is the known victims had been claimed by Corll. In March 1973,
double murder of James Glass and Danny Yates in Decem- a Mr. and Mrs. Abernathy* [181] had reported to Galveston
ber 1970. Glass and Yates were actually killed at Corll's County authorities that they had observed three men carry-
Yorktown address, as was Corll's earliest known murder ing and burying a“long, wrapped bundle”* [182] at Galve-
victim, Jeffrey Alan Konen, killed in September 1970. A ston Beach. The couple identified two of the men as Corll
possibility exists that the earliest double murder victims and Henley. The third individual had long, blond hair –
were Glass and Yates; however, Brooks specifically named like Brooks. As the couple watched the trio, one of the
James Glass, a youth he knew, in his confession to police men (whom they later identified as Henley) advanced upon
and described the youth as being killed in an altogether the car with such a menacing expression that the couple felt
separate double murder to the first double murder Corll is compelled to drive away.* [19]* :3670
known to have committed. In addition, Brooks only knew
Two women had also observed three men digging at the
the location of Konen's body at High Island Beach due to the beach in May 1973 – one of whom they positively identified
fact that Corll had shown him the location.* [146] It is pos-
as David Brooks. However, police were again unwilling to
sible that the initial double murder Brooks had discovered extend the search.* [11]
Corll in the process of committing occurred after the mur-
der of Konen and before those of Glass and Yates. These In February 2012, a picture was released to the news media
details, alongside the fact two additional bones were found of a likely unknown victim of Dean Corll.* [183] The color
with the 26th and 27th victims discovered, indicate a min- Polaroid image had been found in the personal possessions
imum of two and possibly four more unknown victims. of Henley which had been stored by his family since his
arrest in 1973. The image depicts a blond-haired teenage
There are two suspiciously long gaps between known vic- youth in handcuffs, strapped to an undepicted device upon
tims in the chronology of Corll's known murders. Corll's Corll's floor – alongside a toolbox known to contain various
last known victim of 1971 was Ruben Watson Haney, who instruments Corll is known to have used to torture his vic-
disappeared on August 17. The first victim of 1972 was tims. The individual depicted has been ruled out by the Har-
Willard Karmon Branch, Jr., who disappeared on Febru- ris County Medical Examiner as being any of Corll's known
ary 9, meaning no known victims were killed for almost six victims – including his one remaining known unidentified
months. Moreover, Corll is also not known to have killed victim. Henley himself has stated that the picture must
between February 1 and June 4, 1973. Corll's only known have been taken after he had acquired a Polaroid camera in
unidentified victim̶the 16th body found in the boat shed
1972 – although he is adamant that he has no idea who this
̶was in an advanced stage of decomposition at the time of boy is. Given that Henley became acquainted with Corll in
his discovery, leading investigators to deduce that the vic-
1972, it is likely this boy would have been killed in 1972 or
24.10. MEDIA 93

murder victims had been buried in California.* [135]

24.10 Media

24.10.1 Film
• A film loosely inspired by the Houston Mass Murders,
Freak Out, was released in 2003. The film was directed
by Brad Jones, who also starred as Dean Corll. This
film largely focuses upon the last night of Dean Corll's
life, prior to Henley shooting him and contacting au-
thorities.* [186]
• Production of an as-yet unreleased film directly based
A Polaroid image depicting a likely unknown victim of Corll. This upon the Houston Mass Murders, In a Madman's
image was taken in 1972 or 1973. World, finished in 2014.* [187] Directed by Josh Var-
gas, it is based upon Elmer Wayne Henley's life be-
fore, during, and immediately after his involvement
1973.* [184] with Dean Corll and David Brooks.* [188]

24.9.1 Potential association with Dallas sex 24.10.2 Bibliography


ring
• Christian, Kimberly (2015). Horror in the Heights:
During a routine investigation in March 1975, the Hous- The True Story of The Houston Mass Murders. Cre-
ton police discovered a cache of pornographic pictures and ateSpace. ISBN 978-1-515-19072-1.
films depicting young boys. Of the 16 individuals depicted
• Gurwell, John K. (1974). Mass Murder in Houston.
within the films and photos, 11 of the youths appeared to be
Cordovan Press.
among the 21 victims of Dean Corll who had been identi-
fied by this date.* [185] The discovery raised the disturbing • Hanna, David (1975). Harvest of Horror: Mass Mur-
possibility that the statements Corll had given to both Hen- der in Houston. Belmont Tower.
ley and Brooks prior to his murder that he was associated
with an organization based in Dallas that“bought and sold • Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The
boys”* [155] may indeed have held a degree of truth. The Story of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schus-
discovery of the material in Houston in 1975 subsequently ter. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
led to the arrest of five individuals in Santa Clara, Califor-
• Rosewood, Jack (2015). Dean Corll: The True Story
nia.* [185] No direct link in these arrests to the Houston
of The Houston Mass Murders. CreateSpace ISBN
Mass Murders was proven, as the Houston authorities de-
978-1-517-48500-9.
clined to pursue any possible link to the serial killings, stat-
ing they felt Corll's victims' families had“suffered enough”
.* [185] 24.10.3 Television
There is still no conclusive evidence to suggest that Corll
had ever solicited any of his victims in this manner, not only • A 1982 documentary, The Killing of America, features
because the Houston authorities chose not to pursue this po- a section devoted to the Houston Mass Murders.
tential possibility, but also because neither David Brooks • FactualTV host a documentary focusing upon the mur-
nor Wayne Henley have ever mentioned meeting any indi- ders committed by Corll and his accomplices. Dr.
viduals from the “organization”Corll had claimed he was Sharon Derrick is among those interviewed for the
involved with. In addition to these facts, they have never documentary.
mentioned ever having seen the victims either filmed, pho-
tographed or released from Corll's torture board until af- • The Investigation Discovery channel has broadcast
ter their torture and murder. The arrests in Santa Clara a documentary focusing upon the Houston Mass
do, however, indicate a possible validity into Brooks' state- Murders within their documentary series, Most Evil.
ments to police that Corll had informed him that his earliest This documentary, entitled“Manipulators”, features
94 CHAPTER 24. DEAN CORLL

an interview with Elmer Wayne Henley conducted [17] Harvest of Horror, David Hanna, 1975, p. 74
by a former forensic psychologist named Kris Mo-
[18] Harvest of Horror, David Hanna, 1975, p 74-75
handie.* [189]
[19]“The Candy Man”. Murder Casebook (Marshall Cavendish)
7 (102). 1991.
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[50] “Details Described in Boy's Slayings”. The Palm Beach ties”. The Miami News. August 14, 1973. Retrieved Octo-
Post. UPI. July 11, 1974. Retrieved October 16, 2015. ber 17, 2015.
[51] Ancestry.com [70] “Shooting of Corll Described”. The Victoria Advocate.
[52] Glenn, Mike (August 31, 2015).“Quest ends in anguish for Associated Press. January 23, 1974. Retrieved October 16,
sister of killer Corll's victim”. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2015.
October 16, 2015.
[71] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story
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of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
[72] Montaldo, Charles. “Dean Corll and the Houston Mass
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[73] Barlow, Jim (January 23, 1974). “Mass murder suspect
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the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 67. ISBN sociated Press. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
978-0-7432-1283-0.
[74] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of
[56] “Loislaw Corll/Henley/Brooks case study”. Loislaw.com. the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 98. ISBN
Retrieved December 4, 2013. 978-0-7432-1283-0.
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[75] Haines, Max (February 25, 1984). “Houston mass murder- [92] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of
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[76] Conaway, James (April 1976).“The Last Kid on the Block” [93] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of
. Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 16, 2015. the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. pp. 128–
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[77] Lehto, Steve (February 3, 2015). American Murder Houses:
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cide. Penguin Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-101-59301-1. the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. pp. 124–
Retrieved October 17, 2015. 135. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.

[78] “Witness Says Corll Asked to Be Killed”. The Argus-Press. [95] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story
Associated Press. January 23, 1974. Retrieved October 17, of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 141.
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[79] “Elmer Wayne Henley's confession (appealed)". [96] “Houston deaths now 27”. Ellensburg Daily Record. UPI.
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[80] Ramsland, Katherine (August 13, 2014). “Dean Corll, [97] Rhor, Monica (June 9, 2008). “Coroner tries to ID mur-
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[98] “Mass Murder Case Traced”. The Victoria Advocate. June
[81] Harvest of Horror, David Hanna, 1975, p. 21 18, 1975. Retrieved November 4, 2015.

[82] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story [99] Harvest of Horror, 1975 p.27-31
of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 102.
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of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 153.
[83] Sarasota Journal Jan. 17, 1974 ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.

[84] Harvest of Horror, 1975 p.7 [101] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story
of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 135.
[85] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 99. ISBN
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[86] “Eugene Register Guard 22 Jun. 1979 edition”. [103] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story
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2013. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.

[87] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of [104] “Henley's slaying of Corll exposes murders of 26 boys”.
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ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0. 2015.

[88] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story [105] “Sex Slaying Probers Halt Digging at 27”. The Milwaukee
of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 108. Journal. August 14, 1973. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
[106] “Angry Houston police chief defends force”. Lodi News-
[89] “Sarasota Herald-Tribune news archives”. Sentinel. UPI. August 14, 1973. Retrieved November 4,
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were pulling their pubic hairs out one by one, shoving glass of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schuster. p. 161.
rods up the penis and shoving a bullet-like instrument in the ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
victim's rectum.”̶Detective Sgt. David Mullican
[109] “Woman's 11-Year Search for Son Ends in Morgue”.
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[132] "Henley, Elmer Wayne Jr" (Archive). Texas Department of
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[125] “Mass Killer Guilty Again”. Daytona Beach Morning Jour- [145] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of
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[127] “Jury Selection Begins in Mass Murders Case”. The Argus- [147] Texas Crime News Apr. 2012
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[150] “LA Times”. Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. August 19, 1973. [170] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy: The Story of
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[153] David Hanna. Harvest of Horror: Mass Murder in Houston. [172] HoustonMassMurders.com Sept. 2013
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[154] The Psychology of Serial Killer Investigations: The Grisly
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[155] “Lewiston Evening Journal archives”. News.google.com. [175] Mass Murder in Houston, John K.Gurwell, p. 127
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[177] Houston Chronicle.com Dec. 5, 2014


[157] Houston Chronicle.com Sep. 18, 2010
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ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
[179] Olsen, Lise (December 1, 2011). “After decades, another
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[160] “The Victoria Advocate news archives”. News.google.com. [180] Aguilar, Charlotte (July 18, 2013). “The Last Lost Boy:
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[165] IdentifyUs.org Case file 4547 [185] Jeffers, H. Paul (1992). Profiles in Evil. Futura Pubns. pp.
130–131. ISBN 0-7088-5449-4.
[166] “The Police News, May 2010 edition”. Familybadge.org.
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[187] Rouner, Jeff (December 4, 2013). “Real Horror: Local


[167] “Coroner still seeks three victims' names after 35 years”.
Filmmaker Brings the Horrific Crimes of Dean Corll to the
Texarkana Gazette. Retrieved November 28, 2008./ Texar-
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cana Gazette news archives
[188] “imdb.com”. Uk.imdb.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
[168] Monica Rhor (November 12, 2009). “Lubbock Avalanche
Journal archives”. Lubbockonline.com. Retrieved Decem- [189] “Investigation Discovery Reveals Who Is Most Evil with
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day, December 7”. Discovery Communications. November
[169] Mass Murder in Houston, John K.Gurwell, p. 81 24, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
24.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 99

24.12 Cited works and further read- • Medical Examiner's Case Report PA-29-30-31#2:
unidentified partial human remains found at High Is-
ing land August 9, 1973 strongly believed to belong to
Houston Mass Murders case
• Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibballs, Geoff (1993). Killers.
Boxtree. pp. 408–412. ISBN 0-7522-0850-0. • The Girl on the Torture Board: 2014 Houston Press
news article focusing upon surviving victims Rhonda
• Gurwell, John K (1974). Mass Murder in Houston. Williams and Timothy Kerley
Cordovan Press.
• Digging for the Truth: Houston Mass Murders: A web-
• Hanna, David (1975). Harvest of Horror: Mass Mur- site detailing past and present investigations into the
der in Houston. Belmont Tower. Houston Mass Murders

• Keppel, Robert D.; Birnes, William J. (2003). The


Psychology of Serial Killer Investigations: The Grisly
Business Unit. Academic Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-
12-404260-5.

• Lane, Brian; Gregg, Wilfred (1992). The Encyclope-


dia of Serial Killers. ISBN 978-0-7472-3731-0.

• Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man With the Candy: The


Story of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon & Schus-
ter. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.

• Vance, Michael; Lomax, John (2014). Murder and


Mayhem in Houston: Historic Bayou City Crime. ISBN
978-1-6261-9521-9.

24.13 External links


• Elmer Wayne Henley's confession

• David Brooks' confession.

• David Brooks' confession specific to the case of


William Ray Lawrence

• The Houston Horrors, TIME. Monday, August 20,


1973

• CrimeLibrary.com article upon Dean Corll

• Archival news footage of Houston Mass Murders

• Image released in 2012 depicting a likely 30th uniden-


tified victim of Dean Corll

• The clothing worn by Corll's only known unidentified


victim

• Case information upon unknown victim ML73-3356:


Corll's only known unidentified victim

• Facial reconstructions depicting unidentified victim


ML73-3356
Chapter 25

Delphine LaLaurie

For the fictionalized version of the actual killer in American tic who showed evidence of cruel, violent treatment over a
Horror Story: Coven, see Delphine LaLaurie (American long period. Lalaurie's house was subsequently sacked by
Horror Story). an outraged mob of New Orleans citizens. She escaped to
France with her family.* [2]
The mansion where Lalaurie lived is a landmark in the
French Quarter, in part because of its history and in part
because there were relatively few homes of such massive
size in the Quarter.

25.1 Biography to 1834

Delphine Macarty was born about 1780, one of five chil-


dren. Her father was Louis Barthelemy Macarty (origi-
nally Chevalier de Maccarthy) whose father Barthelemy (de)
Maccarthy brought the family to New Orleans from Ireland
around 1730, during the French colonial period.* [3] (The
Scots-Irish surname Maccarthy was shortened to Macarty
or de Macarty.) Her mother was Marie Jeanne Lovable,* [4]
also known as “the widow Lecomte”, whose marriage to
Louis B. Macarty was her second.* [3] Both were promi-
nent in the town's white Creole community.* [4] Delphine's
cousin, Augustin de Macarty, was mayor of New Orleans
from 1815 to 1820.* [5]
On June 11, 1800, Mlle. Marie Delphine Macarty married
Don Ramón de Lopez y Angulo, a Caballero de la Royal
The Lalaurie mansion, from a 1906 postcard de Carlos (a high-ranking Spanish royal officer),* [4]* [6] at
the Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans.* [4] (Luisiana,
as it was spelled in Spanish, had become a Spanish colony
Marie Delphine Lalaurie (née Macarty or Maccarthy, in the 1760s.) By 1804, after the American acquisition,
c. 1780 – 1849), more commonly known as Madame Don Ramón had been appointed to the position of consul
LaLaurie, was a New Orleans Creole socialite and alleged general for Spain in the Territory of Orleans.* [4] Also in
serial killer, infamous for torturing and likely murdering her 1804, Delphine and Ramón Lopez traveled to Spain.* [4]
household slaves. Accounts of the trip vary. Grace King wrote in 1921 that
Born during the Spanish colonial period, Delphine Macarty the trip was Lopez's“military punishment”and that Señora
married three times in Louisiana, having twice been wid- Delphine Lopez met the Queen, who was impressed with
owed. She maintained her position in New Orleans society Mrs. Lopez's beauty.* [7] Stanley Arthur's 1936 report dif-
until April 10, 1834, when rescuers responding to a fire at fered; he stated that on March 26, 1804, Don Ramón Lopez
her Royal Street mansion discovered bound slaves in her at- was recalled to Spain“to take his place at court as befitting

100
25.2. 1834 FIRE 101

his new position,”but that Lopez never arrived in Madrid


because he died in en route, in Havana.* [4]
During the voyage, Delphine gave birth to a daughter,
named Marie-Borja/Borgia Delphine Lopez y Angulo de la
Candelaria, nicknamed Borquita.* [4]* [7] Delphine and her
daughter returned to New Orleans afterwards.
In June 1808, Delphine married Jean Blanque, a promi-
nent banker, merchant, lawyer, and legislator.* [4] At the
time of the marriage, Blanque purchased a house at 409
Royal Street in New Orleans for the family, which became
known later as the Villa Blanque.* [4] Delphine had four
more children by Blanque, named Marie Louise Pauline,
Louise Marie Laure, Marie Louise Jeanne, and Jeanne
Pierre Paulin Blanque.* [4]
Blanque died in 1816.* [8] Delphine married her third hus-
band, physician Leonard Louis Nicolas LaLaurie, who was
much younger than she,* [9] on June 25, 1825.* [8] In 1831,
she bought property at 1140 Royal Street,* [10] which she
managed in her own name with little involvement of her
husband,* [9] and by 1832 had built a three-story mansion
there,* [8] complete with attached slave quarters. She lived
there with her husband and two of her daughters,* [9] and
maintained a central position in New Orleans society.* [2]

An artist's depiction of the entryway to 1140 Royal Street, c. 1888


25.2 1834 fire
LaLaurie. Lia had been brushing Delphine's hair when she
The Lalauries maintained several black slaves in slave quar- hit a snag, causing Delphine to grab a whip and chase her.
ters attached to the Royal Street mansion. Accounts of Del- The body was subsequently buried on the mansion grounds.
phine Lalaurie's treatment of her slaves between 1831 and According to Martineau, this incident led to an investiga-
1834 are mixed. Harriet Martineau, writing in 1838 and tion of the Lalauries, in which they were found guilty of
recounting tales told to her by New Orleans residents dur- illegal cruelty and forced to forfeit nine slaves. These nine
ing her 1836 visit, claimed Lalaurie's slaves were observed slaves were then bought back by the Lalauries through the
to be“singularly haggard and wretched;" however, in pub- intermediary of one of their relatives, and returned to the
lic appearances Lalaurie was seen to be generally polite to Royal Street residences.* [13] Similarly, Martineau reported
black people and solicitous of her slaves' health,* [9] and stories that LaLaurie kept her cook chained to the kitchen
court records of the time showed that Lalaurie manumitted stove, and beat her daughters when they attempted to feed
two of her own slaves (Jean Louis in 1819 and Devince in the slaves.* [14]
1832).* [11] Nevertheless, Martineau reported that public On April 10, 1834, a fire broke out in the LaLaurie resi-
rumors about Lalaurie's mistreatment of her slaves were dence on Royal Street, starting in the kitchen. When the
sufficiently widespread that a local lawyer was dispatched police and fire marshals got there, they found a seventy-
to Royal Street to remind LaLaurie of the laws relevant to year-old woman, the cook, chained to the stove by her an-
the upkeep of slaves. During this visit, the lawyer found no kle. She later confessed to them that she had set the fire as
evidence of wrongdoing or mistreatment of slaves by Lalau- a suicide attempt for fear of her punishment, being taken to
rie.* [12] the uppermost room, because she said that anyone who was
Martineau also recounted other tales of Lalaurie's cruelty taken there never came back. As reported in the New Or-
that were current among New Orleans residents in about leans Bee of April 11, 1834, bystanders responding to the
1836. She claimed that, subsequent to the visit of the local fire attempted to enter the slave quarters to ensure that ev-
lawyer, one of Lalaurie's neighbors saw one of the LaLau- eryone had been evacuated. Upon being refused the keys
rie's slaves, a twelve-year-old girl named Lia (or Leah), fall by the Lalauries, the bystanders broke down the doors to
to her death from the roof of the Royal Street mansion while the slave quarters and found “seven slaves, more or less
trying to avoid punishment from a whip-wielding Delphine horribly mutilated ... suspended by the neck, with their
102 CHAPTER 25. DELPHINE LALAURIE

limbs apparently stretched and torn from one extremity to


the other”, who claimed to have been imprisoned there for
some months.* [15]
One of those who entered the premises was Judge Jean-
Francois Canonge, who subsequently deposed to having
found in the LaLaurie mansion, among others, a “negress
... wearing an iron collar”and “an old negro woman who
had received a very deep wound on her head [who was] too
weak to be able to walk.”Canonge claimed that when he
questioned Madame Lalaurie's husband about the slaves, he
was told in an insolent manner that“some people had better
stay at home rather than come to others' houses to dictate
Copper plate found in Saint Louis Cemetery #1, which claims that
laws and meddle with other people's business.”* [16]
Lalaurie died in Paris in 1842
A version of this story circulating in 1836, recounted by
Martineau, added that the slaves were emaciated, showed *
signs of being flayed with a whip, were bound in restric- damaged, with “gaping windows and empty walls”. [20]
tive postures, and wore spiked iron collars which kept their The circumstances of her death are also unclear. George
heads in static positions.* [14] Washington Cable recounted in 1888 a then-popular but
When the discovery of the tortured slaves became widely unsubstantiated story that *
Lalaurie had died in France in a
known, a mob of local citizens attacked the Lalaurie res- boar-hunting accident. [21] Whatever the truth, in the late
idence and “demolished and destroyed everything upon 1930s, Eugene Backes, who served as sexton to St. Louis
which they could lay their hands”.* [15] A sheriff and his Cemetery #1 until 1924, discovered an old cracked, cop-
officers were called upon to disperse the crowd, but by the per plate in Alley 4 of the cemetery. The inscription on
time the mob left, the Royal Street property had sustained the plate read "Madame Lalaurie, née Marie Delphine Mac-
major damage, with “scarcely any thing [remaining] but carthy, décédée à Paris, le 7 Décembre, 1842, à l'âge de
*
the walls.”* [17] The tortured slaves were taken to a local 6-−." [22]
jail, where they were available for public viewing. The New According to the French archives of Paris, however, Marie
Orleans Bee reported that by April 12 up to 4,000 people Delphine Maccarthy died on December 7, 1849.* [1]
had attended to view the tortured slaves“to convince them-
selves of their sufferings.”* [17]
The Pittsfield Sun, citing the New Orleans Advertiser and 25.4 Lalaurie in folklore
writing several weeks after the evacuation of Lalaurie's
slave quarters, claimed that two of the slaves found in the Folk histories of Lalaurie's poor treatment of her slaves
Lalaurie mansion had died since their rescue, and added, circulated in Louisiana during the nineteenth century, and
“We understand ... that in digging the yard, bodies have were reprinted in collections of stories by Henry Castel-
been disinterred, and the condemned well [in the grounds lanos* [23] and George Washington Cable.* [24] Cable's ac-
of the mansion] having been uncovered, others, particularly count (not to be confused with his unrelated 1881 novel
that of a child, were found.”* [18] These claims were re- Madame Delphine) was based on contemporary stories in
peated by Martineau in her 1838 book Retrospect of Western newspapers such as the New Orleans Bee and the Advertiser,
Travel, where she placed the number of unearthed bodies and upon Martineau's 1838 account, Retrospect of Western
at two, including the child.* [14] Travel, but mixed in some synthesis, dialogue and supposi-
tion entirely of his own creation.* [24]
After 1945, stories of the Lalaurie slaves became consider-
25.3 Later life and death ably more explicit. Jeanne deLavigne, writing in Ghost Sto-
ries of Old New Orleans (1946), alleged that Lalaurie had
Lalaurie's life after the 1834 fire is not well documented. a“sadistic appetite [that] seemed never appeased until she
Martineau wrote in 1838 that Lalaurie fled New Orleans had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some
during the mob violence that followed the fire, taking a hideous form of torture”and claimed that those who re-
coach to the waterfront and travelling by schooner from sponded to the 1834 fire had found “male slaves, stark
there to Mobile, Alabama and then on to Paris.* [19] Cer- naked, chained to the wall, their eyes gouged out, their
tainly by the time Martineau personally visited the Royal fingernails pulled off by the roots; others had their joints
Street mansion in 1836 it was still unoccupied and badly skinned and festering, great holes in their buttocks where
25.6. IN OTHER MEDIA 103

the flesh had been sliced away, their ears hanging by shreds, high, it was described in 1928 as “the highest building for
their lips sewn together ... Intestines were pulled out and squares around”, with the result that “from the cupola
knotted around naked waists. There were holes in skulls, on the roof one may look out over the Vieux Carré and see
where a rough stick had been inserted to stir the brains.” the Mississippi in its crescent before Jackson Square".* [28]
*
[25] DeLavigne did not directly cite any sources for these The entrance to the building bears iron grillwork, and the
claims, and they were not supported by the primary sources. door is carved with an image of "Phoebus in his chariot,
The story was further popularized and embellished in Jour- and with wreaths of flowers and depending garlands in bas-
ney Into Darkness: Ghosts and Vampires of New Orleans relief".* [28] Inside, the vestibule is floored in black and
white marble, and a curved mahogany-railed staircase runs
(1998) by Kalila Katherina Smith, the operator of a New
Orleans ghost tour business. Smith's book added several the full three stories of the building. The second floor holds
three large drawing rooms connected by ornamented slid-
more explicit details to the discoveries allegedly made by
rescuers during the 1834 fire, including a “victim [who] ing doors, whose walls are decorated with plaster rosettes,
carved woodwork, black marble mantle pieces and fluted
obviously had her arms amputated and her skin peeled off
in a circular pattern, making her look like a human cater- pilasters.* [28]
pillar,”and another who had had her limbs broken and re- Subsequent to Lalaurie's departure from America, the
set “at odd angles so she resembled a human crab”.* [26] house remained ruined at least until 1836,* [20] but at some
Many of the new details in Smith's book were unsourced, point prior to 1888 it was“unrecognizably restored”,* [29]
while others were not supported by the sources given. and over the following decades was used as a public high
Today, modern re-tellings of the Lalaurie legend often use school, a conservatory of music, a tenement, a refuge for
deLavigne and Smith's versions of the tale to found claims young delinquents, *a bar, a furniture store, and a luxury
of explicit tortures, and to place the number of slaves who apartment building. [30]
died under Lalaurie's care at as many as one hundred.* [27] In April 2007, Nicolas Cage bought the Lalaurie House
through Hancock Park Real Estate Company, LLC, for a
sum of $3.45 million.* [30] The mortgage documents were
25.5 LaLaurie mansion arranged in such a way that Cage's name did not appear
on them.* [31] On November 13, 2009, the property, then
valued at $3.5 million, was listed for auction as a result of
bank foreclosure and purchased by Regions Financial Cor-
poration for $2.3 million.* [31]

25.6 In other media


• The historically-themed wax museum in the French
Quarter, the Musée Conti on Conti Street, tradition-
ally has included a scene depicting abused slaves in
Madame LaLaurie's attic.

• Poet Jennifer Reeser has written a poem in terza rima


titled “The Lalaurie Horror”, chronicling the man-
sion's history and folklore, done as a poetic “ghost
tour”.* [32]

• In 2000, Ted Nicolaou directed a found footage movie


called The St. Francisville Experiment about people
who spend the night in a disused Louisiana plantation
The former LaLaurie house at 1140 Royal Street, photographed house and encounter hostile ghosts. While not the
September 2009 Lalaurie house in New Orleans, the plantation house
is one location Lalaurie is alleged to have fled to af-
The New Orleans house occupied by Delphine Lalaurie ter the 1834 fire incident. The fictional camera crew
at the time of the 1834 fires stands today at 1140 Royal finds physical and supernatural evidence suggesting
Street, on the corner of Royal Street and Governor Nicholls that Lalaurie did indeed flee to the house and continue
Street (formerly known as Hospital Street). At three stories her cruelty there.* [33]* [34]
104 CHAPTER 25. DELPHINE LALAURIE

• In 2004, James Merendino directed “Trespassing,” [2] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/


aka“Evil Remains,”about a grad student of folklore a-torture-chamber-is-uncovered-by-arson
leading his friends on a research expedition to an old
[3] King (1921), pp. 368–373.
plantation estate near New Orleans. The site, once the
home of a woman whose backstory is directly taken [4] Arthur (1936), p. 148.
from the bio of LaLaurie, is reputed to mysteriously
cause madness and death to all who enter it. [5] King (1921), p. 373.

[6] King (1921), p. 359.


• Kathy Bates portrays a heavily fictionalized Delphine
Lalaurie in the 2014 third season of the American [7] King (1921), pp. 359–360.
anthology horror television series American Horror
Story.* [35] [8] Arthur (1936), p. 149.

[9] Martineau (1838), p. 137.


• Delphine Lalaurie is a character in the board game Evil
Baby Orphanage. [10] Cable (1888), p. 200.

• Delphine Lalaurie appears as a character in Deadtime [11] Orleans Parish Court, Index to Slave Emancipation Petiti-
Stories, a PC game, (Deadtime Stories; developed by tions, 1814–1843, City Archives and Special Collections,
I-play and distributed by Big Fish Games), as a voodoo New Orleans Public Library.
queen, named Jessie Bodeen, tells you her story of her [12] Martineau (1838), p. 138.
commission by Delphine LaLaurie to drive away an-
other socialite who was new in town and already more [13] Martineau (1838), pp. 138–139.
popular than Delphine Lalaurie, only for Delphine
[14] Martineau (1838), pp. 139.
Lalaurie to renege on the deal when Jessie Bodeen had
kept up her end of it. Jessie Bodeen seeks revenge on [15] New Orleans Bee (April 11, 1834).
Delphine Lalaurie by invoking the Loa, (who punish
Delphine Lalaurie, and then Jessie Bodeen, 10-years- [16] As quoted by Castellanos (1895), pp. 58–59.
later, for having taken on Delphine LaLaurie's com- [17] The New Orleans Bee (April 12, 1834).
mission).
[18] Pittsfield Sun (May 8, 1834).
• Delphine Lalaurie appears in the second of Barbara
Hambly's Benjamin January mysteries, Fever Season. [19] Martineau (1838), pp. 141–142.

[20] Martineau (1838), p. 142.


• The story of the Lalaurie house is told and fiction-
ally expanded on in issues 13-18 of Serena Valentino's [21] Cable (1888), p. 217.
Nightmares & Fairy Tales.
[22] Times-Picayune (January 28, 1941).

[23] Castellanos (1895), pp. 52–62.


25.7 See also [24] Cable (1888), pp. 200–219.

• Augustin de Macarty [25] DeLavigne (1946), pp. 256–257.

[26] Smith (1998), p. 19.


• History of slavery in Louisiana
[27] Taylor (2000).
• Elizabeth Báthory
[28] Saxon (1928), p. 203.
• La Quintrala
[29] Cable (1888), p. 192.
• Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova
[30] Big Time Listings (April 24, 2007).

[31] CNN Money (November 16, 2009).


25.8 Notes [32] http://www.amazon.com/
The-Lalaurie-Horror-Jennifer-Reeser/dp/061587262X/
[1] Paris Archives online; scroll over to page 26, retrieved 31 ref=tmm_pap_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1380282793&sr=
October 2015. 8-1
25.9. REFERENCES 105

[33] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218625/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 • Saxon, Lyle (1928). Fabulous New Orleans.


New York, London: The Century Co. ISBN
[34] http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ 9781455604029. OCLC 421892.
the-st-francisville-experiment/
• Smith, Kalila Katherina (1998). Haunted History
[35] http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2013/08/fxs_john_ Tours presents... Journey Into Darkness: Ghosts &
landgraf_on_american.html
Vampires of New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: De Si-
monin Publications. ISBN 1-883100-04-6.

25.9 References
25.9.2 Academic papers
25.9.1 Books • Morlas, Katy Francis (2005). La Madame Et La
Mademoiselle: Creole Women In Louisiana, 1718–
• Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1936). Old New Orleans: A 1865 (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis). Louisiana State
History of the Vieux Carré, Its Ancient and Histori- University.
cal Buildings. New Orleans, LA: Harmanson. ISBN
0788427229. OCLC 19380621. • Baker, Courtney R (2008). Misrecognized: Looking
at Images of Black Suffering and Death (PhD thesis).
• Cable, George Washington (1888). Strange True Sto- Duke University.
ries of Louisiana. New York: The Century Co. ISBN
0-559-09492-2.
25.9.3 Periodicals
• Castellanos, Henry C; Kelleher Schafer, Judith; Rei-
necke, George F (1895). New Orleans as it was: • “The conflagration at the house occupied by the
episodes of Louisiana life. Baton Rouge: Louisiana woman Lalaurie..” (PDF). New Orleans Bee. April
State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-3209-8. 11, 1834. – The relevant text appears at the top-left
of the linked scan. A transcript of this article can be
• Cosner Love, Victoria; Shannon, Lorelei (2011). Mad found here for ease of reading.
Madame Lalaurie. Charleston, SC: The History Press.
ISBN 978-1609491994. • “The popular fury which we briefly adverted to in our
paper of yesterday..”(PDF). New Orleans Bee. April
• de Bachellé Seebold, Herman Boehm (1941). Old 12, 1834. – The relevant text appears at the top-left
Louisiana Plantation Homes and Family Trees. of the linked scan. A transcript of this article can be
Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 1-58980-263- found here for ease of reading.
2.
• Pittsfield Sun. May 8, 1834. Missing or empty |title=
• DeLavigne, Jeanne (1946). Ghost Stories of Old New (help)
Orleans. New York; Toronto: Rinehart & Co. OCLC
5128595. •“Epitaph-Plate of 'Haunted' House Owner Found
Here”. The Times-Picayune. January 28, 1941. –
• Heinan, Timothy (2012). L'immortalité: Madame A transcript of this article can be found here for ease
Lalaurie and the Voodoo Queen. Bellevue,WA: On of reading.
Demand Publishing, LLC-Create Space. ISBN 978-
0615634715. • “History of Delphine Macarty Lalaurie and the
Haunted House on Royal Street” updated on 27 Sept
• King, Grace Elizabeth (1921). Creole Families of New 2013 at The Times-Picayune's NOLA.com; retrieved
Orleans. New York: MacMillan & Co. ISBN 0- 31 Oct 2015.
87511-142-4. OL 13489529M.

• Martineau, Harriet (1838). Retrospect of Western 25.9.4 Web content


Travel 2. London: Saunders & Otley. OCLC
80223671. • Goldsborough, Bob (April 24, 2007). “Nicolas
Cage buys house in New Orleans' French quarter for
• Morrow Long, Carolyn (2012). Madame Lalaurie $3,450,000”. Big Time Listings. Celebrity Real Es-
Mistress of the Haunted House. Gainesville, FL: Uni- tate Homes Big Time Listings. Retrieved November
versity Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813038063. 26, 2010.
106 CHAPTER 25. DELPHINE LALAURIE

• Taylor, Troy (2000). “The Legacy of Madame Del-


phine LaLaurie”. Denise's Dreams. Strange Nation.
Retrieved January 10, 2011.

• Yousuf, Hibah (November 16, 2009). “Nicolas


Cage loses 2 homes in foreclosure auction”. CNN-
Money.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved Decem-
ber 30, 2010.
Chapter 26

Dnepropetrovsk maniacs

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with of the first murder, the two men attacked their next victim,
unknown parameter “alias?s?" (this message is shown Roman Tatarevich, as he slept on a bench near the first mur-
only in preview). der scene. Tatarevich's head was smashed with blunt ob-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with jects numerous times, rendering him unrecognizable. The
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown bench was located across the street from the local public
only in preview). prosecutor's office.* [9]
On July 1, two more victims, Yevgenia Grischenko and
The Dnepropetrovsk maniacs (Ukrainian: Дніпропе- Nikolai Serchuk, were found murdered in the nearby town
тровські маніяки, Russian: Днепропетровские манья- of Novomoskovsk.* [10]
ки) are Ukrainian serial killers responsible for a string of On the night of July 6, three more people were murdered
murders in Dnepropetrovsk,* [1] in June and July 2007. The in Dnepropetrovsk. The first was Egor Nechvoloda, a re-
case gained additional notoriety because the killers made cently discharged army recruit, who was bludgeoned while
video recordings of some of the murders, with one of the walking home from a nightclub. His mother found the
videos leaking to the Internet. Two 19‑year-old locals, Vik- body in the morning by their apartment building on Bo-
tor Sayenko (Ukrainian: Віктор Саєнко, Russian: Вик- hdan Khmelnytsky Street.* [10] Yelena Shram, a 28‑year-
тор Саенко) and Igor Suprunyuk (Ukrainian: Ігор Су- old night guard, was then murdered around the corner on
прунюк, Russian: Игорь Супрунюк), were arrested and Kosiora Street.* [11] According to Sayenko's taped confes-
charged with 21 murders.* [2] sion, as Shram walked towards them, Suprunyuk struck her
A third conspirator, Alexander Hanzha (Ukrainian: Оле- with the hammer he had been hiding under his shirt and
ксандр Ганжа, Russian: Александр Ганжа) was charged struck her several more times after she fell down. She had
with two armed robberies that took place before the murder been carrying a bag filled with clothes. The men picked up
spree.* [3]* [4] On February 11, 2009, all three defendants the bag, used the clothes to clean the hammer, and threw
were found guilty. Suprunyuk and Sayenko were sentenced the bag out.* [12] Later the same night, the men murdered
to life imprisonment, while Hanzha received nine years in a woman named Valentina Hanzha (no apparent relation to
prison. The lawyers for Suprunyuk and Sayenko launched co-defendant Alexander Hanzha), a mother of three with a
an appeal, which was dismissed by the Supreme Court of disabled husband.* [10]
Ukraine in November 2009.* [5]* [6]* [7] The next day, July 7, two 14‑year-old boys from Podgorod-
noye, a nearby village, were attacked as they went fishing.
One of the two friends, Andrei Sidyuk, was killed, but the
other, Vadim Lyakhov, managed to escape.* [11]
26.1 Murders
On July 12, 48‑year-old Sergei Yatzenko, disabled by a re-
The first two murders occurred late on June 25, 2007. cent bout with cancer, went missing while riding his Dnepr
The first victim was 33‑year-old local woman Yekaterina motorcycle. His body was found four days later, with signs
Ilchenko,* [8] who was walking home after having tea at of a savage attack visible even after four days in the summer
her friend's apartment. According to Sayenko's confession, heat.* [13]
he and Suprunyuk were “out for a walk.”Suprunyuk had Twelve more murders followed, often with multiple bodies
a hammer. As Ilchenko walked past, Suprunyuk “spun found on the same day. In addition to the earlier sprees, two
around”and struck her in the side of the head. Ilchenko's victims were found each day from July 14 through 16. Vic-
body was found by her mother at 5 AM.* [9] Within an hour

107
108 CHAPTER 26. DNEPROPETROVSK MANIACS

tims were seemingly selected at random. Many were vul- 26.1.2 Arrest and trial
nerable to attack, including children, elderly, vagrants, or
people under the influence of alcohol. Most victims were
killed using blunt objects, including hammers and steel con-
struction bars. Blows were often directed at their faces,
leaving them unrecognizable. Many victims were also muti-
lated and tortured; some victims had their eyes gouged out
while they were still alive. One pregnant woman had her The three suspects Viktor Sayenko (Ukrainian: Віктор
fetus cut from her womb. No sexual assaults on any vic- Саєнко, Russian: Виктор Саенко), Igor Suprunyuk
tim were reported. Some victims were also robbed of their (Ukrainian: Ігор Супрунюк, Russian: Игорь Супрунюк)
cell phones and other valuables, their possessions pawned and Alexander Hanzha (Ukrainian: Олександр Ганжа,
to second-hand shops in the area. However, most victims Russian: Александр Ганжа) were arrested on July 23,
had their possessions intact. The murders spanned a large 2007. Suprunyuk attempted to sell a mobile phone stolen
geographical area. Aside from Dnepropetrovsk, many oc- from a victim in a local pawn shop, asking for 150 hryvnia
curred in outlying areas of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.* [14] (~USD $20). Law enforcement agents tracked the phone's
location. Suprunyuk and Sayenko were arrested near the
cash register of the shop.* [10]* [14]* [19] Hanzha was ar-
rested at home, reportedly managing to flush other stolen
26.1.1 Investigation mobile phones down the toilet. The phones were recovered,
but all information on them was lost.* [11]
No official link between the murders was made until the July The three men were charged with involvement in 29 sepa-
7 attack on two boys in Podgorodnoye. Vadim Lyakhov, rate incidents, including 21 murders and eight more attacks
the survivor, was initially placed under arrest, suspected of where victims survived. Suprunyuk was charged with 27
murdering his friend. He was reportedly denied access to of the cases, including 21 counts of capital murder, eight
counsel and beaten by police during questioning. However, armed robberies, and one count of animal cruelty. Sayenko
it quickly became clear that he was not responsible for his was charged with 25 instances, including 18 murders, five
friend's death, and that the murder was connected with the robberies and one count of animal cruelty. Hanzha was
murder spree. Lyakhov cooperated with the investigators to charged with two counts of armed robbery stemming from
create sketches of the attackers.* [15] a March 1, 2007 incident in Dniprodzerzhynsk.* [20]
Several days later, on July 14, 45‑year-old Natalia Ma- All three confessed quickly, although Suprunyuk later with-
marchuk was riding her scooter in the nearby village of drew his confession. Their trial began in June 2008.
Diyovka. As she was passing through a wooded area, two Suprunyuk pleaded not guilty, while the other two suspects
men approached her and knocked her down. They then pleaded guilty to all charges.* [21] Viktor Chevguz, Suprun-
bludgeoned her to death with a hammer or pipe and drove yuk's original defense lawyer, left the case after reportedly
off on her scooter. Local witnesses gave chase but lost being disappointed that his client's plea of insanity was not
sight of the attackers.* [16]* [17] Two local children also accepted. Lawyers for the victims' families argued that the
witnessed the attack from nearby, hidden in a tent just a level of care taken by the killers during their crime spree
few feet away. They provided a detailed description match- meant that they were fully aware of their actions.* [22]
ing the one given by Lyakhov. A task force was quickly set Prosecution evidence included bloodstains on the suspects'
up from Kiev, headed by lead criminal investigator Vasily clothing and video recordings of the murders. The de-
Paskalov.* [12] The manhunt soon grew to encompass most fense denied that the people in the videos were the sus-
local law enforcement. Reportedly over 2,000 investigators pects, claiming serious problems with the investigation, in-
worked on the case.* [18] cluding at least 10 more murders covered up by the pros-
The investigation was initially kept secret. No official in- ecution,* [23] supposed cover-ups of additional arrests of
formation about the murders was released, and local people people with powerful connections who were released with-
were not warned about possible attacks or provided with de- out being charged, even naming some of the additional
scriptions of the suspects. However, rumors of the attacks people supposedly involved with the murders.* [24] The
kept most of the local population home at night.* [11] Even- case was heard by a panel of judges chaired by judge Ivan
tually, investigators selectively distributed sketches and lists Senchenko.* [25] The prosecution asked for life imprison-
of stolen property to local pawn shops. Stolen property be- ment for Sayenko and Suprunyuk, and 15 years of hard
gan to appear in the pawn shops of the city's Leninskiy dis- labor for Hanzha.* [3] Ukraine has no capital punishment
trict. The combination of the sketches and located stolen since February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled
property quickly led to the suspects. the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999.* [26]
26.1. MURDERS 109

26.1.3 Suspects as a test pilot, often flying with Leonid Kuchma, the fu-
ture president of Ukraine, and continuing to serve as his
The three suspects attended school together,* [27] and by personal pilot on domestic flights after Kuchma's rise to
age 14 found some common ground. “Me and Igor power.* [33] Local authorities, including deputy interior
[Suprunyuk] were both afraid of heights, and we were afraid minister Nikolay Kupyanskiy, initially referred to the sup-
we'd be beaten up by bullies”, Sayenko stated during ques- posed influence of the suspects' families,* [32] but later de-
tioning. Suprunyuk sought advice on getting rid of their nied the assessment, claiming that all three suspects came
fears, which led the boys to stand on a balcony of their 14th from poor families. However, Viktor Sayenko was repre-
floor apartment for hours, hanging over the railing. This sented in court by his father Igor Sayenko, a lawyer.* [24]
reportedly had a positive effect on their fear of heights.
Hanzha was reportedly the most squeamish of the three.
He had blood phobia, and even refused to bathe his kitten, 26.1.4 Motivation
afraid he might scald it. Suprunyuk suggested tackling the
fears by torturing stray dogs. The boys captured dogs in The prosecution did not establish a motive behind the
a wooded area near their house, hanged them from trees, killings. Local media reported the killers had a plan to
disemboweled them, and took pictures next to the corpses. get rich from the murder videos they recorded. One sus-
Prosecution evidence included many of these photos taken pect's girlfriend reported that they planned to make forty
by the suspects while underage. Some photos show the boys separate videos of murders. This was corroborated by a
drawing swastikas and other symbols with animal blood, former classmate who claimed he often heard Suprunyuk
and giving the Nazi salute. In one photo, Suprunyuk poses was in contact with an unknown “rich foreign website
sporting a “Hitler moustache”. Suprunyuk was born on operator”who ordered forty snuff videos, and would pay
April 20, the same day as Adolf Hitler, and referred to this lots of money once they were made.* [14] Regional security
fact.* [4]* [28] chief Ivan Stupak rejected the claim that the murders were
committed to make internet snuff videos, saying that there
A long video showing the three torturing a white kitten was
was no evidence of this.* [34] Detective Bogdan Vlasenko
shown in court. It takes place in their garage. The suspects
stated: “We think they were doing it as a hobby, to have a
fashioned a cross from wooden boards and nailed the kitten
collection of memories when they get old.”* [35] Deputy in-
to it, then shot at it with pistols, placing foam and glue in its
terior minister Nikolay Kupyanskiy commented“For these
mouth to muffle the kitten's noises.* [4]* [29]
young men, murder was like entertainment or hunting.”
When the boys were 17, Suprunyuk beat up a local boy and *
[32]
stole his bike, which he then sold to Sayenko. Both were
At the trial, it emerged that Suprunyuk collected newspa-
arrested, but did not go to jail due to their age.* [30]
per cuttings about the case.* [22] Some photographs of the
After high school, Hanzha drifted between odd jobs, which crimes had captions added, including:“The weak must die.
included a pastry chef and a construction worker. At his The strongest will conquer.”* [36]
arrest he had been unemployed for some time.* [27]* [31]
Sayenko went to a metallurgy institute part-time* [10] and
worked as a security guard.* [32] Suprunyuk remained of- 26.1.5 Defense claims
ficially unemployed, but made a living driving his green
Daewoo Lanos as an unlicensed taxi. The car was report- The legal team defending the suspects consisted of three
edly a birthday gift from his parents.* [12] lawyers, one for each suspect. All three lawyers were orig-
Some months before the murder spree, Suprunyuk ̶with inally court-appointed, but after the initial hearings Viktor
the help of Sayenko and Hanzha ̶began picking up passen- Sayenko requested to be represented by his father because
gers and robbing them. A green Daewoo with a taxicab's his appointed lawyer apparently graduated from law school
checkerboard marking was often described as the vehicle only two months earlier.* [24] The request was granted,
used in the murders. According to the suspects' confes- which significantly delayed the proceedings as Sayenko's fa-
sions, some murder victims were picked up as passengers in ther familiarized himself with the evidence. Igor Sayenko
the cab.* [11] Hanzha reportedly participated in one where became the most prominent figure on the defense, giving
two men were robbed, and then declined to take part in any numerous interviews and taking a lead role in court pro-
further attacks.* [4] ceedings.
Local media reported the suspects had wealthy influen- Hanzha's attorneys based their defense on the fact that he
tial parents with ties to local law enforcement. Vladimir never participated in the murder spree, and was involved
Suprunyuk, Igor Suprunyuk's father, in his interview to only with a single incident four months before it began,
Segodnya stated that he had been employed at Yuzhmash in which two men were robbed in the nearby town of
110 CHAPTER 26. DNEPROPETROVSK MANIACS

Dniprodzerzhynsk. Hanzha admitted his guilt, hoping for pects had a strong alibi for the time of these murders, and
leniency in sentencing.* [3] so all information on these crimes was removed from the
*
The defense strategy for the other two suspects was to attack case. [38]
the prosecution on a wide front. Multiple investigators were Viktor Sayenko's defense claimed that he had a“psycholog-
called to the stand, including the leader of the arrest team ical dependence”on Igor Suprunyuk, whom they called the
and the lead investigator in the case. The defense claimed ringleader. They claimed that Suprunyuk repeatedly threat-
illegal searches, improperly kept records, and problems dur- ened Sayenko, and that Sayenko feared for his life. Sayenko
ing questioning. Igor Sayenko raised questions about the testified in court that he was in constant fear of Suprunyuk
videotape of the searches conducted in the suspects' apart- since 7th grade.* [12]
ments. According to Sayenko, the tape constantly stops The strategy of the defense team received some support
and restarts, showing the evidence obtained only after being from the victims' families, who were reportedly dissatisfied
picked up by investigators, but never the actual moment of with the slow-moving legal process and an alleged cover-
discovery.* [24] The legal team also denied that the people up by the investigators. Some victims' relatives told the
in the murder videos were the suspects. media they planned to begin an independent organization
In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, Igor Sayenko to monitor the court proceedings.* [39] The authorities in
claimed that a fourth suspect named Danila Kozlov was Ukraine strongly denied that a fourth person was involved
initially charged with the murders.* [24] Tatiana Shram, a in the killings who could still be at large, and said that ru-
sister of victim Elena Shram, also stated in an interview mors of similar crimes taking place since the arrest of the
that she saw Kozlov's name mentioned in court documents, three suspects are unfounded.* [40]
and that Kozlov was reportedly aware of the murders, and
was with the suspects just before her sister was murdered.
Shram further stated that the investigators told her that Ko-
zlov remains free because he“did not murder anyone,”and
26.1.6 Murder videos and photographs
that when her attorney attempted to bring up the matter in
court, the judge “asked him to sit down.”* [37] The suspects' mobile phones and personal computers con-
tained multiple video recordings of the murders. One
Igor Sayenko continued to speculate on the influence of the video was leaked to the Internet, showing the murder of
families of the “real killers”, claiming that he conducted 48‑year-old Sergei Yatzenko. He is seen lying on his back
an interview with an escaped victim who wanted his iden- in a wooded area, and is struck repeatedly in the face
tity kept secret for fear for his life. This unnamed victim with a hammer held inside a plastic bag. One attacker
claimed that he identified the suspects in his attack, and that stabs Yatzenko in the eye and abdomen with a screwdriver.
two other men were identified and arrested. The suspects Yatzenko is then struck with the hammer to ensure he is
were supposedly released an hour later due to pressure from dead. The attack lasts over four minutes, during which the
their families, and two of the investigators were fired.* [37] victim lapses in and out of consciousness. One murderer is
Sayenko stated in court that four days before the three sus- seen smiling towards the camera during the video.* [41] The
pects were arrested, police caught two men and a woman murderers walk back to their car, showing that the crime
committing one of the murders. The suspects attacked the took place close to the side of a road, next to their parked
police officers but were arrested and were booked under car. They discuss the murder calmly, expressing mild sur-
the names of Sayenko and Suprunyuk, but they were not prise that the victim was still breathing after a screwdriver
the men currently on trial. “But now these details are be- was plunged into his exposed brain. The suspects then wash
ing covered up”, Sayenko said in court.“The investigators their hands and the hammer with a water bottle, and begin to
claim that this did not happen. But there are people, offi- laugh. Only two suspects appear to be present in the video,
cers in the Militsiya, who on July 19, 2007 received reports with one always behind the camera.
that those three were arrested. […] But, alas, it turned out
that the persons arrested had powerful parents. So the in- The suspects were also found in possession of multiple pho-
formation was quickly suppressed, and instead my son and tographs showing them attending funerals of the victims.
two of his friends were railroaded. I also believe that the They can be seen smiling and "flipping off" the coffins and
girl arrested on that day has since left the country and is gravestones. Evidence of animal abuse was also shown in
now in Germany.”* [24] court, with the suspects posing alongside mutilated animal
corpses.* [42]
The defense team also claimed the prosecution withheld
from the court information that exonerated their clients. The photographic and video evidence was shown in court
Igor Sayenko claimed the police interviewed witnesses and on October 29, 2008, as part of a larger *
presentation of
recovered evidence from two additional murders. The sus- over 300 photographs and two videos. [28] The defense ob-
jected to the presentation, claiming that the evidence was
26.2. SENTENCING 111

obtained illegally, and that the subjects shown in the video leaked to a shock site based in the United States and
and the photographs were digitally altered to resemble the dated December 4, 2008. Ekaterina Levchenko, adviser
suspects. When Suprunyuk and Sayenko were asked if they to Ukraine's minister of the interior, was critical of the
recognized the people in the photographs, they replied that leak, but admitted that control of videos on the Internet was
they did not. Judge Ivan Senchenko responded by stating: “virtually impossible”.* [41] Caitlin Moran of The Times
“You are not blind.”* [43] Valery Voronyuk, an expert on watched part of the video and recalled her reaction in her
film and video editing, testified that the video was not faked column in January 2009.* [44] The video showing the mur-
or altered.* [4] The court rejected all defense objections, der of Yatzenko has acquired the name“3 Guys 1 Hammer”
accepted the prosecution's argument that the material was .
genuine and showed the suspects in the act of murdering
their victims.* [28]
26.2 Sentencing
26.1.7 Victim in the video

The man whose murder is recorded in the leaked video was


identified as Sergei Yatzenko from the village of Taroms'ke.
His murder took place on July 12, 2007, and his body was
found on July 16.* [13] Yatzenko was 48 years old. He
had recently been forced into retirement due to a cancerous
tumor in his throat. The treatment left him unable to speak
for some time, but Yatzenko was unhappy with being un-
able to work and continued to find odd jobs around the vil-
lage. He took on small construction projects, fixed cars,
wove baskets, and cooked for his family. He was beginning
to regain his voice when murdered. Yatzenko was married
and had two sons and one grandchild. He also looked after
his disabled mother.
At around 2:30 PM on the day of the murder, he called his
Suprunyuk photographed with a hammer; the court described the
wife to say he was going to fill his motorcycle and visit his
motive of the killers as “morbid self-affirmation”.
grandchild. He never arrived at his grandson's house, and
his cell phone was turned off by 6 PM. His wife Lyudmila On February 11, 2009, the court in Dnepropetrovsk found
called a friend and walked around the village, afraid that her
Igor Suprunyuk and Viktor Sayenko guilty of premedi-
husband might have fallen ill or had a motorcycle accident. tated murder and sentenced both to life imprisonment.* [45]
They could not locate any sign of him. They also could
Suprunyuk was found guilty of 21 murders, Sayenko of
not file a missing person's report, since in Ukraine a person 18.* [46] They also received fifteen years sentences after be-
cannot be declared missing until at least 72 hours after last
ing found guilty on the robbery charges. Alexander Hanzha,
being seen. The next day, Lyudmila posted photographs of who was not involved in the killings, was found guilty of
her husband around the village, and enlisted more local help robbery and sentenced to nine years in prison.* [47]* [48]
to search the surrounding area. Four days later, a local who Suprunyuk and Sayenko were also found guilty on the
saw one of Lyudmila's posters remembered seeing an aban- animal cruelty charges. Hanzha said of Suprunyuk and
doned Dnepr bike in a remote wooded area by a garbage Sayenko: “If I had known the atrocities that they were
dump. He took Yatzenko's relatives to the scene, where capable of committing, I would have not gone near them
they discovered his mutilated and decomposing body.* [13] at gunpoint.”* [49] The judge stated in the verdict that the
The fact that Yatzenko's murder was captured on video was main motive for the crimes had been a desire for “morbid
unknown to the public until a court session on October 29, self-affirmation”.* [6] Referring to the accused, the court
2008. The unedited video of the murder was shown as part noted “the poverty of their emotional world, and their ab-
of a large presentation by the prosecution, causing shock in sence of interest in people and moral standards”.* [50]
the gallery. The court agreed with the prosecution that the
The court's verdict was several hundred pages long and read
video was genuine, that it showed Igor Suprunyuk attacking
out over two days. The lawyers for Suprunyuk and Sayenko
the victim, and that Viktor Sayenko was the man behind the
announced their intention to appeal, saying that the authen-
camera.* [13] ticity of the photographic and video evidence was not estab-
The video showing the murder of Sergei Yatzenko was lished beyond reasonable doubt. The claim was dismissed
112 CHAPTER 26. DNEPROPETROVSK MANIACS

by Edmund Saakian, a lawyer for one of the victims' fam-


ilies, who commented: “In theory a photo can be faked,
but to fake a forty minute video would require a studio and a
whole year.”Larissa Dovgal, a representative of the victims'
families, claimed other perpetrators involved in the crimes
could still be at large.* [51]
The parents of Igor Suprunyuk and Viktor Sayenko re-
peated their belief in the innocence of their sons. Vladimir
Suprunyuk claimed that Igor had been tortured to extract
his confession, with the police covering his head and forc-
ing him to inhale cigarette smoke. Speaking at a televised
press conference, he cited irregularities in the investigation,
and said that the case against his son was false.* [52] Igor
Sayenko claimed that his son was a scapegoat, and that the
crimes were committed by relatives of senior officials.* [53] Igor Suprunyuk waits at the roadside before the murder of Sergei
The parents plan to appeal to the Supreme Court of Ukraine Yatzenko on July 12, 2007. The yellow plastic bag conceals the
and the European Court of Human Rights.* [54] The parents hammer used in the attack. A longer version of the Yatzenko murder
of Suprunyuk and Sayenko also argued that the sentence on video was obtained by the Chilean TV documentary series Aquí en
Alexander Hanzha was too lenient.* [55] An opinion poll Vivo.
conducted in Dnepropetrovsk found that 50.3% of people
believed that the sentence was fair, and 48.6% believed that
the sentence should have been more severe.* [56] In April 26.4 2010 Chilean documentary
2011, a poll found that nearly 60% of Ukrainians wanted
the death penalty available for serial killings where judicial On August 2, 2010, the Chilean television channel MEGA
error had been ruled out.* [26] broadcast a documentary about the case. It was entitled Los
maníacos del martillo (The hammer maniacs) and ran for
1 hour and 25 minutes as part of the investigative series
Aquí en Vivo (Here, Live). Journalist Michele Canale flew to
Dnepropetrovsk and interviewed a range of people involved
in the case.
The parents of Suprunyuk and Sayenko maintained the in-
26.3 Appeal nocence of their children, while detectives involved in the
case gave their recollections, and repeated the lack of con-
firmation for the theory that the murder videos had been
On August 18, 2009, the Supreme Court of Ukraine re- shot as snuff films for sale overseas. Lidia Mikrenischeva,
ferred the case back to the Dnepropetrovsk regional court an elderly lady who survived a hammer attack and helped
of appeal. The move was welcomed by Igor Sayenko, to identify the killers in court, was also interviewed. She
who stated that it was a step towards clearing his son's recalled being struck on the head from behind and falling
name.* [57] Speaking at a press conference, Igor Sayenko to the ground, but her life was saved when the dogs accom-
and Vladimir Suprunyuk repeated their belief that the case panying her barked loudly and scared off the attackers. Na-
was based on fabricated evidence. A spokesperson for the talia Ilchenko, the mother of the first known victim Ekate-
prosecutor's office said that the decision to refer the case rina Ilchenko, recalled finding her daughter unrecognizable
back to the appeal court was procedural, and that they were after the hammer attack, and commented that the killers
confident that the verdict would be upheld. The appeal was should not be compared to animals because they killed for
scheduled for October 5, 2009.* [58]* [59]* [60] In an inter- fun.
view with the newspaper Novi Most, the mothers of Suprun- The documentary was notable for showing a wide range of
yuk and Sayenko said that their children were being treated previously unseen photographs and video material from the
well in prison. It was also reported that Igor Sayenko was case. From an anonymous source, the makers obtained a
considering setting up a website about the case.* [61] longer and unedited version of the cell phone video showing
On November 24, 2009, the Supreme Court of Ukraine up- the murder of Sergei Yatzenko on July 12, 2007. Suprun-
held the life sentences passed on Igor Suprunyuk and Viktor yuk and Sayenko are seen standing at the woodland roadside
Sayenko in February 2009. Alexander Hanzha did not ap- next to their Daewoo Lanos taxi, waiting for a suitable vic-
peal against his nine-year sentence.* [62] tim to arrive, and discussing what they are going to do. At
26.7. REFERENCES 113

one point, Suprunyuk is seen looking through binoculars for • Snuff film
any approaching vehicles. He can also be seen posing with
a hammer, which he conceals inside a yellow plastic bag.
After 20 minutes, Sergei Yatzenko arrives on a bicycle, and 26.7 References
is knocked to the ground before the attack in the woods next
to the road begins. Yatzenko's children were asked to take [1] The name of this city is rendered in English as either
part in the documentary, but declined. According to the “Dnipropetrovsk”or“Dnepropetrovsk”. English-language
commentary, at least five more murder videos are known to media coverage of this case almost invariably uses the
exist. The Yatzenko video was shown to the Chilean hor- spelling “Dnepropetrovsk”.
ror film director Jorge Olguín, who was so disturbed that he
was unable to watch all of it. The documentary also showed [2] “Three 19‑year-old youths committed 19 murders in Dne-
propetrovsk during a month”. UNIAN.
brief excerpts from a five-minute video of the murder of an-
other victim of the maniacs, an unidentified man. At one [3] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs did not Show Regret”. Novo-
point in the video, the killers comment that the man has moskovsk City News (in Russian).
a gold tooth. The man was killed with blows to the head
[4] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs that operated in Dneprodz-
and a knife, with some of his personal belongings taken as
erzhinsk are already in Court”. Dneprodzerzhinsk News (in
trophies.
Russian).
The documentary also showed a video recording of
[5] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs: Court delivers its verdicts” (in
Sayenko's confession, in which he admits that robbery was
Russian).
a motive for some of the killings. A video of Alexander
Hanzha was also shown, with his face bruised after alleged [6] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs: Verdict read out (with television
mistreatment by the police. Michele Canale attempted to news video)" (in Russian).
obtain an interview with the killers in prison, but was de-
[7] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs: Sentence tomorrow” (in Rus-
nied by the Ukrainian authorities. A range of motives for
sian).
the killings was examined, and it was concluded that despite
the court verdict, there are still unanswered questions about [8] “Viktor Sayenko and Igor Suprunyuk Murder 19 in a
the case.* [63] Month”. Gazeta (in Russian).

[9] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs: Details and victims' names”.


Zavtra (in Russian).
26.5 Alleged copycat case in Irkutsk [10] “Bloody Trail – 3”. Versii (in Russian).

[11] “How the Dnepropetrovsk Rippers were Caught”. GlavRed


On April 5, 2011, two Russian youths, Artyom Anoufriev
(in Russian).
(Russian: Артём Ануфриев) (born 1992) and Nikita
Lytkin (Russian: Никита Лыткин) (born 1993), known as [12] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs Begin to Blame Each Other”.
the Academy maniacs (Russian: Академовские маньяки) MyCityUA (in Russian).
were arrested in connection with six murders and attacks on
[13] “Sergei Cheated Death Twice – First a Car Accident, Then
residents in Akademgorodok in Irkutsk. The attacks, which
Cancer”. www.facts.kiev.ua (in Russian). Archived from
involved a mallet and knife, began in December 2010. Both the original on July 26, 2009.
were arrested after a video recording showing a female body
being mutilated with a knife was found on a camera belong- [14] “Lowlifes Planned 40 Murders” (in Russian). NEWSru.
ing to Lytkin's uncle, who had become suspicious. Accord-
[15] “Survived Victim Afraid the Murderers will not Go to Jail”
ing to media reports, the youths were influenced by reading
. Segodnya (in Russian).
about the Dnepropetrovsk maniacs on the Internet. A psy-
chiatric examination found them sane, and they told doctors [16] “Before murdering people maniacs practiced on cats”.
they chose weak people as their victims. On April 2, 2013, GlavRed (in Russian).
Anoufriev was sentenced to life imprisonment, and Lytkin
[17] “Victims of the Dnepropetrovsk maniacs”. Shcandal (in
to 24 years in prison.* [64]* [65]* [66]* [67]* [68] Russian).

[18] “Teenagers had Fun Murdering 19”(in Russian). NEWSru.

26.6 See also [19] Katsman, Vladimir.“Unusual Killers”(in Russian). www.


euxpress.de. Retrieved 17 April 2009.

• Nighttime Killers [20] “They don't even Deserve Life”. Kommersant (in Russian).
114 CHAPTER 26. DNEPROPETROVSK MANIACS

[21] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs plead guilty” (in Russian). [43] “Video camera clearly captured one of the defendants”(in
Russian). www.facts.kiev.ua. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
[22] “Maniacs are mentally ill, argues defense” (in Russian).
Segodnya. Retrieved 2009-07-19. [44] Moran, Caitlin (12 January 2009).“It took 1 min 47 seconds
for my memory to become host to a horror that will never go”
[23] “Maniacs' case takes longer”. Blik (in Russian). . The Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
Retrieved 5 October 2009.
[24] “Suspect's Father is his Lawyer” (in Russian).
[45] “Court sentences Dnepropetrovsk maniacs who killed 21
[25] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs say they are afraid of each other” people (television news video)" (in Russian). www.seychas.
(in Russian). NEWSru. ua.
[26] “Tenth anniversary of ban on death penalty in Ukraine [46] Ilyinskaya, Marina.“Dnepropetrovsk maniacs hear verdict”
(with television news video featuring the maniacs)". podrob- (in Russian). www.blik.ua.
nosti.ua (in Russian). 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
[47] Olinikova, Oksana. “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs sentenced
[27] Konova, Natalia, and Leontieva, Anna. “Mother of sus- to life in prison (with television news video)" (in Russian).
pect: “My son is not a maniac."" (in Russian). Segodnya. podrobnosti.ua.
Retrieved 2009-08-01.
[48] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs sentence is read out by Judge
[28] Leontieva, Anna.“Court shocked by brutal Dnepropetrovsk Ivan Senchenko (television news video)" (in Russian). www.
maniacs video”(in Russian). www.segodnya.ua. Retrieved new-most.info.
2009-04-16.
[49] “Dnepropetrovsk serial killers sentenced to life imprison-
[29] “The maniacs case: suspects charged with 21 murders ment” (in Russian).
deemed fit to stand trial” (in Russian). Segodnya.
[50] “Ukraine: Life imprisonment for 21 murders”(in French).
[30] “The Guys First Practiced on Cats”(in Russian). NEWSru. Le Figaro. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

[31] “Dnepropetrovsk was terrorized by rich kids?". GlavRed [51] “Fatal outcome” (in Russian).
(in Russian). [52] “Vladimir Suprunyuk: “The case against my son is false”
[32] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs captured!" (in Russian). (with television news video)" (in Russian). Novi Most. Re-
trieved 2009-02-15.
[33] “Interview with a Dnepropetrovsk maniac's father”.
[53]“Igor Sayenko:“The crimes were committed by the relatives
Segodnya (in Russian).
of senior officials, and innocent people had to be blamed""
[34] “Locals believe maniacs' motive could have been sale of (in Russian). Novi Most. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
films” (in Russian). Segodnya. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
[54] Shutina, Tatyana. ""Dnepropetrovsk hammer murders”case
[35] “Killing for kicks – youths confess to 21 murders (with tele- will be continued” (in Russian). Novi Most. Retrieved 10
vision news video in English)". Russia Today. Retrieved May 2009.
2009-01-11. [55] “Parents of Sayenko and Suprunyuk: They are still not
guilty!" (in Russian). Segodnya.
[36] “Interview with Viktor Cherguz” (in Russian). Segodnya.
Retrieved 2009-07-19. [56] “Sentencing of maniacs“fair”, say half of Dnepropetrovsk
citizens in poll” (in Russian). Novi Most. Retrieved 2009-
[37]“Justice on credit: The case of the Dnepropetrovsk maniacs”
02-14.
(in Russian). Dnepropetrovsk City News.
[57] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs case returned to court of appeal”
[38]“I'm 100% Convinced that my Son did not Murder Anyone!" (in Russian). reporter.zp.ua. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
(in Russian).
[58] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs case continues” (in Russian).
[39] “Sayenko from Dnepropetrovsk innocent?" (in Russian). Novi Most. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
[40] “Murders continue after arrest of Dnepropetrovsk maniacs” [59] “Maniacs case back in court” (in Russian). Segodnya.
(in Russian). Retrieved 2009-10-02.
[41] “Shocking Murder Video Makes Rounds on the Internet”. [60] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs case goes to appeal court (with
www.blik.ua (in Russian). television news video)" (in Ukrainian). www.11channel.dp.
ua. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
[42] “Killers captured death of victims on video (with television
news video)" (in Ukrainian). exo.at.ua. Retrieved 2009-04- [61] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs to go on the Internet?" (in Rus-
17. sian). Novi Most. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
26.7. REFERENCES 115

[62] “Dnepropetrovsk maniacs will serve life sentences” (in


Russian). smi.dp.ua. Retrieved 2009-11-25.

[63] “Capítulo 6 Aquí en Vivo: 'Los maníacos del martillo'" (in


Spanish). Retrieved 2010-08-09.

[64] “Killers take script from the Internet” (in Russian).


Lifenews.ru. May 12, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-12.

[65] “Maniac from Akademgorodok, Irkutsk records video


message, confessing to evil of nationalism” (in Russian).
NEWSru. June 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-12.

[66] “Hammer killers from Akademgorodok to spend longer in


jail: trial will not begin before December” (in Russian).
Komsomolskaya Pravda. October 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-
10-08.

[67] “Killing – It's fun”(in Russian). www.vsp.ru. October 29,


2011. Retrieved 2011-11-30.

[68] “Irkutsk “hammer killers”convicted over a series of


murders, assassinations and extremism” (in Russian).
38.mvd.ru. April 2, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Chapter 27

Donald Henry Gaskins

“Pee Wee Gaskins”redirects here. For the Indonesian of his attacker, Hazel Brazell. As a result, he received an
band, see Pee Wee Gaskins (band). extra three years in prison, but from that point on he be-
came the aggressor instead of the victim. He escaped from
prison in 1955 by hiding in the back of a garbage truck and
Donald Henry “Pee Wee”Gaskins, Jr. (né Parrott;
March 13, 1933 – September 6, 1991) was an American fled to Florida, where he took employment with a traveling
carnival.* [4] He was re-arrested, remanded to custody, and
serial killer.
paroled in August 1961.

27.1 Early life 27.2 Second arrest and subsequent


Gaskins was born in Florence County, South Carolina. His murders
mother's name was Eulea Parrott,* [1] and he was the last
in a string of illegitimate children. Gaskins' early life was Following his release from prison, Gaskins reverted to com-
characterized by a great deal of neglect. His mother pro- mitting burglaries and fencing stolen property. Two years
vided little supervision. When Gaskins was just one year after his parole, Gaskins was arrested for the rape of a
old, he drank a bottle of kerosene, which caused him to have twelve-year-old girl, but he absconded while awaiting sen-
convulsions until he was three years old. He also suffered tence.* [5] He was rearrested in Georgia and sentenced
from night terrors. Gaskins also received regular beatings to eight years of imprisonment. Gaskins was paroled in
from his various “step-fathers.”He was small for his age November 1968.* [6] Upon his release, Gaskins moved to
and immediately gained the nickname “Pee Wee”. His the town of Sumter and began work with Fort Roofing
mother apparently took so little interest in him that the first company. His first non-prison-related murder victim was
time he learned his given name̶Donald̶was when it was a hitchhiker whom he tortured and murdered in September
read out in his first court appearance.* [2] The court appear- 1969, before sinking her body in a swamp. In his memoirs,
ance followed a brief crime spree he and a few of his fellow he wrote: “All I could think about is how I could do any-
school dropouts had taken. They gang-raped the sister of thing I wanted to her.”* [2] This hitchhiker was to be the
one of the dropouts and committed a string of robberies. first of many he picked up and killed while driving around
They were arrested after a witness, who survived a hatchet the coastal highways of the American South. He classified
assault, was able to identify them to the police. As a result, these victims as “coastal kills": people, both male and fe-
Gaskins was sent to reform school. male, whom he killed purely for pleasure, on average ap-
While in reform school, Gaskins was regularly raped by proximately once every six weeks, when he went hunting to
his fellow inmates. After escaping from the school, get- quell his feelings of “bothersome-ness”. He tortured and
ting married and voluntarily returning to complete his sen- mutilated his victims, while attempting to keep them alive
tence, he was released at the age of 18 in 1951. He briefly for as long as possible. He confessed to killing these victims
worked on a tobacco plantation. He was arrested in 1953, using a variety of methods including stabbing, suffocation,
and charged with attempted murder after using a hammer mutilation, and even claimed to have cannibalized some of
to attack a teenage girl whom he claimed had been insulting them.* [4] He later confessed to killing “eighty to ninety”
him. Gaskins was sentenced to six years imprisonment at such victims,* [7] although this figure has never been cor-
the Central Correctional Institution.* [3] He was raped again roborated.
in prison, but this time he fought back and cut the throat In November 1970, Gaskins committed the first of his so-

116
27.5. “FINAL TRUTH” 117

called“serious murders”, people whom he knew and killed store they owned in the Burgess community. Gaskins was
for personal reasons. Gaskins' first “serious murder”vic- hired to commit this murder by Tony Cimo, son of Myrtle
tims were his own niece, Janice Kirby, aged 15, and her Moon. Gaskins initially made several unsuccessful attempts
friend Patricia Ann Alsbrook, aged 17, both of whom he to kill Tyner by lacing his food and drink with poison be-
beat to death after attempting to sexually assault them in fore he opted to use explosives to kill him. To accomplish
Sumter, South Carolina.* [4] Other “serious murder”vic- this, Gaskins rigged a device similar to a portable radio in
tims were killed for a variety of reasons: because they had Tyner's death row cell and told Tyner this would allow them
mocked Gaskins, attempted to blackmail him, owed him to “communicate between cells”.* [13] When Tyner fol-
money, because they had stolen from him, or because Gask- lowed Gaskins' instructions to hold a speaker (laden with
ins had been paid to kill his victim.* [8] Unlike his“coastal C-4 plastic explosive, unbeknown to him) to his ear at an
kills”, Gaskins simply executed these victims, usually by agreed time, Gaskins detonated the explosives from his cell
shooting them, before burying them around the coastal ar- and killed Tyner.* [12] Gaskins later said, “The last thing
eas of South Carolina. In 1973, he committed one of his he [Tyner] heard was me laughing.”Gaskins was tried for
more gruesome murders when he raped and murdered two the murder of Rudolph Tyner and sentenced to death.
of his neighbors: Doreen Dempsey, aged 23 and 8 months
pregnant, and her one-year-old daughter.* [9] Nobody sus-
pected that Gaskins was a sadistic serial killer, but there 27.5 “Final Truth”
were some who knew that he was prepared to commit mur-
der for a reasonable reward. In February 1975, a woman
While on death row, Gaskins told his life story to a journal-
named Suzanne Kipper Owens hired Gaskins to kill her
ist named Wilton Earle. He claimed to having committed
boyfriend, Silas Barnwell Yates. In order to cover up the
between 100 and 110 murders,* [14] including that of Mar-
murder, Gaskins ended up killing four more times.* [9]
garet“Peg”Cuttino, the 13-year-old daughter of then South
Carolina State Senator James Cuttino, Jr., of Sumter, South
Carolina. However, law enforcement sources found it im-
27.3 Final arrest possible to verify all of his claims. In his autobiography,
Final Truth, Gaskins wrote that he had “a special mind”
Gaskins was arrested on November 14, 1975, when a crimi- that gave him “permission to kill.”
nal associate, named Walter Neeley confessed to police that
he had witnessed Gaskins killing Dennis Bellamy, aged 28,
and Johnny Knight, aged 15.* [10] Neeley confessed to po- 27.6 Execution
lice that Gaskins had confided in him to having killed sev-
eral people who had been listed as missing persons during Gaskins was executed on September 6, 1991,* [15] at 1:10
the previous five years, and had indicated to him where they a.m. He was the fourth person to die in the electric chair
were buried. On December 4, 1975, Gaskins led police after the death penalty was reinstated in South Carolina in
to land he owned in Prospect, where police discovered the 1977.* [12] Only hours before he was escorted to the electric
bodies of eight of his victims.* [11] chair at Broad River Correctional Institution, Gaskins tried
to commit suicide by slitting his wrists with a razor blade
he had swallowed the previous week, then coughed up. His
27.4 Imprisonment last words were, “Iʼll let my lawyers talk for me. Iʼm
ready to go.”* [16]
Gaskins was tried on eight charges of murder on May 24,
1976,* [8] found guilty on May 28 and sentenced to death,
which was later commuted to life in prison when the South 27.7 References
Carolina General Assembly's 1974 death sentence ruling
was changed to conform to the United States Supreme [1]
Court guidelines for the death penalty in other states.* [12]
[2] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds of
On September 2, 1982, Gaskins committed another mur- Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 130. ISBN 0-
der, for which he earned the title of the “Meanest Man in 7607-7566-4.
America”. While incarcerated in the high security block at
the South Carolina Correctional Institution, Gaskins killed [3] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 45
a death row inmate named Rudolph Tyner, who had re-
[4] Encyclopaedia of serial killers ISBN 0-7472-3731-X
ceived his sentence for killing an elderly couple named Bill
and Myrtle Moon during a bungled armed robbery of the [5] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 76
118 CHAPTER 27. DONALD HENRY GASKINS

[6] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 86

[7] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 121

[8] Encyclopaedia of serial killers ISBN 0-7472-3731-X, p. 180

[9] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds of


Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 132. ISBN 0-
7607-7566-4.

[10] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 181

[11] O'Shea, Margaret (1991-09-07). “Letter denies most


killings”. The State. Retrieved 2008-09-27.

[12] Shuler, Rita. 2006. Carolina Crimes: Case Files of a Foren-


sic Photographer. The History Press: Charleston, SC.

[13] Final Truth. ISBN 1-85286-494-X, p. 204

[14] Donald “Pee Wee”Gaskins - Part 3

[15] Donald “Pee Wee”Gaskins (1933 - 1991) - Find A Grave


Memorial

[16] http://prolifickillers.wordpress.com/2010/06/20/
profile-of-an-american-serial-killer-pee-wee-gaskins-2/

27.8 Sources
• Donald H. Gaskins; Wilton Earle (1992). Final Truth
: The Autobiography of a Serial Killer. ISBN 978-0-
9632422-0-4.

27.9 External links


• Pee Wee documentary film from SCETV's Carolina
Stories television series
• Timeline of Donald Henry Gaskins including a list of
some of his victims
• Donald Henry Gaskins, United States Court of Ap-
peals
• Donald “Pee Wee”Gaskins

• US Executions since 1976


Chapter 28

Edson Izidoro Guimarães

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 28.2 See also


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). • Abraão José Bueno - Brazilian nurse found guilty of 4
murders
Edson Isidoro Guimarães (born 1957) is a Brazillian
• Skin Hunters - four Polish nurses and doctors in Łódź
nursing assistant and convicted serial killer.* [1] He con-
who killed patients and then informed local funeral
fessed to five murders of which he was convicted of four,
homes in return for a fee
but is suspected of committing up to 131 in total. He
claimed that he chose patients whose conditions were ir-
reversible and who were in pain.
28.3 References
[1] Serial Murder by Healthcare Professionals at the Wayback
28.1 Crimes Machine (archived January 6, 2009)

[2] John Field, Caring to Death: a discursive analysis of nurses


Guimarães worked as a nurse in the Salgado Filho Hospi- who murder patients, 2007, pp. 44-45
tal in the Méier district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was
[3] Brazilian police: Nurse may have killed up to 132 patients
caught in 1999 when a hospital porter saw Guimarães fill a
in the past four months, Associated Press at the Wayback
syringe with potassium chloride and inject a comatose pa- Machine (archived July 9, 2006)
tient who immediately died. The police were informed and
a higher than average death rate on his ward increased their [4] Amanda Howard and Martin Smith, River of Blood: Se-
suspicions. On his arrest he confessed to five murders.* [2] rial Killers and Their Victims, Universal-Publishers, 2004,
He told a television reporter prior to his trial,“I don't regret p. 171, p. 171, at Google Books
what I did”, adding“I did it to those in irreversible comas
and whose families were suffering.”* [3]
He was convicted on February 21, 2000, of the murders of
four patients and sentenced to 76 years in prison.* [4] He is
thought to have killed up to 131 patients between January 1
and May 4, 1999.* [2]* [4] He told reporters: “The oxygen
mask was taken away, yes. There were five patients that this
happened to... I chose the patients I saw suffering, generally
patients with AIDS, patients who were almost terminal. I
am in peace because the patients were in a coma and had
no way of recovering.”* [4]
One possible motive for the murders is thought to be the fact
that he was paid $60 a time to inform local funeral homes
of a patient's death so that they could contact the deceased's
relatives.* [4] According to Josias Quintal, Rio's secretary
for public security, “He may have begun doing it to earn
money and then just lost control”.* [3]

119
Chapter 29

Edward Edwards (serial killer)

Edward Wayne Edwards (June 14, 1933 – April 7, 2011) True Life Story of Ed Edwards in 1972; but by 1982 he had
was a convicted American serial killer. Edwards escaped returned to crime, and was imprisoned in Pennsylvania for
from jail in Akron, Ohio in 1955 by pushing past a guard two years for arson.* [3]
and fled across the country, holding up gas stations for
money. In 1961, he landed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted
Fugitives list. He eventually was captured and arrested in
Atlanta, Georgia on January 20, 1962. Paroled in 1967, 29.2 Known murders
between 1977 and 1996 he murdered at least 5 people and
is suspected in many other killings as well. Edwards is known to have murdered five people, two in
Ohio in 1977, two in Wisconsin in 1980, and one in Ohio
in 1996.
The first murders for which Edwards was convicted, of Billy
29.1 Background Lavaco and Judy Straub, a double murder, took place in
Ohio in 1977. He received life sentences for these crimes
Edwards was born in Akron, Ohio;* [1]* [2] he grew up in 2010.* [4]
primarily as an orphan after witnessing the suicide of his
The second pair of murders were of Tim Hack and Kelly
mother. In his autobiography, Edwards claimed that he
Drew, another double homicide, in Wisconsin, in 1980.
was abused, both physically and emotionally in an orphan-
* * These were referred to as the“Sweetheart Murders”. Ed-
age, which contributed to his criminal behavior. [2] [3] He
wards had been questioned at the time, but there was no ba-
was allowed to get out of juvenile detention to join the U.S.
sis to hold him. Almost 29 years later his connection to the
Marines, went AWOL, and was subsequently dishonorably
* crime was established by means of DNA testing.* [3]* [5]
discharged. [1] Then he returned to his criminal lifestyle.
Apparently, Edwards' own child tipped off police about his
He traveled frequently during his 20s and 30s doing odd
possible involvement.* [2]* [6]
jobs, such as working as a ship docker, vacuum retailer and
handyman. He lived most of his life, when not incarcerated, Lastly Edwards confessed to the 1996 murder of Danny Boy
in Louisville, Kentucky. Edwards in Ohio. The victim was referred to as an adopted
child who had lived with Edwards and his wife for sev-
In 1955 Edwards escaped from a jail in Akron and drifted
eral years. Danny's original name was Danny Law Gloeck-
around the country, robbing gas stations when he needed
* * ner.* [6] Edwards murdered Danny Boy in a scheme to col-
money. [2] [3] He wrote that he never disguised his ap-
lect insurance money. He was sentenced to death for this
pearance during crimes because he wanted to be fa-
* crime in March 2011, but died in prison of natural causes a
mous. [3] His name was placed on the FBI's 10 Most
* * month later.* [4]
Wanted list in 1961. [2] [3] He was eventually imprisoned
in Leavenworth, from which he was paroled in 1967. He
claimed that as the result of the influence of a benevo-
lent guard at Leavenworth, he reformed and married, and 29.3 Other possible murders
became a motivational speaker on the subject of his re-
form.* [3] According to Phil Stanford in his book The Peyton-Allan
Edwards appeared on two television shows, “To Tell the Files, Edwards may have been responsible for the murders
Truth”(1972) and “What's My Line?" He wrote an au- of Beverly Allan and Larry Peyton in Portland, Oregon in
tobiography titled The Metamorphosis of a Criminal: The 1960.* [7] Two men were arrested and imprisoned for these

120
29.6. REFERENCES 121

murders, but released from prison early. Authorities main- [11] Sangiacomo, Michael (April 8, 2011). “Convicted serial
tain that the correct persons were prosecuted.* [6] killer Edward Edwards dies in prison, avoiding execution”.
The Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Some investigators have noted that Edwards lived in north-
ern California during each of the Zodiac Killer's murders
in the late 1960s and would have, at the time, closely
matched the Zodiac's description, although others dispute
that claim.* [8]

29.4 Death
Edwards died of natural causes at the Corrections Medical
Center in Columbus, Ohio on April 7, 2011.* [9]* [10]* [11]

29.5 See also


• List of death row inmates in the United States

29.6 References
[1] “Edward Wayne Edwards: A timeline of his life”. Madi-
son.com. June 9, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2016.

[2] “Edward Edwards, convicted killer of 5, dies of natural


causes in Ohio prison”. Wisconsin State Journal. April 8,
2011. Retrieved April 9, 2012.

[3] Andreadis, Cleopatra (June 10, 2010). “Elderly Con-


man Confesses He Killed 4 During Career as Motivational
Speaker”. ABC News. Retrieved January 22, 2016.

[4] “US serial killer Edward Edwards, 77, pleads for death”.
news.com.au. March 9, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2012.

[5] English, Lindsay (July 31, 2009). “Louisville man arrested


in Wisconsin cold case double murder”. WAVE. Retrieved
January 22, 2016.

[6] Whisner, Ryan (April 8, 2011). “UPDATE: Hack-Drew


murderer dead of natural causes”. Daily Union (Fort Atkin-
son, Wisconsin). Retrieved January 22, 2016.

[7] Redden, Jim (October 27, 2010). “After 50 years, murders


still a mystery”. Portland Tribune. Retrieved January 22,
2016.

[8] John, Finn J.D. (May 14, 2013). “Did Oregon Miss The
Chance To Stop A Serial Killer?". News-Register. Retrieved
January 22, 2016.

[9] Gazaway, Charles (April 8, 2011). “Confessed serial killer


dies in prison”. WAVE. Retrieved January 22, 2016.

[10] Brueck, Dana (April 8, 2011).“UPDATE: Edward Edwards


Dead”. nbc15.com (WMTV). Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Chapter 30

Elmer Wayne Henley

Elmer Wayne Henley, Jr. (born May 9, 1956) is a con- relationship. He later stated that though he admired Corll
victed American serial killer, incarcerated in the Texas De- because he worked hard, he also suspected that Corll was
partment of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) system. Henley was homosexual, and concluded that Brooks was“hustling him-
convicted in 1974* [2]* :219 for his role in a series of mur- self a queer.”* [6]
ders in Houston, Texas, between 1970 and 1973 in which Nonetheless, in 1971, Henley also began spending time in
a minimum of 28 teenage boys were abducted, tortured,
Corll's company. Corll informed Henley that he was in-
raped and murdered by Dean Corll. Many of the vic- volved in organized theft, and he, Brooks and Henley bur-
tims were lured to Corll's home by Henley or Corll's other
glarized several addresses, for which Henley was paid small
teenage accomplice, David Brooks. Corll was shot dead by sums of money.* [5] On one occasion, in an apparent test of
Henley, then 17 years old,* [3] on August 8, 1973. character, Corll asked Henley if he would be willing to kill
Henley is serving six life sentences for his involvement in if required, to which Henley replied, “Yes.”* [5]
what came to be known as the Houston Mass Murders,* [4] The same year, Henley became aware of an insidious pat-
which at the time were characterized as“the deadliest case tern of disappearances in his neighborhood: Since the pre-
of serial murders in American history”.* [2]* :158 vious December a total of eight boys age 13 to 17 had dis-
appeared. Henley was friends with two of the youths, David
Hilligiest and Malley Winkle, who disappeared on May 29,
30.1 Early life 1971 on their way to a local swimming pool. Henley ac-
tively participated in the search for them.* [2]* :46
Henley was born May 9, 1956, in Houston, Texas, the eldest
of four sons born to Elmer Wayne Henley, Sr. and Mary
Henley (née Weed). His father was an alcoholic and a wife- 30.2 Introduction to Dean Corll
beater who also physically assaulted his sons. His mother
was nonetheless protective of her children and strove to en-
In the winter of 1971, when he was 15, Wayne Henley was
sure her children received a good education and stayed out again taken by David Brooks to meet Corll. In his con-
of trouble. The couple divorced in 1970 when Henley was fession given almost two years later, Henley told detectives
14. Henley's mother retained custody of her four sons. Brooks lured him to Corll's home on the promise he could
Initially, Henley was an excellent student at participate in“a deal where I could make some money.”At
school;* [2]* :201 but after his parents' divorce he took a Corll's home (where he was possibly taken as an intended
series of menial part-time jobs to help his mother with victim), the youth was told by Corll that he belonged to an
household finances, and his grades dropped sharply. At the organization based in Dallas which recruited young boys for
age of 15 Henley dropped out of high school. a homosexual slavery ring. Henley was offered the same
Prior to his leaving high school, Henley became acquainted fee as Brooks ($200) for any boy whom he could bring to
with a youth one year his senior named David Brooks. The Corll.* [7]* [8]
two became friends and often played truant together.* [5] Henley later informed police that, for several months, he
Through his acquaintance with Brooks, Henley became completely ignored Corll's offer. However, in early 1972,
aware that his friend spent a lot of his free time in the com- he decided he would“help find a boy”for Corll as he was in
pany of an older man with whom he himself gradually be- dire financial circumstances.* [9] At Corll's home, Corll and
came a casual acquaintance: Dean Corll.* [5] Initially, Hen- Henley devised a ruse in which they would lure a youth to
ley was oblivious to the true extent of Corll's and Brooks' Corll's home and Henley would then cuff his hands behind

122
30.2. INTRODUCTION TO DEAN CORLL 123

his back, release himself, then con the victim into placing shot in the mouth by Henley who, according to Brooks' con-
the handcuffs upon himself. The pair then drove around fession 'just came in (the room where the two boys were
Houston Heights and, at the corner of 11th and Studewood, bound) waving the .22 and accidentally shot one of the boys
Henley persuaded a youth to enter Corll's GTX. The victim in the jaw. ' The two boys were killed later the same day
was lured to Corll's Schuler Street apartment on the promise Hembree was shot and later buried in the boat shed. One
of smoking some marijuana. At Corll's address, Henley month later, a 19-year-old named Richard Kepner was ab-
helped con the teenager into donning the handcuffs,* [10] ducted while walking to phone his fiancee from a pay phone.
then watched Corll pounce on the youth, tie his feet and By the time Richard Kepner had been killed and buried
place tape over his mouth. Henley then left the youth alone
at High Island, Henley had assisted in the abduction and
with Corll, believing he was to be sold into the homosexual murder of a minimum of nine teenage boys. On Febru-
slavery ring. The next day, Corll paid Henley $200.
ary 1, 1973, Corll abducted and killed a 17-year-old youth
The identity of this first victim Henley assisted in the ab- named Joseph Lyles, apparently without the assistance of
duction of is not known, although it is possible the youth Henley, who had temporarily moved to Mount Pleasant in
was 17-year-old Willard Karmon Branch, who disappeared early 1973.
in February 1972 and was found buried in Corll's boat shed.

30.2.1 Participation in killings

On March 24, Henley, in the company of Corll and


Brooks, persuaded an 18-year-old friend of his named
Frank Aguirre to accompany him to Corll's home on the
promise of smoking marijuana with the trio. At Corll's
home, Aguirre was plied with marijuana, then persuaded
to handcuff himself. Corll dragged Aguirre to his bedroom
and secured him to his torture board where he was raped,
tortured and strangled before being buried at High Island
Beach.* [11] Henley later claimed that he attempted to talk
Corll out of raping and killing Aguirre, but Corll adamantly
refused. At this point, Corll informed him the youth he had
previously assisted in the abduction of had been killed and
that Aguirre was to suffer the same fate.* [12] Later, Corll
and Brooks informed Henley that his childhood friend,
David Hilligiest, had also been killed and buried in his
boat shed along with his swimming companion Malley Win-
kle.* [9]
Despite the revelations to the reality of the fate of the boys
brought to Corll, Henley nonetheless continued to assist
Corll and Brooks in the abductions and murders of youths,
who would be lured to Corll's home either alone or in pairs.
Less than one month later, Henley and Brooks persuaded
another friend of theirs, 17-year-old Mark Scott, to attend
a party at Corll's home. As had been the case with Frank
Aguirre, Scott was raped, tortured, strangled and buried at
High Island Beach before another two Heights youths, Billy
Baulch and Johnny Ray Delone, were also murdered and
buried at High Island on May 21. Billy Lawrence, aged 15

Corll moved to an address at Westcott Towers in June “Dear Daddy,


1972 and within one month, a 17-year-old youth named
Steven Sickman had been murdered. On October 3, Hen- I have decided to go to Austin because I have got a good job
ley assisted Corll in the abduction and murder of two offer. I am sorry that I decided to leave but I just had to go.
Heights boys named Wally Simoneaux and Richard Hem- PS I will be back in late August. Hope you understand, but
bree. David Brooks later stated Hembree was accidentally I had to go.
124 CHAPTER 30. ELMER WAYNE HENLEY

Daddy I hope you know I love you. wrists,* [2]* :100,101 Kerley and Williams had each been
Your son, bound and gagged and lay alongside Henley on the floor.
Corll then dragged Henley by his cuffed hands into his
Billy.”
kitchen and placed a .22 caliber pistol against his stomach,
Transcript of letter Billy Lawrence was forced to write to threatening to shoot him. Henley pled for his life, promising
his father by Corll.* [13] to participate in the torture and murder of the other youths
In the spring of 1973, Henley attempted to enlist in the U.S. if Corll released him. Corll agreed and untied Henley, then
Navy, but his application was rejected due to the fact he had carried Kerley and Williams into his bedroom and tied them
dropped out of high school and possessed a limited educa- to opposite sides of his plywood torture board: Kerley on
tion. In a 2010 interview, Henley stated: “I couldn't leave his stomach; Williams on her back.
anyway. If I did go, I knew Dean would go after one of my Henley was handed a long hunting knife by Corll, who or-
little brothers, who he always liked a little too much.” dered him to cut away Williams' clothes, insisting that he
Nonetheless, between June and July 1973: he, Brooks and would rape and kill the youth as Henley would do likewise
Corll had killed a further seven victims between the ages of to Rhonda Williams. Henley began cutting away the girl's
fifteen and twenty, at least six of whom Henley participated clothes as Corll placed the pistol upon a table, undressed
in either the abduction of or murder. On June 4, a 15-year- and clambered on top of Kerley.
old friend of Henley's named Billy Lawrence was abducted
and, after 3 days of abuse and torture at an address Corll
had moved to in Pasadena, strangled with a ligature and 30.3.1 Shooting of Corll
buried at Lake Sam Rayburn. Less than two weeks later,
a 20-year-old hitch-hiker named Raymond Blackburn was As Corll began to assault and torture Tim Kerley, Henley
likewise strangled and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn before began to cut away Williams' clothes with the knife Corll
a 15-year-old South Houston youth named Homer Garcia had handed him. As he did so, Williams lifted her head
was shot and buried at the same location after his July 7 ab- and asked Henley, “Is this for real?" Henley replied in
duction. Two additional youths, John Sellars and Michael the affirmative and Williams then asked Henley whether he
Baulch, were killed on July 12 and July 19 and on July intended to “do anything about it,”upon which Henley
25, Henley lured two friends of his named Charles Cob- grabbed the pistol Corll had laid on a bedside table and or-
ble and Marty Jones to Corll's apartment where, two days dered Corll to stop what he was doing, shouting, “You've
later, Cobble was shot and Jones strangled before the youths gone far enough, Dean!"
were buried in Corll's boat shed. Even with a weapon pointed at him, Corll was not cowed:
On August 3, Brooks and Corll - without the assistance of he walked towards Henley, shouting,“Kill me, Wayne! You
Henley - abducted and killed a 13-year-old Pasadena boy won't do it!" Henley fired a round at Corll, hitting him in the
named James Dreymala. The youth last called his mother forehead. As Corll continued to advance upon him, Henley
stating he was at a party. Dreymala was strangled and shot him a further two times in the shoulder, upon which
buried in Corll's boat shed. Corll staggered out of the room where the teenagers were
held. Henley then fired a further three rounds into the rear
of his right shoulder and lower back, killing him. He then
30.3 August 8 party released Kerley and Williams, phoned the Pasadena police
and subsequently confessed to his role in the Houston Mass
Murders.
On August 8, 1973, Henley brought a further potential vic-
tim, 19-year-old Timothy Kerley, to Corll's home upon the
promise of a party. Before Corll was able to manacle Kerley
to his torture board, the pair left Corll's home to purchase 30.4 Confession
sandwiches. Henley and Kerley later returned to Corll's
home - in the company of a 15-year-old girl named Rhonda
On the evening of August 8, Henley confessed to police
Williams. Corll was furious that a girl had been brought
that for almost three years, he and David Brooks had helped
to his house, telling Henley in private he had “ruined ev-
procure teenage boys - some of whom had been their own
erything.”Externally, however, Corll remained calm: he
friends - for Dean Corll. Henley unequivocally stated that
waited until Henley and the other two teenagers fell asleep
since the winter of 1971, he had actively participated in the
from a night of drinking and smoking marijuana before
abductions and, later, the murders of the victims. He stated
binding and gagging them. that Brooks had also been an active accomplice - albeit for
Henley woke to find Corll placing handcuffs upon his a longer period of time than he.
30.5. INDICTMENT 125

Henley stated to police that Corll had paid him and Brooks ished on July 12, 1973, had died of four gunshot wounds
$200 for each victim they were able to lure to his apart- fired from a rifle, whereas each other victim of the Houston
ment, and informed police that Corll had buried most of Mass Murders had either been strangled or killed by the .22
his victims in a boatshed in Southwest Houston, and others caliber pistol Henley had used to kill Dean Corll. However,
at Lake Sam Rayburn and High Island Beach. He agreed to Henley and Brooks had led police to Sellars' body on August
accompany police to each of the burial sites to assist in the 13, 1973 and the youth's body was found bound hand and
recovery of the victims. In one of the more dramatic mo- foot and buried in a manner similar to Corll's other known
ments in Houston television history, Jack Cato, a reporter victims.
for Houston's NBC television affiliate KPRC-TV, accom-
panied Henley and police as Henley led them to the storage
shed where he and Corll had buried some of the murder vic- 30.5 Indictment
tims' bodies. Cato allowed Henley the use of his mobile ra-
dio telephone to call Henley's mother, at which time Henley
On August 13, 1973, a grand jury convened in Harris
uttered the words,“Mama, I killed Dean”, confessing to her
County to hear evidence against Henley and Brooks. The
that he had killed Dean Corll, all while Cato was capturing
jury heard evidence from both Rhonda Williams and Tim
the conversation on film. The footage played several times
Kerley, who each testified to the events of August 7 and 8
on KPRC-TV's local news and was picked up for nation-
leading to the shooting of Dean Corll, plus the testimony
wide broadcast by NBC Nightly News that evening.* [14]
from various police officers who recited and discussed the
written statements each youth had made and described how
both Brooks and Henley had led them to each of the burial
sites. The assembled jury also heard the testimony of a
youth named Billy Ridinger, who had been abducted by
Corll, Henley and Brooks in 1972 and who testified as to
his torture and abuse at the hands of the trio.
After listening to the evidence presented, the jury initially
indicted Henley on three counts of murder and Brooks on
one count. Bail was set at $100,000.* [18]* :161 Henley was
not charged with the death of Dean Corll, which was ruled
self-defense.
On October 8, Henley and Brooks were brought to court
to face a formal arraignment. Henley was charged with six
Elmer Wayne Henley, pictured at Lake Sam Rayburn on August 9, counts of murder and Brooks with four counts.* [19] Both
1973 youths pleaded not guilty to the charges against them.* [20]
Between August 8 and August 13, a total of 27 boys be-
tween the ages of 13 and 20 were found buried at the three
locations Henley (and later, Brooks) had stated they and 30.6 Trial and conviction
Corll had buried the victims, with an additional victim be-
ing discovered in 1983.* [15] Seventeen of the victims were Henley was brought to trial in San Antonio in July 1974,
found buried in the boat shed, a further four victims were charged with the murders of six teenage boys whom he him-
found at Lake Sam Rayburn, six bodies were found buried self lured to Corll's apartment between March 1972 and
at High Island Beach (although the body of a seventh victim July 1973.* [9]* [21] Throughout his trial, Henley was rep-
buried at High Island, Mark Scott, still lies undiscovered resented by Will Gray and Edwin Pegelow.* [22]
at this location) and the body of a 29th victim was found The State of Texas presented a total of 82 pieces of evi-
buried at Jefferson County Beach in August 1983. All the dence throughout Henley's trial, including the written con-
victims found were young males and many had been sexu- fession Henley had given on August 8, which was read to
ally tortured in addition to being sexually assaulted. Autop- the court in which he admitted killing or assisting in the
sies revealed each victim had been killed by either strangu- abduction and murder of several youths, including the 6
lation, shooting or a combination of both.* [16] teenagers for whose murder he was on trial. Other pieces of
At Henley's trial in 1974, one of the six bodies found buried evidence presented included the wooden box used to trans-
at High Island, that of 17-year-old John Manning Sellars, port the victims' bodies to the various burial sites and the
was disputed as being a victim of Corll by a forensic pathol- plywood body board upon which many victims had been re-
ogist who examined his remains.* [17] The youth, who van- strained. Within the wooden box, investigators had found
126 CHAPTER 30. ELMER WAYNE HENLEY

30.6.1 Appeal
Henley's conviction was overturned on appeal on December
20, 1978.* [26] He was tried for a second time in June 1979
and was again convicted of 6 murders and again sentenced
to six consecutive life terms.
In February 1975, David Brooks was tried for the June,
1973 murder of Billy Ray Lawrence. He was convicted and
sentenced to life imprisonment on March 4.* [27]
Henley first became eligible for parole on July 8, 1980; on
this occasion̶and each successive parole hearing to date
̶he has been denied parole. Henley's next eligible parole
date is October 2025* [28]* [29] when he will be 69 years
old.
As of early 2016, both Henley and Brooks are still serving
life sentences.* [30] * [31] * [32]* :7 Henley, who is assigned
TDCJ #00241618, is currently incarcerated in the Mark W.
Michael Unit in Anderson County.* [30]* [33]

Elmer Wayne Henley, age 18, during his trial in San Antonio, July,
1974. 30.7 Art controversy
In 1994, at the suggestion of a Louisiana art dealer, Hen-
ley began to paint as a hobby, in part as a means of gen-
erating income for himself and his mother. Henley refuses
several strands of human hair which examiners had con- to paint or draw any images of a violent or exploitative na-
cluded came from Charles Cobble. A total of 25 witnesses ture: many of his works depict serene imagery such as land-
testified as to Henley's involvement in the abductions and scapes, buildings and flowers and the majority being created
murders, including Detective David Mullican. At one point using acrylics and graphite.* [34]
during the trial, Mullican testified that Henley had informed
him that in order to restrain the youths; he, Brooks and CorllIn interviews, Henley has stated that he suffers from a se-
had“handcuffed (the victims) to the board and sometimes vere color deficiency in his eyesight that makes it impossible
to a wall with their mouths taped so they couldn't make any for him to clearly distinguish between reds and greens. To
noise”.* [23] compensate, any portraits Henley draws of humans are in
black and white; with his other works usually being drawn
Following advice from his defense counsel, Henley did not or painted in color.* [35]
take the stand to testify in his own defense, although one
of his attorneys, Will Gray, did cross examine a number of A pen pal with whom Henley has corresponded *
has also or-
witnesses. On more than 300 occasions,* [24] Henley's at- ganized several exhibitions of his artwork. [35] In 1997,
torneys raised objections to the testimony given or evidence the Hyde Park Gallery in Houston's Neartown area hosted
presented against Henley which was overruled by the judge Henley's first art show. This exhibition drew outrage from
*
presiding at his trial. some victims' relatives. [35] In 1999 the city of Houston
expressed interest in building a monument to victims of
On July 16, 1974, after hearing closing arguments from violent crime, which Henley said he would be willing to
both prosecution and defense, the jury retired to consider help pay for with part of the proceeds from a second art
their verdict. After one hour of deliberation they reached show.* [36]
their conclusion:* [25] Henley was found guilty and sen-
tenced to six consecutive 99-year terms of imprisonment.
On July 25, Henley and his attorneys filed an appeal, con- 30.8 References
tending that Henley had been denied an evidentiary hear-
ing; that the jury had not been sequestered; that a motion to
[1] Eugene Register-Guard Jun. 28, 1979
move the initial trial away from San Antonio had also been
denied and that the presence of news media in the court- [2] Olsen, Jack (1974). The Man with the Candy. Simon and
room had also prejudiced his trial. Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1283-0.
30.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 127

[3] Serial Killers ISBN 0-7835-0000-9 p.111 [25] “To appeal Henley's conviction”. The Journal (Meriden,
CT: Associated Press). 17 July 1974. p. 18.
[4] Kurth, Austin (April, 2011). The Houston Mass Murders:
What Really Happened. Texas Monthly archive. Retrieved [26] http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=497125
February 18, 2012
[27] “Houston jury finds David Brooks guilty”. Beaver County
[5] Conaway, James (April 1976).“The Last Kid on the Block” Times (Beaver Co., PA: UPI). 4 March 1975. pp. A4.
. Texas Monthly 4 (4): 83.
[28] “Parole Review Information”. Texas Department of Crim-
[6] [Texas Monthly, April 1976 edition p. 124] inal Justice. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[7] Overton, James L. (Mar 17, 1975). “Horror still haunts [29] "Offender Information Detail Henley, Elmer Wayne Jr.”
families”. Montreal Gazette. UPI. Retrieved 17 October Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July
2015. 20, 2010. Enter the SID “01924387.”

[8] Murder in mind ISSN 1364-5803, p18 [30] “Offender Information Details”. Texas Department of
Criminal Justice. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
[9] Henley v. State, 644 SW2d 950 (Texas Court of Appeals,
13th Dist. 1982). [31] “Offender Information Details”. Texas Department of
Criminal Justice. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
[10] USA Today.
[32] Bardsley, Marilyn (19 April 2012). “Dean Corll”. truTV
[11] Hollandsworth, Skip (April 2011).“The Lost Boys”. Texas Crime Library.
Monthly. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
[33] Fox News Archived June 11, 2008, at the Wayback Ma-
[12] Texas Crime News. Archived January 1, 1970, at the chine.
Wayback Machine.
[34] Pugh, Clifford (31 January 1997). “Sentenced to life in
[13] Texas Crime News, April 2011 prison for one of society's most heinous mass murders, it's
all Elmer Wayne Henley has. Some say it's too much.”.
[14] “Houston Legend Jack Cato, 70”. NPPA The Voice of chron. Houston Chronicle.
Visual Journalists. Retrieved 2014-12-21.
[35] McVicker, Steve (30 January 1997).“Killer Art”. Houston
[15] ABC Local.com. Press. Retrieved 2009-09-13.

[16] Phinney, Debera (13 September 2010). “Police News Re- [36] “To Die For”. Houston Press. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
porter “Identifies”Houston Mass Murder Victim - Bodies
to be Exhumed”. The Police News.

[17] Barlow, Jim (12 July 1974). "(no title)". Saildart.org. As- 30.9 External links
sociated Press. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
• TDCJ Online Offender Search
[18] Hanna, David (1975). Harvest of Horror: Mass Murder in
Houston (mass market paperback ed.). Belmont Tower. • Elmer Wayne Henley, Jr. & Dean Corll Documentary
Clip on YouTube
[19] “Houston youths arraigned today”. Ellensburg Daily Record
(Ellensburg, WA: UPI). 8 October 1973. p. 5. Retrieved 19 • Elmer Wayne Henley's 1978 appeal.
April 2012.
• Police evidence on YouTube in the case of Elmer
[20] “2 Texas Youths File Pleas of Not Guilty In Mass Slayings
Wayne Henley
(abstract)". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

[21] Murder in mind ISSN 1364-5803, p34

[22] “Henley Trial Evidence Held Admissible”. Spokane Daily


Chronicle (Spokane, WA: Associated Press). 1 February
1974. p. 2.

[23] “Torture board among evidence in trial”. The Prescott


Courier (Prescott, AZ: Associated Press). 10 July 1974. p.
7.

[24] “Henley Trial Arguments Monday”. Ocala Star-Banner


(Ocala, FL: Associated Press). 12 July 1974. pp. 15A.
Chapter 31

Erwin Hagedorn

the last civilian to be executed in the German Democratic


Republic and in Germany more generally.

31.1 Documentary Film


Die großen Kriminalfälle: Tod einer Bestie – Der Fall Hage-
dorn, 2001 (German)

31.2 References
[1] Möckl, Sybille. “ARD-Drama 'Mord in Eberswalde': Der
verheimlichte Serienmörder der DDR”. RP ONLINE. Re-
Forest area where the first victims were found trieved 2016-01-24.

Hans Erwin Hagedorn (born 30 January 1952 in


Eberswalde; died 15 September 1972 in Leipzig) was a
German child murderer.
On May 31, 1969 Hagedorn killed two nine-year-old boys
in a forest in Eberswalde with a knife. The bodies were
found two weeks later. Extensive investigations were com-
menced, with a psychological offender profile being as-
sembled and the Ministry for State Security obtaining doc-
uments about the case of West German child murderer
Jürgen Bartsch. However, first investigations were not suc-
cessful.
More than two years later, on 7 October 1971, Hagedorn
killed a twelve-year-old boy in the same area and in the
same way he had killed his first two victims. Shortly af-
terwards the decisive clue came from a boy who reported
to have been sexually harassed in the year before the first
murders took place. Erwin Hagedorn was arrested on 12
November 1971 and immediately confessed to the murders.
In May 1972 Hagedorn was sentenced to death. An appeal
for clemency was denied by Head of State Walter Ulbricht.
The 20-year-old Hagedorn was executed by a single shot in
the back of the neck on September 15, 1972. His body was
cremated and buried in a secret place.* [1] Hagedorn was

128
Chapter 32

Francisco Garcia Escalero

Francisco Garcia Escalero: (b. 24 May 1948 in Madrid) In March 1989, a beggar named Ángel was found dead, de-
is a Spanish serial killer convicted for the murders of 11 capitated and without his fingertips.
individuals between 1987 and 1994. He also practiced In May 1989 another beggar, Julio was, found stabbed to
necrophilia and cannibalism.
death, without his penis, and burned.* [2]
In 1994, the police were alerted by a psychiatric hospital
that two men had escaped. The men were Francisco Gar-
32.1 Biography cia Escalero and his friend Víctor Luis Criado. Both were
drunk. Two days later, the police found Victor Luis Criado
Escalero was born on 24 May 1948 in Madrid, Spain. He dead with his skull crushed and burned. During the po-
was a sickly and strange boy who received a poor and infe- lice investigation, Escalero attempted suicide on the street
rior education. From an early age, he showed a fascination but only fractured a leg. At the hospital he confessed to
with death, and enjoyed walking through the cemetery. His the murders and asked the nurses to see to it that he be ar-
father hated him and subjected him to many beatings. At rested.* [3] Francisco Garcia Escalero was finally arrested
age 16, Escalero was confined to a psychiatric hospital and in April 1994 by the police.
to 'survive', he committed many thefts. In 1973 he was con-
fined to a reformatory after stealing a motorbike, and was Escalero went to trial in February 1995 but was declared
released in 1975. About that time, he committed his first se- insane with a severe mental disorder caused by alcoholism
rious crime when he raped a girl with his friends. Escalero and schizophrenia and was confined to a psychiatric hospi-
raped the girl in front of her boyfriend. Garcia was arrested tal.
and sentenced to a term of 12 years of prison. When he was
released in 1984, he was unemployed and started a career
as a street beggar. He liked to drink a mixture of alcohol 32.3 References
and drugs, and he sometimes displayed violent and aggres-
sive behaviour. Moreover, he suffered from hallucinations • Biografía + Entrevista (Video 2´28”) en El Labora-
that urged him to kill.* [1] torio de Gwen (Spanish)

[1] (Spanish) http://psychogenial.iespana.es/escaleno.htm


32.2 Crimes and arrest [2] (Spanish) http://elduendedelparque.blogspot.com/2005/09/
francisco-garca-escalero-el-asesino-de.html
Disturbed by the 'voices', Francisco's first murder was of a
[3] (Spanish) http://www.pasarmiedo.com/Francisco_Garcia_
prostitute, Paula Martínez, in August 1987. Escalero de- Escalero.php?id=10
capitated and burned her.
In March 1988 Escalero killed a beggar named Juan. Es-
calero stabbed him before crushing his head with a stone. 32.4 External links
Months later, another beggar was found dead and seriously
burned. • Escalero accused of 15 murders - (Spanish) - El
Mundo
Escalero continued killing many more people, practicing
acts of necrophilia and cannibalism; he was known to go • Escalero declared insane - (Spanish) - El Mundo
to cemeteries to steal bodies to have sex with them.

129
Chapter 33

Fred West

For other people of the same name, see Frederick West. ing him from the age of 12, although this was never proven
nor admitted by West.* [5] In 2014 West's surviving brother
Frederick Walter Stephen “Fred”West (29 September Doug condemned him for being both a liar and a fantasist
* regarding their upbringing and in general life.* [6]
1941 [1] – 1 January 1995) was an English serial killer. Be-
tween 1967 and 1987, West – alone and later with his sec- At school, West showed an aptitude for woodwork and art-
ond wife, serial killer Rosemary West – tortured and raped work, but did not otherwise excel academically. He left
numerous young women and girls, murdering at least 12, in- school at the age of 15 in December 1956.
cluding their own family members. Fred killed at least two At the age of 17, in November 1958, he was involved in a
people before collaborating with Rose, while Rose mur- serious crash on his motorcycle, suffering a fractured skull,
dered Fred's stepdaughter (his first wife's biological daugh- a broken arm and leg, and did not regain consciousness for
ter) when he was in prison for theft. The majority of the a whole week. His family reported that, after the accident,
murders occurred between May 1973 and August 1979, in West became prone to sudden fits of rage. Two years later,
their homes at 25 Midland Road and later 25 Cromwell he hit his head in a fall from a fire escape and was uncon-
Street in Gloucester, with many bodies buried at or near scious for 24 hours.* [7]
these homes.
During 1960, at the age of 19, West was arrested for
The pair were apprehended and charged in 1994. Fred molesting a 13-year-old girl. He was convicted, but escaped
West killed himself before going to trial, while Rose West
a sentence of imprisonment.* [8] His mother sent him to live
was imprisoned for life, in November 1995, after having with her sister Violet in Much Marcle, while the rest of the
been found guilty on 10 counts of murder. Their house
family effectively disowned him.* [9]
at Cromwell Street was demolished in 1996 and the space
converted into a landscaped footpath, connecting Cromwell
Street to St. Michael's Square.
33.1.2 Marriage to Catherine “Rena”
Costello
33.1 Biography
In September 1962, the 21-year-old West became re-
acquainted with a former girlfriend, Catherine Costello,
33.1.1 Early life
who was now better known as Rena from her time working
Fred West was born into a poor family of farm workers in as a prostitute. Costello was already pregnant by another
Bickerton Cottage, Much Marcle, Herefordshire. His par- man, and she and West married on 17 November before
ents were Walter Stephen West (5 July 1914 – 28 March moving to Coatbridge, Lanarkshire. Her daughter, Char-
1992) and Daisy Hannah Hill (1922 – 6 February 1968). maine Carol, was born on 22 February 1963. Costello and
He was the second of their six children.* [2] West would West claimed they had adopted Charmaine, whose father
later claim that his father had incestuous relationships with was a Pakistani bus driver. In July 1964, Costello bore
his daughters.* [3] It has been suggested that incest was an West a daughter named Anne Marie. During this period
accepted part of the household, and that his father taught in Coatbridge, West worked as an ice cream van driver. On
him bestiality from an early age. In police interviews, West 4 November 1965, he ran over and killed a four-year-old
recalled that his father had said on many occasions “Do boy with his van.* [10]
what you want, just donʼt get caught doing it”.* [4] It has At the end of 1965 West feared he might suffer reprisal
also been alleged that his mother Daisy began sexually abus- attacks over the ice cream van accident if he stayed in

130
33.1. BIOGRAPHY 131

Coatbridge. As a result the family, along with Isa Mc- In October 1972, the Wests hired 17-year-old Caroline
Neill, who looked after the couple's children, and Costello's Roberts as the children's nanny. They had picked up the
friend Anne McFall, moved into the Lakeside Caravan Park girl one night on a secluded country road and she told them
at Bishop's Cleeve, Gloucestershire. In 1966, to escape she wished to escape her cruel step-father; a week later she
from West's sadistic sexual demands, Costello and McNeill moved into 25 Cromwell Street to look after their three chil-
moved back to Scotland. McFall remained to care for the dren at the time. Rosemary, who had begun prostitution in
girls, as she had become infatuated with West. Costello con- her bedroom by this time, explained to Roberts that she was
tinued to visit the children every few months. In August a “masseuse”when the younger woman inquired about
1967, McFall, who was eight months pregnant with West's the men frequently visiting her.* [12] According to Caro-
child, vanished. She was never reported missing, and her line, while she worked there Fred had informed her that if
remains were found buried in a local field by police in June ever she needed an abortion he was well equipped to pro-
1994. vide one. She became suspicious when Fred boasted that
many of the women he had treated with an abortion were
In September 1967 Costello returned to live with West, but
left again the following year, leaving the children in West's so overjoyed that they would offer him sexual services as a
reward.* [12] She rejected Fred's and Rosemary's advances
care.
into their “sex-circle”and left a few weeks later.* [13]
On 6 December 1972, the Wests picked Roberts up again
along the same secluded road as before and apologised pro-
33.1.3 Marriage to Rosemary “Rose”Letts fusely for what had happened. They invited her to their
home to make amends with a “cup of tea”.* [12] Roberts
While still married to Costello, 27-year-old West met his had believed they had been genuinely courteous in what they
next wife, Rosemary Letts, on 29 November 1968, on her said in their apology to her and obliged, believing that they
15th birthday. On her 16th birthday, she moved in with had simply mistaken what the job had entailed. Back at 25
him; a few months later, they moved from the caravan to a Cromwell Street, soon after they made her welcome with
two-storey house in Midland Road, Gloucester. On 17 Oc- the promised cup of tea, Rose started kissing her, bound her
tober 1970, Rosemary gave birth to their daughter, Heather heavily with bondage tape, and both Fred and Rose raped
Ann. Fred West was imprisoned for theft from 4 December her. According to Roberts, Fred had remarked that “her
1970 until 24 June 1971. vagina was unusual”and that he “would have to change
that”.* [12] When she screamed, Rosemary smothered her
Rosemary West is believed to have killed Charmaine
with a pillow and she was bound further around the neck.
(Fred's step-daughter from his first marriage) shortly before
Fred threatened her that they would keep her locked up in
Fred West's release in June 1971, as she was last seen alive
the cellar and let some of the black men who “visited”
while Fred West was still in prison. According to Anne
Rosemary“use”her and that when they had finished, they
Marie West, both sisters were subject to frequent beatings,
would bury her under the paving stones of Gloucester.* [12]
but Charmaine infuriated Rosemary by her refusal to cry
Fred boasted that they had killed hundreds of young girls
no matter how severely she was beaten. Charmaine dis-
and the police would never find them.* [12] Quickly realis-
appeared in mid-June. Rosemary explained this by claim-
ing that they would kill her, Caroline gave in to them and let
ing that Costello had called and taken her back to Scotland.
them do whatever they wanted without a fight.* [12] Fred al-
Costello turned up to collect Charmaine in late August, and
lowed Roberts to leave the next day only after she promised
she too disappeared.
she would return as their nanny. Roberts reported the rape
On 29 January 1972, Fred and Rosemary married in to police but withdrew the accusation when the case came
Gloucester. On 1 June, Rosemary gave birth to their sec- to court. The Wests pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of
ond daughter, Mae. Around this time, West encouraged indecent assault and were fined £50.* [14]
his wife to work as a prostitute. Rosemary eventually
In early 1973, the Wests took their eight-year-old daughter
had seven children. Needing a bigger house, the family
Anne Marie to the cellar, where they bound and gagged her
moved to 25 Cromwell Street (51°51′42″N 2°14′36″W /
before Fred raped her, while Rosemary watched.* [15]
51.86167°N 2.24333°W), where West converted the upper
floor to bedsits.“Rose's Room”, the room Rosemary used Heather Ann West, their 16-year-old daughter (possibly
for prostitution, had peepholes so he could watch and a red sired by Rosemary's abusive father, Bill Letts* [16]) be-
light outside the door to warn the children not to enter when came the focus of Fredʼs attentions after Anne Marie left
she was “busy”. Like West, Rosemary came from a fam- home at 15.* [17] Heather complained to friends about the
ily where incest was common; Rosemary's father, Bill Letts, abuse, and when this got back to Fred and Rose, they de-
with Fred's approval, would often visit their home to have cided to kill her.* [16] In June 1987, Fred and Rose killed
sex with Rosemary.* [11] Heather. Her disappearance, Fred and Rosemary's chang-
132 CHAPTER 33. FRED WEST

ing stories about Heather's whereabouts, and the threats to 33.3 Aftermath
their other children that they would “end up under the pa-
tio like Heather”if they misbehaved, indirectly led to the The evidence against Rosemary was circumstantial; unlike
Wests' arrests in 1994. her husband, she did not confess. She was tried in Octo-
ber 1995 at Winchester Crown Court, found guilty of all
10 murders on 22 November and sentenced to life impris-
33.1.4 Investigation, arrest and charges onment.* [22] The trial judge recommended that she never
be released and nearly two years later the Home Secretary
In May 1992, West filmed himself raping one of his seven Jack Straw agreed with this recommendation.
daughters, and four times again afterwards. She told friends
On 27 January 1996, the body of the Wests' former friend
at school what had happened. On 4 August, one of the
and housemate, Terrence Crick, was found in his car in
friends told her mother, who went to the police. On 6
Hackness, near Scarborough. Crick had been called as a
August 1992, the police began an investigation, eventually
defense witness for Rosemary during the trial, in an attempt
leading to West being charged with rape, with Rosemary as
to prove her husband had been working alone. He had re-
an accomplice. She was also charged with child cruelty, and
ported Fred to the authorities on several occasions after be-
the remaining children were placed in foster care. The rape
ing shown “gruesome images of body parts and surgical
case against the Wests collapsed when the two main wit-
instruments”allegedly used during illegal abortions, but be-
nesses declined to testify at the court case on 7 June 1993.
lieved that this information was not acted on as Fred was
The police continued investigating the disappearance of a police informant. The stress and guilt led Crick to take
their daughter Heather. After taking statements from social his own life; an inquest later recorded a verdict of suicide.
workers, and the children, about a joke about“Heather be- In May 2014, his widow put a complaint forward to the
ing buried under the patio”, they obtained a search warrant Independent Police Complaints Commission.* [23]* [24]
in February 1994, which allowed them to excavate the gar-
In October 1996, the Wests' house in Cromwell Street,
den in search of Heather. They started searching the house
which was next to the Seventh-day Adventist Church, along
and excavating the garden on 24 February 1994.
with the adjoining property No. 23, was demolished. The
After West's arrest the following day, the police uncovered site was redeveloped as a landscaped pathway. Every brick
human bones.* [18] He confessed, retracted and then re- was crushed and every timber was burned to discourage
confessed to the murder of his daughter, denying that Rose- souvenir hunters.
mary was involved. Rosemary was not arrested until April
Novelist Martin Amis was a cousin of the Wests' victim
1994, initially on sex offences but later charged with mur-
Lucy Partington, who disappeared in 1973. He dedicated
der. Additional bodies were found and, on 4 March 1994,
his novel The Information (published in 1995) to her; the
West admitted that he had carried out nine more murders,
book was published after her body was found but before
including that of his first wife, whose body was found on 10
Rosemary West went on trial.* [25]
April 1994.
Fred and Rosemary West were brought before a
magistrates' court in Gloucester on 30 June 1994; he 33.4 The victims
was charged with 11 murders and she with 10. Immedi-
ately afterwards, Fred West was re-arrested on suspicion of
• Charmaine West (born 22 February 1963), is be-
murdering Ann McFall, whose body had been found on 7
lieved to have been killed in June 1971 by Rose West
June 1994. On the evening of 3 July 1994, he was charged
while Fred was in prison, the motive said to be Rose's
with her murder, appearing in court the following morning.
wish to break links with Charmaine's mother,“Rena”
.* [16]

33.2 Death • Catherine Bernadette “Rena”Costello (born 14


April 1944), was killed in August 1971. Rena had
called on the Wests at 25 Midland Road to take Char-
On 1 January 1995, Fred West hanged himself while maine away with her, and it is believed Fred West
on remand in his cell at Winson Green Prison, killed her to avoid an investigation into Charmaine's
Birmingham.* [19] His funeral was held in Coventry whereabouts, as she was believed to have been killed
on 29 March 1995. West was cremated with only four by this stage.
mourners present, after a five-minute service.* [20] His
ashes were later scattered on the beach at Barry Island near • Lynda Gough (born 1 May 1953), was killed in April
Cardiff.* [21] 1973. A lodger at 25 Cromwell St, Gough and Rose-
33.4. THE VICTIMS 133

mary shared lovers. Following her disappearance, • Heather Ann West (born 17 October 1970), was
Goughʼ s mother called to visit and Rosemary, wearing killed in June 1987 at the age of 16, and was the last
Goughʼs clothes and slippers, told her she had moved of the 12 victims. Heather became the focus of Fred's
to find work in Weston-super-Mare. Despite this, no attentions after her sister Anne Marie left home. She
police investigation into Lynda Gough's disappearance complained to friends about the abuse, and when this
was launched at the time. got back to Fred and Rose, they decided to elimi-
nate her as she risked exposing their abuse and poten-
• Carol “Caz”Ann Cooper (born 10 April 1958), was tially their murders.* [16] Heather was probably sired
killed in November 1973. Aged 15 at the time, she by Rose's abusive father, Bill Letts.* [16] Fred West
was living in a children's home in Worcester and dis- claimed he had not meant to kill her, but she had been
appeared while walking home from the cinema. sneering at him and he “had to take the smirk off
• Lucy Katherine Partington (born 4 March 1952), her face”. Rosemary told an enquiring neighbour the
was killed in late December 1973 or early Jan- following day that she and Heather had a “hell of a
uary 1974. She spent Christmas with her family in row”, so it is believed that Rosemary may have initi-
Cheltenham and visited a friend. She disappeared af- ated her death. Barry West gave a different account on
ter leaving to catch a bus home. There is strong ev- what happened to Heather. Barry, who was just seven
idence that she had been kept alive for several days at the time, described both parents sexually and physi-
after she met Fred and Rose West. A week after she cally abusing her, followed by Rosemary West kicking
disappeared, Fred went to a hospital in the early hours her in the head multiple times until she stopped mov-
of 3 January 1974 to get a serious laceration stitched. ing.* [27] The Wests told their children that Heather
A knife matching the cut was found with Partington's had left for a job in Devon; later, when she failed to
body and police eventually established that he sus- contact or visit her siblings, the parents claimed that
tained the injury while dismembering it. Partington, Heather had run off with a lesbian lover. Later still,
a university student, was the cousin of novelist Martin Fred would threaten the children that they would“end
Amis and the sister of author Marian Partington. The up under the patio like Heather”if they misbehaved.
latter wrote about her sister's disappearance and the Heather's body was found under the patio that Fred
discovery of her remains in her memoir If You Sit Very had built over the pond dug by his son Stephen. The
Still (2012).* [26] police investigation into the disappearance of Heather
West in 1994 led to the arrest of both Fred and Rose
• Therese Siegenthaler (born 27 November 1952), was West, and the eventual discovery of the bodies of their
a Swiss student, and is believed to have died in April earlier victims.
1974. She had been living in South London but left to
hitch-hike to Ireland and was then reported missing. Heather West's murder in June 1987 was their only known
murder committed in almost 15 years leading up to their ar-
• Shirley Hubbard (born 26 June 1959), went missing
rest, compared to nine murders in the previous eight years
in October 1974. Aged 15, she left a work experi-
committed by the pair as a couple. Police believe that the
ence course in Droitwich to return home, but did not
couple committed further murders. There were no known
arrive. When her remains were found, her head was
murders in 1976 or 1977, or from 1980 to 1986 or from
completely covered in tape with only a three-inch rub-
1988 until their arrest. During questioning after being ar-
ber tube inserted to allow her to breathe.
rested, Fred West confessed to murdering up to 30 peo-
• Juanita “Nita”Marion Mott (born 1 March 1957), ple (which amounted to around 18 unsolved disappearances
was killed in April 1975. A former lodger at 25 or murders), but the police believed there may only have
Cromwell St, Mott was living with a family friend in been one other victim whose body was never found. In
Newent when she disappeared. addition to the 12 confirmed, they believe that West also
killed 15-year-old Mary Bastholm in January 1968, but to
• Shirley Anne Robinson (born 8 October 1959), was date no body has been found.* [5] West's son, Stephen, has
killed in May 1978. A lodger at 25 Cromwell St, said he firmly believed the missing Gloucester teenager was
Robinson was a prostitute for the Wests. She disap- an early victim of his father, as Fred West had reportedly
peared after becoming pregnant with Fred's child at boasted, while on remand in prison during 1994, of com-
the age of 18. mitting Bastholm's murder. Police were unable to charge
*
• Alison Chambers (born 8 September 1962), was West with this crime as they had no evidence. [28]
killed in August 1979 just before her 17th birthday. No forensic evidence linked Fred West to the murder of
This was the last of the killings where a sexual motive Anne McFall, and he always denied killing her. The state
was established. of the body (missing finger and toe bones) and the di-
134 CHAPTER 33. FRED WEST

mensions of the grave site match aspects of West's modus [6] Knight, Adam. “Fred West's brother denies incest claims
operandi.* [29] (From Hereford Times)". Herefordtimes.com. Retrieved 5
July 2015.
Janet Leach, West's appropriate adult, who also visited him
in prison, later wrote in her book that West told her that he [7] “The Biography Channel” The Biography Channel.com
and Rose West had been involved in at least 20 murders. Retried 18 July 2007
Possible other victims (all missing or murdered women
[8] “Fred and Rose West – Fred” Crimelibrary.com, TruTV,
or girls) were frequently mentioned in the local and na-
Retrieved 13 July 2007
tional media, but 20 years on, no further bodies have been
found.* [30] [9] Sounes, Howard (1995), Fred and Rose: The Full Story of
Fred and Rose West and the Gloucester House of Horrors,
London: Warner Books. ISBN 0-7515-1322-9.

33.5 Adaptations and dramatiza- [10] “Fred and Rose West – First blood”, Crimelibrary.com,
Retrieved 13 July 2007
tions
[11] “Euan Ferguson on the Legacy of Fred West”, The
• Harold and Fred (They Make Ladies Dead) was a 2001 Guardian, 15 February 2004
comic strip in Viz, also featuring serial killer Harold [12] Fred and Rose West- The House Of Horrors 3/4 on YouTube
Shipman, which was criticised by the victims' families.
The editor of Viz commented: “Yes, it is going a bit [13] The Lost Girl by Caroline Roberts
far and I don't need to defend it, but I'll make a half-
[14] “Surviving Fred and Rose”. BBC News. 24 February 2004.
hearted attempt. I'm sure Mel Brooks didn't think the
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
Nazis were funny, but a lot of his comedy was based
around them. The cover of Viz gives you a pretty good [15] An Evil Love – Geoffrey Wansell
idea of what the content is going to be like and people
that are offended by it, don't buy it.”* [31]* [32] [16]“Rose West: The making of a Monster”by Jane Carter
Woodrow

• A two-part drama, Appropriate Adult, aired on ITV [17] Sounes, Howard (1995), Fred and Rose: The Full Story of
in September 2011, telling the story of Janet Leach, Fred and Rose West and the Gloucester House of Horrors,
the woman asked by police to sit in interviews with London: Warner Books. ISBN 0-7515-1322-9, p.187.
Fred West as an appropriate adult. West was portrayed [18] “Fred and Rose West – House of Horrors”Crimelibrary.com
by Dominic West (no relation) and Leach by Emily Retrieved 13 July 2007
Watson. The TV film won awards.
[19] “1995: Serial killer West found hanged”. British Broad-
• A three-part docudrama, Fred and Rose, aired on casting Corporation. 1 January 1995. Retrieved 16 April
Channel 5 in November 2014. West was portrayed by 2009.
Dan Carey and Rose by Lisa Allen and Cara Wilson. [20] “Suicide in Birmingham saw Fred West cheat justice”.
Birmingham Mail. 16 Feb 2011. Retrieved 14 Oct 2014.

[21] “There's more to our Barry Island than a TV comedy”.


33.6 References Wales Online. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

[1] Births deaths and marriages for England and Wales - July [22] “Fred and Rose West – Endgame” Crimelibrary.com Re-
1996 trieved 13 July 2007

[23] “Witness in West trial 'killed himself'". The Independent.


[2] Fred West: Born to Kill, Channel 5, 26 July 2012
23 January 1996. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
[3] “Fred and Rose West – Fred” Crimelibrary.com Retrieved [24] McCann, Jaymi (7 September 2014). “Fred West police
3 July 2009 ignored warning from my husband”. Terry Crick suicide after
Fred West Warning not acted upon by police. The Sunday
[4] Steven Morris (20 September 2007). “Serial Murder and
Express. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
the Psychology of a Sexual Sadist: Frederick West”. New
Criminologist. Retrieved 18 January 2009. [25]“Amis pays tribute to victim”, The Times, 17 April 1995.

[5] Real Life Crimes and How They Were Solved. Eaglemoss [26] Marian Partington, If You Sit Very Still, Vala Publishing Co-
Publications. 2002. operative (2012)
33.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 135

[27] Ferguson, Ian (15 February 2004). “There's nobody 33.8 External links
home...”. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 December 2015.

[28] “Fred West 'admitted killing waitress', BBC News 25 March • The West Murders: transcript of a documentary by
1998”. BBC News. 25 March 1998. Retrieved 24 June DMP films
2010.
• MEDIA INFORMATION PACK (detailed report by
[29] Happy Like Murderers, Gordon Burn, pp146-147 police)
[30] Scary Bitches: 15 of the Scariest Women You'll Ever Meet! • “A Horror Story” by Theodore Dalrymple at City
- William Webb - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Re- Journal, published by the Manhattan Institute
trieved 5 August 2015.
• Documentary: Fred and Rose West -The House of
[31] Garrett, Jade (1 February 2001). "'Viz' pushes taste to its Horrors on YouTube (part 1 of 4)
limits with Shipman cartoon – Media, News – The Indepen-
dent”. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 6 March 2009. • Article on West in The New Criminologist
[32]“BBC News – Anger at Shipman Cartoon”. news.bbc.co.uk. • If You Sit Very Still by Marian Partington - the story of
1 February 2001. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
Lucy Partington's disappearance, by her sister.

33.7 Further reading


• Bennett, John (2005). The Cromwell Street Murders:
The Detective's Story. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-
7509-4273-8.
• Burn, Gordon (1998). Happy Like Murderers. Lon-
don: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19546-6.
• Carter Woodrow, Jane (2011). Rose West: The making
of a Monster. Hodder & Stoughton (UK). ISBN 978-
0-340-99247-0.
• Masters, Brian (1996). She Must Have Known: Trial
of Rosemary West. London: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-
40650-9.
• Roberts, Caroline (2005). The Lost Girl: How I Tri-
umphed Over Life at the Mercy of Fred and Rose West.
London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-088-8.
• Sounes, Howard (1995). Fred and Rose: The Full
Story of Fred and Rose West and the Gloucester House
of Horrors. London: Warner Books. ISBN 0-7515-
1322-9.
• Wansell, Geoffrey (1996). An Evil Love: The Life of
Frederick West. London: Hodder Headline. ISBN 0-
7472-1760-2.
• West, Anne Marie (1995). Out of the Shadows: Fred
West's Daughter Tells Her Harrowing Story of Survival.
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-71968-8.
• Wilson, Colin (1998). The Corpse Garden. London:
True Crime Library. ISBN 1-874358-24-9.
• Partington, Marian (2012). If You Sit Very Still. Vala
Publishing Co-operative. ISBN 978-1-908363-02-2.
Chapter 34

Fritz Haarmann

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with ther, which would continue until his father's death in 1921.
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown Fritz was a quiet child, with few friends his own age or gen-
only in preview).
der and who seldom socialized with any children other than
his siblings outside of school. From an early age, Haar-
Friedrich Heinrich Karl “Fritz”Haarmann (25 October mann's behavior was noticeably effeminate: he was known
1879 – 15 April 1925) was a German serial killer, known to shun boys' activities and instead play with his sisters'
as the Butcher of Hanover and the Vampire of Hanover, dolls* [4] and dress in their clothes. He also developed a
who committed the sexual assault, murder, mutilation and passion for both needlework and cookery.
dismemberment of a minimum of 24 boys and young men In 1886, Haarmann began his schooling, where he was
between 1918 and 1924 in Hanover, Germany. noted by teachers to be a spoiled and mollycoddled child
Described by the judge at his trial as being “forever de- who was prone to daydreaming. Although his behavior at
graded as a citizen,”Haarmann was found guilty of 24 of the school was noted to be exemplary, his academic perfor-
27 murders for which he was tried and sentenced to death mance was below average and on two occasions, Haarmann
by beheading in December 1924.* [1] He was subsequently had to repeat a school year. On one occasion when he was
executed in April 1925. approximately eight years old,* [5] Haarmann was molested
by one of his teachers, although he would never discuss this
Haarmann became known as the Butcher of Hanover
(German: Der Schlächter von Hannover) due to the ex- incident in detail.
tensive mutilation and dismemberment committed upon his Despite his effeminate traits, Haarmann grew into a trim,
victims' bodies and by such titles as the Vampire of Hanover physically strong youth. With his parents' consent, he fin-
(der Vampir von Hannover) and the Wolf Man (Wolfsmen- ished his schooling in 1894. Upon leaving school, he briefly
sch) because of his preferred murder method of biting into obtained employment as an apprentice locksmith before
or through his victims' throats. opting, at age 15, to enroll in a military academy in the
town of Breisach.* [3] His military training began on 4 April
1895.
34.1 Early life
34.1.2 Adolescence and first offenses
34.1.1 Childhood
Haarmann initially adapted to military life, and performed
Friedrich Heinrich Karl “Fritz”Haarmann was born in well as a trainee soldier; however, after five months of
Hanover on 25 October 1879, the sixth and youngest child military service, he began to suffer periodic lapses of
born to Johanna (née Claudius) and Ollie Haarmann.* [2] consciousness which would be diagnosed as being “equiv-
Haarmann's father had little time for his children, whereas alent to epilepsy" in October 1895. The following month,
his mother spoiled her youngest child.* [3] Haarmann discharged himself from the military and re-
Reportedly, Haarmann's father had married his mother turned to Hanover, where he briefly worked in his father's
(who was seven years his senior) on account of her wealth. cigar factory.
Haarmann Sr. was known to be an argumentative, short- At the age of 16, Haarmann committed his first known
tempered individual who conducted several affairs through- sexual offenses; all of which involved young boys whom
out the duration of his marriage. From his early childhood, he would lure to secluded areas̶typically cellars̶before
Fritz developed a bitter hatred and rivalry towards his fa- proceeding to sexually abuse them. He was first arrested

136
34.3. CRIMINAL CAREER 137

for offenses of this nature in July 1896. Following further cluded that, although morally inferior, Haarmann was not
offenses of this nature, the Division for Criminal Matters mentally unstable.
opted to place Haarmann in a mental institution in the city With financial assistance from his father, Haarmann and his
of Hildesheim. Although briefly transferred to a Hanover fiancée opened a fishmongery. Haarmann himself briefly
hospital for psychiatric evaluation, he would be certified attempted to work as an insurance salesman, before being
as “incurably deranged,”* [6] and unfit to stand trial by a officially classified as disabled and unable to work* [8] by
psychologist named Gurt Schmalfuss. Schmalfuss ordered the military in 1904. As a result, his monthly military pen-
Haarmann to be confined at the mental institution indefi- sion was increased. The same year, his fiancée̶pregnant
nitely. Haarmann was returned to the mental institution on
with his child̶terminated their engagement. According to
28 May 1897. Haarmann, this ultimatum had occurred when he had ac-
Seven months later, Haarmann escaped the mental insti- cused his fiancée of conducting an affair. As the fishmon-
tution. With apparent assistance from his mother, Haar- gery had been registered in her name,* [8] Erna Haarmann
mann fled to Zürich, Switzerland, where he worked for 16 simply ordered her husband to leave the premises.
months before he returned to Hanover in April 1899. Early
the following year, Haarmann became engaged to a woman
named Erna Loewert,* [7] who soon became pregnant with 34.3 Criminal career
his child. (Haarmann's fiancée would later arrange for her
first pregnancy to be aborted.) In October 1900, Haarmann
received notification to perform his compulsory military For the next decade, Haarmann primarily lived as a petty
service. thief, burglar and con artist. Although he did occasion-
ally obtain legitimate employment, he invariably stole from
his employers or their customers. Beginning in 1905, he
served several short prison sentences for offenses such as
34.2 Military service larceny, embezzlement and assault. On one occasion when
working legitimately as an invoice clerk, Haarmann became
On 12 October 1900, Haarmann was deployed to the acquainted with a female employee with whom he would
Alsatian city of Colmar to serve in the Number 10 Rifle later claim to have robbed several tombstones and graves
Battalion. Throughout his service, Haarmann earned a rep- between 1905 and 1913 (he was never charged with these
utation amongst his superiors as an exemplary soldier and offenses).* [9] Nonetheless, Haarmann spent the majority
excellent marksman, and he would later describe his pe- of the years between 1905 and 1912 in jail.
riod of service with this battalion as being the happiest of
his entire life. After collapsing while on exercise with his In late 1913, Haarmann was arrested for burglary. A search
battalion in October 1901, Haarmann began to suffer dizzy of his home revealed a horde of stolen property linking
him to several other burglaries. Despite protesting his in-
spells, and was subsequently hospitalized for over 4 months.
He was later deemed“unsuitable for [military] service and nocence, Haarmann was charged with and convicted of a
series of burglaries and frauds. He was sentenced to five
work”and was dismissed from military service in July 1902.
years' imprisonment for these offenses.
Discharged from the military under medical terms, Haar-
mann was awarded a full military pension (which he would Due to compulsory conscription resulting from World War
continue to receive until his 1924 arrest for murder).* [3] I, Germany saw a shortage of available domestic manpower.
Upon his military discharge, Haarmann returned to live In the final years of his prison sentence, Haarmann was per-
with his fiancée in Hanover, briefly working in the small mitted to work throughout the day in the grounds *
of various
business his father had established, before unsuccessfully manor houses near the town of Rendsburg, [10] with in-
filing a maintenance lawsuit against his father, citing that he structions to return to prison each evening. Upon his release
was unable to work due to the ailments noted by the mili- from prison in April 1918, Haarmann initially moved to
tary. His father successfully contested Haarmann's suit, and Berlin, before opting to return to Hanover, where he briefly
the charges would be dropped. The following year, a violent lived with his sister before renting a single room apartment
fight between father and son resulted in Haarmann's father in August 1918.
himself unsuccessfully initiating legal proceedings against According to Haarmann, he was struck by the poverty of
his son, citing verbal death threats and blackmail as jus- the German nation as a result of the loss the nation had suf-
tification to have his son returned to a mental institution. fered in World War I. Through his initial efforts to both
These charges would themselves be dropped due to a lack trade and purchase stolen property at Hanover Central Sta-
of corroborating evidence. Nonetheless, Haarmann was or- tion, Haarmann established several criminal contacts with
dered to undertake a psychiatric examination in May 1903. whom he could trade in contraband property, and he imme-
This examination was conducted by a Dr. Andrae, who con- diately reverted to the criminal life he had lived before his
138 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

1913 arrest. and drink before Haarmann bit into his Adam's apple, often
as he was strangled.* [15] In many instances, this act would
cause the victim to die of air hunger, although on several oc-
34.3.1 Police informant casions, Haarmann would bite completely through his vic-
tims' Adams apple and trachea.* [16] (Haarmann would re-
As a result of the poverty the nation was enduring in the fer to the act of biting through his victims' neck as being his
years immediately following World War I, many basic com- "love bite".)* [17]
modities became increasingly scarce and expensive to pur-
chase, fueling an increase in crimes such as theft, assault and
murder in addition to a significant increase in black market
trading. Due to the peace treaty signed in 1919, Germany
had no army, was forbidden to participate in the arms trade,
and her police forces̶badly paid and overstretched̶had
limited resources at their disposal. In this environment, po-
lice were welcoming of assistance and information from the
public.* [11]
Despite police knowledge that Haarmann was both a known
criminal and a known homosexual* [12] (then illegal and
punishable by imprisonment in Germany), Haarmann grad-
ually began to establish a relationship with Hanover police
as an informer, largely as a means of redirecting the atten-
tion of the police from himself in his own criminal activi- The Leine River, into which Haarmann disposed of many of his
ties, and to facilitate his access to young males. By 1919, he victims' dismembered remains
is known to have regularly patrolled Hanover station,* [13]
and to have provided police with information relating to
Hanover's extensive criminal network. With the coopera- All of Haarmann's victims were dismembered before their
tion of several police officials, Haarmann devised a ruse bodies were discarded, usually in the Leine River, although
whereby he would offer to fence or store stolen property the dismembered body of his first known victim had sim-
at his premises, then pass this information to police, who ply been buried,* [18] and the body of his last victim had
would then raid his property at agreed times and arrest these been thrown into a lake located at the entrance to the
contacts.* [14] To remove any suspicion as to his treachery Herrenhausen Gardens.
reaching the criminal fraternity, Haarmann himself would
The personal possessions of Haarmann's victims would typ-
be arrested in these raids. Moreover, on numerous occa-
ically be retained for the personal use of Haarmann or his
sions, he is known to have performed citizen's arrests upon
lover, Hans Grans, or be sold on the black market through
commuters for offenses such as travelling on forged docu-
criminal contacts both men had established at Hanover Cen-
ments. As a result of these activities, police began to rely
tral Station, although the personal possessions of some vic-
on Haarmann as a reliable source of information regarding
tims were sold to legitimate retailers. In several instances,
various criminal activities in the city, and he was allowed to
both Haarmann and Grans are known to have given pos-
patrol Hanover station largely at will.
sessions belonging to various victims to acquaintances as
gifts.* [19]
Following Haarmann's arrest, rumors would circulate that
34.4 Murders the flesh of his victims had been consumed by Haarmann
himself or sold upon the black market as pork or horse
Between 1918 and 1924, Haarmann is known to have com- meat.* [20] Although no physical evidence was ever pro-
mitted at least 24 murders, although he is suspected of mur- duced to confirm these theories, Haarmann was known to
dering a minimum of 27. All of Haarmann's victims were be an active trader in contraband meat,* [21] which was in-
males between the ages of 10 and 22, the majority of whom variably boneless, diced and often sold as mince.* [22] To
were in their mid- to late-teens. The victims would be the various individuals who questioned where he had ac-
lured back to one of three addresses in which Haarmann quired the meat, Haarmann would explain he had purchased
is known to have resided throughout the years he is known the product from a butcher named“Karl,”although inves-
to have killed upon the promise of assistance, accommo- tigators would later note that the stories Haarmann told his
dation, work, or under the pretense of arrest. At Haar- acquaintances regarding the origins of this individual var-
mann's apartment, the victim would typically be given food ied.
34.4. MURDERS 139

34.4.1 First known victim in 1918 for sexual assault and battery between March and
December 1920. Upon his release, he again regained the
Haarmann's first known victim was a 17-year-old run- trust of the police and again became an informer. Haar-
away named Friedel Rothe. When Rothe disappeared on mann initially resided in a hotel, before he and Grans lodged
27 September 1918, his friends told police he was last with a middle-class family.* [31]
seen with Haarmann, who at the time of this first known Through criminal contacts, Haarmann became aware of
murder resided in a single room apartment at 27 Celler- a vacant ground floor apartment located at 8 Neue
straße. Under pressure from Rothe's family, police raided Straße.* [32] The apartment was located in a densely pop-
Haarmann's apartment in October 1918, where they found ulated, old house located alongside the Leine River. Haar-
their informer in the company of a semi-naked 13-year-old mann secured a letting agreement with the landlady, osten-
boy.* [23] He was charged with both the sexual assault and sibly to use the property for storage purposes. He and Grans
battery* [24] of a minor, and sentenced to nine months' im- moved into 8 Neue Straße on 1 July 1921.
prisonment. (Haarmann would later state to detectives that
at the time they had searched his apartment, the head of
Friedel Rothe, wrapped in newspaper, had been stowed be-
34.4.3 Subsequent murders
hind his stove.)* [25]
Haarmann avoided serving his sentence throughout 1919. Haarmann's subsequent victims largely consisted of young
That October, he met an 18-year-old youth named Hans male commuters, runaways and, occasionally, male pros-
Grans, who had run away from his home in Berlin following titutes, whom he would typically encounter in or around
an argument with his father on 1 October. Grans had slept Hanover's central railway station. The second murder Haar-
rough in and around Hanover station for approximately two mann is known to have committed occurred on 12 Febru-
weeks before he encountered Haarmann as he (Grans) sold ary 1923. The victim was a 17-year-old pianist named Fritz
old clothes at Hanover station.* [16] Franke, whom Haarmann had encountered at Hanover Cen-
tral Station and invited to his Neue Straße residence, where
he had introduced the youth to Hans Grans and two female
34.4.2 Acquaintance with Hans Grans acquaintances (one of whom was Grans' female lover).* [33]
According to Grans' lover, that evening, Grans had whis-
In his subsequent confessions to police, Grans stated that, pered in her ear: “Hey! He's going to be trampled on to-
although his sexual orientation was heterosexual, he him- day.”* [34] The following day, both these acquaintances re-
self initiated contact with Haarmann, with the intention of turned to Haarmann's apartment, where they were informed
selling his body, having heard through acquaintances he had by Haarmann that Franke had travelled to Hamburg.
established in Hanover of Haarmann's homosexuality.* [26] Speculation remains as to Grans' knowledge of Haarmann's
Haarmann himself stated following his arrest that he viewed
intentions towards Franke when he made this comment to
Grans as being“like a son”to him, adding that he“pulled the two female acquaintances. According to Haarmann, fol-
him [Grans] out of the ditch and tried to make sure he didn't
lowing this murder, Grans had arrived unannounced at his
go to the dogs.”* [27] apartment, where he had observed Franke's nude body ly-
Shortly after their initial acquaintance, Haarmann invited ing upon Haarmann's bed. Grans had simply looked at him
the youth to move into his apartment, and Grans would sub- and asked, “When shall I come back again?"* [35]
sequently became Haarmann's lover and criminal accom- Five weeks after the murder of Franke, on 20 March, Haar-
plice.* [28] According to Haarmann, although he was smit- mann encountered a 17-year-old named Wilhelm Schulze at
ten with Grans,* [27] he gradually became aware the youth Hanover station.* [19] Schulze had been travelling to work
manipulated and, occasionally, mocked him. On several when he encountered Haarmann. No human remains iden-
occasions throughout the years Grans resided with Haar- tified as belonging to Schulze were ever found, although
mann, the youth would be temporarily evicted following most of his clothing had been in the possession of Haar-
heated arguments in which he ridiculed or rebuffed Haar- mann's landlady, Elisabeth Engel, at the time of his ar-
mann's threats or accusations against him, only for Haar- rest. Two more victims are known to have been murdered
mann to shortly thereafter plead with the youth to return to at 8 Neue Straße before Haarmann vacated the apartment
live with him. Despite the manipulation Haarmann endured in June: 16-year-old Roland Huch, who disappeared on
at the hands of his accomplice, he later claimed to toler- 23 May after informing a close friend he intended to run
ate the capitulation as he craved Grans' companionship and away from home and join the Marines; and 19-year-old
affection,* [29] adding: “I had to have someone I meant Hans Sonnenfeld, who disappeared on or about 31 May and
everything to.”* [30] whose distinctive yellow overcoat Haarmann is known to
Haarmann served the nine-month prison sentence imposed have worn after the youth's murder.
140 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

was acquitted of this murder.)


On 10 November 1923, a 17-year-old apprentice carpen-
ter from the city of Düsseldorf named Adolf Hannappel
disappeared from Hanover station. He was seen by sev-
eral witnesses sitting upon a trunk in the waiting room.
These witnesses also positively identified Hans Grans̶in
the company of Haarmann ̶pointing towards the youth,
who shortly thereafter was observed walking towards a cafe
in the company of these two men. One month later, on
6 December, 19-year-old Adolf Hennies disappeared. He
had been seeking employment at the time of his disappear-
ance. None of the human remains recovered were identified
as belonging to Hennies, whom Haarmann specifically ad-
Police photo of Haarmann's attic room at 2 Rote Reihe, Hanover mitted to dismembering, but denied killing. In subsequent
court testimony vehemently disputed by Grans, Haarmann
claimed he had returned home to find Hennies's body ̶
missing his signature “love bite”̶lying naked on his bed,
On 9 June 1923, Haarmann moved into a single-room attic
with Grans and another criminal acquaintance named Hugo
apartment at 2 Rote Reihe. Two weeks after moving into
Wittkowski stating the youth was,“One of yours.”(Neither
this address, on 25 June, a 13-year-old boy named Ernst
Haarmann nor Grans were convicted of Hennies's murder
Ehrenberg̶the son of Haarmann's neighbor̶disappeared
due to conflicting testimony.)
while running an errand for his father. His school cap and
braces would be found in Haarmann's apartment following
his arrest.* [36] Two months later, on 24 August, an 18-
year-old office clerk named Heinrich Struß was reported 34.4.4 1924
missing by his aunt (with whom he lived). Many of Struß
belongings would also be found in Haarmann's apartment. The first victim killed by Haarmann in 1924 was 17-year-
Struß murder would be followed one month later by the old Ernst Spiecker, who disappeared on 5 January. Al-
murder of a 17-year-old named Paul Bronischewski, who though subsequent trial testimony from a friend of Spiecker
disappeared en route to the city of Bochum, having worked would indicate Haarmann had become acquainted with this
with his uncle in Saxony-Anhalt throughout the summer. youth before his murder, Haarmann stated he would simply
Subsequent police enquiries suggested Bronischewski had have to “assume”this youth was one of his victims due
likely alighted the train at Hanover, whereupon he had en- to all his personal possessions being found in his or Grans'
countered Fritz Haarmann. Bronischewski's jacket, knap- possession following his arrest.* [37] Ten days later, Haar-
sack, trousers and towel would all be found in the possession mann killed a 20-year-old named Heinrich Koch, whom he
of Haarmann following his arrest. is also believed to have been acquainted with prior to the
Haarmann is next known to have killed on or about 30 youth's murder. The following month, Haarmann is known
September 1923. The victim was 17-year-old Richard to have killed two further victims: 19-year-old Willi Sen-
Gräf, who last informed his family he had met an individ- ger, who disappeared from the suburb of Linden-Limmer
ual at Hanover station who “knows of a good job for me.” on 2 February, having informed his sister he was to travel
Two weeks later, on 12 October, a 16-year-old Gehrden with a friend; and 16-year-old Hermann Speichert, who was
youth named Wilhelm Erdner failed to return home from last seen by his sister on 8 February.
work. Subsequent enquiries by Erdner's parents revealed Haarmann is not known to have killed again until on or
the youth had become acquainted with a Detective Fritz about 1 April, when he is believed to have killed an ac-
Honnerbrock (a pseudonym used by Haarmann) shortly be- quaintance named Hermann Bock. Although cleared of this
fore his disappearance. Both Haarmann and Grans subse- murder at his trial, Haarmann was in possession of Bock's
quently sold Erdner's bicycle on 20 October. Within a week clothing when arrested, and he is known to have given the
of having sold this bicycle, Haarmann had killed two fur- youth's suitcase to his landlady; moreover, Haarmann is
ther victims: 15-year-old Hermann Wolf, who disappeared known to have actively dissuaded several of Bock's acquain-
from Hanover station on 24 October, and 13-year-old Heinz tances from reporting the youth missing. One week later,
Brinkmann, who was seen by a witness standing in the en- on 8 April, 16-year-old Alfred Hogrefe disappeared from
trance to Hanover station at 11 p.m. on 27 October, having Hanover station, having run away from home in the town of
missed his train home to the town of Clausthal. (Haarmann Lehrte on 2 April. Hogrefe's murder would be followed 9
would deny having killed Hermann Wolf at his trial, and days later by that of a 16-year-old apprentice named Wil-
34.5. DISCOVERIES 141

helm Apel, whom Haarmann encountered on his“patrols” was found behind a mill race located close to the scene of
of the Hanover-Leinhausen station. the earlier discovery. This skull was also identified as hav-
On 26 April, 18-year-old Robert Witzel disappeared af- ing been that of a young male aged between 18 and 20.
ter borrowing 50 Pfennigs from his mother, explaining he Shortly thereafter, two boys playing in a field close to the
intended to visit a travelling circus.* [38] Enquiries by the village of Döhren discovered a sack containing numerous
youth's parents revealed their son had accompanied an“of- human bones.
ficial from the railway station”to the circus. Haarmann Two more skulls would be found on 13 June: one upon the
himself would later state he had killed Witzel the same banks of the Leine River; another located close to a mill in
evening and, having dismembered the youth's body, had west Hanover. Each of the skulls had been removed from
thrown the remains into the Leine River. the vertebrae with a sharp instrument. One skull had be-
Two weeks after the murder of Witzel, Haarmann killed a longed to a male in his late-teens, whereas the other had
14-year-old named Heinz Martin, who was last seen by his belonged to a boy estimated to have been aged between 11
mother on 9 May and who is believed to have been abducted and 13 years old. In addition, one of these skulls also bore
at Hanover station. All his clothing was later found in Haar- evidence of having been scalped.
mann's apartment. Less than three weeks later, on 26 May, For more than a year prior to these discoveries, rumors had
a 17-year-old travelling salesman from the town of Kassel circulated amongst the population of Hanover regarding the
named Fritz Wittig, whom Haarmann would later state he fate of the sheer number of children and teenagers who had
had killed upon the insistence of Grans as he had worn a been reported missing in the city; the discoveries sparked
“good new suit”Grans coveted,* [39] was dismembered and fresh rumors regarding missing and murdered children. In
discarded in the Leine River. The same day Wittig is be- addition, various newspapers responded to these discoveries
lieved to have been killed, Haarmann killed his youngest and the resulting rumors by harking to the disproportionate
known victim, 10-year-old Friedrich Abeling, who disap- number of young people who had been reported missing in
peared while truanting from school. His murder would be Hanover between 1918 and 1924. (In 1923 alone, almost
followed less than two weeks later by that of 16-year-old 600 teenage boys and young men had been reported missing
Friedrich Koch, who was approached by Haarmann on 5 in Hanover.)* [2]
June as he walked to college. Two acquaintances of Koch
On 8 June, several hundred Hanover residents converged
would later testify at Haarmann's trial that, as they walked close to the Leine River and searched both the banks of
with Koch to college, Haarmann had approached Koch and
the river and the surrounding areas, discovering a number
tapped the youth on the boot with his walking stick and of human bones, which were handed to the police. In re-
stated: “Well, boy, don't you recognize me?"* [40] sponse to these latest discoveries, police decided to drag the
Haarmann killed his final victim, 17-year-old Erich de entire section of the river which ran through the center of
Vries, on 14 June. De Vries had encountered Haarmann the city. In doing so, they discovered more than 500 further
at Hanover station. His dismembered body would later be human bones and sections of bodies̶many bearing knife
found in a lake located near the entrance to the Herren- striations̶which were later confirmed by a court doctor
hausen Gardens. Haarmann would confess that it had taken as having belonged to at least 22 separate human individ-
him four separate trips to carry de Vries's dismembered re- uals. Approximately half of the remains had been in the
mains̶carried in the bag which had belonged to Friedrich river for some time, whereas other bones and body parts
Koch̶to the location he had disposed of them.* [41] had been discarded in the river more recently. Many of the
recent and aged discoveries bore evidence of having been
dissected̶particularly at the joints. Over 30 percent of the
remains were judged to have belonged to young males aged
34.5 Discoveries between 15 and 20.
Suspicion for the discoveries quickly fell upon Fritz Haar-
On 17 May 1924,* [42] two children playing near the Leine mann, who was known to both the police and the criminal
River discovered a human skull. Determined to be that of a investigation department as a homosexual who had amassed
young male aged between 18 and 20 and bearing evidence 15 previous convictions dating from 1896 for various of-
of knife wounds, police were skeptical as to whether a mur- fenses including child molestation and the sexual assault
der had been committed or whether the skull had either and battery of a minor.* [24] Moreover, Haarmann had been
been discarded in this location by grave robbers, or placed connected to the 1918 disappearances of Friedel Rothe and
there in a tasteless prank by medical students. Furthermore, a 14-year-old named Hermann Koch (who had disappeared
police theorized the skull may have been discarded in the weeks prior to Rothe). Haarmann was placed under surveil-
river at Alfeld, which had recently experienced an outbreak lance. Being a trusted police informant, Haarmann was
of typhoid.* [42] Two weeks later, on 29 May, a second skull
142 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

known to frequent Hanover Central Station. As he was well- The clothes and personal possessions found at Haarmann's
known to many officers from Hanover, two young police- apartment and in the possession of his acquaintances were
men were drafted from Berlin to pose as undercover officers suspected as being the property of missing youths: all were
and discreetly observe his movements. The surveillance of confiscated and put on display at Hanover Police Station,
Haarmann began on 18 June 1924. with the parents of missing teenage boys from across Ger-
many invited to look at the items. As successive days
passed, an increasing number of items of clothing and per-
34.6 Arrest sonal possessions belonging to missing youths were identi-
fied by family members as having belonged to their sons and
brothers. Haarmann did initially attempt to dismiss succes-
On the night of 22 June, Haarmann was observed by the two
sive revelations as being circumstantial in nature by explain-
undercover officers prowling Hanover's central station. He
ing he had acquired many of these items through his busi-
was soon observed arguing with a 15-year-old boy named
ness of trading in used clothing, with other items being left
Karl Fromm, then to approach police and insist they ar-
at his apartment by youths with whom he had engaged in
rest the youth on the charge of travelling upon forged doc-
sexual activity.
uments. Upon his arrest, Fromm informed police he had
been living with Haarmann for four days, and that he had The turning point came when, on 29 June, clothes, boots
been repeatedly raped by his accuser, sometimes as a knife and keys found stowed at Haarmann's apartment were iden-
had been held to his throat. Haarmann was arrested the fol- tified as belonging to a missing 18-year-old named Robert
lowing morning and charged with sexual assault. Witzel. A skull which had been found in a garden on 20
May* [38] (which had not initially been connected with later
skeletal discoveries) had been identified as that of the miss-
ing youth. A friend of Witzel identified a police officer seen
in the company of the youth the day prior to his disappear-
ance as Fritz Haarmann. Confronted with this evidence,
Haarmann briefly attempted to bluster his way out of these
latest and most damning pieces of evidence. When Robert
Witzel's jacket was found in the possession of his landlady
and he was confronted with various witnesses' testimony
as to his destroying identification marks upon the clothing,
Haarmann broke down and had to be supported by his sis-
ter.

Detectives search a stove inside Haarmann's attic room at 2 Rote 34.6.1 Confession
Reihe

Following his arrest. Haarmann's attic apartment at No. 2 Faced with this latest evidence, and upon the urging of his
Rote Reihe was searched. Haarmann had lived in this sin- sister,* [45] Haarmann confessed to raping, killing and dis-
gle room apartment since June 1923. The flooring, walls membering many young men in what he initially described
and bedding within the apartment were found to be exten- as a "rabid sexual passion”* [45] between 1918 and 1924.
sively bloodstained.* [43] Haarmann initially attempted to According to Haarmann, he had never actually intended to
explain this fact as a by-product of his illegal trading in con- murder any of his victims, but would be seized by an ir-
traband meat. Various acquaintances and former neighbors resistible urge to bite into or through their Adam's apple
of Haarmann were also extensively questioned as to his ac- ̶often as he manually strangled them̶in the throes of
tivities. Many fellow tenants and neighbors of the various ecstasy, before typically collapsing atop the victim's body.
addresses in which Haarmann lived since 1920 commented Only one victim had escaped from Haarmann's apartment
to detectives about the number of teenage boys they had ob- after he had attempted to bite into his Adam's apple, al-
served visiting his various addresses. Moreover, some had though this individual is not known to have reported the
seen him leaving his property with concealed sacks, bags attack to police.* [46]
or baskets̶invariably in the late evening or early morn- All of his victims' bodies had been disposed of via dis-
ing hours.* [44] Two former tenants informed police that, memberment shortly after their murder, and Haarmann was
in the spring of 1924, they had discreetly followed Haar- insistent that he had found the act of dismemberment ex-
mann from his apartment and observed him discarding a tremely unpleasant; he had, he stated, been ill for eight days
sack into the Leine River. after his first murder.* [47] Nonetheless, Haarmann was in-
34.7. TRIAL 143

sistent that his passion at the moment of murder was invari- several murders had been planned hours or days in advance,
ably “stronger than the horror of the cutting and the chop- and that Haarmann had both concocted explanations for his
ping”which would inevitably follow, and would typically victims' disappearances and dissuaded acquaintances of his
take up to two days to complete.* [48] victims from filing missing persons' reports with Hanover
To fortify himself to dismember his victims' bodies, Haar- police.* [49] Investigators also noted that Haarmann would
mann would pour himself a cup of strong black coffee, then only confess to murders for which there existed evidence
place the body of his victim upon the floor of this apartment against him; on one occasion, Haarmann had stated:“There
and cover the face with cloth, before first removing the in- are some [victims] you don't know about, but it's not those
you think.”
testines, which he would place inside a bucket. A towel
would then be repeatedly placed inside the abdominal cavity
to soak the collecting blood. He would then make three cuts
between the victim's ribs and shoulders, then “take hold
of the ribs and push until the bones around the shoulders
broke.”* [15] The victim's heart, lungs and kidneys would
then be removed, diced, and placed in the same bucket
which held the intestines before the legs and arms would be
severed from the body. Haarmann would then begin paring
the flesh from the limbs and torso. This surplus flesh would
be disposed of in the toilet or, usually, in the nearby river.

Hans Grans (head bowed) is escorted into court, December 1924

When asked how many victims he had killed, Haarmann


claimed, “Somewhere between 50 and 70.”The police,
however, could only connect Haarmann with the disappear-
ance of 27 youths, and he was charged with 27 murders̶
some of which he claimed had been committed upon the
insistence of Hans Grans, who was charged with being an
accessory to murder on 15 July.* [50] (In his initial confes-
sion to police, Haarmann stated that although Grans knew
of many of his murders, and had personally urged him to
Fritz Haarmann (center) with police detectives, November 1924
kill two of the victims in order that he could obtain their
clothing and personal possessions, Grans was otherwise not
The final section of the victims' bodies to be dismembered
involved in the murder of the victims.)
was invariably the head. After severing the head from the
torso, Haarmann would use a small kitchen knife to strip On 16 August 1924, Haarmann underwent a psychological
all flesh from the skull, which he would then wrap in rags examination at a Göttingen medical school; on 25 Septem-
and place face downwards upon a pile of straw and bludgeon ber, he was judged competent to stand trial and returned to
with an axe until the skull splintered, enabling him to access Hanover to await trial.
the brain. This he would also place in a bucket, which he
would pour, alongside the“chopped up bones”in the Leine
River.* [21] 34.7 Trial
Haarmann was insistent that none of the skulls found in
the Leine River had belonged to his victims, and that the The trial of Fritz Haarmann and Hans Grans began on 4
forensic identification of the skull of Robert Witzel was December 1924. Haarmann was charged with the mur-
mistaken, as he had almost invariably smashed his victims' der of 27 boys and young men who had disappeared be-
skulls to pieces. The exceptions being those of his earliest tween September 1918 and June that year. In 14 of these
victims̶killed several years prior to his arrest̶and that of cases, Haarmann acknowledged his guilt,* [48] although he
his last victim, Erich de Vries.* [18] Although insistent that claimed to be uncertain of the identification of the remain-
none of his murders had been premeditated, investigators ing 13 victims upon the list of charges. Grans pleaded not
discovered much circumstantial evidence suggesting that guilty to charges of being an accessory to murder in several
144 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

of the murders.* [51] The trial was conducted behind closed who testified to having purchased brawn or mince from
doors,* [29] and all permitted to enter the courtroom were Haarmann, whom they noted regularly left his apartment
thoroughly searched. with packages of meat, but rarely arrived with them. Haar-
The trial was one of the first major modern media events in mann's landlady, Elisabeth Engel, testified that Haarmann
Germany, and received extensive international press cover- would regularly pour chopped pieces of meat into boil-
age as the “most revolting [case] in German criminal his- ing water and would strain fat from meat he (Haarmann)
tory.”* [39] Varying sensational headlines̶in which Haar- claimed was pork. This fat would invariably *
be poured into
mann was variously referred to by such titles as the“Butcher bottles. On one occasion in April 1924, [20] Haarmann's
landlady and her family became ill after eating sausages in
of Hanover,”the“The Vampire of Hanover,”and the“Wolf
Man”̶continuously appeared in the press. skins Haarmann had claimed were sheep's intestines. An-
other neighbor testified to the alarming number of youths
Due to the carnal and graphic nature of the murders, no whom he had seen entering Haarmann's Neue Straße apart-
members of the public were permitted inside the courtroom ment, but whom he seldom observed leaving the address.
in the opening days of the trial, as each murder was dis- This neighbor had assumed Haarmann was selling youths
cussed in detail.* [52] Although adamant the ultimate reason to the Foreign Legion;* [22] another neighbor testified to
he killed was a“mystery”to him,* [29] and that he was un- having observed Haarmann throw a sack of bones into the
able to remember the names or faces of most of his victims, Leine River. Two female acquaintances of Hans Grans also
Haarmann̶who insisted upon conducting his own defense testified how, on one occasion in 1923, they had discov-
̶readily confessed to having killed many of the victims ered what they believed to be a human mouth boiling in a
for whose murder he was tried and to retaining and selling soup kettle in Haarmann's apartment;* [56] these witnesses
many of their possessions, although he denied having sold testified they had taken the item to Hanover police, who
any body parts as meat. Haarmann's denial that he had con- had simply replied the piece of flesh may be a pig's snout.
sumed or sold human flesh would be supported by a medical (The origins of the contraband meat in which Haarmann
expert, who testified on 6 December that none of the meat had traded were never established.)
found in Haarmann's apartment following his arrest was hu-
man.* [39] By the second week of the trial,* [57] testimony had begun
to focus upon the extent of police knowledge of the crim-
When asked to identify photographs of his victims, Haar- inal activities Haarmann had engaged upon following his
mann became taciturn and dismissive as he typically 1918 release from prison and issues relating to the trust be-
claimed to be unable to recognize any of his victims' pho- stowed upon him.* [57] Until Haarmann had been arrested
tographs; however, in instances where he claimed to be un- for sexual assault upon Karl Fromm and his apartment had
able to recognize his victims' faces but the victims' clothing been searched, the police had seemingly never seriously sus-
had been found in his possession, he would simply shrug pected that the individual responsible for the sharp increase
and make comments to the effect of, “I probably killed in missing person cases relating to boys and young men filed
him.”* [52] For example, when asked to identify a pho- in Hanover in 1923 and 1924, or the discovery of more than
tograph of victim Alfred Hogrefe, Haarmann stated: “I 500 human bones in and around the Leine River in May
certainly assume I killed Hogrefe, but I don't remember his and June 1924, was actually an individual whom they had
face.”* [53] regarded as a trusted informant, despite the fact some of
Numerous exhibits were introduced into evidence in the the victims were last seen in his company, and that he had
opening days of the trial, including 285 bones and skulls amassed a lengthy criminal record for various criminal of-
*
determined as belonging to young men under 20 years of fenses including sexual assault and battery. [58]
age* [54] which had been retrieved from the Leine River, The trial lasted barely two weeks, and saw a total of 190
the bucket into which he had stored and transported hu- witness called to testify.* [48] These witnesses included the
man remains, and the extensively bloodstained camp bed parents of the victims, who were asked to identify their
upon which he had killed many of the victims at his Rote sons' possessions. Also called to testify were police officers,
Reihe address.* [39] As had been the case when earlier psychiatrists and numerous acquaintances of both Haar-
asked whether he could recognize the photographs of any mann and Grans. On 19 December 1924,* [59] court re-
of his victims, Haarmann's demeanour became dismissive convened to impose sentence upon both defendants. Judged
upon the introduction of these exhibits; he denied any of sane and accountable for his actions, Haarmann was found
the skulls introduced into evidence had belonged to his vic- guilty of 24 of the 27 murders and sentenced to death by
tims, stating he had“mashed”the skulls of his victims, and beheading.* [60] He was acquitted of three murders which
had thrown only one undamaged skull into the river.* [55] he had denied committing. Upon hearing the sentence,
Several acquaintances and criminal associates of Haarmann Haarmann stood before the court and proclaimed,“I accept
*
testified for the prosecution, including former neighbors the verdict fully and freely.” [61] Grans became hysteri-
34.9. AFTERMATH 145

smoke and Brazilian coffee to drink in his cell in his final


hours.* [69]
No members of the press were permitted to witness the
execution, and the event was seen by only a handful of
witnesses.* [69] According to published reports, although
Haarmann was pale and nervous, he maintained a sense of
bravado as he walked to the guillotine. The last words Haar-
mann spoke before walking unassisted to the guillotine to be
beheaded were:“I am guilty, gentlemen, but, hard though it
may be, I want to die as a man.”* [70] Immediately prior to
placing his head upon the execution apparatus, Haarmann
added: “I repent, but I do not fear death.”* [71]

Haarmann (seated in front of chalkboard sketch of his apartment),


during his trial in 1924 34.9 Aftermath
cal upon hearing he had been found guilty of incitement to • Following Haarmann's execution, sections of his brain
murder and sentenced to death by beheading in relation to were removed for forensic analysis. An examina-
the murder of victim Adolf Hannappel,* [62] with an ad- tion of slices of Haarmann's brain revealed traces
ditional sentence of 12 years' imprisonment for being an of meningitis,* [72] although no sections of Haar-
accessory to murder in the case of victim Fritz Wittig.* [63] mann's brain were permanently preserved. Nonethe-
Upon returning to his cell after hearing the verdict, Grans less, Haarmann's head was preserved in formaldehyde
collapsed.* [64] and remained in the possession of the Göttingen
medical school from 1925 until 2014, when it was
In the case of Hannappel, several witnesses had testified to cremated.* [73]
having seen Grans, in the company of Haarmann, point-
ing towards the youth. Haarmann claimed this was one of • The remains of Haarmann's victims were buried to-
two murders committed upon the insistence of Grans and gether in a communal grave in Stöckener Cemetery in
for this reason, Grans was sentenced to death. In the case February 1925. In April 1928, a large granite memo-
of Wittig, police had found a handwritten note from Haar- rial in the form of a triptych, inscribed with the names
mann, dated the day of Wittig's disappearance and signed and ages of the victims, was erected over the commu-
by both he and Grans, in which Grans had agreed to pay nal grave.* [74]* [75]
Haarmann 20 Goldmarks for the youth's suit. As the note
• The discovery of a letter from Haarmann declaring
indicated Grans' possible knowledge in the disappearance
Grans' innocence subsequently led to Grans receiving
of Wittig, he was convicted of being an accomplice to Haar-
a second trial. This letter was dated 5 February 1925,
mann in this murder and sentenced to 12 years' imprison-
and was addressed to the father of Hans Grans.* [76]
ment.
In this letter, Haarmann claimed that although he had
Haarmann made no appeal against the verdict;* [63] claim- been frustrated at having been seen as little more than
ing his death would atone for his crimes* [65] and stating a “meal ticket”by Grans, he (Grans) “had abso-
that, were he at liberty, he would likely kill again. Grans lutely no idea that I killed”. Furthermore, Haarmann
did lodge an appeal against his sentence, although his ap- claimed many of his accusations against Grans prior
peal was rejected on 6 February 1925.* [66] to his trial had been obtained under extreme duress,
and that he had falsely accused Grans of instigating
the murders of Hannappel and Witzel as a means of
34.8 Execution revenge. Haarmann claimed that his pastor would be
informed as to the contents and the authenticity of the
letter.
At 6 a.m. on the morning of 15 April 1925, Fritz Haar-
mann was beheaded by guillotine in the grounds of Hanover • Hans Grans was retried in January 1926. He was
prison.* [68] In accordance with German tradition, Haar- charged with aiding and abetting Haarmann in the
mann was not informed of his execution date until the murders of victims Adolf Hannappel and Fritz Wit-
evening prior to his scheduled execution date. Upon re- tig. Although Grans had stated in one address to the
ceipt of the news, he had observed prayer with his pastor, judge at his second trial that he expected to be acquit-
before being granted his final wishes of expensive cigars to ted,* [77] on 19 January, he was found guilty of aiding
146 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

and abetting Haarmann in both cases and sentenced to was the son of Haarmann's own neighbor. He never
two concurrent 12-year sentences. returned home after running an errand for his parents.

• After serving his 12-year sentence, Hans Grans con- • 24 August: Heinrich Struß, 18. A carpenter's son
tinued to live in Hanover until his death in 1975. from the suburb of Egestorf. Struß was last seen at a
Hanover cinema. Haarmann was in possession of the
• The case stirred much discussion in Germany regard- youth's violin case when arrested.
ing methods used in police investigation, the treatment
of mentally ill offenders, and the validity of the death • 24 September: Paul Bronischewski, 17. Vanished as
penalty.* [78] However, the most heated topic of dis- he travelled home to the city of Bochum after visit-
cussion in relation to the murders committed by Haar- ing his uncle in Groß Garz. He was offered work by
mann were issues relating to the subject of homosexu- Haarmann when he alighted the train at Hanover.
ality, which was then illegal and punishable by impris-
• c. 30 September: Richard Gräf, 17. Disappeared
onment in Germany. The discovery of the murders
after telling his family a detective from Hanover had
subsequently stirred a wave of homophobia through-
found him a job. Haarmann's landlady is known to
out Germany, with one historian noting: “It split the
have pawned Gräf's overcoat.* [81]
[gay rights] movement irreparably, fed every prejudice
against homosexuality, and provided new fodder for • 12 October: Wilhelm Erdner, 16. A locksmith's son
conservative adversaries of legal sex reform.”* [79] from the town of Gehrden. Erdner disappeared as he
cycled to work. Haarmann is known to have sold Erd-
ner's bicycle on 20 October.
34.10 Victims • 24 October: Hermann Wolf, 15. Wolf was last
seen by his brother in the vicinity of Hanover sta-
1918 tion; his belt buckle was later found in Haarmann's
apartment,* [82] although Haarmann would deny hav-
• 27 September: Friedel Rothe, 17. Encountered ing killed Wolf at his trial. Haarmann was acquitted
Haarmann in a cafe, having run away from home. of this murder.
Haarmann claimed to have buried Rothe in Stöckener
cemetery. • 27 October: Heinz Brinkmann, 13. Vanished
from Hanover station after missing his train home to
Clausthal. A witness would later testify to having seen
1923 Haarmann and Grans conversing with Brinkmann in
the waiting rooms at Hanover station.* [83]
• 12 February: Fritz Franke, 17. Franke was a pianist,
originally from Berlin. He encountered Haarmann in • 10 November: Adolf Hannappel, 17. One of the few
the Hanover station waiting rooms. All Franke's per- murder victims whom Haarmann readily confessed to
sonal possessions were given to Grans. killing.* [84] Hannappel was seen by several witnesses
sitting in the waiting rooms at Hanover station; all of
• 20 March: Wilhelm Schulze, 17. An apprentice whom would later testify to having seen Haarmann ap-
writer who last informed his best friend he intended proach Hannappel. Haarmann would himself claim to
to run away from home. Schulze's clothing was found have committed this murder upon the urging of Hans
in the possession of Haarmann's landlady. Grans.
• 23 May: Roland Huch, 16. Huch vanished from • 6 December: Adolf Hennies, 19. Hennies disap-
Hanover station after running away from home. His peared while looking for work in Hanover; his coat
clothing was traced to a lifeguard who testified at was found in the possession of Hans Grans. Haar-
Haarmann's trial he had obtained them via Haarmann. mann would claim at his trial that, although he had
dismembered Hennies's body, Grans and another ac-
• c. 31 May: Hans Sonnenfeld, 19. A runaway from quaintance had been responsible for this murder.* [17]
the suburb of Limmer who is known to have associ- Haarmann was acquitted of this murder.
ated with acquaintances at Hanover station. Sonnen-
feld's coat and tie were found at Haarmann's apart-
1924
ment.* [80]

• 25 June: Ernst Ehrenberg, 13. The first known victim • 5 January: Ernst Spiecker, 17. Last seen by his
killed at Haarmann's Rote Reihe address. Ehrenberg mother on his way to appear as a witness at a trial.
34.10. VICTIMS 147

• 26 April: Robert Witzel, 18. Last seen visiting a trav-


elling circus; Witzel's skull was found May 20. The
remainder of his body had been thrown into the Leine
River.

• 9 May: Heinrich Martin, 14. An apprentice locksmith


from the city of Chemnitz. His leather marine cap,
shirt and cardigan were all found in Haarmann's apart-
ment. It is speculated that Martin disappeared from
Hanover station while looking for work.* [86]

• 26 May: Fritz Wittig, 17. A 17-year-old travelling


salesman from the town of Kassel. According to Haar-
mann, he had not wanted to kill Wittig, but had been
persuaded to “take the boy”by Grans, who coveted
The communal grave of Haarmann's victims Wittig's suit.

• 26 May: Friedrich Abeling, 10. The youngest victim.


Grans was wearing Spiecker's shirt at the time of his Abeling disappeared while playing truant from school.
arrest. His skull was found in the Leine River on 13 June.

• 15 January: Heinrich Koch, 20. Although Haarmann • 5 June: Friedrich Koch, 16. Vanished on his way to
claimed to be unable to recognize a photo of Koch, the college. Koch was last seen by two acquaintances in
youth was known to be an acquaintance of his. Koch's the company of Haarmann.* [87]
clothing and personal possessions had been given to
the son of Haarmann's landlady. • 14 June: Erich de Vries, 17. De Vries disappeared af-
ter informing his parents he intended to go for a swim
• 2 February: Willi Senger, 19. Senger had known in the Ohe River. Following his arrest, Haarmann led
Haarmann prior to his murder. Although Haarmann police to his dismembered skeletal remains, which he
initially denied any involvement in the youth's disap- had discarded in a lake located at the entrance to the
pearance, police established Haarmann had regularly Herrenhausen Gardens.* [18]
worn Senger's coat after the youth had vanished.
Footnotes
• 8 February: Hermann Speichert, 16. An apprentice
electrician from Linden-Limmer. Speichert's clothing Haarmann was acquitted of three murders at his trial: those
is known to have been sold by the son of Haarmann's of Adolf Hennies, Hermann Wolf, and Hermann Bock. In
landlady; his geometry kit was given to Grans as a gift. each instance, strong circumstantial evidence existed attest-
ing to his guilt.
• c. 1 April: Hermann Bock, 22. Bock was a labourer In the case of Hermann Wolf, police established that prior
from the town of Uelzen, who had known Haarmann to the youth's disappearance, he had informed his father he
since 1921. He was last seen by his friends walking had conversed with a detective at Hanover station. Haar-
towards Haarmann's apartment. Although Haarmann mann is known to have given many of Wolf's clothes to
was wearing Bock's suit when arrested, he was acquit- his landlady in the days immediately following his 44th
ted of this murder. birthday (shortly after Wolf was reported missing).* [82]
Moreover, the youth's distinctive belt buckle was found at
• 8 April: Alfred Hogrefe, 16. Ran away from home on
Haarmann's Rote Reihe address. Haarmann only chose to
2 April following a family argument. He was repeat-
deny this murder midway through his trial, following heated
edly seen in the company of Haarmann at Hanover sta-
threats made against him by the father of the murdered
tion in the days prior to his murder. All of Hogrefe's
youth.
clothes were traced to Haarmann, Grans, or Haar-
man's landlady.* [85] Haarmann was acquitted of the murder of Adolf Hennies
due to conflicting testimony regarding the circumstances as
• 17 April: Wilhelm Apel, 16. Disappeared on his way to whether he or Grans had actually murdered the youth.
to work; Apel was lured from the Hanover-Leinhausen Although Haarmann admitted at his trial to having dismem-
station to Haarmann's apartment. Much of his cloth- bering the Hennies's body, he claimed to have returned to
ing had been sold by Haarmann's landlady. his apartment and “found a dead body lying there,”to
148 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

which, he claimed, Grans had simply replied, “One of for Keimes's disappearance. (Hans Grans is known to
yours.”Grans would deny this claim, and would state that he have been in custody at the time of the disappearance of
had bought Hennies's distinctive coat from Haarmann, who Keimes.)
had warned him the coat was stolen. Due to this conflicting Two weeks prior to the disappearance of Keimes, Haar-
testimony, and the lack of an actual witness to the murder, mann had returned to his Neue Straße apartment, having
neither Haarmann nor Grans were convicted of Hennies's served six months in a labour camp for several acts of theft
murder. he had committed in August 1921. Upon his return, Haar-
In the case of Hermann Bock, several friends of Bock tes- mann discovered that Grans had stolen much of his personal
tified at Haarmann's trial that, prior to his arrest, they had property and fraudulently obtained and spent his military
been dissuaded from filing a missing person report upon pension while he had been incarcerated. This resulted in
the youth with police; these witnesses testified that Haar- a violent argument between the two men, culminating in
mann was insistent on filing the report himself (he had never Haarmann evicting Grans. Shortly thereafter, Grans and
done so). Other witnesses testified to having acquired vari- a criminal acquaintance named Hugo Wittkowski had re-
ous personal possessions belonging to the youth from Haar- turned to and further ransacked the apartment. It is likely
mann. In addition, a tailor testified at Haarmann's trial to Haarmann committed this murder in an attempt to frame
having been asked by Haarmann to alter the suit. Haarmann Grans in reprisal for the theft of his property and pension.
repeatedly contradicted himself regarding his claims as to Haarmann was not tried for the murder of either Koch or
how he had acquired the youth's possessions. It is likely that Keimes. Officially, both cases remain unsolved.
Haarmann chose to deny this murder due to evidence sug-
gesting the murder had been premeditated, as opposed to The true tally of Haarmann's victims will never be known.
being committed in the throes of passion. He had known Following his arrest, Haarmann made several imprecise
the youth for several years prior to his murder, and Bock statements regarding both the actual number of his victims
was known to be heterosexual. Due to his denial of having he had killed, and when he had begun killing. Initially,
committed this particular murder, Haarmann was acquit- Haarmann claimed to have killed “maybe 30, maybe 40”
*
ted. [89] victims. Later, he would claim the true number of
victims he had killed was between 50 and 70. Investiga-
tors noted that he would only confess to murders for which
34.10.1 Suspected victims sufficient evidence existed of his guilt. Of the 400 items
of clothing found in Haarmann's apartment, only 100 were
In September 1918, [24] Haarmann is believed to have ever identified as having belonged to any of his known vic-
*

killed a 14-year-old named Hermann Koch; a youth who tims.


disappeared just weeks prior to Friedel Rothe, his first con-
firmed victim. Haarmann is known to have kept company
with Koch; he is also known to have written a letter to 34.11 Media
Koch's school providing an explanation for the youth's pro-
longed absence.* [88] As had been the case in the disap- 34.11.1 Film
pearance of Friedel Rothe, police had searched Haarmann's
Cellerstraße apartment in search of the youth, although no • The first film to draw inspiration from the Haarmann
trace of Koch was found and charges against Haarmann in case, M, was released in 1931. Directed by Fritz Lang,
relation to the disappearance were dropped. Koch's father M starred Peter Lorre as a fictional child killer named
had petitioned in 1921 for Haarmann to be tried for his son's Hans Becker. In addition to drawing inspiration from
murder; however, his requests were officially rejected.* [88] the case of Fritz Haarmann, M was also inspired by
Haarmann is also strongly suspected of the murder of Hans the then-recent and notorious crimes of Peter Kürten
Keimes, a 17-year-old Hanover youth who was reported and Carl Großmann.
missing on 17 March 1922* [88] and whose nude, bound • The film The Tenderness of the Wolves (Die
body was found in a canal on 6 May. The cause of death Zärtlichkeit der Wölfe) was directly based upon
was listed as strangulation, and the body bore no signs of Haarmann's crimes. This film was released in July
mutilation. A distinctive handkerchief bearing Grans' name 1973 and was directed by Ulli Lommel. The Tender-
was found lodged in Keimes's throat. ness of the Wolves was both written by and starred
Prior to the discovery of Keimes's body, Haarmann is Kurt Raab, who cast himself as Fritz Haarmann.* [90]
known to have both visited the youth's parents offering German film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder
to locate their son and to have immediately thereafter produced the film and also appeared in a minor role as
informed police that he believed Grans was responsible Haarmann's criminal accomplice, Hugo Wittkowski.
34.12. SEE ALSO 149

• Wilson, Colin; Wilson, Damon (2006) The World's


Most Evil Murderers: Real-Life Stories of Infamous
Killers ISBN 978-1-405-48828-0

34.12 See also

34.13 References
[1] Reading Eagle. Dec. 19, 1924

[2] Monsters of Weimar, p. 18.

[3] Real Life Crimes, p. 2650, ISBN 1-85875-440-2.

[4] Monsters of Weimar, p. 23.

[5] Monsters of Weimar, p. 24.

[6] Monsters of Weimar, p. 25.

[7] CrimeLibrary.com

[8] Monsters of Weimar, p. 28.

[9] Monsters of Weimar, pp. 29-31.

[10] Monsters of Weimar, p. 31.

[11] Monsters of Weimar, p. 35.

[12] Monsters of Weimar, p. 50.


Poster of Fritz Lang's 1931 film M
[13] CrimeLibrary.com

[14] Monsters of Weimar, pp. 50-51.


• The most recent film to be based upon Haarmann's
murder spree, Der Totmacher (The Deathmaker), was [15] Monsters of Weimar, p. 80.
released in 1995. This film starred Götz George as
Haarmann. Der Totmacher focuses upon the written [16] A Plague of Murder Chapter 3
records of the psychiatric examinations of Haarmann [17] Monsters of Weimar, p. 99.
conducted by Ernst Schultze; one of the main psychi-
atric experts who was to testify at Haarmann's 1924 [18] Monsters of Weimar, p. 65.
trial. The plot of Der Totmacher centers around Haar-
[19] Monsters of Weimar, p. 86.
mann's interrogation after his arrest, as he is being in-
terviewed by a court psychiatrist.* [91] [20] Monsters of Weimar, p. 60.

[21] Monsters of Weimar, p. 81.


34.11.2 Books [22] Monsters of Weimar, p. 54.

• Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibbels, Geoffrey (1993) Killers: [23] Monsters of Weimar, p. 83.
The Ruthless Exponents of Murder ISBN 0-7522- [24] Monsters of Weimar, p. 37.
0850-0
[25] Real Life Crimes, p. 2652, ISBN 1-85875-440-2.
• Lane, Brian; Gregg, Wilfred (1992) The Encyclopedia
of Serial Killers ISBN 978-0-747-23731-0 [26] Monsters of Weimar, p. 41.

[27] Monsters of Weimar, p. 42.


• Lessing, Theodor (1925) Monsters of Weimar: Haar-
mann, the Story of a Werewolf ISBN 1-897743-10-6 [28] trutv.com.
150 CHAPTER 34. FRITZ HAARMANN

[29] The Evening Independent Dec. 19, 1924 [63] Monsters of Weimar, p. 129.

[30] Monsters of Weimar, p. 45. [64] The Sunday Morning Star Dec. 21, 1924
[31] Real Life Crimes, p. 2651, ISBN 1-85875-440-2. [65] Monsters of Weimar, p. 145.
[32] Monsters of Weimar, p. 47. [66] Reading Eagle Feb. 6, 1925
[33] Monsters of Weimar, p. 84.
[67] Encyclopedia of Serial Killers ISBN 1-85648-328-2 p. 77
[34] Monsters of Weimar, pp. 83-84.
[68] Monsters of Weimar, p. 67–143.
[35] Monsters of Weimar, p. 85.
[69] Southeast Missourian Apr. 15, 1925
[36] Monsters of Weimar, p. 89.
[70] Prescott Evening Courier Apr. 15, 1925
[37] Monsters of Weimar, p. 103.
[71] “Execute Three Men In Europe: Fritz Haarmann, Lurer
[38] Monsters of Weimar, p. 113. of Youths, Dies on the guillotine”. The Florence Times
(Hanover, Germany: Google News Archive Search). April
[39] The Sunday Morning Star. Dec. 7, 1924
15, 1925. p. 4. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
[40] Monsters of Weimar, p. 123.
[72] Gottinger-Tageblatt June. 1, 2012
[41] Monsters of Weimar, p. 124.
[73] “Report: 'Butcher of Hannover's' head cremated after 89
[42] Monsters of Weimar, p. 17. years”. AP News. 24 January 2015.
[43] Real Life Crimes, p. 2653, ISBN 1-85875-440-2. [74] http://www.answers.com/topic/fritz-haarmann-1
[44] Monsters of Weimar, p. 56. [75] Spiegel.de.
[45] Monsters of Weimar, p. 64.
[76] Monsters of Weimar, p. 143.
[46] The Milwaukee Journal Jan. 19, 1933
[77] Monsters of Weimar, p. 152.
[47] Cannibal Serial Killers ISBN 1-5697-5902-2 p. 225
[78] Gilbert, Alexander.“Fritz Haarmann: The Butcher of Han-
[48] Ludlington Daily News Dec. 7, 1924 nover”. Crime Library. Retrieved 4 November 2007..

[49] Monsters of Weimar, p. 110. [79] Richard Plant, The Pink Triangle, New York, Henry Holt &
Co., 1986, p. 45
[50] The Montreal Gazette Jul. 16, 1924
[80] Monsters of Weimar, p. 87.
[51] Lewiston Daily Sun Dec. 6, 1924

[52] The Pittsburg Press Dec. 6, 1924 [81] Monsters of Weimar, p. 92.

[53] Monsters of Weimar, pp. 108-109. [82] Monsters of Weimar, p. 94.

[54] St. Petersburg Times. Dec. 7, 1924 [83] Monsters of Weimar, p. 95.

[55] The Encyclopaedia of Serial Killers ISBN 0-7472-3731-X [84] Monsters of Weimar, p. 97.
p. 207
[85] Monsters of Weimar, p. 107.
[56] Sunday Morning Star Dec. 7, 1924
[86] Monsters of Weimar, p. 114.
[57] Reading Eagle Dec. 14, 1924
[87] Monsters of Weimar, p. 122.
[58] Monsters of Weimar, p. 19.

[59] Reading Eagle Dec. 19, 1924. [88] Monsters of Weimar, p. 101.

[60] Times Daily Dec. 19, 1924 [89] Monsters of Weimar, p. 34.

[61] Times Daily Dec. 19, 1924. [90] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070957/.

[62] [91] http://www.cinereel.org/article1427.html.


34.15. EXTERNAL LINKS 151

34.14 Cited works and further read-


ing
• Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibbels, Geoff (1993). Killers:
The Ruthless Exponents of Murder. London: Boxtree
Books. pp. 415–17. ISBN 0-7522-0850-0.
• Lane, Brian; Gregg, Wilfred (1995) [1992]. The En-
cyclopedia Of Serial Killers. New York City: Berkley
Book. pp. 205–06. ISBN 978-0-425-15213-3.

• Lessing, Theodor (1993) [1925]. Monsters of Weimar:


Haarmann, the Story of a Werewolf. London: Neme-
sis Books. pp. 11–156. ISBN 1-897743-10-6.
• Pozsár, Christine; Farin, Michael (2002) [1995]. Die
Haarmann-Protokolle. Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag.
ISBN 3-936-29800-9.

• Tatar, Maria (1995). Lustmord. Sexual Murder in


Weimar Germany. Princeton: Princeton University
Press. ISBN 0-6910-1590-2.

• Wilson, Colin; Wilson, Damon. The World's Most Evil


Murderers: Real-Life Stories of Infamous Killers. Bath:
Paragon Publishing. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-1-405-
48828-0.

34.15 External links


• Fritz Haarmann at CrimeLibrary.com
• Contemporary newspaper account of Haarmann's ex-
ecution
• Image depicting Haarmann's severed head, preserved
at Göttingen medical school until its 2014 cremation
Chapter 35

Futoshi Matsunaga

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with good grades in school and had a charming personality, but
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown tended to exhibit disciplinary problems. Eventually he was
only in preview). transferred to another high school because of his relation-
ship with a junior high school girl. He married at 19, and
had a son.
Futoshi Matsunaga (松 永 太 Matsunaga Futoshi, born
April 28, 1961) is a Japanese serial killer who both In October 1982, during his marriage, he became involved
defrauded and tortured his victims in what is publicly known with Junko Ogata, in addition to the ten or so mistresses
as the Kitakyūshū Serial Murder Incident (北九州連続 with whom he was already involved. In 1984 he promised
殺⼈事件). He was convicted of six counts of murder and to marry Junko, but Junko's mother, Shizumi, did not ap-
one count of manslaughter between 1996 and 1998 and sen- prove of Matsunaga's abuse of her daughter. He then raped
tenced to die by hanging. He murdered his victims with an Shizumi as well.
accomplice, Junko Ogata, who received a life sentence. Junko attempted suicide in February 1985. Matsunaga
His crimes were so atrocious that most mass media were then convinced Junko that her family hated her because of
not willing to report the details.* [1]* [2] The Japan Times this. He and Junko began living together in 1985.* [4] Two
reported that prosecutors said "[the case] is without com- years earlier, Matsunaga opened a futon company named
parison in the criminal history of our country”.* [3] Several the World, and in 1985 purchased a building in which to
writers, including Ryuzo Saki, published the details of the operate the company.
crimes.
Around that time, he began to electrically shock his employ-
ees on the third floor of the building.* [5] He would some-
times suddenly and vigorously start shouting towards other
35.1 Early life men, saying things like “there is a spirit behind you! It
is sucking away your fortune!" occasionally mixing in re-
ligious words like saṃsāra and referring to kami.* [6] His
wife escaped with her son and accused him of domestic
violence. He had stolen 180 million yen (approximately
US$2.2 million) through fraud or blackmail.* [6]
In 1992, he and Junko evaded police capture and were put
on the nation's Most wanted list.

35.2 First two victims

Matsunaga's first victim was a married woman with three


children. In April 1993, he convinced her to leave her hus-
Kokura Kita-ku band and run away with him, telling the woman that Junko
was his sister. One of her children died under mysterious
Matsunaga was born in Kokura Kita-ku, Kitakyūshū, circumstances in September 1993. Her two other children
Fukuoka Prefecture and grew up in Yanagawa. He received went to live with their father and grandfather in October

152
35.3. CAPTIVITY AND MURDERS 153

1993. One day in April 1997, Junko left for work and did not re-
During their relationship, Matsunaga defrauded the woman turn. Matsunaga called Junko's family, informing them of
for 11.8 million yen (approximately US$145,510). The her absence. He continued to blackmail Shizumi. He made
woman died mysteriously in March 1994, and the police threats to Junko's family, and told them that Junko was a
were unable to prove that Matsunaga had killed the woman murderer. Matsunaga then faked his own suicide. Believing
or her child.* [7] him to be dead, Junko returned, only to find him alive. Mat-
sunaga continued to treat Junko abusively. Matsunaga also
raped Junko's married sister, Rieko. Junko's family gave
63 million yen (approximately US$777,116) to Matsunaga,
35.3 Captivity and murders after which he held them captive. He abused the vaginas
of Shizumi and Rieko with electric shocks. He controlled
Matsunaga lived in a condominium in Kokura Kita-ku, Ki- the family in ways similar to the methods that cult-leader
takyushu. In 1994, he began victimizing Kumio Toraya Shoko Asahara used.* [8]
and his daughter. Kumio confided to Matsunaga some in- On December 21, 1997, he coerced Junko to torture her 61-
formation about his previous criminal history; Matsunaga year-old father, Takashige, to death by electrocution. After
then used this information to blackmail Kumio. Kumio suffering Matsunaga's continued abuse, Shizumi's mental
even admitted to previous crimes which he had not com- state began to deteriorate. He commanded Rieko and her
mitted. Kumio and his daughter were held captive in Mat- husband Kazuya to strangle Shizumi on January 20, 1998.
sunaga's room. Matsunaga tortured Kumio with electric She was 58. Eventually, Rieko began to lose her hearing.
shocks, forced him to eat his own feces, and forced his On February 10, 1998 Matsunaga commanded Kazuya to
daughter to bite her father.* [7] Kumio was 34 when he died strangle Rieko, while their 10-year-old daughter Aya held
of the effects of this abuse on February 26, 1996. Mat- her down. Rieko was 33. Matsunaga and Junko then con-
sunaga convinced Kumio's daughter that she had murdered fined Kazuya to a bathroom, where he starved to death on
her father.* [7] He told Junko and the girl to dispose of the April 13, 1998. He was 38. Matsunaga forced Junko, Aya,
remains. Kumio's remains were thrown into the sea near and Kumio's daughter to kill Rieko's 5-year-old son, Yuki.
the Kunisaki Peninsula after being pulverized. On May 17, 1998 Aya strangled Yuki while Junko and Ku-
mio's daughter held him down.
During the trial, Kumio's daughter testified that Matsunaga
and Junko had tortured Aya with electricity. Junko, how-
ever, denied Kumio's daughter's testimony about this, say-
ing the girl's recollections might have been inaccurate be-
cause of guilty feelings about committing her first murder.
Kumio's daughter strangled Aya on June 7, 1998.
Matsunaga and Junko dismembered and boiled their vic-
tims' remains in pots. The other residents of the condo-
minium heard strange noises and smelled the stench. The
victims' remains were finally disposed of in washrooms or
put out to sea. The condominium was renovated after the
murders. Matsunaga blamed the murders on Junko, who,
with their two children, were the only survivors in her fam-
ily.
Matsunaga's crimes continued. In July 2000, Matsunaga
The Kunisaki Peninsula (left) and its surroundings convinced another woman to go away with him, lured by
the prospect of marriage. In August 2001, she gave her
The same year, Matsunaga found another target; a woman twin children to him and Junko. Matsunaga and Junko then
who had been an acquaintance of Kumio. Matsunaga convinced the woman to give them 20 million yen (approx-
promised to marry her. He claimed he was a graduate imately US$246,580), telling her that they would need the
of Kyoto University. Matsunaga defrauded the woman of money to bring up her children.
5.6 million yen (approximately US$69,066). She and her
daughter had gone to his room and they were then held cap-
tive there. The woman escaped by jumping from the second
floor to the ground in March 1997. She was put into the care
of a mental hospital and her daughter was released.
154 CHAPTER 35. FUTOSHI MATSUNAGA

35.4 Arrest and trial 4. Rieko Ogata (緒⽅理恵⼦ Ogata Rieko) – Junko's
sister
Kumio's daughter, who was being held captive, escaped 5. Kazuya Ogata (緒⽅主也 Ogata Kazuya) – Rieko's
from Matsunaga on January 30, 2002, but Matsunaga found husband
the girl on February 15, 2002 and took her back into cap-
tivity. He then tortured the girl with electric shocks.* [3] 6. Yūki Ogata (緒 ⽅ 優 貴 Ogata Yūki) – Junko's
On March 6, 2002, the girl escaped from Matsunaga again, nephew
and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old. 7. Aya Ogata (緒⽅彩 Ogata Aya) – Junko's niece
The police arrested Matsunaga and Junko the next day when
they tried to retrieve the girl. The twins and the couple's two
children were taken into police protection.
35.6 See also
The media initially reported only that Matsunaga and Junko
had held their victims captive, similar to the case of Fusako • Milgram experiment ̶experiment using electric
Sano, but eventually the media revealed the details of the shocks
murders Matsunaga and Junko had committed.
• Concrete-encased high school girl murder ̶another
The pair were charged with Aya's murder on September 18,
high-profile torture murder in Japan
2002; Takashige's murder on October 12, 2002; Shizumi's
murder on December 6, 2002; Yuki's murder on January • Capital punishment in Japan
11, 2003; Kumio's murder on February 3, 2003; Rieko's
murder on February 25, 2003; and Kazuya's murder on May
30, 2003.
35.7 Further reading
No murder charges were brought against Kumio's daugh-
ter. Junko calmly confessed to her part in the murders, • Ryuzo Saki (2005) なぜ家族は殺し合ったのか
but Matsunaga professed his own innocence. He insisted (Naze kazoku wa koroshiatta noka, translation; Why
that the women had fabricated their stories about him. The did the family kill each other?) ISBN 4-413-04120-8
Japanese police never recovered any human remains and
found no physical evidence, so they primarily relied upon • Masayoshi Toyoda (2005) た⼀家北九州 連
the testimonies of Kumio's and Junko's daughters during 続監禁殺⼈事件 (Kesareta ikka: kitakyūshū renzoku
the police investigation. kankin satsujin jiken, translation; The Extinguished
Family̶Serial Captivity-Murders Case in Kitakyushu)
On September 28, 2005, a district court in Fukuoka sen-
ISBN 4-10-300511-4
tenced Matsunaga and Junko to die by hanging.* [4] The
court tried six cases, but considered that Matsunaga and
Junko had not killed Takashige directly, they had only in-
jured him by electric shocks, which later resulted in his 35.8 References
death.
[1] 夏樹静⼦が⾒た北九州監禁殺⼈裁判 (in Japanese).
The pair appealed the verdict. On September 26, 2007, RKB Mainichi Broadcasting. 2005-06-13. Retrieved 2008-
a high court upheld Matsunaga's original sentence, but 06-26.
Junko's sentence was changed from death by hanging to life
imprisonment because Matsunaga had exerted control over [2] 中 国 媒 体 未 能 报 道 的 日 本 杀 人 案 背 后 (in Chinese).
Junko to force her to kill the victims.* [9] JNOC NEWS. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-12.

[3] “Pair accused of slaying 7 face gallows”. The Japan Times


WEEKLY. 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
35.5 Victims
[4] “Pair to hang for seven murders”. The Japan Times. 2005-
08-29. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
1. Kumio Toraya (⻁⾕久美雄 Toraya Kumio) – The
girl's father* [10] [5] 脅しの“原点”電気責め、松永被告20代から (in
Japanese). Yomiuri Shimbun. 2002-09-19. Archived from
2. Takashige Ogata (緒 ⽅ 誉 Ogata Takashige) – the original on 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Junko's father
[6] 松永被告「奇妙な顔」 、宗教的⾔動で⽀配 (in Japanese).
3. Shizumi Ogata (緒⽅静美 Ogata Shizumi) – Junko's Yomiuri Shimbun. 2002-09-25. Archived from the original
mother on September 24, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
35.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 155

[7] ⼀家惨殺 (in Japanese). MONSTER. Retrieved 2007-11-


29.

[8] なぜ家族は殺し合ったのか (in Japanese). Mitsuharu


Matsumoto Laboratory. 2008-03-08.

[9] “Man's death sentence upheld, woman's reduced to life in


murders”. BREITBART COM. 2007-09-26. Retrieved
2008-02-10.

[10] 逼骨肉相残行大逆不道 / 北九州连续杀人犯全盘供述


(in Chinese). Chubun Doho. April 2004. Retrieved 2010-
09-03.

35.9 External links


• Futoshi Matsunaga from “serial killer true crime li-
brary”
• Captive boys rescued from condo The Japan Times,
March 11, 2002
• Girl's confiners reveal names The Japan Times, March
14, 2002
• Pair accused of slaying seven face gallows The Japan
Times, March 3, 2005
• Pair accused of slaying 7 face gallows The Japan
Times, March 12, 2005
• Pair to hang for seven murders The Japan Times
September 29, 2005
• Death sentence reduced for one of murderous pair The
Japan Times, September 27, 2007
• (Chinese) The serial murders case The Sun, October
30, 2005
• (Chinese) The serial murders case by JNOC NEWS

• (Japanese) Kitakyushu Serial Murders 北九州連続殺


⼈事件

• (Japanese) Family Murders ⼀家惨殺 – from MON-


STERS

• (Japanese) Japanese Wikipedia entry on the murders


Chapter 36

Harrison Graham

Harrison Graham (born September 9, 1959* [1])is an 36.1 References


African-American * [2] serial killer.
In August 1987, he was arrested for the murders of seven [1] According Harrison's Pennsylviana Deptartment of Cor-
rections file, Inmate Number AS0978, accessed online 27
women in Philadelphia. His crimes were discovered after
March 2016 at http://inmatelocator.cor.pa.gov/#/
Graham was evicted from his apartment due to persistent
foul odors. The smell was subsequently identified as coming [2] Walsh, Anthony (2005). African Americans and Serial
from the bodies of his victims, which he had wrapped in Killing in the Media: The Myth and the Reality. Homi-
bedding and piled in the bedroom. cide Studies Vol. 9 No. 4, November 2005 271-291 DOI:
10.1177/1088767905280080
At his mother's urging, Graham turned himself in to au-
thorities after a week as a wanted fugitive.* [3] Initially, [3] Heine, Kurt (1988). 'Marty' Graham Guilty of 7 Murders,
Graham asserted that the bodies had been in the apartment Philly.com, 27 April 1988; accessed 27 March 2016
when he first occupied the unit. He eventually confessed to
[4] Ramsland, Katherine (2013) Cookie Monster and the serial
the crimes, saying that he killed the women in drug-fueled
killer, Psychology Today, accessed 23 March 2016
hazes or during sex.
In court, Graham opted for a bench trial due to fears that
the gruesome evidence would sway jurors. Two women
testified that Graham had not only attacked them, but also
claimed to have killed women previously.
The judge rejected Graham's defense that he was psychotic
and suffered from multiple personality disorder.* [4] He was
convicted of seven murder counts and seven charges of des-
ecrating a corpse.
Graham was initially sentenced to the death penalty, though
that sentence was overturned on appeal due to his mental
illness and low intelligence.* [4] As of March 2016, he is
imprisoned at State Correctional Institution – Coal Town-
ship.* [1]
Graham was arrested only months after fellow Philadel-
phian Gary M. Heidnik was arrested for similar crimes,
though Heidnik earned far more publicity. News coverage
of Graham's crimes was limited mainly to the Philadelphia
area. Criminal justice professor Anthony Walsh* [2] sug-
gests that the lack of media attention to Graham's crimes is
symptomatic of a broader unawareness or neglect of black
serial killers in America: though African-American Gra-
ham killed more people than did white Heidnik, the media
all but ignored Graham's crimes.

156
Chapter 37

Hermann Duft and Hans Wilhelm


Bassenauer

Hermann Duft and Hans Wilhelm Bassenauer were a 37.3 Capture


pair of German serial killers who murdered six persons in
Greece, within a short period in 1969, were captured, tried,
The police were alerted, on the 16th of April, by a Greek
sentenced to death and executed.
woman who saw“small specks of blood”on a car with Ger-
man license plates parked outside her house, which was, in
fact, the car of the pair's last victim.* [2] Duft and Basse-
nauer were apprehended when they showed up to pick up
the car, questioned and then arrested by the police. They
37.1 Background confessed to their crimes and put to trial, accused of mur-
der, robbery, and related charges.* [1]

Duft was born in Frankfurt and Bassenauer in Darmstadt,


Germany, both in 1938.* [1] They were both plumbers.
Duft was single, while Bassenauer was married, with three
children. Duft had briefly served in the Foreign Legion dur- 37.4 Trial and punishment
ing the war in Algeria.* [1]
The trial of Duft and Bassenauer was held shortly there-
after at the Appeals Court. They were found guilty and
sentenced to death for each one of the murders.* [1] Their
appeal was rejected by the Areopagus Supreme Court, as
37.2 Crimes was their request to the Council of Pardons to reduce their
sentence to life imprisonment. They were executed by firing
squad on 15 December 1969, Bassenauer in Corfu and Duft
Duft and Bassenauer arrived in Greece by car on 17 Febru- in Aegina, in whose prisons they were respectively being
ary 1969.* [2] Within the next few weeks, posing as tourists, held.* [2]
they murdered six people, using a gun or a knife. The rea-
son for most of their murders was robbery. On the 5th of Bassenauer's widow subsequently
*
stated,“my husband got
March, they killed the night watchman of a gas station near a just punishment,” [3] but objected to the execution tak-
*
Thebes and a soldier who was present. On 13 March, they ing place near Christmas time. [3] An article in a German
murdered a Greek-American stockbroker in Voula, on 7 magazine observed ironically that “once again, Germans
*
April a taxi driver and on the 9th a gas station attendant are being executed in Greece for murder.” [3]
near Athens. Finally, on 12 April, they murdered, on the
road from Athens to Patras a Greek who was living in Ger-
many and vacationing in his homeland. They abandoned
their car and took the victim's to return to Athens.* [2] 37.5 See also
The dictatorial regime in Greece at the time forbade news-
papers from publishing news about this series of murders,
until the two perpetrators were captured.* [2] • Antonis Daglis, the “Athens Ripper”

157
158 CHAPTER 37. HERMANN DUFT AND HANS WILHELM BASSENAUER

37.6 Notes
[1] Historia, 2007

[2] Palmographos, 2013

[3] Spiegel, 1969

37.7 References
• “Zür Stärkung Unserer Basis Erforderlich” (“To
Strengthen Our Basics”) by Gerhard Mauz, Der
Spiegel, 22 December 1969 (in German)

• Historia (“History”) magazine, issue 464, February


2007 (in Greek)

• “The execution of Duft & Bassenauer”, Palmo-


graphos, 15 December 2013 (in Greek)

37.8 External links


• Smells Like Blood, novel based on the Duft/Bassenauer
murders
Chapter 38

Irina Gaidamachuk

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with In February 2012, the court case began. Gaidamachuk gave
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown a confession to the indictment during the preliminary inves-
only in preview). tigation; but, contested this throughout her trial.* [3]
On June 12, 2012, Gaidamachuk was sentenced to 20 years
Irina Viktorovna Gaidamachuk (Russian: Ирина Вик- in prison.* [4]* [5]
торовна Гайдамачук) (born 1972) is a Russian serial killer
who killed 17 elderly women between 2002 and 2010.* [1]
38.4 Footnotes
38.1 Biography [1] “Russia's worst woman serial killer dubbed 'Satan in a Skirt'
after murdering 17 pensioners in eight year reign of terror |
Mail Online”. June 5, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
Gaidamachuk was born in the town of Nyagan. At a young
age, she became addicted to alcohol. Subsequently, her [2] Красноуфимская маньячка, убившая 17 старушек, не
parents were deprived of parental authority. She moved to согласна с обвинением
Krasnoufimsk in the early 1990s, where she met a man with [3] Маньячка не признает обвинений
whom she later had two children. Her husband Yuri report-
edly refused to provide Gaidamachuk with money for fear [4] В Екатеринбурге 4 июня огласят приговор серийному
that she would spend the money on alcohol. убийце пенсионерок

[5] Репортаж из зала суда: последнее слово


«красноуфимской маньячки»
38.2 Murders
The majority of Gaidamachuk's crimes were committed
in Krasnoufimsk. Similar crimes had been committed
in Yekaterinburg, Serov, Achit and Druzhinino. Another
woman, Marina Valeeva, was initially suspected for the
crimes and after pressure from authorities, Valeeva initially
confessed to the murders of Gaidamachuk's elderly victims.

38.3 Court
Gaidamachuk was charged with 17 counts of murder and 1
count of attempted murder.* [2]
A Forensic psychiatric examination conducted in
GNTSSSP Serbsky showed that Gaidamachuk, al-
though she showed some disturbance in the mind, was
legally sane at the time of the murders.

159
Chapter 39

Jane Toppan

Jane Toppan (1857–1938), born Honora Kelley, was an 39.2 Murders


American serial killer. She confessed to 31 murders in
1901. She is quoted as saying that her ambition was “to
have killed more people ̶helpless people ̶than any other In 1885, Toppan began training to be a nurse at Cambridge
man or woman who ever lived...”. Hospital. During her residency, she used her patients as
guinea pigs in experiments with morphine and atropine; she
would alter their prescribed dosages to see what it did to
their nervous systems. However, she would spend a lot of
time alone with those patients, making up fake charts and
medicating them to drift in and out of consciousness and
even getting into bed with them. It is not known whether
39.1 Early life any sexual activity went on when her victims were in this
state but when Jane Toppan was asked after her arrest, she
Though scant records survive of Toppan's early years, it answered that she derived a sexual thrill from patients being *
is known that her parents were Irish immigrants, and her near death, coming back to life and then dying again. [1]
mother, Bridget Kelley, died of tuberculosis when she was Toppan would administer a drug mixture to patients she
very young. Her father, Peter Kelley, was well known as chose as her victims, lie *in bed with them and hold them
an alcoholic and eccentric, nicknamed by those who knew close to her as they died. [1] This is quite common for fe-
him “Kelley the Crack”(crack as in “crackpot”). In male serial killers, who * *
usually murder for material gain and
later years Kelley would become the source of many local sexual satisfaction. [2] [3]* [4]* [5] She was recommended
rumors concerning his supposed insanity, the most popular for the prestigious Massachusetts General Hospital in 1889;
of which being that his madness finally drove him to sew his there, she claimed several more victims before being fired
own eyelids closed while working as a tailor. The story's au- the following year. She briefly returned to Cambridge but
thenticity is dubious, but it accurately reflects the prevailing was soon dismissed for prescribing opiates recklessly. She
opinion of Peter Kelley as an extremely unbalanced person. then began a career as a private nurse and flourished despite
complaints of petty theft.
In 1863, only a few years after his wife's death, Kelley
took his two youngest children, the eight-year-old Delia She began her poisoning spree in earnest in 1895 by killing
Josephine and six-year-old Honora, to the Boston Female her landlords. In 1899, she killed her foster sister Elizabeth
Asylum, an orphanage for indigent female children founded with a dose of strychnine.
in 1799 by Mrs. Hannah Stillman. Kelley surrendered the In 1901, Toppan moved in with the elderly Alden Davis and
two young girls, never to see them again. Documents from his family in Cataumet to take care of him after the death
the asylum note that the two girls were “rescued from a of his wife (whom Toppan herself had murdered). Within
very miserable home”. weeks, she killed Davis and two of his daughters. She then
No records of Delia and Honora's experiences during their moved back to her hometown and began courting her late
time in the asylum exist, but in less than two years, foster sister's husband, killing his sister and poisoning him
in November 1864, Honora Kelley was placed as an so she could prove herself by nursing him back to health.
indentured servant in the home of Mrs. Ann C. Toppan She even poisoned herself to evoke his sympathy. The ruse
of Lowell, Massachusetts. Though never formally adopted did not work, however, and he cast her out of his house.
by the Toppans, Honora took on the surname of her bene- The surviving members of the Davis family ordered a
factors and eventually became known as Jane. toxicology exam on Alden Davis' youngest daughter. The

160
39.5. SOURCES 161

report found that she had been poisoned, and local author- [4] Wilson, W.; Hilton, T. (1998). “Modus operandi of female
ities put a police detail on Toppan. On October 29, 1901, serial killers”. Psychological Reports (Ammons Scientific)
she was arrested for murder. 82 (2): 495–498. doi:10.2466/PR0.82.2.495-498. PMID
9621726.
By 1902, she had confessed to 31 murders. On June 23, in
the Barnstable County Courthouse, she was found not guilty [5] Kelleher, Michael D.; Kelleher, C.L. (1998). Murder Most
by reason of insanity and committed for life in the Taunton Rare: The Female Serial Killer. Westport, Connecticut:
Insane Hospital. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96003-2.

Soon after the trial, one of William Randolph Hearst's [6] Beard, William Randall (21 March 2011).“Women who've
newspapers, the New York Journal, printed what was pur- killed.”. Minneapolis StarTribune. Retrieved 27 March
ported to be Toppan's confession to her lawyer that she had 2011.
killed more than 31 people and that she wanted the jury
to find her insane so she could eventually have a chance at
being released. Whether or not that was truly Toppan's in- 39.5 Sources
tention is unknown. She remained at Taunton for the rest
of her life. • Schechter, Harold - “Fatal: The Poisonous Life of a
Female Serial Killer”(2003)

• Lane, Brian and Gregg, Wilfred - The Encyclopedia of


39.3 Fictional portrayals and legacy Serial Killers (1995)

In the independent film American Nightmare, written and • An episode of Investigation Discovery's Deadly
directed by Jon Keeyes, Debbie Rochon portrays a serial Women.
killer named “Jane Toppan”who manages to kill numer-
ous characters throughout the course of the film by various
means. The character is also employed as a nurse. This
character was inspired by Toppan.
Toppan was the subject of one of six monologues in the
play Murderess by Anne Bertram, which premiered in St.
Paul, Minnesota, at Theatre Unbound. She was portrayed
by Laura Wiebers in the segment The Truth About Miss Top-
pan, directed by Mishia Burns Edwards. The play opened
to favorable reviews. Minneapolis StarTribune theater critic
William Randall Beard called the Toppan segment“a chill-
ing portrait of a sociopath nurse.”* [6]
Toppan was featured in an episode of Deadly Women and
an episode of the podcast Criminal.

39.4 References
[1] “When Women Kill Together.”. The Forensic Exam-
iner. American College of Forensic Examiners Institute
(ACFEI). 2007-03-22. Archived from the original on
February 2, 2010. Retrieved 2009-08-02.

[2] “Your Questions Answered About Black Widow Case.


Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. James Knoll Answers Viewers'
Questions About Stacey Castor”. ABC News. April 27,
2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.

[3] Frei, A.; Völlm, B.; Graf, M.; Dittmann, V. (2006). “Fe-
male serial killing: Review and case report”. Criminal
Behavior and Mental Health (Wiley InterScience) 16 (33):
167–176. doi:10.1002/cbm.615. PMID 16838388.
Chapter 40

Janie Lou Gibbs

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with murdered.


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown She admitted methodically feeding rat poison to her family
only in preview). one victim at a time, but did not give a motive. In February
1968 she was found to be insane and served time in a state
Janie Lou Gibbs (December 25, 1932 – February 7, 2010) mental hospital until 1976. She was then convicted of poi-
was an American serial killer from Cordele, Georgia, who soning the five male members of her immediate family and
killed her three sons, a grandson, and her husband, by poi- received five life sentences.
soning them with rat poison in 1966 and 1967.
Gibbs, who in later years suffered from Parkinson's dis-
ease, was released April 1999 on a medical reprieve into
the custody of her brother and sister-in-law after being de-
40.1 Murders nied parole more than 17 times. She remained on parole
and was required to check in once per year due to her de-
Gibbs' husband of 18 years, Charles Clayton Gibbs, 39, teriorating condition. She used a wheelchair and lived in
died January 21, 1966. Her youngest son, Marvin Ronald a nursing home in Douglasville, Georgia until her death on
Gibbs, 13, died August 29, 1966, followed by her middle February 7, 2010.
son, Melvin Watess Gibbs, 16, on January 23, 1967. She
inherited $31,000 from their deaths and tithed 10 percent
to her church. 40.3 References
The deaths had previously been attributed to liver disease,
but she was eventually arrested Christmas Eve 1967 after •“Janie Gibbs”Mind of a Killer (DVD) Kozel Multi-
her oldest son, Roger Ludean Gibbs, 19, died in the same media, 1998.
fashion as his father and brothers. On October 28, 1967,
•“Judged Insane in Poisonings,”The Associated Press,
Roger's month-old son Ronnie Edward Gibbs also died un-
February 8, 1968.
der suspicious circumstances.
•“Woman Charged in Death of Kin”The Associated
Press, January 28, 1968.
40.2 Imprisonment
• Peter Vronsky: «Female Serial Killers: How and Why
Women Become Monsters”, Berkley Books, New
Despite the unusual coincidences of so many deaths in such York (2007), p. 440
a short period of time, she blocked insurance adjusters' re-
quests for autopsies. Although insurance adjusters were
suspicious, most of Gibbs' neighbors and friends from
church could not believe that the 35-year-old mother and 40.4 External links
former farmer's wife who ran a day-care center could be a
killer. • Crime Library
However, Gibbs' daughter-in-law demanded an autopsy of
her husband Roger. The autopsy found fatal levels of
arsenic in the young man's body. The court ordered the
rest of her family exhumed and each was found to have been

162
Chapter 41

Jeanne Weber

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with un- 41.1 Early life
known parameter“birthname”(this message is shown only
in preview). Born in a small fishing village in northern France, Weber
Jeanne Weber (7 October 1874 – 5 July 1918) was a left home for Paris at age 14, working various menial jobs
until her marriage in 1893. Her husband was an alcoholic,
and two of their three children died in 1905. By then, We-
ber was also drinking heavily, residing in a seedy Paris ten-
ement with her spouse and her seven-year-old son.

41.2 Murders
On 2 March 1905, Weber was babysitting for her sister-in-
law, when one of the woman's two daughters ̶18-month-
old Georgette ̶suddenly“fell ill”and died. Strange bruises
on her neck were ignored by the examining physician, and
Weber was welcomed back to babysit on 11 March. Two-
year-old Suzanne did not survive the visit, but a doctor
blamed the second death on unexplained “convulsions.”
Weber was babysitting for her brother, on 25 March, when
his daughter, seven-year-old Germaine, suffered a sudden
attack of“choking,”complete with red marks on her throat.
The child survived that episode, but she was less fortunate
the following day, when Weber returned. Diphtheria was
blamed for her death, and for that of Weber's son, Mar-
cel, just four days later. Once again, the tell-tale marks of
strangulation were ignored.
On 5 April 1905, Weber invited two of her sisters-in-law to
dinner, and remained home with her 10-year-old nephew
Maurice while the other women went out shopping. They
returned prematurely, to find Maurice gasping on the bed,
Cover of Le Petit Journal, 24 May 1908. Jeanne Weber murders a
his throat mottled with bruises, Jeanne standing over him
child with a crazed expression on her face. Charges were filed,
and Weber's trial opened on 29 January 1906, with the pros-
ecution alleging eight murders, including all three of We-
ber's own children and two others ̶Lucie Aleandre and
French serial killer. She strangled at least 10 children, in- Marcel Poyatos ̶who had died while in her care. It was al-
cluding her own. She was both convicted of murder and leged that Weber killed her son in March to throw suspicion
declared insane in 1908; she hanged herself ten years later. off, but Weber was being defended by the brilliant defense

163
164 CHAPTER 41. JEANNE WEBER

Back in Paris, Weber was arrested for vagrancy and briefly


confined to the asylum at Nanterre, but doctors there
pronounced her sane and set her free. She drifted into
prostitution, picking up a common-law husband along the
way. On 8 May 1908, the couple settled at an inn in Com-
mercy. A short time later, Weber was found strangling the
innkeeper's son, 10-year-old Marcel Poirot, with a bloody
handkerchief. The father had to punch her three times in
the face before she would release the lifeless body.

41.3 Death
Held for trial on murder charges, Weber was declared in-
sane on 25 October 1908, packed off to the asylum at
Mareville. Credited with at least ten murders, she survived
ten years in captivity before manually strangling herself in
1918.* [1]

41.4 References
[1] Site (in French)

41.5 External links


Cover of Le Petit Journal, 12 May 1907. Portrait of Jeanne Weber
• Crime Library
• French Ogress again arrested, New York Times, May
lawyer Henri-Robert, and jurors were reluctant to believe 5, 1907
the worst about a grieving mother. She was acquitted on 6
February. • Media related to Jeanne Weber at Wikimedia Com-
Fourteen months later, on 7 April 1907, a physician from mons
the town of Villedieu was summoned to the home of a
peasant named Bavouzet. He was greeted at the door by
a babysitter, “Madame Moulinet,”who led him to the cot
where nine-year-old Auguste Bavouzet lay dead, his throat
badly bruised. The cause of death was listed as “convul-
sions,”but the doctor changed his opinion on 4 May, when
“Madame Moulinet”was identified as Jeanne Weber. We-
ber engaged the lawyer Henri-Robert once more. Held over
for trial, Weber was released in December, after a second
autopsy blamed the boy's death on typhoid.
Weber quickly dropped from sight, surfacing next as an or-
derly at a children's hospital in Faucombault, moving on
from there to the Children's Home in Orgeville, run by
friends who sought to“make up for the wrongs that justice
has inflicted upon an innocent woman.”Working as“Marie
Lemoine,”Weber had been on the job for less than a week
when she was caught strangling a child in the home. The
owners quietly dismissed her and the incident was covered
up.
Chapter 42

Joseph Christopher

Joseph G. Christopher (July 26, 1955 – March 1, 1993) [2] Profile of Joseph Christopher, frankedobson.com; accessed
was an American serial killer, active from September 22, December 9, 2014.
1980 until his arrest on May 10, 1981. He was known as
[3] Profile of Joseph Christopher, brucecorris.blogspot.com,
the“Midtown Slasher”. It is believed that he killed at least
September 2011; accessed December 9, 2014.
twelve individuals and wounded numerous others, almost all
African Americans, with one Hispanic male. [4] Profile of Joseph Christopher, Radford/FGCU Serial Killer
Database; accessed December 9, 2014.

[5] Profile of Joseph Christopher, artvoice.com; accessed De-


42.1 Murders and arrest cember 9, 2014.

Christopher was born in Buffalo, New York on July 26,


1955. His homicidal rampage began on September 22, 42.3 External links
1980, when he was 25 years old.* [1] He started his crimes
by shooting African American men with a sawn-off .22 rifle • Entry at murderpedia
while they went about their daily duties, striking in the mid-
dle of the day and into the night with sometimes more than
five murders in one day. However, Christopher changed his
method of killing midway through his onslaught of terror by
choosing a knife as his new weapon, stabbing his victims to
death and cutting the heart out of two of his victims, who
were cab drivers.* [2]* [3]
Christopher attacked a fellow soldier, Albert Menefee, Jr.,
at their home station of Fort Benning, Georgia on Decem-
ber 31, 1980, resulting in his arrest. Menefee survived the
attack. When Christopher's apartment was searched by the
police in the hopes that they may have come across their
serial killer by accident, the police found evidence linking
Christopher to three murders. Christopher would eventu-
ally claim credit for 13 killings, angering many still seeking
justice.* [4]
Christopher was convicted on three counts of murder and
sentenced to 60 years to life, dying in prison of a rare form
of male breast cancer in 1993, aged 37.* [5]

42.2 References
[1] “So-called Midtown Stabber kills his first victim”. His-
tory.com. Retrieved April 3, 2013.

165
Chapter 43

José Luis Calva

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with with cooked human flesh and human bones in a box of ce-
unknown parameter“Convictions”(this message is shown real.* [2] Aside from that, an unfinished book titled Instintos
only in preview). Caníbales o 12 días* [4] (Cannibal Instincts or 12 days) and
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with a picture of Anthony Hopkins portraying Hannibal Lecter
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown was also found.* [2]
only in preview).

José Luis Calva Zepeda (June 20, 1969* [1] – Decem- 43.1.3 Trial
ber 11, 2007) was a Mexican writer and serial killer.
Calva has been accused of murder in up to eight separate Calva was charged with two murders by the Court of First
cases, all involving women. Calva had also confessed to Instance in Mexico City. He was ultimately convicted and
cannibalism.* [2] sentenced to 84 years in prison.

43.1.4 Death
43.1 Biography
In the early morning hours of December 11, 2007, Calva,
43.1.1 Early life who apparently had committed suicide between 6:00am and
6:30am, was found hanging by his belt from the roof of his
* * *
Calva's childhood was traumatic. His father died when he prison cell. [1] No suicide note was found. [5] [6]
was two, and his mother used to bring men to his home
whom the boy had to call “dad”. When he was seven, he
was raped by a 16-year-old friend of his older brother.* [3] 43.2 References
He met the woman who would become his wife and mother
of two of his children, Aide, in 1996. They divorced and [1] “Se suicida 'El Caníbal de la Guerrero'". Televisa (in Span-
she moved to the United States with their daughters. He ish). Retrieved 2007-12-23.
sank into a deep depression.* [3]
[2] “El“poeta caníbal”es investigado por muertes en México”.
www.la-razon.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original
on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
43.1.2 Arrest
[3] “El caníbal, su autobiografía entre la violencia y el rencor”
In October 2007, forces of the Federal Preventive Police . ElUniversal.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2007-12-23.
went to Calva's home to arrest him under the suspicion that
he was responsible for the disappearance of his girlfriend [4] “Lo llaman el escritor caníbal”. www.larepublica.com.pe
Alejandra Galeana, who was last seen on October 6.* [2] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2007-10-16.
He was found eating a dish of human meat seasoned with
lemon. Calva tried to escape by jumping through the win- [5] "'Cannibal' killer commits suicide”. CNN.com. Archived
dow, severely injuring himself, but was captured.* [4] from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-12-23.

Inside his flat, the police found the mutilated body of his [6] Encuentran ahorcado a el Caníbal en su celda / 13 de Febrero
girlfriend, human meat in the refrigerator, a frying pan de 2008

166
43.3. FURTHER READING 167

43.3 Further reading


• Full coverage on El Universal
Chapter 44

José Miculax Bux

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with • Unidentified, 11, found before April 5.
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). • Francisco Juárez Ajvix, found on April 5.

• Gumersindo Flores, 14, found on April 5.


José María Miculax Bux (1925 – July 18, 1946), also
known as the“El Monstruo de Guatemala”“( The Monster • Jesús Reyes, found on April 17.
of Guatemala”), was a Guatemalan serial killer who was • Cecilio Uyú Pirir, 13, found on April 18.
executed on July 18, 1946.
• Unidentified, 15, found between April 15 and April
18.
44.1 Biography • Unidentified, 13 to 16, found on April 21.

José Miculax Bux was born in 1925 in Patzicía, • Unidentified, found on April 22.
Guatemala.* [1]
• Nicolás Antonio Gómez Reyes.
From January 1946 to April 1946, Miculax Bux and his
cousin Mariano Macú Miculax killed fifteen boys aged ten • Juan Lorenzo Iboy, missing since April 25.
to sixteen. The victims were sodomized and strangled to
• Rolando Castillo.* [3]
death after having their hands and neck bound by a rope.* [2]
Miculax Bux was arrested on April 26, 1946 after a descrip-
tion was given by an old woman and Mariano was arrested 44.3 References
on April 27 in Antigua after two prior false arrests were
made.* [3] Miculax Bux confessed to the murders but Mar-
[1] “ASESINOS EN SERIE A TRAVES DE LA HISTO-
iano denied them. Miculax Bux was sentenced to death on
RIA DEL MUNDO”. criminalistica.jimdo.com. Retrieved
June 18, 1946 and Mariano was sentenced to 30 years in April 5, 2014.
prison.* [2]
[2] “El monstruo de Guatemala”. diariolavoz.net. April 14,
Miculax Bux was publicly executed by firing squad on July
2013. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
18, 1946.* [3] His body, whose head had been kept at the
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala for medical study, [3] “OSE MICULAX BUX “EL MONSTRUO
was stolen in the 1990s.* [3] DE GUATEMALA”(GUATEMALA)". as-
esinosenseriebios.blogspot.com. May 16, 2012. Retrieved
April 5, 2014.
44.2 Victims
• Enrique Sactic Cuyuch, 14, body found on February
44.4 External links
23, 1946.
• Murderpedia
• Oscar Emilio López, 12, found on March 15.
• El caso Miculax en Guatemala : a propósito de la pena
• Cesar Augusto Bolfovich, 13, found on March 28. de muerte

168
44.4. EXTERNAL LINKS 169

• Miculax (1991) by Jorge Godínez

• Miculax (2006) by Jorge Godínez


Chapter 45

Juan Corona

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 45.1.1 Mental breakdown


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). In late December 1955, a flood occurred on the Yuba and
Feather Rivers. It was one of the most widespread and de-
Juan Vallejo Corona (born c. 1934) is a Mexican serial structive* of any in the recorded history of Northern Cal-
killer who was convicted of the murders of 25 migrant farm ifornia. [2] A rush of water broke through
2
the west levee
workers found buried in shallow graves in fruit orchards and flooded 150 square miles (390 km ), killing 38 people.
along the Feather River in Sutter County, California, in Corona was strangely affected by the death and destruction
1971. At the time, the crimes were characterized as among and had a mental breakdown. He believed everyone had
the most notorious in U.S. history. The exact victim total died in the flood and that he was living in a land of ghosts.
remains unknown and may be significantly higher, accord- Corona was suffering from an episode of schizophrenia.* [3]
ing to local authorities. On January 17, 1956, Natividad had him committed to De-
Corona was convicted of 25 counts of first-degree murder Witt State Hospital in Auburn, California, where he was
in 1973. An Appeals Court overturned the conviction in diagnosed with “schizophrenic reaction, paranoid type.”
1978 and granted him a new trial. In 1982, he was again
found guilty of all 25 homicides. He is currently serving a
life sentence in Corcoran State Prison. 45.1.2 Apparent recovery

He received 23 shock treatments, before being pronounced


recovered and released only three months later.
Afterward, Corona was deported back to Mexico.* [4]
Corona then returned to the U.S. legally, with a green
card. At this time, he stopped drinking. Aside from
schizophrenic episodes and a reported violent temper,
45.1 Early life Corona was regarded as a hard worker. In 1962, he be-
came a licensed labor contractor. He was in charge of hir-
ing workers to staff the local fruit ranches.
Born in Autlán in the State of Jalisco, Mexico, Corona first
entered the United States in 1950. Crossing the border into
California illegally, the 16-year-old picked carrots and mel- 45.1.3 Crime
ons in the Imperial Valley for three months before moving
on north to the Sacramento Valley. His half-brother, Na- Corona reportedly was outwardly macho and had anger is-
tividad Corona (c. 1923–May 23, 1973), had immigrated to sues with gay men. His half-brother, Natividad, who was
California in 1944 to work and settled at Marysville, across gay, owned the “Guadalajara Cafe”in Marysville. Early
the Feather River from Yuba City. on the morning of February 25, 1970, a young man named
Corona moved to the Marysville/Yuba City area in May José Romero Raya was brutally attacked with a machete in
1953, at the suggestion of Natividad, and found work on a the restroom of the café. He was discovered by customers
local ranch. He was first married to Gabriella E. Hermosillo at 1:00 a.m., hacked about the head and face, and Nativi-
on October 24, 1953, in Reno, Nevada.* [1] In 1959, he dad called the police. Raya filed a lawsuit against Natividad,
married Gloria I. Moreno and they had four daughters. winning a judgment of $250,000, which prompted Nativi-

170
45.4. TRIAL 171

dad to sell his business and return to Mexico instead of pay- On June 14, Van den Heuvel was replaced by Richard
ing. Hawk, a privately retained defense attorney.* [9] In return
In March 1970, Corona was again committed to DeWitt for his legal representation, an agreement was made grant-
State Hospital for treatment. A year later, in March 1971, ing Hawk exclusive literary and dramatic property rights to
he applied for welfare for the first time, as there was little the defendant's life story, including the proceedings against
ranch and/or farm work available. His application was de- him. Under the agreement, Corona waived the attorney–
nied, however, because he had too many assets, including client privilege. Shortly after taking over the defense, and
two houses and some money in the bank. even before seeing Corona's medical record or reading any
of the reports, Hawk decided against having him plead not
guilty by reason of insanity and fired the psychiatrists.* [10]
45.2 Evidence Corona complained of chest pain from his cell in Yuba City,
on June 18, and was taken to the hospital, where he was
diagnosed with having had a mild heart attack.* [11] The
Juan Corona had been supplying workers to the ranches
grand jury returned a 25-count murder indictment against
where the victims were discovered. He housed a lot of the
him on July 12.* [12] In early August, Corona was hospi-
men that worked for him in a bunkhouse on the Sullivan
talized again after complaining of chest pain and saying he
Ranch, where most of the victims were discovered.
had not been able to sleep because of it.* [13]
In one grave, deputies found two meat receipts bearing
Corona's signature.* [5] In another two graves, there were
two crumpled Bank of America deposit slips printed with
Corona's name and address. This circumstantial evidence
45.4 Trial
gave an added boost to the case.* [6]
It took over a year after the murders were discovered for
Witnesses later told police that some of the victims had been
the case against Corona to come to trial. The California
last seen riding in Corona's pickup truck.
Supreme Court voided the death penalty in the state on
In the early morning hours of May 26, 1971, police entered February 18, 1972, ruling it unconstitutional, cruel and un-
Corona's Yuba City home with a search warrant and ar- usual.* [14] Therefore, it would not be a capital case. Hawk
rested him. Evidence indicating his guilt was discovered succeeded in getting a change of venue from Sutter County,
and seized, such as two bloodstained knives, a machete, a to Solano County.
pistol and blood-stained clothing. There was also a work
The trial began on September 11, 1972, at the courthouse
ledger that contained 34 names and dates, including seven
in Fairfield, California, more than an hour from Yuba City.
of the known victims. The ledger came to be referred to as
Jury selection took several weeks, and the trial itself another
a “death list”by the prosecution, who alleged it recorded
three months.* [15]
the dates the men were murdered.
Though Corona denied culpability, he was not called to the
stand to testify in his own defense and no defense witnesses
45.3 Legal proceedings were called. The jury deliberated for 45 hours and returned
a verdict, on January 18, 1973, finding Corona guilty of first
degree murder on all 25 counts charged.* [16] The judge,
Corona was provided legal aid and assigned a public de- Richard Patton, sentenced Corona to 25 terms of life im-
fender, Roy Van den Heuvel, who hired several psychiatrists prisonment, to run consecutively, without the possibility of
to perform a psychological evaluation. Although the sher- parole.* [17] Despite being sentenced to so many consecu-
iff, Roy Whiteaker, said the prisoner was in no apparent or tive terms, the Department of Corrections said that Corona
immediate danger from his fellow townsmen, Corona was would be eligible for parole in seven years, citing section
moved to the new and larger county jail in Marysville, on 669 of the penal code, which mandates that when a crime
May 30, 1971, for “security reasons.”* [7] is punished by life imprisonment, with or without the pos-
On June 2, Corona was returned to Sutter County for sibility of parole, then all other convictions shall be merged
arraignment, which was closed to the media and public. A and run concurrently.* [18]
plea of not guilty was entered and a date was set for Corona's Corona was first incarcerated at Vacaville's California Med-
preliminary hearing.* [8] ical Facility, nine miles (14 km) from Fairfield, because of
By the time the search was terminated on June 4, a total of the heart irregularities he had experienced. On December
25 male victims had been discovered. Four of them were 6, 1973, he was stabbed 32 times in his cell because he
unidentified. Whiteaker said he believed that even more had bumped into a fellow inmate in a corridor and failed to
bodies might have been buried in the area. say,“excuse me.”Of the five men questioned, including the
172 CHAPTER 45. JUAN CORONA

one involved in the bumping incident, one identified as the 45.6 Later years
man's sexual partner and three inmates identified as friends
of the partner, four were charged with assault with a deadly Juan Corona was transferred from CTF at Soledad to
weapon.* [19]* [20] Corcoran State Prison, Corcoran, California, in 1992,
Juan Corona was transferred to the Correctional Training where he is currently serving a life sentence in the Sensi-
Facility (CTF), Soledad, California. In early January 1974, tive Needs Yard (SNY).
Corona's wife, Gloria, filed for divorce in Fairfield, citing Corona, who has been eligible for parole hearings six times,
irreconcilable differences.* [21] It was granted on July 30. was denied parole on Dec. 5, 2011, and will not be eligible
for another hearing until 2016.* [27]

45.5 Second trial 45.7 Further reading


• Cray, Ed. Burden of Proof: The Case of Juan Corona.
On May 18, 1978, Corona's conviction was overturned by New York: Macmillan, 1973. ISBN 0-02-528770-2
the California Court of Appeals, granting a petition by de-
fense attorney Terence Hallinan, claiming Corona's original • Kidder, Tracy. The Road to Yuba City: A Journey into
legal team had been incompetent. They had not put forward the Juan Corona Murders. Garden City, N.Y.: Dou-
schizophrenia as a mitigating factor or pleaded the insanity bleday, 1974. ISBN 0-385-02865-2
defense.* [3] A new trial was ordered. • Villaseñor, Victor. Jury: The People vs. Juan Corona.
The second trial began on February 22, 1982, in Hayward, Boston: Little Brown, 1977. ISBN 0-316-90300-0
California.* [22] Corona's defense posited that the real mur-
derer of the ranch workers was most likely Natividad • Talbitzer, Bill. Too Much Blood. New York: Vantage
Corona, a known homosexual who was accused of attacking Press, 1978. ISBN 0-533-03801-4
Romero Raya at his cafe in Marysville, and, after losing the • Cartel, Michael. Disguise of Sanity: Serial Mass Mur-
lawsuit Raya filed, had fled back to his native Mexico.* [23] derers. Toluca Lake, Calif.: Pepperbox Books, 1985.
Natividad had died eight years earlier in Guadalajara.* [24] ISBN 0-9614625-0-7
This time around, more than 50 defense witnesses were
called to the stand by Hallinan. Corona was called in his
own defense. He was asked only two questions, through 45.8 References
an interpreter, taking only two minutes. “Do you under-
stand the state has accused you of killing 25 men?" “Yes” [1] Washoe County Clerk, Reno, NV, Marriage License No.
, Corona answered, almost inaudibly. “Did you have any- 386376.
thing to do with killing those men?"“No”, Corona replied.
Hallinan then turned Corona over to the prosecutor, Ronald [2] “1955 Flood”. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Fahey, for cross-examination. Startled prosecution attor- [3] “Juan Corona”. Latin American Studies. Retrieved 2007-
neys requested a brief recess to gather their wits and prepare 07-30.
some of the more than 630 exhibits for their cross.* [25]
Later, Fahey questioned Corona about various vans and cars [4] Kidder, Tracy (1974). The Road to Yuba City. Doubleday.
he used at the ranch where he worked and where he lived, ISBN 978-0-385-02865-3.
in which some weapons were found.
[5] Los Angeles Times, Oct. 11, 1972, “The State --- Corona
The trial lasted seven months. Corona was again convicted Receipts Found in Grave, Trial Told,”p. A2
of the crimes on September 23, 1982, and returned to
[6] Ramsland, Katherine. “Juan Corona”. Retrieved 2007-
prison after the strategy failed to persuade the jury, which
07-30.
deliberated for 54 hours over a two-week period, of his in-
nocence. Afterward, the foreman told the press that the [7] Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1971, “Suspect in Mass Mur-
most incriminating piece of evidence against Corona was ders Moved to Marysville Jail,”p. 1
his work ledger, for which the labor contractor had“no rea-
[8] Los Angeles Times, Jun. 3, 1971,“Yuba City Mass Murder
sonable explanation.”* [26] He said the jury had dismissed
Suspect Pleads Innocent,”p. 1
the defense contention that Natividad committed the mur-
ders. “He wasn't in Marysville enough to have committed [9] Los Angeles Times, Jun. 15, 1971, “Attorney Dismissed in
the bulk of the killings”, he said. Mass Murder Case,”p. C19
45.8. REFERENCES 173

[10] Los Angeles Times, Jun. 16, 1971, “No Plea of Insanity
Planned for Corona,'" p. 32

[11] Los Angeles Times, from Yuba City (UPI), Jun. 30, 1971,
“Mild Heart Attack Suffered By Corona,”p. 18

[12] Los Angeles Times, Jul. 13, 1971, “Jury Raises Corona
Murder Counts to 25,”p. 18A

[13] Los Angeles Times, from Yuba City (UPI), Aug. 9, 1971,
“Corona Hospitalized 2nd Time After Complaining of Chest
Pain,”p. 3

[14] Los Angeles Times, Feb. 18, 1972, “No Death Penalty ---
Cal. Court Voids It; Appeal Likely --- Punishment Ruled
'Cruel and Unusual,'" p. 1

[15] Ramsland, Katherine. “Juan Corona: Rush to Judgment?".


truTV.com. Retrieved 2007-07-30.

[16] Los Angeles Times, Jan. 18, 1973,“Corona Guilty --- Con-
victed of All 25 Murders --- Courtroom Stunned by Ver-
dict,”p. 1

[17] Nelson, Doug (May 2, 2002). “Valley of death”. News &


Review. Retrieved 2007-07-30.

[18] Los Angeles Times, Feb. 6, 1973,“Corona Held Eligible for


Parole in 7 Years --- L.A. District Attorney's Office Calls 25
Consecutive Prison Term 'an Idle Exercise,'" p. 3

[19] Los Angeles Times, Dec. 6, 1973, “The State --- Bumping
Incident Linked to Corona Stabbing,”p. B3

[20] Los Angeles Times, Dec. 22, 1973,“Four Inmates Charged


in Corona Attack,”p. A12

[21] Los Angeles Times, Jan. 8, 1974, “The State,”p. OC2

[22] Los Angeles Times, Feb. 22, 1982,“Corona Retrial Begins,”


p. A1

[23] Los Angeles Times, Mar. 16, 1982, “Corona Kin May Be
Killer, Lawyer Hints --- 'Maniacal Half-Brother Suggested
as Murderer of 25 Laborers,'" p. B3

[24] Los Angeles Times, from Guadalajara (UPI), Jun. 8, 1973,


“Corona Sister Tells of Three Family Deaths,”p. F8

[25] Los Angeles Times, from Hayward, California, Jul. 21, 1982,
“Corona Takes Stand, Denies 25 Slayings,”p. OC22

[26] Los Angeles Times, from Hayward, California, Sep. 24,


1982,“Corona Found Guilty Again --- Convicted of Killing
25 in 1971,”p. 1

[27] “Man who killed 25 is denied parole”. CNN. 5 December


2011.
Chapter 46

Juana Barraza

Juana Barraza (born 27 December 1957* [1]) is a might be involved. Then an odd coincidence distracted the
Mexican professional wrestler and serial killer dubbed La investigation: at least three of Barraza's victims owned a
Mataviejitas (Sp. “The Old Lady Killer”) sentenced to print of an eighteenth-century painting by the French artist
759 years in jail for killing eleven elderly women.* [2]* [3] Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Boy in Red Waistcoat.* [11]
The first murder attributed to Mataviejitas has been dated
variously to the late 1990s and to a specific killing on 17
November 2003.* [4] The authorities and the press have
given various estimates as to the total number of the killer's 46.3 Investigation
victims, with totals ranging from 24 to 49 deaths.* [5]* [6]
The authorities were heavily criticised by the media for dis-
missing evidence that a serial killer was at work in Mexico
46.1 Early life and family City as merely “media sensationalism”as late as the sum-
mer of 2005. Soon after setting an investigation in motion,
the police incurred further criticism by launching what one
Juana Barraza was born in Epazoyucan, Hidalgo, a ru- journalist described as a “ham-fisted”and unproductive
ral area north of Mexico City.* [7] Barraza's mother, Justa swoop on Mexico City's transvestite prostitutes.* [6]
Samperio, was an alcoholic who reportedly exchanged her
for three beers to a man who repeatedly raped her in his By November 2005, the Mexican authorities were reporting
care, and by whom she became pregnant with a boy.* [7]* [8] witness statements to the effect that the killer wore women's
She had four children in total, although her eldest son died clothing to gain access to the victim's apartments. In one
from injuries sustained in a mugging.* [7]* [8] Prior to her case a large woman in a red blouse was seen leaving the
arrest, Barraza was a professional wrestler under the ring home of a murdered woman. Two months later, police be-
name of La Dama del Silencio (The Silent Lady).* [9] She gan checking the fingerprints of bodies in the city's morgues
had a strong interest with lucha libre, a form of Mexican in the apparent belief that Mataviejitas might have commit-
masked professional wrestling.* [7] ted suicide.
A major breakthrough in the case occurred on 25 Jan-
uary 2006, when a suspect was arrested fleeing from the
46.2 Profile home of the serial killer's latest victim, Ana María de los
Reyes Alfaro, who lived in the Venustiano Carranza bor-
ough of Mexico City. Alfaro, 82, had been strangled with
All of Barraza's victims were women aged 60 or over, and a stethoscope.* [3]* [9]
most of them lived alone. She bludgeoned or strangled
them, and afterwards robbed them. To the surprise of many Mexicans, who had supposed the
killer to be male, the suspect detained was Juana Barraza,
Bernardo Bátiz, the chief prosecutor in Mexico City, ini- 48, a female wrestler known professionally as The Silent
tially profiled the killer as having“a brilliant mind, [being] Lady. Witnesses at previous murder scenes had described
quite clever and careful”,* [10] and probably struck after a a masculine-looking woman* [7] and police had previously
period spent gaining the trust of an intended victim. Offi- looked for a transvestite although they later admitted that
cers investigating suspected that she posed as a government the former wrestler resembled composite images of the sus-
official offering the chance to sign up to welfare programs. pect.* [9] Barraza closely resembled a model of the killer's
The search for Barraza was complicated by conflicting evi- features, which showed La Mataviejitas with close-cropped
dence. At one point, the police hypothesized that two killers hair dyed blonde and a facial mole, and was carrying a

174
46.8. REFERENCES 175

stethoscope, pension forms and a card identifying her as a 46.8 References


social worker when she was detained.
Mexico City prosecutors said fingerprint evidence linked [1] according to birth record
Barraza to at least 10 murders* [12] of the as many as [2] “Life for Mexico's Old Lady Killer”. BBC. 2008-04-01.
40 murders attributed to the killer.* [2]* [3] The wrestler Retrieved 2009-03-31.
is said to have confessed to murdering Alfaro and
three other women, but denied involvement in all other [3] “Mexico's“Little Old Lady Killer”gets life term”. Reuters.
2008-04-01. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
killings.* [9]* [13] She told reporters she had visited Alfaro's
home in search of laundry work. [4] Tuckman, Jo: “'Old lady killer' set to strike again”, The
Guardian, 21 November 2005.

[5] Salgado, Agustín: “Del mataviejitas, 24 de 32 asesinatos:


46.4 Trial and verdict Renato Sales”, La Jornada, 17 November 2005.

Barraza was tried in the spring of 2008, the prosecution al- [6] Servín, Minerva and Salgado, Agustín:“De 1998 a la fecha,
49 asesinatos de ancianos”, La Jornada, 26 January 2006.
leging she had been responsible for as many as 40 deaths.
She admitted one murder, that of Alfaro, and told the po- [7] Tuckman, Jo (2006-05-19). “The lady killer”. London:
lice her motive was lingering resentment regarding her own The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
mother's treatment of her. On 31 March she was found
[8] Santa Muerte, John Reed, Tales of Woe, p. 73, MTV Press
guilty on 16 charges of murder and aggravated burglary,
(2010).
including 11 separate counts of murder. She was sentenced
to 759 years in prison. Since sentences imposed in Mexi- [9] “Woman held in Mexico killer hunt”. BBC. 2006-01-26.
can courts are generally served concurrently, but the max- Retrieved 2009-03-31.
imum sentence under Mexican law is 60 years. She will
[10] Fernández, Rubelio and Cancino, Fabiola: “Bátiz define a
most likely serve the full sentence in prison.* [14] “mataviejitas”como brillante y muy hábil”, El Universal,
11 October 2005. Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback
Machine.
46.5 Mujeres Asesinas [11] “Mexico police hunt serial killer”. BBC News. 2005-10-
11. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
Mexican producer Pedro Torres brought the story to televi-
sion on an episode of the 2010 Mexican Television series [12] “Police nab two in serial killings case”. USA Today. 2006-
Mujeres Asesinas 3 that is being produced by Televisa. 01-26. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
The episode is called “Maggie, Pensionada”starring the [13] Tuckman, Jo (2008-04-02).“Little Old Lady Killer handed
Mexican actress Leticia Perdigón as Maggie and Irma 759 years in a Mexican prison”. London: The Guardian.
Lozano, Ana Luisa Peluffo and Lourdes Canale as victims. Retrieved 2009-03-31.

[14]“'Life for Mexico's Old lady killer'”, BBC News, April 1,


2008.
46.6 Documentaries
Barraza was highlighted in the documentary "Instinto As- 46.9 External links
esino" which aired on Discovery en Español in 2010. The
episode was entitled, “La Mataviejitas”. Juana Barraza • Mexican Police satisfied with sentence on Cronica
was also highlighted on the show La Historia Detras Del
Mito the episode was entitled La Mataviejitas. In Septem- • Mexico police hunt serial killer on BBC News
ber 2015, Barraza was highlighted in the Investigation Dis-
covery series Deadly Women, in an episode titled “Pay- • Investiga PGJDF posible suicidio del 'Mataviejitas' on
back.” esmas.com
• Mexico police captures serial killer“Mataviejitas"' on
Terra
46.7 In popular culture
• Woman held in Mexico killer hunt BBC News website
“Machismo”, the nineteenth episode of Season One of • Performing mexicanidad: criminality and lucha libre
Criminal Minds is partly based on Barraza.
Chapter 47

Junko Ogata

Junko Ogata (緒⽅純⼦ Ogata Junko, born February 25, rejecting the death penalty.* [2] Prosecutors appealed to the
1962) is a Japanese woman who acted as an accomplice to Supreme Court, which narrowly upheld the life sentence.
*
serial killer Futoshi Matsunaga. [3]

47.1 Early life and murders 47.3 See also


Ogata was born on Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture, and grew • Futoshi Matsunaga
up in a wealthy family. She was Matsunaga's schoolmate
• (Japanese) Japanese Wikipedia entry on the murder
in high school, but she did not know him very well, and he
case
transferred to another school. She was originally a gentle
person and got a job in a preschool, but changed after she
started dating Matsunaga in 1982. Ogata had remained a
virgin until she became involved with Matsunaga, but he 47.4 References
suspected her of having relationships with other men. Dur-
ing their relationship, she and Matsunaga had two sons. [1] “Killer of six appeals death sentence”. The Japan Times.
2005-10-12. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Matsunaga abused her severely. He insisted that Junko's
mother tried to seduce him, so he abused her, but dur- [2] “Death sentence reduced for one of murderous pair”. The
ing the trial Junko began to suspect that Matsunaga had Japan Times. 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
raped her mother. He eventually recruited her in his murder [3] http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/
spree. She became cruel under his influence. Matsunaga 20111215p2a00m0na011000c.html
and Ogata killed at least seven people between 1996 and
1998. Their victims included her parents and two children,
Ogata's nephew and niece.
47.5 External links
• Kitakyushu Serial Murders Japan Children's rights
47.2 Arrest and trial Network

Ogata was arrested in March 2002. Japanese writer


Masayoshi Toyoda supported her, and created doubt about
the trial in his book published in November 2005. When
he first tried to meet with her he was not allowed because
she was a murderer, but he was eventually allowed to meet
her on September 27, 2005.
Ogata was sentenced to die in a Fukuoka district court on
September 28, 2005, a sentence she appealed on October
11.* [1] The court tried six murders, and her father's death
was regarded as manslaughter. On September 26, 2007,
the high court in Fukuoka sentenced her to life in prison,

176
Chapter 48

Karl Denke

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 48.2 Further reading


unknown parameter “mo”(this message is shown only in
preview). • Blazek, Matthias (2009). “Karl Denke”. Carl Groß-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with mann und Friedrich Schumann – Zwei Serienmörder in
unknown parameter “place of death_date”(this message den zwanziger Jahren. Stuttgart. pp. 133–34. ISBN
is shown only in preview). 978-3-8382-0027-9.

• Martingale, Moira (1993). Cannibal Killers: The Im-


Karl Denke (11 February 1860 – 22 December 1924) was
possible Monsters. London: Robert Hale. pp. 34–35.
a serial killer from Germany.
ISBN 0-7090-5034-8.
Denke was born in Münsterberg, Silesia in the Kingdom
of Prussia (now Ziębice in Poland).* [1] At the age of 12 he
ran away from home; little else is known about his early life. 48.3 External links
However, in adulthood he worked as an organ player at the
local church and was well-liked in his community. Denke
• Short biography, other short articles: and
quit church membership in 1906.
On December 20, 1924, Denke was arrested after attacking • original pictures taken in 1925 were found
a man at his house with an axe. Police searched Denke's
home and found human flesh in huge jars of curing salts.
A ledger contained the details of at least 42 people whom
Denke had murdered and cannibalized between 1914 and
1918.* [2]* [3] It is thought he even sold the flesh of his vic-
tims at the Breslau (today's Wrocław) market as pork.* [4]
Two days after his arrest, Denke hanged himself in his cell.

48.1 References
[1]“Centipede: Nice enough to eat; Cannibals of the 20th cen-
tury”. The Guardian. May 20, 1993. p. 12.

[2] Corke, Jonathan (December 7, 2003). “Cannibal's victim


in cold packs; Exclusive pleased to meat you”. Daily Star.
p. 21.

[3]“Cannibalism: Hard act to swallow; What drives some peo-


ple to eat others? We examine the body of evidence”. The
Straits Times (Singapore). December 14, 2003.

[4] Robbins, Martin (September 8, 2010). “What does human


meat taste like?". Guardian Unlimited.

177
Chapter 49

Kendall Francois

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with Area prostitutes reported that he was notoriously rough dur-
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown ing sex.
only in preview).
In March 1997, a woman named Catherine Marsh was
reported missing by her mother. She was last observed
Kendall Francois (July 26, 1971 – September 11, 2014) November 11, 1996, also in Poughkeepsie. Four months
was an American serial killer from Poughkeepsie, New had passed since she was last seen alive. Like the other
York, convicted of killing eight women, from 1996 to women, she was white, small build and brown hair.
1998.* [1] He was serving life in prison for his crimes at A month later, Poughkeepsie Police made a decision to con-
Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, until his tact the F.B.I. for help. Although the F.B.I. investigators
death. It is said that he tested positive for HIV but this was were interested, they were limited by the circumstances of
not said to have been related to his death. the case: in order to establish a profile of a suspect, they
needed a crime scene.
On June 12, 1998, Sandra Jean French, a 51-year-old
49.1 Murders mother of three, disappeared. Her daughters reported they
discovered her car three blocks from Francois' home.
In October 1996, Wendy Meyers, age 30, was reported In November 1997, Mary Healey Giaccone was reported
missing to the Town of Lloyd Police, in Ulster County, New missing. This report was actually initiated by the police.
York̶across the Hudson River from Poughkeepsie. Lloyd Her mother died the previous month. Her father, a retired
Police Sr. Investigator Gary VanKleeck and Investigator New York State corrections officer, came to the police to
James Janso were assigned the Myers case. She was de- ask for help in locating Mary so he could tell his daughter
scribed as a white female, with a slim build, hazel eyes and of her mother's death. Police soon discovered that she was
short brown hair. She was last seen at the Valley Rest Motel last seen in February 1997 on the same Poughkeepsie streets
in Lloyd. as some of the others.
In December 1996, Gina Barone, 29, was reported miss- In August 1998, Catina Newmaster disappeared. The
ing by her mother, Patricia Barone. Gina was white with a circumstances fit with many of those of the other miss-
small build, brown hair and an eagle tattooed on her back. ing women: she frequented the same streets of downtown
On her right arm she had another tattoo that read simply Poughkeepsie, where she was last seen, and physically re-
“POP.”She was last seen November 29, 1996, in Pough- sembled the other women who had been reported missing.
keepsie on a street corner, apparently having a dispute with
her boyfriend, at the time, and getting out of his car around
2am to look for a customer so she could get a drug “fix.”
*
[2] 49.2 Apprehension
In January 1997, Kathleen Hurley, 47, disappeared. She
was last seen walking along Main Street in the downtown On September 1, 1998, Kendall Francois was strangling an
area of Poughkeepsie. Hurley, like the others, was white, abducted prostitute when she became free and fled his home
had brown hair and a small build. The letters “CJ”were at 99 Fulton Avenue, a short walk from Vassar College.
tattooed on her left biceps. The same month, City of Pough- Later that afternoon, City of Poughkeepsie Police Detec-
keepsie Police, following an extensive investigation, placed tive Skip Mannain and Town of Poughkeepsie Police De-
Francois' home at 99 Fulton Avenue under surveillance. tective Bob McCready were in their unmarked car prepar-

178
49.4. IDENTIFIED VICTIMS 179

be imposed by the jury which had heard the case; Francois'


attorneys chose to plead guilty on December 23, before the
D.A. had decided whether to seek the death penalty, thereby
avoiding trial by jury and therefore the possibility of exe-
cution.
On February 11, 1999, the Dutchess County Court ruled
that the guilty plea could not be accepted. Later it was dis-
covered that Francois contracted HIV from one of his vic-
tims. His defense team took the case to the State Court of
Appeals, which upheld his guilty plea in a ruling in March
2000.
On August 11, 2000, Judge Thomas Dolan formally sen-
tenced Kendall Francois to life in prison without the possi-
bility of parole. He was incarcerated in Attica Correctional
Kendall Francois' Home at 99 Fulton Avenue in December 1998, Facility.
three months after his arrest
He died of apparent natural causes on September 11, 2014,
at the age of 43.* [3]
ing to hand out flyers asking the public for help in the Catina
Newmaster disappearance. As the detectives pulled into the
same gas station that Francois just left, Deborah Lownsdale 49.4 Identified victims
came up to the car and told them that a woman, who was
now walking away, said that she was just assaulted. The
detectives quickly located the woman, who confirmed the 49.5 References
attack. She was brought into the police station where she
filed a complaint against Francois. [1] Mark Gado CrimeLibrary.com/Serial Killers/Sexual Preda-
tors/Kendall Francois: The Disappeared. crimelibrary.com
That same afternoon, the police returned to 99 Fulton Av-
enue to talk with Francois about this most recent attack. [2]“Blood, Lies, and Alibis, S01, E01”. Investigation Discovery
They asked him to come into the police department to dis- Channel. February 6, 2014.
cuss the report. He agreed and was taken to headquarters.
[3] Ferro, John. “Serial killer Kendall Francois dies in prison”
Over the next several hours, Francois eventually made many
. http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/. Gannett Company,
admissions regarding the disappearance of the women. He Inc. Retrieved September 12, 2014. External link in |web-
was arrested and charged with a single count of murder in site= (help)
the death of Newmaster. A search warrant was drawn up
and on September 2, 1998, shortly after midnight, a team
of detectives, the district attorney, EMS crews, crime scene
processors, and police officers searched Francois' home and
49.6 External links
discovered many bodies of his victims.
• Entry at murderpedia.org

49.3 Trial and sentence


Two days after his arrest, Francois was indicted for the mur-
der of Catina Newmaster. On September 9, he appeared in
court, and a plea of “not guilty”was entered on his be-
half. A month later, on October 13, he was charged with
eight counts of first degree murder, eight counts of second
degree murder, and attempted murder.
Under New York State law at the time of the trial, the
District Attorney was given the option of pursuing the death
penalty for first degree murder. Though the D.A. could
make the decision to ask for that sentence, it could only
Chapter 50

Kenneth Bianchi

Kenneth Alessio Bianchi (born May 22, 1951) is an store. This gave him a great opportunity to steal valuables,
American serial killer, kidnapper, and rapist. He and which he often gave to girlfriends or prostitutes to buy their
his cousin Angelo Buono, Jr., together are known as the loyalty. Because of many petty thefts, Bianchi was con-
Hillside Stranglers. He is serving a sentence of life impris- stantly on the move.
onment in Washington. He moved to Los Angeles in 1977, and started spending
Bianchi is also a suspect in the alphabet murders, three un- time with his older cousin, Angelo Buono, who impressed
solved murders in his home city of Rochester, New York. Bianchi with his fancy clothes, jewelry, and talent for get-
ting any woman he wanted and“putting them in their place”
. Before long, they worked together as pimps, and, by late
50.1 Biography 1977, had escalated to murder. They had raped and mur-
dered ten women by the time they were arrested in early
1979.
50.1.1 Early life

Bianchi was born in Rochester, New York, to a prostitute 50.1.2 Murders


who gave him up for adoption two weeks after he was born.
He was adopted at three months by Frances Scioliono and Bianchi and Buono would usually cruise around Los Ange-
her husband Nicholas Bianchi in Rochester. les in Buono's car and use fake badges to persuade women
that they were undercover police officers. Their victims
Bianchi was deeply troubled from a young age, and his
were women and girls aged 12 to 28 from various walks
adoptive mother described him as being“a compulsive liar
of life. They would then order the victims into Buono's car,
who had risen from the cradle dissembling”. He often
which they claimed was an unmarked police car, and drive
worried her with his penchant for trance-like daydreams.
them to Buono's home to torture and murder them. The
Despite having above-average intelligence, he was an un-
victims were:
derachiever who was quick to lose his temper. He was
diagnosed with petit mal seizures when he was five years
old and passive-aggressive disorder when he was 10. After • Yolanda Washington, age 19 – October 17, 1977
Nicholas' death from pneumonia in 1964, Frances had to
• Judith Lynn Miller, age 15 – October 31, 1977
work while her son attended high school. Frances is known
for keeping Bianchi home from school for long periods of • Lissa Kastin, age 21 – November 6, 1977
time.
• Jane King, age 28 – November 10, 1977
Bianchi would make frequent trips to the doctors because
of a urination problem. The doctors examined his genitals • Dolores Cepeda, age 12 – November 13, 1977
in an attempt to diagnose the issue. This caused him quite
a bit of humiliation.* [1] • Sonja Johnson, age 14 – November 13, 1977

Shortly after Bianchi graduated from Gates-Chili High • Kristina Weckler, age 20 – November 20, 1977
School in 1971, he married his high school sweetheart; the
union ended after eight months. Supposedly, she left him • Lauren Wagner, age 18 – November 29, 1977
without an explanation. As an adult, he dropped out of col- • Kimberely Martin, age 17 – December 9, 1977
lege after one semester, and drifted through a series of me-
nial jobs, finally ending up as a security guard at a jewelry • Cindy Lee Hudspeth, age 20 – February 16, 1978

180
50.2. REFERENCES 181

• Karen Mandic, age 22 – January 11, 1979 also found a small library of books in Bianchi's home on
topics of modern psychology, further indicating his abil-
• Diane Wilder, age 27 – January 11, 1979 ity to fake the disorder. Once his claims were subjected
to this scrutiny, Bianchi eventually admitted that he had
Both men would sexually abuse their victims before stran- been faking the disorder. He was eventually diagnosed with
*
gling them. They experimented with other methods of antisocial personality disorder with sexual sadism. [2]
killing, such as lethal injection, electric shock, and carbon To acquire leniency, Bianchi agreed to testify against
monoxide poisoning. Even while committing the murders, Buono. However, in giving his testimony, Bianchi made
Bianchi applied for a job with the Los Angeles Police De- every effort to be as uncooperative and self-contradictory
partment (LAPD) and had even been taken for several rides as possible, apparently hoping to avoid being the ultimate
with police officers while they were searching for the Hill- cause of Buono being convicted. In the end, Bianchi's ef-
side Stranglers. forts were unsuccessful, as Buono was convicted and sen-
One night, shortly after they botched their would-be tenced to life imprisonment.
eleventh murder, Bianchi revealed to Buono he had partici- In 1980, Bianchi began a relationship with Veronica Comp-
pated in LAPD police ride-alongs, and that he was currently ton, a woman he had met while in prison. During his trial,
being questioned about the Hillside Stranglers case. Buono she testified for the defense, telling the jury a false, vague
flew into a rage and threatened to kill Bianchi if he did not tale about the crimes in an attempt to exculpate Bianchi
move to Bellingham, Washington. In May 1978, Bianchi and also admitting to wanting to buy a mortuary with an-
moved to Bellingham. other convicted murderer for the purpose of necrophilia.
On January 11, 1979, working as a security guard, Bianchi She was later convicted and imprisoned for attempting to
lured two female students into a house he was guarding. The strangle a woman she had lured to a motel in an attempt to
women were 22-year-old Karen Mandic and 27-year-old convince authorities that the Hillside Stranglers were still
Diane Wilder, both students at Western Washington Uni- on the loose. Bianchi allegedly had given her some semen
versity. He forced the first student down the stairs in front during a prison visit for her to use in order to make it look
of him and then strangled her. He murdered the second like a rape/murder committed by the Hillside Stranglers.
woman in a similar fashion. Without help from his part- In 1992, he sued Catherine Yronwode for 8.5 million dollars
ner, he left many clues and police apprehended him the next for having an image of his face depicted on a trading card;
day. A California driver's license and a routine background he claimed his face was his trademark. The judge dismissed
check linked him to the addresses of two Hillside Strangler the case after ruling that, if Bianchi had been using his face
victims. as a trademark when he was killing women, he would not
* *
Following his arrest, Bianchi admitted that in 1977 he and have tried to hide it from the police. [3] [4]
Buono, while posing as police officers, stopped a young Bianchi is serving his sentence at Washington State Peni-
woman called Catharine Lorre with the intention of abduct- tentiary in Walla Walla, Washington.
ing and killing her. But after learning she was the daughter
of actor Peter Lorre, they let her go. Only after he was ar- He was denied parole on August 18, 2010 by a state board
rested did Catharine learn of the identity of the men whom in Sacramento (according to Los Angeles County District
she encountered. Attorney's office spokeswoman Sandi Gibbons). He will be
eligible to apply for parole again in 2025.

50.1.3 Trial
50.2 References
At his trial, Bianchi pleaded not guilty by reason of insan-
ity, claiming that another personality, one “Steve Walker” 50.2.1 Citations
, had committed the crimes. Bianchi even convinced a few
expert psychiatrists that he indeed suffered from multiple [1] Eggar, Steven A. The Killers Among Us: Examination of Se-
personality disorder, but investigators brought in their own rial Murder and Its Investigations (2nd Edition)., Prentice
psychiatrists, mainly Martin Orne. When Orne mentioned Hall, 2002, ISBN 978-0130179159
to Bianchi that in genuine cases of the disorder, there tends
[2] Orne, Martin T., Dinges, David T., and Orne, Emily
to be three or more personalities, Bianchi promptly created Carota; http://www.psych.upenn.edu/history/orne/
another alias, “Billy”. Eventually, investigators discov- orneetal1984ijceh118169.html; On The Differential
ered that the name “Steven Walker”came from a student Diagnosis Of Multiple Personality In The Forensic Context
whose identity Bianchi had previously attempted to steal for 1,2 (abstract), The International Journal of Clinical and
the purpose of fraudulently practicing psychology. Police Experimental Hypnosis, 1984, XXXII, No. 2, p118-169.
182 CHAPTER 50. KENNETH BIANCHI

[3]“Serial Killer Sues Trading Card Maker”, San Jose Mercury


News, December 18, 1992

[4]“Card-Carrying Rebels: Two Guerrilla Journalists Turn


Crime and Crises into Camp Collectibles”by Kathleen Don-
nelly, San Jose Mercury News (newspaper), January 10, 1993

50.2.2 Further reading


• Farnsworth, Cheri. Alphabet Killer: The True Story
of the Double Initial Murders

50.2.3 Films
• The Mind of a Murderer, Parts 1 and 2 (1985), PBS
documentary
Chapter 51

Kristen Gilbert

Kristen Heather Gilbert (born Kristen Heather Strick- year, she married Glenn Gilbert.
land, November 13, 1967* [1]) is a former nurse and
an American serial killer who was convicted for three
first-degree murders, one second-degree murder and two
attempted murders of patients admitted for care at the Vet- 51.2 Career and murders
erans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton,
Massachusetts.* [2] She induced cardiac arrest in patients by
In 1989, she joined the staff of the VAMC in Northamp-
injecting their intravenous therapy bags with massive doses
ton. She was featured in the magazine VA Practitioner in
of epinephrine, an untraceable heart stimulant. She would
April 1990. Although other nurses noticed a high number
then respond to the coded emergency, often resuscitating
the patients herself. of deaths on Gilbert's watch, they passed it off and jokingly
called her the “Angel of Death”. In 1996, three nurses
Gilbert's known victims are Stanley Jagodowski, age reported their concern about an increase in cardiac arrest
65,* [3] Henry Hudon, 35, Kenneth Cutting, 41, and Ed- deaths* [13] and a decrease in the supply of epinephrine; an
ward Skwira, 69.* [4]* [5]* [6]* [7] investigation ensued. Gilbert telephoned in a bomb threat
to attempt to derail the investigation.* [14]
Gilbert left the hospital in 1996 amid a hospital investiga-
51.1 Early life and education tion into many suspicious patient deaths that occurred dur-
ing her shifts. That fall, Gilbert checked herself into psy-
chiatric hospitals seven times, staying between one and 10
Gilbert was born on November 13, 1967, in Fall River,
days each time.* [10] In January 1998, Gilbert stood trial
Massachusetts. She was the elder of Richard and Claudia for calling in a bomb threat to the Northampton VAMC
Strickland's two daughters. Richard Strickland was an elec-
to retaliate against co-workers and former boyfriend James
tronics executive; Claudia was a homemaker and part-time Perrault who worked at the hospital for their participation
teacher.* [1]* [8]
in the investigation. In April 1998, Gilbert was convicted
As Gilbert entered her teenage years, friends and family no- of that crime.* [15]
ticed that she was a habitual liar. She had a history of faking Some claim that Gilbert was using these emergency situ-
suicide attempts to manipulate people.* [1]* [9] Gilbert has ations to gain the attention of James Perrault, a VA police
made violent threats against others since she was a teenager, officer who had an affair with the married Gilbert. VA hos-
according to court records.* [10]* [11] pital rules required that hospital police be present at any
She graduated from Groton-Dunstable Regional High medical emergency. VA hospital staff members speculate
School in Groton, Massachusetts.* [1] In 1986, she en- that Gilbert may have been responsible for eighty or more
rolled at Bridgewater State College in Bridgewater, Mas- deaths and over three hundred medical emergencies. The
sachusetts.* [12] Bridgewater State College officials ordered prosecutor in her case, Assistant U.S. Attorney William M.
Gilbert to receive psychiatric treatment after she made a Welch II, asserted that Gilbert was having an affair with
fake suicide attempt.* [10] Because of this, in 1987, she VA police officer Perrault at the hospital. Perrault testified
transferred to Mount Wachusett Community College in against Gilbert, saying that she confessed at least one mur-
Gardner, Massachusetts and then to Greenfield Community der to him by phone while she was hospitalized in a psy-
College in Greenfield, Massachusetts.* [1]* [12] She gradu- chiatric ward of a hospital.* [16] Defense attorney David P.
ated from Greenfield Community College with a nursing Hoose claimed reasonable doubt based on a lack of direct
diploma and became a registered nurse in 1988. Later that evidence.

183
184 CHAPTER 51. KRISTEN GILBERT

Dr. William Boutelle, a psychiatrist who served as chief York, in Suffolk County.* [10]* [19]
of staff at the Northampton VAMC, has theorized that she
created emergency medical crisis situations to display her
proficiency as a nurse. 51.4 Book
Gilbert had made violent threats against others since she
was a teenager, according to court records.* [10]* [11] At Gilbert is the subject of Perfect Poison, a book by M.
trial, prosecutors said Gilbert used a large kitchen knife William Phelps.* [9]
in an assault in Greenfield, Massachusetts in January or
February 1988. Prosecutors said she tried twice to murder
a person by poison in November 1995. Prosecutors said 51.5 See also
that Gilbert tried to poison a patient at the VA hospital on
Jan. 28, 1996, and that she caused a medical emergency
• Beverley Allitt, another nurse dubbed “The Angel of
by removing a patient's breathing tube at the VA hospital
Death”responsible for killing patients.
on Jan. 30, 1994. Prosecutors said that Gilbert abandoned
a patient undergoing cardiac arrest on Nov. 9, 1995, and • Charles Cullen, a nurse who admitted to killing at least
then asked another nurse to accompany her on a check of forty patients and is suspected to be America's most
patients. Prosecutors said she waited until her colleague prolific serial killer.
independently spotted the patient's difficulty before rais-
ing an alarm. Gilbert forced an untrained colleague to use • Harold Shipman, the British Doctor dubbed “Doctor
cardiac defibrillation paddles on a patient during a medi- Death”whose inquiry suggested he was responsible for
cal emergency on Nov. 17, 1995, by refusing to use the 250 deaths
equipment herself. Prosecutors said Gilbert threatened the
life of at least one person verbally and physically in July
1996.* [11] While working as a home health aide before 51.6 References
becoming a registered nurse, Gilbert purposely scalded a
mentally handicapped child with hot bath water about eight [1] “Boston Globe Online / Metro | Region”.
years before her VAMC crimes.* [17] Cache.boston.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Gilbert was convicted on March 14, 2001* [2] in federal [2] “Killer Nurse Gets Life”. CBS News. 11 February 2009.
court. Though Massachusetts does not have capital punish-
ment, her crimes were committed on federal property and [3] “Nation and world”. CJOnline.com. 2000-11-22. Re-
thus subject to the death penalty. However, upon the jury's trieved 2013-12-02.
recommendation, she was sentenced to life in prison with- [4] “MassLive News - Judge fines Gilbert $1.5 million”.
out the chance for parole plus 20 years. Masslive.com. 2001-06-16. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Gilbert was transferred from a prison for women in
[5] “Cutting V. U.S.”. Leagle.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Framingham, Massachusetts to a special federal prison in
Texas, where she has remained ever since. She is serving [6] “Death Penalty Sought for Nurse in Patients' Deaths - Los
her sentence at Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Angeles Times”. Articles.latimes.com. 2001-06-07. Re-
Worth, Texas.* [18] trieved 2013-12-02.

Gilbert dropped her federal appeal for a new trial after a [7] “Lawyers Ask Jury To Spare Gilbert's Life, For Sons' Sake
recent US Supreme Court ruling that would have allowed - Hartford Courant”. Articles.courant.com. 2001-03-23.
prosecutors to pursue the death penalty upon retrial. Retrieved 2013-12-02.

[8] “Cost of Gilbert trial $1”. People.umass.edu. Retrieved


2013-12-02.

51.3 Personal life [9] Perfect Poison: A Female Serial Killer's Deadly Medicine -
M. William Phelps - Google Books. Books.google.com. Re-
trieved 2013-12-02.
Gilbert has two sons with Glenn Gilbert.* [2]* [13] She left
her husband and children for a lover in the midst of a then- [10] “Document Shows Past of VA Nurse”. Ap-
undetected killing spree that resulted in the deaths of four newsarchive.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
patients at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in 1995 and
[11] Trudy Tynan, Associated Press writer. “Nurse reportedly
1996.* [7]
has history of violence”. SouthCoastToday.com. Retrieved
At the time of her arrest, Gilbert lived in Setauket, New 2013-12-02.
51.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 185

[12] Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecules and Classic Cases -


John Emsley - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved
2013-12-02.

[13] Ramsland, Katherine. “Angels of Death: The Female


Nurses”. truTV Crime Library. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

[14] Gorlick, Adam.“Murderous Nurse Escapes Death Penalty”


. abc News. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

[15] “370 F.3d 95 - Nancy CASCONE, Executrix of the Es-


tate of Michele Cascone, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. UNITED
STATES of America, Defendant, Appellee”. Freelawre-
porter.org. Retrieved 2013-12-02.

[16] http://amarillo.com/stories/010601/usn_botched.shtml

[17] http://lawreview.richmond.edu/an-uninvited-guest/

[18] “Federal Bureau of Prisons”. Bop.gov. Retrieved 2013-


12-02.

[19] Donn, Jeff. “Nurse On Trial For Patient Deaths - ABC


News”. Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.

51.7 External links


• Hoose, David (14 May 2001).“Transcript of remarks
given by David Hoose at Ehrmann Awards on May
14, 2001”. Massachusetts Citizens Against the Death
Penalty. Comments by defense attorney.
Chapter 52

Lainz Angels of Death

Maria Gruber, Irene Leidolf, Stephanija Mayer, and years earlier and had assumed new identities.* [4]
Waltraud Wagner made up one of the most unusual crime
teams in 20th Century Europe. The four Austrian women
were nurse's aides at Lainz General Hospital in Vienna who 52.2 References
murdered scores of patients between 1983 and 1989. The
group killed their victims with overdoses of morphine or by [1] Protzman, Ferdinand (April 18, 1989). “Killing of 49 Pa-
forcing water into the lungs. By 2008, all four of the aides tients By 4 Nurse's Aides Stuns the Austrians”. The New
had been released from prison. York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2013.

[2] “Death Angels Revive Memories of Nazi Times”. The


Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1989. Retrieved June 24,
52.1 Background 2013.

[3] ""Angels of Death”Convicted of Killing 20 Patients”.


Wagner, 23, was the first to kill a patient with an overdose Record-Journal. March 30, 1991. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
of morphine in 1983. She discovered in the process that
[4] “Austria's “Angels Of Death”To Be Released”.
she enjoyed playing God and holding the power of life and CBSNews.com. July 17, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
death in her hands. She recruited Gruber, 19, and Leidolf,
21, and eventually the “house mother”of the group, 43-
year-old Stephanija Meyer. Soon they had invented their • Crime Library, Angels of Death -- The Female Nurses
own murder method: while one held the victim's head and by Katherine Ramsland
pinched their nose, another would pour water into the vic-
tim's mouth until they drowned in their bed. Since elderly
patients frequently had fluid in their lungs, it was an unprov-
able crime. The group killed patients who were feeble, but
many were not terminally ill.* [1]
Investigators criticized the hospital for meeting them with
“a wall of silence”as they attempted to look into a suspi-
cious 1988 death.* [2] The aides were caught after a doctor
overheard them bragging about their latest murder at a local
tavern. In total, they confessed to 49 murders over six years,
but may have been responsible for as many as 200. In 1991,
Wagner was convicted of 15 murders, 17 attempts, and two
counts of assault. She was sentenced to life in prison. Lei-
dolf received a life sentence as well, on conviction of five
murders, while Mayer and Gruber received 20 years and 15
years respectively for manslaughter and attempted murder
charges.* [3]
In 2008, the Justice Ministry in Austria announced that it
would release Wagner and Leidolf from prison due to good
behavior. Mayer and Gruber had been released several

186
Chapter 53

Larry Eyler

Larry Eyler (December 21, 1952 – March 6, 1994) was Bridges' murder and sentenced to death.* [3]
an American serial killer convicted and sentenced to death
At the time of Eyler's death from AIDS, he was awaiting
in Illinois for the 1984 murder and dismemberment of 15- his execution. He was represented by attorney Kathleen
year-old Daniel Bridges.
Zellner, who had made an appeal disputing the conviction
Active in the Midwest, before his death he confessed to in the Bridges' murder. This was pending in the Illinois
21 other homicides of young men and boys in the 1980s Supreme Court. The appeal maintained that one of Eyler's
in five separate states. While awaiting execution, Eyler trial lawyers, David Shippers, had a conflict of interest as he
died in 1994 of AIDS complications. His defense attorney had received $16,875 from a prosecution witness, Robert
Kathleen Zellner released his list of victims. David Little. Little and Eyler had long been associated.
Eyler had claimed that Little was the one who had killed
Bridges.* [4] After Eyler's death, Zellner confirmed that she
53.1 Case history would proceed with filing the appeal to clarify various legal
issues.* [4]
Eyler, a house painter, was described by some members
of the gay community in Indianapolis, Indiana as a good-
looking person with a“hot temper”, who“projected vio-
lence during sex acts”. After being charged with the 1982 53.3 Other potential victims
murder of Steven Agan, 23, in that city, Eyler confessed to
authorities in a plea bargain. The book Freed to Kill (1990) explored Eyler's potential
See also: Newton County John Does connection to multiple murders and missing young men in
Indiana and Illinois, resulting in investigations being re-
opened in several jurisdictions.* [5]
Eyler was believed to be involved in additional murders of
young men during the next two years. Two of Eyler's vic- After Eyler's death, his defense attorney Kathleen Zellner
tims, who were discovered in 1983 in Newton and Jasper revealed the names of 17 males whom Eyler had confessed
counties, Indiana, are unidentified as of 2016.* [1] to murdering and four whom he said were murdered by an
unidentified accomplice. That person was later revealed to
be Robert David Little, an older college professor and long-
*
53.2 Conviction in the Daniel time associate. [6]
Bridges case According to Zellner, Eyler had made the list of victims
around three years before his death, in an effort to obtain a
plea bargain. The prosecutors did not agree to the plea bar-
Daniel Bridges was a 15-year-old boy whose dismembered gain. Later, Eyler allowed his lawyer to release the list.* [7]
body was discovered on August 21, 1984 in a garbage
dumpster in the Rogers Park neighborhood on Chicago's
far North Side. One of 12 children in his family, Bridges
earned money as a male prostitute while still attending high
school.* [2]
53.4 See also
Eyler was charged with murder, aggravated kidnapping and
unlawful restraint.* [2] He was convicted in July 1986 of • List of United States death row inmates

187
188 CHAPTER 53. LARRY EYLER

53.5 References
[1] “Case File: 999UMIN”. doenetwork.org. The Doe Net-
work. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[2] Myers, Linnet (1986-07-02). “Grisly Find Made Sister


`Hysterical`". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-10-12.

[3] Eyler guilty in teen boy's murder, Chicago Tribune (pre-1997


Fulltext) - Chicago, Ill, Author: Linnet Myers, Date: 10
July, 1986, retrieved on 30th May, 2010

[4] Sarah Talalay, “EYLER DIES IN PRISON; HAD AIDS;


LAWYER TO TALK ON CONFESSIONS”, Chicago Tri-
bune (pre-1997 Fulltext), 7 March 1994, retrieved on 30th
May 2010

[5] John O'Brien,“Call helped link Eyler to slayings”, Chicago


Tribune(pre-1997 Fulltext), 16 Dec 1990, retrieved on 30th
May 2010

[6] “A MUGSHOT OF DR. ROBERT DAVID LITTLE”. 29


November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2014.

[7] John O'Brien, “THE EYLER LEGACY: 21 DEATHS


MURDERER ADMITTED GRISLY 2-STATE SPREE”,
Chicago Tribune (pre-1997 Fulltext), 9 March 1994, re-
trieved on 30th May 2010

53.6 Further reading


• Freed to Kill (1990), by editor Gera-Lind Kolarik with
Wayne Klatt, is a book that linked Eyler to multiple
murders (ultimately 21) in Indiana and Illinois follow-
ing his brief detention by police in 1982. This influ-
enced the re-opening of cases.

53.7 External links


• Murderpedia
Chapter 54

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with frequently move around the United States throughout his
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown childhood.* [7]
only in preview). At the age of 12, Bittaker first came to the attention of po-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with
lice when he was arrested for shoplifting. Over the fol-
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown lowing four years, he was arrested on several occasions
only in preview).
for shoplifting and petty theft; obtaining a minor criminal
record and being brought to the attention of juvenile au-
Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker (born September 27, 1940) thorities. (Bittaker would later claim these numerous theft-
and Roy Lewis Norris (born February 5, 1948) are Ameri- related offenses committed throughout his adolescence had
can serial killers and rapists known as the Tool Box Killers, been attempts to compensate for a lack of love from his
who together committed the kidnap, rape, torture and parents.)* [8]* :250
murder of five teenage girls over a period of five months Despite possessing an IQ of 138, Bittaker considered his
in southern California in 1979. schooling to be a tedious experience;* [6]* :257 he dropped
Described by FBI Special Agent John Douglas as the most out of high school in 1957. By this stage in his adoles-
disturbing individual he has ever performed a criminal pro- cence, he and his adoptive parents were living in Califor-
file upon,* [4]* :135 Bittaker was sentenced to death for five nia. Within a year of leaving school, he had been arrested
murders on March 24, 1981, and is currently incarcerated for auto theft, hit and run, and evading arrest.* [8]* :250 For
upon death row at San Quentin State Prison. Norris ac- these offenses, Bittaker was imprisoned at the California
cepted a plea bargain whereby he agreed to testify against Youth Authority, where he remained until the age of
Bittaker and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 7, 18.* [8]* :250 Upon his release, Bittaker discovered his
1980, with possibility of parole after serving 30 years. He adoptive parents had disowned him and relocated to another
is currently incarcerated at Donovan State Prison.* [5] state.* [6]* :84 Bittaker never saw his adoptive parents again.
Bittaker and Norris became known as the Tool Box Killers
due to the fact the majority of instruments used to torture
and murder their victims were items normally stored inside 54.1.2 Roy Norris
a household toolbox.
Roy Lewis Norris was born in Greeley, Colorado, on Febru-
ary 5, 1948.* [6]* :74 Norris was conceived outside of wed-
54.1 Early life lock; his parents had married to avoid the social stigma sur-
rounding illegitimate birth at the time.* [6]* :74–77
54.1.1 Lawrence Bittaker All of Norris's family lived within a short distance of his
parents' home (his grandfather had invested in real es-
Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker was born in Pittsburgh, Penn- tate).* [6]* :74 His father worked in a scrapyard, whereas
sylvania, on September 27, 1940, the unwanted child of his mother was a housewife who is known to have suf-
a couple who had chosen not to have children.* [6]* :84 fered from a drug addiction. Although he occasionally
Upon his birth, Bittaker was placed in an orphanage by lived with his parents throughout his childhood and ado-
his natural mother, but was adopted by a Mr. and Mrs. lescence, Norris was repeatedly placed in the care of foster
George Bittaker as an infant. Bittaker's adoptive father families,* [4]* :136 although these placements were always
worked in aircraft factories, which required the family to within the state of Colorado.

189
190 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

Norris's recollections of his childhood are interspersed with also described Bittaker of “having considerable concealed
memories of wrongful accusation when he lived with his bi- hostility.”* [8]* :251
ological parents, and of neglect by many of the foster fam- Bittaker was released on parole in 1963, after serving two
ilies with whom he was placed, with frequent references to years of this sentence. In October 1964, he was again
his being denied sufficient food or clothing. He also states imprisoned for parole violation. In 1966, Bittaker un-
he was the victim of sexual abuse when in the care of a dertook further examinations by two independent psychi-
Hispanic family, later stating the racism he holds towards atrists, who declared him as being a borderline psychotic,
Hispanic people originates from the neglect and abuse he highly manipulative individual who was resistant to ac-
endured as a child when placed in their care.* [4]* :136
knowledging his responsibility for his actions.* [8]* :251–
At the age of 16, Norris̶at the time living with his birth 252 To one of these psychiatrists, Bittaker explained that
parents̶visited the home of a female relative in her early his acknowledged criminal activities gave him a feeling of
twenties and began talking in sexually suggestive terms to self-importance, although he insisted circumstantial mat-
her. In response, this relative ordered him to leave her ters decreased his ability to resist committing crimes. Bit-
house. Norris's father was informed of this incident, and taker was prescribed anti-psychotic medication.* [8]* :251–
threatened to beat his son. In response, Norris stole his fa- 252 One year later, in June 1967, he was again released into
ther's car and drove into the Rocky Mountains, where he society.
attempted to commit suicide by injecting pure air into an One month after his parole, in July 1967, Bittaker was
artery in his arm.* [6]* :76 He was later apprehended as a again arrested and convicted of both theft and of leaving
runaway, and returned to live with his parents. When he the scene of an accident. He was sentenced to five years,
returned home, his parents informed Norris that he and his but was released in April 1970. However, in March 1971,
younger sister were both unwanted children, and his par- Bittaker was again arrested for burglary. Due to repeated
ents had intended to divorce when they both reached ado- instances of parole violation, in October 1971, he was sen-
lescence. tenced to serve between six months and 15 years' imprison-
One year later, Norris dropped out of school and joined the ment.* [8]* :251 Within three years, Bittaker had again been
United States Navy. Norris was stationed in San Diego be- released from prison.
tween 1965 and 1969 when, at age 21, he was deployed to
In 1974, Bittaker was arrested for assault with attempt to
serve in Vietnam,* [8]* :253 although he did not see active commit murder. This charge arose from an incident in
combat during the four months of his deployment. He re-
which he stabbed a young supermarket clerk named Gary
turned to the United States later the same year. Louie following a confrontation in a supermarket parking
Throughout his service in Vietnam, Norris experimented lot: Louie had observed Bittaker steal a steak from the su-
with both heroin and marijuana. Although he did not be- permarket in which he (Louie) worked. Upon observing
come addicted to heroin, he became a regular user of mar- Bittaker's actions, Louie had followed Bittaker into the car
ijuana. park and calmly asked him whether he had forgotten to
pay for anything.* [9] In response to this question, Bittaker
stabbed Louie once in the chest, narrowly missing his heart.
54.2 First offenses Bittaker attempted to flee the scene of the stabbing, but was
restrained by two of Louie's fellow employees.

54.2.1 Bittaker Gary Louie survived the stabbing, and Bittaker was con-
victed of this attempted murder and sent to the California
* *
Within days of his parole from the California Youth Au- Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo. [8] :252
thority, Bittaker was arrested for transporting a stolen ve-
hicle across state lines.* [8]* :250 In August 1959, Bittaker
was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment, to be served in 54.2.2 Norris
the Oklahoma State Reformatory. He was later transferred
to the medical center for federal prisoners in Springfield, In November, 1969, Roy Norris was arrested for his first
Missouri to serve the remainder of this sentence. known sexual offenses: he was charged with both rape and
In 1960, Bittaker was released from prison and soon re- assault with attempt to commit rape.* [8]* :253 In the latter
verted to crime. Within months of his release, he had been incident, he had attempted to force his way into the car of a
arrested in Los Angeles for robbery and, in May 1961, lone woman. Three months later, in February 1970, Norris
was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. While incarcer- attempted to deceive a lone woman into allowing him to
ated for this robbery, he was diagnosed by a psychiatrist enter her home. When the woman refused, he attempted
as being a highly manipulative character. The psychiatrist to break into her house; the woman phoned the police, who
54.3. ACQUAINTANCE 191

arrested Norris before he had the opportunity to cause the tacked by fellow inmates on at least two occasions. By
woman any harm. 1978,* [8]* :253 the pair had become close acquaintances;
Less than three months after this offense, Norris was diag- discovering they shared a common interest in sexual vio-
nosed by military psychologists with a severe schizoid per- lence and misogyny, with Norris also divulging to Bittaker
sonality.* [8]* :253* [10] He was given an administrative dis- the biggest stimulation for him was of seeing frightened
charge from the Navy under terms labeled as psychological young women, adding this was the primary reason * *
he had
* *
problems. [8] :267 [10]* amassed a lengthy record for sexual offenses. [12] :42 Bit-
taker ̶who is not known to have committed any sexual
In May 1970, Norris̶on bail for his latest offense̶at- offenses prior to his meeting Norris̶himself divulged to
tacked a female student whom he had been stalking on the Norris that if he ever raped a woman, he would kill her so
grounds of the San Diego State University campus. Norris as not to leave a witness to the crime.* [8]* :254
repeatedly struck her on the back of the head with a rock un-
til she slumped to her knees, before he repeatedly beat her When alone, the pair regularly discussed plans to assault
head against the sidewalk as he knelt upon her lower back. and murder teenage girls once they were freed. This shared
Shortly thereafter, Norris was charged with assault with a fantasy evolved into an elaborate plan to murder *
one girl
deadly weapon; he was committed to a total of five years' of each teenage year from 13 through to 19. [13] The pair
imprisonment at the Atascadero State Hospital, where he vowed to become reacquainted once they were released.
was classified as a mentally disordered sex offender. Bittaker was released from the California Men's Colony on
Norris was released from the Atascadero State Hospital October 15, 1978; he returned to Los Angeles and found
in 1975, with five years' probation, having been declared work as a skilled machinist. This work earned Bittaker
by doctors as an individual who was of “no further dan- close to $1,000 a week, and despite classifying himself as a
ger to others”.* [8]* :254* [11] Just three months after his loner, he *became friendly with several people in his neigh-
borhood; [12]* :44 earning a reputation as a generous and
release, Norris approached a 27-year-old woman walking
home from a restaurant in Redondo Beach and offered her helpful individual who occasionally donated money to The
Salvation Army.* [6]* :85
a ride on his motorcycle. When she declined, Norris parked
his motorcycle and grabbed the woman's scarf, twisting it Bittaker was particularly popular amongst the local
around her neck, before informing her he intended to rape teenagers, and later admitted the primary reason he always
her* [8]* :254 and dragging her into nearby bushes. Fearing had beer and marijuana in his Burbank motel was that his
for her life, the woman did not resist the rape. residence would remain a popular place for teenagers to so-
Although the rape was reported to police, they were initially cialize.
unable to find the perpetrator. However, one month later, Two months after Bittaker was released from the Califor-
the victim observed Norris's motorcycle and noted the li- nia Men's Colony, on January 15, 1979, Norris was released
cense number, which she immediately gave to police. Nor- from prison and moved into his mother's home in Redondo
ris was arrested for the rape; one year later, he was tried and Beach. He soon found employment as an electrician in
convicted for this offense* [8]* :264 and sent to the Califor- Compton.* [6]* :85 Shortly thereafter, he received a letter
nia Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo. While incarcerated from Bittaker.* [8]* :255 In late February, the pair met at a
at the California Men's Colony, Norris met and befriended hotel and rekindled their plan to kidnap and rape girls.
Lawrence Bittaker.
In order that the pair would be able to successfully abduct
teenage girls, Bittaker deduced they would need a van as
opposed to a car. With financial assistance from Nor-
ris,* [4]* :136 Bittaker purchased a silver 1977 GMC cargo
54.3 Acquaintance van in February 1979. The vehicle was windowless on the
sides and had a large passenger-side sliding door. Accord-
Bittaker and Norris initially became loosely acquainted in ing to Bittaker, when viewing this sliding door, he realized
1977; one year after Norris arrived at San Luis Obispo. he or Norris could“pull up [to a teenage girl] real close and
Bittaker's initial impression of Norris upon his arrival at not have to open the doors all the way.”* [8]* :255 (Bittaker
the California Men's Colony was that he was a savvy in- and Norris would nickname this van “Murder Mac”.)
dividual, who largely associated with hardened criminals
from motorcycle gangs, in addition to dealing in contraband
drugs.* [12]* :44 The pair gradually became more closely ac-
quainted, and only began talking in friendly terms when
Norris taught Bittaker how to construct jewelry.* [12]* :44
According to Norris, Bittaker saved him from being at-
192 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

54.4 Murders a few words with her before dragging her into the van and
closing the door. Using a ruse they would repeat in most
From February to June 1979, Bittaker and Norris picked of their subsequent murders, Bittaker turned the radio to
up over 20 female hitchhikers. The pair did not assault full volume as Norris bound the victim's arms and legs and
these girls in any manner: these practice runs were merely gagged her with duct tape as Bittaker drove Schaefer to the
a way for them to develop ruses to lure girls into the van fire road in the San Gabriel Mountains where, in April, the
voluntarily and of discovering secluded locations. In late pair had previously switched the locks.* [8]* :257
April, the pair discovered a secluded fire road located in Despite initially screaming at the point when she was ab-
the San Gabriel Mountains. Bittaker exited the van, broke ducted, Lucinda Schaefer quickly regained her composure.
the locked gate to this fire road with a crowbar and replaced In his written account of the night that followed, Bittaker
the lock with one he owned. wrote that Lucinda Schaefer“displayed a magnificent state
of self-control and composed acceptance of the conditions
of which she had no control. She shed no tears, offered no
54.4.1 Lucinda Lynn Schaefer resistance and expressed no great concern for her safety ...
I guess she knew what was coming.”
Bittaker and Norris killed their first victim, 16-year-old Lu-
At the fire road, Norris first raped Schaefer after instructing
cinda Lynn Schaefer, on June 24, 1979.* [14] Schaefer was
Bittaker to“go take a walk”and return in one hour. Upon
last seen leaving a Presbyterian Church meeting in Redondo
returning to the van, Bittaker similarly raped the girl in Nor-
Beach. In his written accounts of the events of this day, Bit-
ris's absence. Upon the second occasion in which she was
taker stated he and Norris first finished constructing the bed
raped by Norris in Bittaker's absence, Schaefer asked him
the pair had installed in the rear of the van, beneath which
whether they intended to kill her, to which Norris replied,
they placed tools, clothes and a cooler filled with beer and
“No.”In response, Schaefer requested to be allowed time to
soft drinks. At approximately 11 a.m., the pair drove to
pray before she was killed if that was Bittaker and Norris's
“the beach area, drinking beer, smoking grass and flirting
intention.* [16]
with girls. We had no set routine.”* [8]* :256
In their subsequent accounts of the actual murder, both
At approximately 7:46 p.m.,* [15] Norris spotted Schae-
Bittaker and Norris gave differing accounts as to who ar-
fer walking down a side street and remarked to Bittaker,
gued over whether they should kill her rather than release
“There's a cute little blond.”* [8]* :256
her: each stated the other argued that they should kill
her.* [8]* :259 In any event, Schaefer pleaded for “only
a second, to pray,”* [4]* :137 before Norris attempted to
manually strangle her. After approximately 45 seconds, he
became disturbed at “the look in her eyes”* [2] and ran
to the front of the van, vomiting. Bittaker then manually
strangled Schaefer until she collapsed to the ground and be-
gan convulsing; he then twisted a wire coat hanger around
her neck with vise-grip pliers until Schaefer's convulsions
ceased. (Lucinda Schaefer was denied her requests to pray
before Bittaker and Norris killed her.)
Lucinda Schaefer's body was wrapped in a plastic shower
curtain and thrown over a steep canyon Bittaker had se-
lected. According to Norris, after Bittaker had thrown
Schaefer over the canyon, Bittaker assured him “the an-
imals would eat her up, so there wouldn't be any evidence
The San Gabriel Mountains. Bittaker and Norris murdered and left.”* [8]* :258
discarded the bodies of four of their victims at this location

After unsuccessfully attempting to entice Schaefer into their


van with alternate offers of marijuana and a lift home, Bit- 54.4.2 Andrea Joy Hall
taker and Norris drove further ahead and parked alongside
a driveway. Norris then exited the vehicle, opened the Two weeks after the murder of Lucinda Schaefer, on July
passenger-side sliding door and leaned into the van, with 8, 1979, Bittaker and Norris encountered 18-year-old An-
his head and shoulders obscured from view behind the door. drea Joy Hall hitchhiking along the Pacific Coast High-
When Lucinda Schaefer passed the van, Norris exchanged way.* [8]* :258 As the pair slowed the van to offer Hall a
54.4. MURDERS 193

lift, another vehicle pulled over and offered Hall a ride, offered the girls a ride, which Gilliam and Lamp accepted.
which she accepted. Bittaker and Norris followed this vehi- Inside the van, both girls were offered marijuana by Norris,
cle from a distance until Hall exited the vehicle in Redondo which they accepted.* [8]* :259
Beach.* [17] Shortly after entering the van, both girls realized that Bit-
On this occasion, Norris hid in the back of the van in or- taker had steered the van off the Pacific Coast Highway
der to dupe Hall into thinking Bittaker was alone. Inside and was driving in the direction of the San Gabriel Moun-
the van, Bittaker offered Hall a soft drink from the cooler tains. When the girls protested, both Bittaker and Norris
located in the rear of the van. When she retrieved the soft attempted to allay the girls' concerns with excuses, which
drink, Norris pounced and, after a strenuous fight, subdued did not deceive either girl. Lamp, aged 13, attempted to
Hall by twisting her arm behind her back,* [18] causing her open the sliding door, whereupon Norris hit her on the
to scream in pain. Norris then gagged Hall with adhesive back of the head with a bag filled with lead weights,* [9]
tape and bound her wrists and ankles. briefly knocking her unconscious, before overpowering 15-
Bittaker and Norris drove Hall to a location in the San year-old Jackie Gilliam. As he began to bind and gag
Gabriel Mountains beyond where they had taken Lucinda Gilliam, Jacqueline Lamp regained consciousness and again
Schaefer. At this location, she was raped twice by Bittaker attempted to flee the van, whereupon Norris twisted her arm
and once by Norris.* [16] On the second occasion in which behind her back and dragged her back into the van. As this
Bittaker raped Hall, Norris saw what he believed to be ve- struggle ensued, Bittaker̶noting the girls' struggle was in
hicle headlights approaching. Upon informing Bittaker, he full view of potential witnesses̶stopped the van, punched
(Bittaker) clasped his hand over Hall's mouth and dragged Gilliam in the face, and assisted Norris in finishing binding
her into nearby bushes as Norris drove in an unsuccessful and gagging the two girls.
search of the vehicle he had seen. When he returned to the Gilliam and Lamp were driven to the San Gabriel Moun-
van, the pair drove to a location deeper in the San Gabriel tains, where they were held captive for almost two
Mountains, where Bittaker forced Hall to walk, naked, up a days,* [8]* :260 being bound and gagged between repeated
hill alongside the road, then perform fellatio upon him. Bit- instances of sexual and physical abuse. On one occasion,
taker then ordered Andrea Hall to pose for several Polaroid Bittaker walked Lamp onto a nearby hill and forced her to
pictures. pose for pornographic pictures before returning her to the
Bittaker and Norris then drove Hall to a third location, van. Bittaker also informed Norris to take several Polaroid
pictures of himself and Gilliam, both nude and clothed. In
where Bittaker again walked Hall up a nearby hill, this time
as Norris drove to a nearby store to purchase alcohol. When the first of three instances in which Bittaker raped Gilliam,
Norris returned, Bittaker was alone and in possession of two he also created a tape recording of himself raping her, forc-
further Polaroid pictures he had taken of Hall;* [16] both of ing the girl to pretend she was his cousin* [8]* :260 and in-
which depicted Hall's face in expressions Norris later de- forming Gilliam to feel free to express her pain. (This tape
scribed as being of “sheer terror”as she begged for her recording was never found.) Bittaker is also known to have
life to be spared.* [6]* :88 Bittaker informed Norris that he tortured Gilliam by stabbing her breasts with an ice pick
had informed Hall he intended to kill her and challenged her and using vise grip pliers to tear off part of one nipple.
to give him as many reasons as she could why she should be After almost two days of captivity, Lamp and Gilliam were
allowed to live, before thrusting an ice pick through her ear murdered. At Bittaker's subsequent trial, Norris claimed
into her brain. He then turned her body over and thrust the he had suggested that Gilliam be killed quickly as, unlike
ice pick into her other ear, stamping upon it until the han- Lamp, she had been largely cooperative throughout the pe-
dle broke.* [16] Noting that Andrea Hall was still alive and riod of her captivity, whereupon Bittaker replied,“No, they
conscious, Bittaker then manually strangled her to death be- only die once anyway.”Gilliam was struck in each ear with
fore throwing her body over a cliff.* [8]* :258–259 an ice pick, then strangled to death.
After Bittaker had murdered Jackie Gilliam, he then forced
Jacqueline Leah Lamp out of the van. Upon exiting the
54.4.3 Jackie Doris Gilliam and Jacqueline sliding door, Bittaker shouted to her:“You wanted to stay a
Leah Lamp virgin; now you can die a virgin!"* [19]* :232 before Norris
struck her upon the head with a sledgehammer. Bittaker
On September 3, Bittaker and Norris observed two girls then strangled Lamp until he believed she had died; when
named Jackie Doris Gilliam and Jacqueline Leah Lamp sit- Lamp opened her eyes,* [8]* :260 Norris again bludgeoned
ting on a bus stop bench located close to Hermosa Beach. her repeatedly as Bittaker strangled her to death.
Lamp and Gilliam had been hitchhiking along the Pacific
Coast Highway before Bittaker and Norris observed them The bodies of Jackie Gilliam and Jacqueline Lamp were
as they were resting at the bus stop. Bittaker and Norris thrown over an embankment into the chaparral.
194 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

54.4.4 Shirley Lynette Ledford informed Norris he had broken her elbow, before plead-
ing,“Don't hit me again.”* [8]* :262–263 In response, Nor-
Bittaker and Norris abducted their final victim, 16-year-old ris again raised the sledgehammer as Ledford repeatedly
Shirley Lynette Ledford, on October 31, 1979. Ledford screamed, “No!" Norris then proceeded to strike Led-
was abducted as she stood outside a gas station;* [6]* :252 ford 25 consecutive times upon the same elbow with the
hitchhiking home from a Halloween party in the Sunland- sledgehammer, before asking her,“What are you sniveling
Tujunga suburb of Los Angeles. Investigators believe Led- about?" as Ledford continuously screamed and wept.
ford accepted a ride home from Bittaker and Norris because After approximately two hours of captivity, Norris killed
she recognized Bittaker, as he is known to have frequented Ledford by strangling her with a wire coat hanger, which
the restaurant in which Ledford held a part-time job as a he tightened with pliers. Ledford did not react much to
waitress.* [6]* :85 the act of strangulation, although she died with her eyes
Upon accepting the offer of a lift home and entering the open.* [6]* :89 Bittaker then opted to discard her body on
van, Ledford was offered marijuana by Norris, which she a random lawn in order to view the reaction from the press.
refused.* [20] Bittaker drove the van to a secluded street, The pair drove to a randomly selected house in Sunland
where Norris drew a knife, then bound and gagged Ledford and discarded Ledford's body in a bed of ivy upon the front
with construction tape.* [8]* :258 lawn.

Bittaker then traded places with Norris, who drove in an Shirley Lynette Ledford's body was found by a jogger the
aimless manner for in excess of an hour as Bittaker re- following morning. An autopsy revealed that, in addition
mained with Ledford in the back of the van. After remov- to having been sexually violated, she had died of strangula-
ing the construction tape from the girl's mouth and legs, tion after receiving extensive blunt-force trauma to the face,
Bittaker tormented Ledford: initially slapping and mocking head, breasts, and left elbow, with her olecranon sustain-
her, then beating her with his fists as he repeatedly shouted ing multiple fractures. Her genitalia and rectum had been
for her to “say something”, then, as Shirley Ledford be- torn, caused in part by Bittaker having inserted pliers inside
gan screaming, shouting for her to “scream louder”. As her body.* [19]* :233–234 In addition, her left hand bore a
Ledford continued screaming, Bittaker began asking her puncture wound and a finger on her right hand had been
as he struck her: “What's the matter? Don't you like to slashed.* [19]* :226* [21]
scream?"* [8]* :261 “We've all heard women scream in horror films ... still, we
As Shirley Ledford began to cry, she pleaded with Bittaker, know that no-one is really screaming. Why? Simply because
saying,“No, don't touch me.”In response, Bittaker again or- an actress can't produce some sounds that convince us that
dered her to scream as loud as she wished, then began alter- something vile and heinous is happening. If you ever heard
nately striking her with a hammer, beating her breasts with that tape, there is just no possible way that you'd not begin
his fists* [19]* :232 and torturing her with pliers both be- crying and trembling. I doubt you could listen to more than
tween and throughout instances when he raped and sodom- a full sixty seconds of it.”
ized her. Repeatedly, Ledford can be heard pleading for Roy Norris, describing his recollections of the audio tape
the abuse to cease and making statements such as,“Oh no! the pair had created of Shirley Ledford's rape and torture.
No!"* [8]* :262 as sounds of Bittaker alternately extracting April, 1997.* [6]* :82
either the sledgehammer or the pliers from the toolbox can
Bittaker would later claim the tape recording the pair had
be heard on a tape recorder he had switched on after en-
created of Shirley Ledford's clear abuse and torture offered
tering the rear of the van. Norris later described hearing
nothing other than the evidence of a threesome, adding that,
“screams ... constant screams”emanating from the rear of
towards the very end, Shirley Ledford was screaming for he
the van as he drove.* [20]
and Norris to kill her.* [4]* :139
Shortly after Norris switched places with Bittaker, he him-
self switched on the tape recorder which Bittaker had used
to record much of the time he had been in the rear of the van
with Ledford.* [16] Norris first shouted for Ledford to:“Go 54.5 Investigation
ahead and scream or I'll make you scream.”* [8]* :262 In
response, Ledford pleaded, “I'll scream if you stop hitting In November 1979, Roy Norris became reacquainted with
me,”then emitted several high-pitched screams as Norris a friend named Jimmy Dalton, an individual with whom he
encouraged her to continue until he ordered her to stop. had previously been incarcerated at the California Men's
Norris then reached for the sledgehammer as Shirley Led- Colony.* [4]* :146 Norris confided in this individual as to
ford̶seeing him do this̶screamed,“Oh no!" Norris then his and Bittaker's exploits over the previous five months,
struck Ledford once upon the left elbow. In response, she including graphic details of the murder of Shirley Ledford
54.6. ARREST 195

(the only victim whose body had been found at this time). had been in possession of drugs at the time of his arrest.
Norris also divulged to Dalton that, in addition to the five Both were held on charges of parole violation.
murders he and Bittaker had committed, there had been A search of Bittaker's apartment revealed several Polaroid
three additional incidents in which he and Bittaker had ab- photographs which were determined as depicting Andrea
ducted or attempted to abduct young women who had either Joy Hall and Jackie Gilliam̶both of whom had been re-
successfully escaped their attackers or, in one instance, had ported as missing earlier the same year. Inside Bittaker's
actually been raped but released.* [19]* :226 van, investigators discovered a sledgehammer, a plastic bag
Upon hearing Norris's confessions, Dalton consulted his filled with lead weights, a book detailing how to locate po-
attorney, who advised him to inform authorities.* [8]* :264 lice radio frequencies,* [16] a jar of Vaseline, two neck-
Dalton agreed, and he and his attorney informed the Los laces (later confirmed as belonging to two of the victims)
Angeles Police Department, who in turn relayed the two and a tape recording of a young woman in obvious dis-
men to the Redondo Beach police. tress; screaming and pleading for mercy while in the pro-
A Redondo Beach Detective named Paul Bynum was as- cess of torture and sexual abuse.* [23] The mother of Shirley
signed to investigate Dalton's claims as to Norris's con- Lynette Ledford̶named by Jimmy Dalton as being one
fessions of the murders, attempted abductions, and rapes of the women whom Norris had confessed he and Bittaker
which he had confided to Dalton had occurred between June had killed̶identified the voice on the tape as being that of
and October.* [8]* :264 Bynum initially noted that Dalton's her only daughter; the voices of the two men mocking and
statements as to Norris's confessions did match reports on threatening Shirley Ledford in the process of her torture and
file of several teenage girls who had been reported miss- abuse were identified as being Roy Norris and Lawrence
ing over the previous five months.* [8]* :264 In addition, the Bittaker.* [24] Also found in Bittaker's motel were seven
incident Norris had confided to Dalton where he claimed bottles of various acidic materials. (Investigators would
he and Bittaker had sprayed mace in the face of a woman, later discover Bittaker planned to use these acidic materials
who had then been dragged into Bittaker's GMC van and upon their next victim.)
raped by both men, matched a report filed in relation to an Inside Norris's apartment, police discovered a bracelet he
incident which occurred on September 30. In this filed re- had taken from Shirley Ledford's body as a souvenir. Also
port, a young woman named Robin Robeck had had mace found at the homes of both Bittaker and Norris were
sprayed in her face before being dragged into a van and Polaroid pictures of almost 500 teenage girls and young
raped by two Caucasian men in their mid-30s, before be- women, most of which had apparently been taken at Re-
ing released.* [8]* :263 Although Robeck had reported the dondo Beach and Hermosa Beach,* [12]* :41 with others
abduction and rape to police, they had been unable to iden- taken by Bittaker at a Burbank high school. Most of these
tify her assailants. pictures had been taken without the girls' knowledge or con-
Bynum dispatched an investigator to visit Robin Robeck at sent.
her residence in Oregon, to show her a series of mug shots.
Without hesitation, Robeck positively identified two photos
presented to her as those of the men who had kidnapped 54.6.1 Confession
and raped her on September 30. The two individuals she
identified were Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris. On November 30, 1979, Norris attended a preliminary
hearing in relation to the September 30 rape. By this
stage, Norris was beginning to display visible signs of
stress.* [8]* :265 At the hearing, Norris waived the custom-
54.6 Arrest ary reading of his Miranda rights, before Detective Bynum
and Deputy District Attorney Stephen Kay began question-
Upon linking Bittaker and Norris to the rape of Robin ing him: initially in relation to the rape of Robin Robeck;
Robeck, the Hermosa Beach police placed Roy Norris un- then in relation to the statements given to police by Jimmy
der surveillance;* [8]* :263 within days, they had observed Dalton and the evidence recovered from his and Bittaker's
his dealing in marijuana. On November 20, 1979,* [22] residences.
Norris was arrested by the Hermosa Beach police for parole Initially, Norris flatly denied any involvement in any mur-
violation. The same day, at the Burbank motel where he ders, rapes or disappearances; however, when confronted
resided, Bittaker was arrested for the rape of Robin Robeck. with the evidence investigators had compiled, Norris began
Although Robeck had been able to identify mug shots of to confess, although he did attempt to portray Bittaker as
Bittaker and Norris in a police lineup, she was unable to being more culpable in the murders than himself. In what
positively identify her assailants.* [23] Nonetheless, police Bynum and Kay later described as a “casual, unconcerned
had observed Norris dealing in marijuana, whereas Bittaker manner,”* [8]* :266 Norris divulged that he and Bittaker had
196 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

been in the habit of driving around areas such as the Pacific seized from Bittaker and Norris depicts an unidentified
Coast Highway and randomly approaching girls whom they young white woman, alone with Bittaker and Norris, in
found attractive with offers of a ride, posing with the pair circumstances very similar to the pictures found depicting
for photographs,* [25] or marijuana. Most of those whom known victims Andrea Hall, Jacqueline Leah Lamp, and
they approached rejected whatever given ruse Bittaker and Jackie Gilliam. The young woman in the pictures has never
Norris used to entice them into the van; although four girls been identified. Investigators believe this individual is the
had accepted lifts from the pair and had been murdered, most likely of all those photographed who may have been
with a fifth victim̶their first̶being grabbed by force. murdered by Bittaker and Norris.* [19]* :234
Inside the van, the girls would typically be overpowered,
bound hand and foot, gagged, and driven to locations deep
within the San Gabriel Mountains, where they would be sex- 54.6.2 Search of San Gabriel Mountains
ually assaulted by both men, then usually killed by strangu-
lation with a wire coat hanger, although two of the victims Norris agreed to return to the San Gabriel Mountains to
had had ice picks driven into their ears before being stran- search for the bodies of the girls to whose abduction and
gled. Norris admitted to bludgeoning their youngest vic- murder he had confessed to assisting in. In each instance,
tim, Jacqueline Leah Lamp, about the head with a sledge- Norris brought detectives to the area where he and Bittaker
hammer as Bittaker strangled her, and admitted to repeat- had disposed of their victims' bodies. Despite extensive
edly striking Shirley Ledford upon the elbow with a sledge- searches of the areas he stated the bodies of Lucinda Schae-
hammer before strangling her to death. The bottles of acid fer and Andrea Hall had been discarded, their bodies were
found at Bittaker's motel, Norris stated, were intended for never found. Nonetheless, on February 9, 1980,* [29] the
use upon the next victim they abducted. skeletalized bodies of Jacqueline Leah Lamp and Jackie
Doris Gilliam were found at the bottom of a canyon, along-
According to Norris, the level of brutality Bittaker had ex- side a dry river bed.* [8]* :266 The bodies were scattered
hibited towards their victims had increased on each succes- over an area measuring hundreds of feet in diameter. An ice
sive instance they had successfully lured a girl into the van: pick was still lodged in the skull of Jackie Gilliam;* [8]* :260
their final victim, Shirley Ledford, had actually pleaded to the skull of Jacqueline Leah Lamp bore multiple indenta-
be killed in order that her agony could cease. Additional de- tions̶evidence of the numerous hammer blows Norris had
tails provided by Norris provided further corroborating evi- stated he inflicted.
dence to support his confessions. For example, he knew that
their first victim, Lucinda Schaefer, had left a meeting at a In February 1980, Norris and Bittaker were formally
Presbyterian Church shortly before she was abducted, and charged with the murders of the five girls.* [30] At the
that Schaefer had lost one shoe as she had been dragged into arraignment, Bittaker was denied bail, whereas Norris's bail
Bittaker's van. Norris also knew part of Shirley Ledford's was set at $10,000.* [31] Within one month of his being
ancestry was Hispanic, and that Bittaker had unsuccessfully charged with murder, Norris had accepted a plea bargain
asked her to date him prior to October 1979.* [6]* :85 in which he would testify against Bittaker in return for the
prosecution agreeing not to seek the death penalty against
In a press statement relating to the police investigation himself.
into the murders issued on February 7, 1980, Los Angeles
County Sheriff Peter Pitchess stated the victims had been
subjected to "sadistic and barbaric abuse,”* [26] adding that
five charges of first-degree murder would be sought against 54.7 Guilty plea
both Bittaker and Norris. Sheriff Pitchess also stated that, in
relation to the Polaroid pictures found in Bittaker and Nor- On March 18, 1980, Roy Norris pleaded guilty to four
ris's apartments, police had located 60 of the young women counts of first-degree murder; one count of second-degree
depicted̶none of whom had been harmed.* [12]* :42 murder (in relation to victim Andrea Joy Hall),* [2] two
Nonetheless, Pitchess also stated that police had also iden- counts of rape, and one of robbery. Formal sentencing was
tified 19 of the women depicted in the pictures as be- postponed until May 7.* [32]
ing individuals who had been reported missing, and that In return for Norris's agreeing to plead guilty and to testify
these teenage girls and young women may well have been against Lawrence Bittaker at his upcoming trial, prosecutors
murdered,* [27] although, Pitchess did stress that they had had agreed to seek neither the death penalty nor life without
no conclusive evidence to suggest that these additional 19 parole at the upcoming sentencing hearing.* [8]* :266
women photographed had fallen victim to Bittaker and Nor-
ris.* [28] Prior to his May 7 sentencing, Norris was reviewed by a
probation officer with regards to advising the court as to
One of the individuals depicted in the Polaroid pictures Norris's possible future parole. This probation officer tes-
54.8. TRIAL 197

tified at Norris's sentencing that, in his conversations with they both agreed to act together on all future abductions.
Norris, he (Norris) again accused Bittaker of committing Norris then chronologically recounted for the court the de-
the actual torture of their victims, with Norris also stating tails of each of the five murders he and Bittaker had com-
that in all the rapes and murders he had committed, the ac- mitted in addition to the September 30, 1979 rape of Robin
tual act of sexual intercourse was not the overriding factor, Robeck, the attempted abduction of a woman named Jan
but the actual domination of the woman. The parole officer Malin, which had also occurred on September 30, and the
added that Norris“never exhibited any remorse or compas- attempted abduction of an unidentified young woman on
sion about his brutal, hideous behavior towards the victims September 27.* [16]
... the defendant appears compulsive in his need to desire to
inflict pain and torture upon women.”In conclusion, the pro- In reference to the actual murders, Norris stated that af-
bation officer testified that Norris “can realistically be re- ter he himself unsuccessfully attempted to strangle Lu-
garded as an extreme sociopath, whose depraved, grotesque cinda Schaefer, Bittaker had strangled her with a wire coat
pattern of behavior is beyond rehabilitation.”* [8]* :266 hanger. The pair had then thrown her body into a location at
or near the San Dimas Canyon. In reference to the murder
On May 7, 1980, Roy Norris was sentenced to 45 years to of Andrea Hall, Norris stated he had been told by Bittaker
life imprisonment, with parole eligibility from 2010. to drive to a nearby store to purchase alcohol when Hall was
murdered, after which he returned to find Bittaker, smiling
and holding Polaroid pictures he had taken of Hall after in-
54.7.1 Arraignment forming her he intended to kill her. With reference to vic-
tims Jacqueline Lamp and Jackie Gilliam, Norris stated that
On April 24, 1980, Lawrence Bittaker was arraigned on a the two girls were held captive for“over a day”before being
total of 29 charges of kidnapping, rape, sodomy and murder murdered, adding that Bittaker had killed Gilliam before he
in addition to various charges of criminal conspiracy and himself bludgeoned Lamp about the head as Bittaker stran-
possession of a firearm.* [12]* :42 He was also charged with gled her. When discussing the abuse and torture of Shirley
two counts of conspiracy to commit murder dating from De- Lynette Ledford, Norris stated he had, upon the insistence
cember 1979 in which he had unsuccessfully attempted to of Bittaker, committed the actual murder of Ledford him-
persuade two inmates due to be released to murder Robin self, adding Bittaker had informed him that “I should kill
Robeck in order to prevent her from testifying against him her, because I hadn't killed anyone yet. I knew this was
at his upcoming trial.* [33] (The charges against both Bit- coming, so I agreed.”Norris then confessed to having killed
taker and Norris for the rape of Robin Robeck would later Ledford by strangling her with a coat hanger, which he had
be dropped because of a lack of physical evidence in addi- tightened with pliers in much the same manner Bittaker
tion to Robeck's failing to identify her attackers in a police had with previous victims Lucinda Schaefer and Jacqueline
lineup.* [34]) Lamp. Norris then stated the pair had driven to Sunland,
When asked by Judge William Hollingsworth as to how he where he himself discarded Shirley Ledford's body upon
pleaded, Bittaker remained silent̶refusing to answer any the front lawn as Bittaker waited in his van.
questions.* [12]* :42 In response, the judge entered a plea of Several witnesses testified as to Bittaker having shown them
not guilty on his behalf. pictures of the victims he had retained as keepsakes and
which had been found in his motel. One witness, a 17-
year-old neighbor of Bittaker's named Christina Dralle, tes-
54.8 Trial tified that Bittaker had shown her a Polaroid picture he had
taken of Jackie Gilliam before stating,“The girls I get won't
talk anymore.”* [9] Another witness to testify was an in-
The trial of Lawrence Bittaker began on January 19, dividual named Lloyd Douglas, who had shared a jail cell
1981.* [19]* :226 He was tried in Torrance before Judge with Bittaker following his November, 1979 arrest. Dou-
Thomas Fredericks. glas testified that Bittaker had discussed in detail the torture
The star witness to appear for the prosecution at the trial he had inflicted on victims Jackie Gilliam and Shirley Led-
of Lawrence Bittaker was Roy Norris,* [35] who began his ford, stating Bittaker had informed him he had stabbed one
testimony on January 22. Norris testified as to how he be- of Gilliam's breasts with an ice pick, which he then twisted
*
came acquainted with Bittaker in jail, and how the pair as the tool remained inserted in the wound; [9] he had also
had formulated a plan to kidnap, rape and kill teenage “pinched”Gilliam on the legs and breasts with a vise grip,
*
girls. Responding to questions from the prosecutor, Nor- before tearing off part of one nipple. [9] Douglas also stated
ris stated that in June 1979, he himself had unsuccessfully Bittaker had informed him he had“pulled on”the genitals
attempted to abduct and rape a woman, who escaped un- and breasts of Shirley Ledford with the same instrument,
harmed.* [16] When he informed Bittaker of this incident, and that he had attempted to beat her breasts “back into
198 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

her chest.”* [19]* :232 ̶was presented in evidence on January 29. (Judge Freder-
The defense contended that Norris was the actual perpe- icks had earlier denied motions by the defense *
to omit the
trator of the murders, and that Bittaker had only become tape recording from admission as evidence. [36])
aware of Norris's activities shortly before his arrest, when More than 100 people were present in the courtroom as the
Norris had informed him he had murdered several girls with tape was played, and many members of both the jury and
whom they had both encountered and engaged in sexual the audience wept openly upon hearing the contents, with
activities. To support their case, the defense produced a several members of the audience either burying their heads
friend of Norris named Richard Shoopman, who testified in their hands, daubing tears from their eyes or rushing out
as to Norris's repeatedly divulging to him his desire to rape of the courtroom before the tape had finished.* [37] Bittaker
young girls.* [16] Shoopman also testified that Norris had himself was undisturbed at hearing the contents of the tape
informed him that the look of shock and fear on the face of ̶smiling throughout the hearing of the recording.* [38]
a young girl was a prime sexual stimulus for him. In support In one of two instances throughout the trial when he was
of Bittaker's case, the defense also harked to the Polaroid himself reduced to tears,* [8]* :267 prosecutor Stephen Kay
images taken of the facial expressions of Andrea Hall, and walked out of the courtroom during the recess following the
of Bittaker's statements as to Norris's revelations to Bittaker hearing of the recording of Shirley Ledford's rape, abuse
regarding his prime sexual stimulations while both were in- and torture. Weeping openly, Kay stated to the reporters
carcerated at the California Men's Colony in 1977. gathered outside the courtroom:“Everybody who has heard
that tape has had it affect their lives. I just picture those
girls ... how alone they were when they died.”* [37] When
questioned by reporters as to whether the audio tape should
have been introduced into evidence, given the obvious psy-
chological and emotional trauma caused to many in the
courtroom through the contents being broadcast, Kay sim-
ply stated: “You're darn right it [the audio tape] should
have been. The jury needs to know what these guys did.”
*
[39]
On February 5, 1981, Bittaker testified on his own be-
half.* [19]* :234 Bittaker denied any knowledge in the ab-
duction and murder of Lucinda Schaefer, and claimed he
had paid Andrea Hall to pose for the Polaroid photographs
depicting her found at his Burbank motel after Hall had
agreed to his offer of $200 for sex. He then claimed Nor-
ris had walked Hall into the San Gabriel Mountains, before
returning alone and informing Bittaker he had told Hall to
“find her own way home.”
Bittaker had a similar explanation as to the double murder
of Jacqueline Lamp and Jackie Gilliam: he claimed Gilliam
accepted an offer of money for sex and posing for pictures,
and that he had last seen the girls alone with Norris in his
GMC van. With regards to the murder of Shirley Ledford,
he claimed she had agreed to theatrically scream for the tape
recorder, and that she was not tortured in his presence, but
had been left alone with Norris.
Shirley Lynette Ledford. The audio recording of her abuse at Bit-
taker's hands was the most damning evidence presented at his trial Bittaker's trial lasted for over three weeks. On February
10, 1981, the prosecution and defense counsels began their
The most damning evidence presented at Bittaker's trial was closing arguments.* [40] In the closing argument delivered
a 17-minute section of the audio tape the pair had created by the prosecution, Stephen Kay apologized to the jury that
of Shirley Lynette Ledford's abuse and torment. The audio he was only asking for the death penalty, adding that he
tape, which had been found inside Bittaker's van and which wished the law permitted him to request that the same suf-
Norris had earlier testified Bittaker had repeatedly played as fering be inflicted upon Bittaker that he had inflicted upon
he drove in the weeks prior to his arrest̶adding that Bit- his victims.* [41] Kay then described Bittaker as an “ex-
taker considered the contents to be“real funny”* [12]* :42 cuse for a man”as he held aloft pictures of each of the five
54.9. AFTERMATH 199

murdered girls before the jury. Seeking the death penalty 54.8.1 Imprisonment and appeals
for Bittaker, Kay referred to the case as “one of the most
shocking, brutal cases in the history of American crime,” Bittaker appealed his conviction and sentencing, citing the
before adding: “If the death penalty is not appropriate in validity of his conviction and procedural errors such as the
this case, then when will it ever be?"* [42] validity of warrants used to authorize the search of his van
and motel room and the dismissal by the judge of a woman
Defense attorney Albert Garber requested the jury discount
initially hired at the stage of jury selection to advise the
the testimony of Roy Norris; arguing in favor of Bittaker's
defense counsel in matters relating to jury views upon the
claims that Norris had committed the actual murders, and
death penalty. Nonetheless, Bittaker's appeal was dismissed
claiming the testimony of the prosecutors throughout the
on June 22, 1989.* [46] with the court ruling that any proce-
trial amounted to little more than a“blood lust,”adding that
dural errors being minor and, in view of the strong evidence
the prosecution had repeatedly recited the “gory details”
against Bittaker, not affecting the overall verdict.
of the murders. Garber harked to the earlier testimony of
a psychologist named Michael Maloney, who had testified An initial execution date for Lawrence Bittaker was set for
as to Bittaker's inability to empathize with other people's December 29, 1989.* [47] Bittaker appealed this decision,
feelings and emotions* [16] in addition to the fact that, with although on June 11, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld
the exception of Bittaker's 1974 stabbing of Gary Louie, all the decision that he be executed. A renewed execution date
of Bittaker's previous criminal convictions were for nonvi- was scheduled for July 23, 1991.
olent offenses. The defense also claimed that insufficient Bittaker again appealed the decision of the U.S. Supreme
corroborative evidence existed to convict Bittaker. Court that he be executed, and was granted a further stay of
“They [Bittaker and Norris] lack the internal prohibitions, or execution on July 9, 1991.* [6]* :253
conscience, that keep most of us from giving full expression As of 2016, Lawrence Bittaker remains incarcerated on
to our most primitive, and sometimes violent, impulses.” death row at San Quentin State Prison.* [48]
Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. Ronald Markman, recit-
ing conclusions of his analysis of Bittaker and Norris,
1989.* [19]* :234
On February 17, 1981,* [43] after deliberating for three
days, the jury found Bittaker guilty of five counts of first-
degree murder, one charge of conspiracy to commit first-
degree murder, five charges of kidnapping, nine charges of
rape, two charges of forcible oral copulation, one charge
of sodomy, and three charges of unlawful possession of a
firearm.* [44] Deliberations as to whether Bittaker should
be sentenced to death or life without parole began February
19.
The jury deliberated for just 90 minutes* [44] before they
returned with their verdict: Bittaker was sentenced to death
for the five counts of first-degree murder upon which the
prosecution had sought this penalty.* [45] He showed no
Aerial view of San Quentin State Prison, where Bittaker remains
emotion as the verdict was delivered. Superior Court Judge
incarcerated on death row
Thomas Fredericks then ordered Bittaker to appear in court
on March 24 for formal sentencing.
On March 24, in accordance with the recommendation
of the jury, Lawrence Bittaker was formally sentenced to 54.9 Aftermath
death. In the event that the sentence imposed was ever re-
verted to life imprisonment, Judge Thomas Fredericks im- • Lawrence Bittaker has granted several death row in-
posed an alternate sentence of 199 years, 4 months' impris- terviews following his 1981 conviction. To date, he
onment to take immediate effect.* [19]* :234 has never expressed any remorse for his crimes, and
states the only remorse he feels is for the fact he and
Norris were arrested. Bittaker has also marveled that
he and Norris had little in common before their ac-
quaintance at the California Men's Colony in San Luis
Obispo in 1977, before adding that they have “one
200 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

hell of a lot in common now!"* [12]* :44 In reference coming to the girls, but would “always get there too
to one of the torture and murder implements he and late.”* [51]
Norris used upon their victims, Bittaker responds to
letters he receives with the nickname, “Pliers”Bit- • Detective Paul Bynum, the chief investigator of the
taker. murders committed by Bittaker and Norris, commit-
ted suicide in December, 1987. He was 39 years old.
• Since his incarceration, Bittaker has filed more than In a ten-page suicide note,* [8]* :276 Bynum specifi-
40 frivolous lawsuits over issues as trivial as his being cally referred to the murders committed by Bittaker
served a broken cookie and crushed sandwiches by the and Norris as haunting him, and of his fear they may
prison cafeteria, which he cited as an example of his be released from prison.* [51]
being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment.* [49]
• The audio tape Bittaker and Norris created of them-
Bittaker was declared a vexatious litigant in 1993.* [50]
selves raping and torturing Shirley Lynette Ledford
As a result of this declaration, he may no longer file
remains in the possession of the FBI Academy. The
suits without the express permission of an attorney or
audio cassette is now used to train and desensitize FBI
a judge.
agents as to the raw reality of torture and murder.* [53]
• Roy Norris remains incarcerated at Donovan State
Prison. Since his conviction, he has repeatedly
claimed the sole reason he participated in the murders 54.10 Media
was out of fear of Bittaker.* [4]* :135 Norris also claims
to have twice contemplated confessing to his and Bit- 54.10.1 Film
taker's responsibility in the murders to the police; he
also claims to have successfully deterred three poten- • The 2012 documentary film The Devil and the Death
tial victims from entering Bittaker's van.* [6]* :78 Penalty focuses upon the murders committed by Bit-
taker and Norris in addition to issues relating to the
• Norris claims that although he enjoyed the actual in- death penalty appeals process in California. Prosecu-
tercourse with the victims, only Bittaker enjoyed the tor Stephen Kay is among those interviewed by the di-
act of torture and murder, stating: “I didn't enjoy rector.* [54]
killing̶that was Lawrence [Bittaker]. It was his fa-
vorite part:* [4]* :135 watching the women struggle to
live; knowing he'd soon be taking life away.”(Both 54.10.2 Bibliography
investigators and psychologists have stated Norris de-
rived extreme gratification from the domination, abuse • Alone with The Devil: Psychopathic Killings that
and torture inflicted upon his victims; these respec- Shocked the World, written by Dr. Ronald Marksman
tive parties have also harked towards Norris's extensive and Dominick Bosco. ISBN 0-7499-1002-X
history of physical and sexual violence against women
prior to his meeting Bittaker, and his repeated in- • The Encyclopedia Of Serial Killers, written by Brian
stances of denial of culpability for his actions.* [6]* :66) Lane and Wilfred Gregg. ISBN 978-0-7472-5361-7

• Roy Norris initially became eligible for parole in


2009.* [51] Norris declined to attend the parole hear- 54.10.3 Television
ing, thereby automatically deferring his parole eligibil-
• A 1982 documentary, The Killing of America, fea-
ity for another 10 years. He is next eligible for parole
* tures a section devoted to the trial of Lawrence Bit-
in 2019. [51]
taker.* [55]
• Stephen Kay, the prosecutor at Bittaker's trial, still • The crime documentary series Arrest & Trial has
considers the murders committed by Bittaker and Nor- broadcast an episode detailing the murders commit-
ris as being the worst criminal case he has ever prose- ted by Bittaker and Norris. This episode was initially
cuted or encountered, and remains insistent in his be- broadcast in October, 2000.
lief that Bittaker deserves to be executed more than
any other inmate incarcerated on California's death • The Investigation Discovery channel has broadcast a
row.* [52] In interviews, he has stated that for over documentary focusing upon the murders committed
two years following the trial of Lawrence Bittaker, his by Bittaker and Norris. This documentary̶entitled
sleep was disturbed by recurring nightmares in which Wicked Attraction̶was initially broadcast in August
he would be rushing to Bittaker's van to prevent harm 2009.* [56]
54.12. REFERENCES 201

54.11 See also [28] Lodi News-Sentinel Feb. 16, 1980

[29] California Death Records. Gilliam, Jackie Doris.


54.12 References
[30] Herald Journal. Feb. 16, 1980

54.12.1 Notes [31] Star News Feb. 16, 1980

[1] Boca Raton News Feb. 25, 1981 [32] The Evening News Mar. 19, 1980

[2] Gadsden Times Mar. 19, 1980 [33] Lodi News Sentinel Apr. 29, 1980
[3] Tuscaloosa News Mar. 19, 1980
[34] Herald Journal Feb. 16, 1980
[4] Furio, Jennifer (2001). Team Killers: A Comparative Study
of Collaborative Criminals. Algora Publishing. ISBN [35] Daily News Feb. 23, 1981
1892941635.
[36] The Prescott Courier Feb. 22, 1981
[5] cdcr.ca.gov
[37] The Evening Independent Jan. 30, 1981
[6] Furio, Jennifer (1998). The Serial Killer Letters. The Charles
Press. ISBN 0-914783-84-X. [38] Couples who Kill ISBN 978-0-7490-8175-1 p. 28
[7] TruTV.com [39] The Times News Jan. 31, 1981
[8] Markman, Ronald; Bosco, Dominick (1989). Alone with
[40] Palm Beach Post Feb. 11, 1981.
The Devil. Piatkus Publishing. ISBN 0-7499-1002-X.

[9] Justia.com (1989) [41] Daily News Feb. 8, 2011

[10] TruTV.com. p.3 [42] Spokane Daily Chronicle Feb. 25, 1981.

[11] TruTV.com p.3 [43] Spokane Daily Chronicle. Feb. 18, 1981
[12] True Detective. Feb 2011. ISSN 0262-4133.
[44] The Bulletin. Feb. 18, 1981
[13] TruTV.com p. 3
[45] Daily News Feb. 19, 1981
[14] WebSleuths.com
[46] LA Times.com. June 23, 1989
[15] NamUs case file 4571
[47] LA Times June 22, 1990
[16] Leagle.com

[17] The Tuscaloosa News Mar. 19, 1980 [48] Division of Adult Operations (July 5, 2011). “Death Row
Tracking System Condemned Inmate List (Secure)" (PDF).
[18] TruTV.com p. 5 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
Retrieved July 8, 2011.
[19] Crime Classification Manual
[49] The Deseret News Apr. 29, 1996
[20] Farr, Bill (March 19, 1980). “Girls' killer tells a gruesome
story”. The Tuscaloosa News (Tuscaloosa-Northport, Al- [50] LA Times Nov. 20, 1995
abama). Retrieved 2011-02-28.

[21] The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers p.21 [51] Daily Breeze Mar 24, 2009.

[22] Daytona Beach Morning Journal Feb. 16, 1980 [52] freelibrary.com March 4, 1997

[23] Encyclopaedia of Serial Killers p. 21 [53] Times Union Feb. 19, 1997

[24] The Evening Independent Feb. 15, 1980 [54] The Devil and the Death Penalty
[25] The Encyclopaedia of Serial Killers p. 21
[55] “The Killing of America”. Youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-
[26] Gadsden Times, Feb. 10, 1980 02-08.

[27] The Telegraph Feb. 18, 1980 [56] IMDB.com


202 CHAPTER 54. LAWRENCE BITTAKER AND ROY NORRIS

54.13 Cited works and further read-


ing
• Markman, Dr. Ronald; Bosco, Dominick (1989).
Alone with The Devil. Piatkus Publishing. pp. 248–
277. ISBN 0-7499-1002-X
• Furio, Jennifer (1998). The Serial Killer Letters. The
Charles Press. pp. 65–100; 251-261. ISBN 0-
914783-84-X

• Lane, Brian; Wilfred Gregg (1995) [1992]. The En-


cyclopedia Of Serial Killers. New York City: Berkley
Book. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-425-15213-8.
• Whittington-Egan, Richard; Molly Whittington-Egan
(2005). Murder On File: The World's Most Notorious
Killers. U.K.: Neil Wilson Publishing. p. 19. ISBN
1-903238-91-9.
• Schechter, Harold (2003). The Serial Killers
Files. U.S.A.: Ballantine Books. pp. 60–
61,65,282,350,373,404. ISBN 0-345-46566-0.

54.14 External links


• Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris at
CrimeLibrary.com
• People v. Lawrence Bittaker: Details of Bittaker's
1989 appeal against his conviction
• National missing persons database case file entry re-
lating to Lucinda Lynn Schaefer
• Missing persons entry relating to Andrea Joy Hall

• Shirley Lynette Ledford at Find a Grave


• Daily News article detailing how Bittaker has exploited
California's justice system
• Transcript of a 2007 Bizarre Magazine interview with
Lawrence Bittaker
• The Devil and the Death Penalty: A documentary de-
tailing the murders committed by Lawrence Bittaker
and Roy Norris and the controversies surrounding the
death penalty appeals process in the state of California

• Press release for The Devil and the Death Penalty. This
press release includes images relating to the Tool Box
Killers case̶some of which are actual Polaroid pho-
tographs taken by Bittaker and Norris.
Chapter 55

Leonard Fraser

Leonard John Fraser (27 June 1951 – 1 January 2007), In 2003 Fraser was sentenced to three indefinite prison
also known as “The Rockhampton Rapist”, was an terms for the murders of Beverley Leggo and Sylvia
Australian convicted serial killer. Benedetti, and the manslaughter of Julie Turner in the
Rockhampton area in 1998 and 1999.* [4]* [5] At his trial,
the judge described him as a sexual predator who was a
danger to the community and his fellow inmates.* [6]
55.1 Biography
Fraser was born in Ingham, Queensland.
55.3 Death
Fraser was being held at the Wolston Correctional Cen-
55.2 Crimes tre and, after complaining of chest pains, he was taken
to a secure section of the Princess Alexandra Hospital in
*
Before a life sentence on 7 September 2000 for the abduc- Woolloongabba, on 26 December 2006, [7] where he sub-
*
tion, rape and murder of a 9-year-old girl, Rockhampton, sequently died of a heart attack on 1 January 2007. [6]
Queensland, Leonard Fraser had spent almost 20 of the pre-
ceding 22 years behind bars for the rape of other women.
He was subsequently charged with four murders. Police 55.4 Media
found many trophies of his victims in his flat and ponytails
from three different women, which could not be traced to
any of his known victims.* [1] Fraser's murders are the focus of the Crime Investigation
Australia series 2 episode “The Predator: Leonard John
Fraser originally confessed to five murders in an apparent Fraser”* [8] and Crime Stories episode “Leonard Fraser:
deal with police to avoid general population in prison, but the Rockhampton Rapist”.* [9]
one of those victims was a 14-year-old, Natasha Ryan, who
was found to be alive and living secretly with her boyfriend
in a nearby town after having been listed as a missing per-
son for five years.* [2] Although there was an obvious prob- 55.5 Notes
lem in his confessions to crimes where no corroborating
evidence existed and there was therefore reason for a mis- [1] Bassingthwaighte, Ted (November 2006). “From Sexual
trial, his defence did not file for one. Nor did his defence Predator to Murderer” (PDF). Police news (New South
object to the prosecution using the same confession made Wales Police Association). Archived from the original (–
*
in custody, which included the Ryan confession, for three Scholar search) on 15 June 2005. Retrieved 2 January
other victims whose remains were found. The Ryan 'mur- 2007.
der' was also based on testimony from a fellow prisoner who
[2] McCutcheon, Peter (14 April 2003). “Fraser trial judge
alleged that Fraser drew detailed maps showing where Ms
criticises media commentary”. The World Today (ABC).
Ryan's remains could be located.* [3] Even so, the judge in Retrieved 2 January 2007.
the case, Justice Brian Ambrose, heavily criticised the me-
dia for commenting on the value of confessions to crimes [3] “Victim in murder trial found alive, but three others are
made to police under duress or to other prisoners while in definitely dead, say police”. The Sydney Morning Herald.
custody, where no or little corroborating evidence exists. Retrieved 11 April 2003.

203
204 CHAPTER 55. LEONARD FRASER

[4] Doneman, Paula. “Leonard John Fraser”. Movement


Against Kindred Offenders (M.A.K.O). Retrieved 2 January
2007.

[5] Landers, Kim (5 September 2003). “Fraser guilty verdict”


. Stateline Queensland (ABC). Retrieved 2 January 2007.

[6] “Qld serial killer dies in hospital”. ABC News. 1 January


2007. Retrieved 2 January 2007.

[7] Doneman, Paula (27 December 2006).“Serial killer in hos-


pital after heart scare”. News.com.au. Retrieved 2 January
2007.

[8] “Leonard John Fraser”. Crime Investigation Australia.


Retrieved 26 October 2008.

[9] “Crime Stories”. IMDB.

55.6 References
• Doneman, Paula (June 2006). Things a killer would
know: The true story of Leonard Fraser. Allen & Un-
win. p. 240. ISBN 1-74114-231-8.

55.7 External links


• Queensland's first convicted serial killer dies
Chapter 56

Leonarda Cianciulli

Leonarda Cianciulli (April 14, 1894 – October 15, 1970) 56.2 Murders
was an Italian serial killer. Better known as the “Soap-
Maker of Correggio" (Italian: la Saponificatrice di Cor- In 1939, Cianciulli heard that her eldest son, Giuseppe, was
reggio),* [1] she murdered three women in Correggio be- going to join the Italian army in preparation for World War
tween 1939 and 1940, and turned their bodies into soap II. Giuseppe was her favorite child, and she was determined
and teacakes. to protect him at all costs. She came to the conclusion that
his safety required human sacrifices. She found her victims
in three middle-aged women, all neighbors. Sources record
that Cianciulli was something of a fortune teller herself, and
that these women all visited her for help.

56.1 Early life 56.2.1 Faustina Setti

The first of Cianciulli's victims, Faustina Setti, was a life-


long spinster who had come to her for help in finding a hus-
Cianciulli was born in Montella. While still a young girl,
band. Cianciulli told her of a suitable partner in Pola, but
Leonarda attempted suicide twice. In 1917 she married a
asked her to tell no one of the news. She also persuaded
registry office clerk, Raffaele Pansardi: her parents didn't
Setti to write letters and postcards to relatives and friends;
approve of the marriage, as they had planned to marry her
these, to be mailed when she reached Pola, were merely to
to another man. Leonarda claimed that on this occasion her
tell them that everything was fine.
mother cursed them. The couple moved to the man's town,
Lauria, in 1921 where Cianciulli was sentenced for fraud On the day of her departure, Setti came to visit Cianciulli
and imprisoned in 1927; once released the couple moved one last time; Cianciulli offered her a glass of drugged wine,
to Lacedonia. Their home was destroyed by an earthquake then killed her with an axe and dragged the body into a
in 1930, and they moved once more, this time to Correg- closet. There she cut it into nine parts, gathering the blood
gio, where Leonarda opened a small shop and became very into a basin. In her memoir (titled An Embittered Soul's Con-
popular as a nice, gentle woman, a doting mother and a nice fessions), Cianciulli described what happened next in her
neighbour.* [1] official statement:
Cianciulli had seventeen pregnancies during her marriage,
but lost three of the children to miscarriage; ten more died I threw the pieces into a pot, added seven
in their youth. Consequently, she was heavily protective kilos of caustic soda, which I had bought to
of the four surviving children. Her fears were fuelled by a make soap, and stirred the whole mixture until
warning she had received some time earlier from a fortune the pieces dissolved in a thick, dark mush that
teller, who said that she would marry and have children, but I poured into several buckets and emptied in a
that all of the children would die. Reportedly, Cianciulli nearby septic tank. As for the blood in the basin,
also visited another Romani who practiced palm reading, I waited until it had coagulated, dried it in the
and who told her, “In your right hand I see prison, in your oven, ground it and mixed it with flour, sugar,
left a criminal asylum.”* [2] Cianciulli was a superstitious chocolate, milk and eggs, as well as a bit of mar-
woman, and seems to have taken these warnings very much garine, kneading all the ingredients together. I
to heart. made lots of crunchy tea cakes and served them

205
206 CHAPTER 56. LEONARDA CIANCIULLI

to the ladies who came to visit, though Giuseppe Cianciulli was tried for murder in Reggio Emilia in 1946.
and I also ate them.* [2] She remained unrepentant, going so far as to correct the
official account while on the stand:
Some sources also record that Cianciulli apparently re-
ceived Setti's life savings, 30,000 lire, as payment for her At her trial in Reggio Emilia last week Poet-
services.* [3] ess Leonarda gripped the witness-stand rail with
oddly delicate hands and calmly set the prosecu-
tor right on certain details. Her deep-set dark
56.2.2 Francesca Soavi eyes gleamed with a wild inner pride as she con-
cluded:“I gave the copper ladle, which I used to
Francesca Soavi was the second victim; Cianciulli claimed skim the fat off the kettles, to my country, which
to have found her a job at a school for girls in Piacenza. was so badly in need of metal during the last days
Like Setti, Soavi was persuaded to write postcards to be sent of the war....”* [3]
to friends, this time from Correggio, detailing her plans.
Also like Setti, Soavi came to visit with Cianciulli before She was found guilty of her crimes and sentenced to thirty
her departure; she, too, was given drugged wine and then years in prison and three years in a criminal asylum.
killed with an axe. The murder occurred on September 5,
Cianciulli died of cerebral apoplexy in the women's crim-
1940. Soavi's body was given the same treatment as Setti's,
inal asylum in Pozzuoli on October 15, 1970. A number
and Cianciulli is said to have obtained 3,000 lire* [3] from
of artifacts from the case, including the pot in which the
her second victim.
victims were boiled, are on display at the Criminological
Museum in Rome.* [2]
56.2.3 Virginia Cacioppo A darkly comic play about Cianciulli, Love and Magic in
Mama's Kitchen, was first produced by Lina Wertmuller
Cianciulli's final victim was Virginia Cacioppo, a former at the Spoleto Festival in 1979. The play began a run on
soprano said to have sung at La Scala. For her, Cianciulli Broadway in 1983.* [4]
claimed to have found work as the secretary for a mysteri-
ous impresario in Florence; as with the other two women,
she was instructed not to tell a single person where she was 56.4 Influences
going. Virginia agreed and, on September 30, 1940, came
for a last visit to Cianciulli. The pattern to the murder was
exactly the same as the first two; according to Cianciulli's 56.4.1 Cinema
statement:
• Gran bollito by Mauro Bolognini
She ended up in the pot, like the other • La Saponificatrice – Vita di Leonarda Cianciulli by
two...her flesh was fat and white, when it had Alessandro Quadretti
melted I added a bottle of cologne, and after a
long time on the boil I was able to make some • Da Lucia by Roberto Capucci Blue Suede Shoots
most acceptable creamy soap. I gave bars to • Leonarda by Luca Brinciotti with Rosaria Cianciulli,
neighbours and acquaintances. The cakes, too, 2015 short film
were better: that woman was really sweet.* [2]

From Cacioppo, Cianciulli reportedly received 50,000 lire 56.4.2 Theatre


and assorted jewels.* [3]
• Amore e Magia nella Cucina di Mamma by Lina Wert-
müller
56.3 Discovery and trial • Leonarda Cianciulli: Storia di una serial Killer by
Andrea Pilato
Cacioppo's sister-in-law grew suspicious at her sudden dis-
appearance, and had last seen her entering Cianciulli's
house. She reported her fears to the superintendent of po- 56.5 References
lice in Reggio Emilia, who opened an investigation and soon
arrested Cianciulli. Cianciulli immediately confessed to the [1] “Sodium: Getting rid of dirt - and murder victims”. BBC
murders, providing detailed accounts of what she had done. News. 3 May 2014.
56.5. REFERENCES 207

[2] “The Correggio soap-maker”. Exhibit at Rome's Crimi-


nological Museum.

[3] “Foreign News: A Copper Ladle”. TIME Magazine. 24


June 1946.

[4] Susan Heller Anderson; Maurice Carroll (20 September


1983). “Wertmuller on Broadway”. The New York Times.
Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Chapter 57

Lizzie Halliday

Lizzie Halliday (c. 1859 – June 18, 1918) was an Amer- and things were bad almost from the start with the elder Hal-
ican serial killer responsible for the deaths of four people liday telling one son Lizzie was prone to“spells of insanity”
in upstate New York during the 1890s. In 1894 she be- that would then go away.* [4] Within the next two years the
came the first woman to be sentenced to be executed by Halliday house and barn both burned down; Lizzie was sus-
the electric chair but her sentence was commuted and she pected of setting the fires. At some point she stole a team of
spent the rest of her life in a mental institution. She killed a horses and had a neighbor help her drive them to Newburgh,
nurse while institutionalized and there was speculation that New York where she sold them. She was acquitted of the
she may have killed at least two more people, her husbands crime on the grounds of insanity (accounts vary as to this
from previous marriages. happening in 1890 or 1893).

57.1.1 Murders
57.1 Biography
In May 1893 the Halliday's mill/residence burned down
Lizzie Halliday, originally Eliza Margaret McNally, was killing John Halliday, Paul's mentally handicapped son.
born around 1859* [1] in County Antrim, Ireland. Her fam- Lizzie was again suspected of setting the fire since she was
ily moved to the US when she was young (given as aged known to have disliked John. She was arrested and sent to
three or eight).* [1]* [2] In 1879 she married a Pennsylvania an asylum, transferred to another, but then declared cured
man called either Charles Hopkins or Ketspool Brown.* [2] and released, returning home to Paul Halliday.* [4]
They are said to have had one son who ended up institution-
Paul Halliday disappeared in August of that year. Lizzie
alized. In 1881 Hopkins died and she married a pensioner claimed he had gone to a nearby town to do some masonry
named Artemus Brewer but he died less than a year later.
work. Following the neighbors' suspicions that something
She then married Hiram Parkinson who left her within their was not right about Lizzie's story, a search warrant was ob-
first year of marriage. She went on to marry George Smith,
tained and on September 4th the bodies of two women were
a war veteran who had served with Brewer. She supposedly found buried in hay in a barn. Both had been shot. The
made a failed attempted to kill Smith by putting arsenic in women were later identified as Margaret and Sarah McQuil-
his tea and then ran off to Bellows Falls, Vermont, steal- lan, New York residents who were part of the family Lizzie
ing many items from Smith's house. She married Vermont had stayed with in Philadelphia. Little could be ascertained
resident Charles Playstel but vanished two weeks later.* [2]from Lizzie as, when questioned, she behaved in an erratic
In the winter of 1888 Lizzie resurfaced in Philadelphia manner, tearing at her clothes and talking incoherently. She
when she turned up at a saloon on 1218 North Front street was kept in custody and some thought she was merely faking
that was run by old friends from Ireland, the McQuillans. insanity.
Going by the name “Maggie Hopkins”* [3] she set up a A few days after the McQuillans were found, Paul Halliday's
shop but was later convicted of burning it down for the in- mutilated body was discovered under the floorboards of his
surance money and was sentenced to two years at Philadel- house. He had also been shot. Lizzie was charged with
phia's Eastern State Penitentiary. the murders and held for trial at the Sullivan County jail in
In 1889, now going by the name“Lizzie Brown”, she be- Monticello, New York. During her first few months there
came the housekeeper for Paul Halliday, a twice-widowed she refused to eat, attacked the sheriff's wife, set fire to her
seventy-year-old farmer living in Burlingham in Sullivan own bed, tried to hang herself, and cut her own throat with
County, New York with his sons.* [1] They married in 1890 broken glass about which she said: “I thought I would cut

208
57.3. REFERENCES 209

myself to see if I would bleed.”* [3] Her jailers were forced 57.3 References
to chain her to the floor during her remaining months there.
[1] Harold Schechter, Psycho USA: Famous American Killers
You Never Heard Of, Random House Publishing Group –
57.1.2 Press coverage 2012, page 58 (born 1859)

[2] Conway, John (August 11, 2014). “A Short History Of Se-


While she was in jail Lizzie received national attention with
rial Killer Lizzie Brown Halliday”. newyorkhistoryblog.org.
one sensational story after another appearing across the
country in tabloid newspapers. The New York World por- [3] Serial Killer Lizzie Halliday, unknown-
trayed Lizzie's case as“unprecedented and almost without misandry.blogspot.com (excerpts from several con-
parallel in the annals of crime”.* [2] She was also covered temporaneous newspapers and publications)
by the World's Nellie Bly who eventually managed to get
[4]“A Murderous Maniac – The Many Crimes Charged Against
an interview with Lizzie in which she revealed her previous Lizzie Halliday, A mania Like Jack The Ripper”Freder-
marriages, facts Bly was able to confirm. Another useful ick NewsMaryland, U.S.A. 11 September 1893 (reprinted
source for reporters was Robert Halliday, Paul Halliday's at findagrave.com)
son. The Sullivan County Sheriff started a new round of
speculation when he told the press that Lizzie was proba- [5] Robert Wilhelm. "The Worst Woman on Earth". Murder by
bly connected to the Jack the Ripper murders, although no Gaslight. Retrieved 2014-12-22.
connection was ever made. [6] James D. Livingston, Arsenic and Clam Chowder: Murder in
The revelation that she had been married five times before Gilded Age New York, SUNY Press – 2012, pg 64
she wed Paul Halliday, that two of her husbands died less [7] The Library of Congress, Researchers, Topics in Chroni-
than a year after their weddings and that Lizzie had tried cling America – Death by Electric Chair, loc.gov
to poison a third led the press to speculate that she was
responsible for at least six deaths. “Whether these men [8] George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman, W.
died natural deaths or were murdered, is not known”, The WoodMedical Record, Volume 46 – 1894 “News of the
New York Times noted in June 1894.* [2] Lizzie also made Week, The Escape from the Electric Chair”July 21, 1894
a claim (confided to Robert Halliday) that she had killed [9] Murder By A Maniac – Lizzie Halliday, Ex-Gypsy, Adds
a husband in Belfast,* [5] but had managed to conceal the a Seventh Victim to Her List – Stabs Nurse With Shears
crime. – Horrible Crime of Crazy Woman In Hospital For Insane
Criminals at Matteawan, N. Y., The Logansport Pharos (In.),
Oct. 17, 1906, p. 7 republished here
57.1.3 Conviction

On June 21, 1894, Halliday was convicted at the Sullivan 57.4 External links
County Oyer and Terminer Court for the murder of Mar-
garet McQuillan and Sarah Jane McQuillan. She became • Eliza Margaret “Lizzie”McNally Halliday at find-
the first woman ever to be sentenced to death by electro- agrave.com, includes reprints of contemporaneous
cution, via New York State's new electric chair, but gover- newspaper articles about her
nor Roswell P. Flower commuted her sentence to life in a
mental institution after a medical commission declared her • casebook.org - Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Halliday, material
insane.* [5]* [6]* [7]* [8] Halliday was sent to the Matteawan from the book “Jack the Ripper: A Suspect Guide”
State Hospital for the Criminally Insane where she spent by Christopher J. Morley (2005)
remainder of her life. In 1906 she killed a nurse, Nel-
lie Wickes, by stabbing her 200 times with a pair of scis-
sors.* [9]
Halliday died on June 18, 1918.* [2]

57.2 See also


• Crime in New York

• List of serial killers in the United States


Chapter 58

Lorenzo Gilyard

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with charges.


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
Of his known victims, 12 were murdered between 1977 and
only in preview). 1989. After living with Jackie Harris for a short time in
Missouri and Los Angeles, they were married in Las Ve-
Lorenzo Jerome Gilyard, Jr. (born May 24, 1950) is an gas, Nevada, on May 29, 1991, after which he and his wife
American serial killer. A former trash company supervi- returned to Los Angeles for over a year. Shortly after his
sor,* [1] Gilyard is alleged to have raped and murdered 13 return to Missouri, he murdered his 13th known victim.
women and girls from 1977 to 1993. He was convicted of There have been no attempts yet to tie him to any killings in
six counts of murder on March 16, 2007.* [2] the Los Angeles area during his various stays between 1987
and 1992, and it is assumed, but not proven, that he stopped
killing in 1993.
58.1 Early life
Gilyard's background was dysfunctional; his father,
58.3 The trial
Lorenzo Gilyard (February 24, 1927 – October 24, 1999)
was convicted of rape in 1970, his brother Darryl E. (also Gilyard was tried on seven first-degree murder charges.
Daryle E.) (born February 12, 1953) was convicted of a The prosecution focused mainly on DNA evidence* [4] that
drug-related murder in 1989 and sentenced to life without criminal forensics experts shows he had sex with the victims
parole, and his sister, Patricia D. Dixon (born July 20, around the time they were killed. “All the victims have
1958), a prostitute, was convicted of the murder of a several things in common: All were found dead during the
customer in 1983 and served a 10-year sentence. In his same one and a half year period, all were left in secluded
teen years, Gilyard was known to bully and sometimes beat or obstructed locations, all were strangled, all showed signs
women.* [3] that they were involved in a struggle, all were missing their
shoes and all but one showed distinct signs of sexual in-
tercourse,”* [1] Prosecution Attorney Jim Kanatzar said in
opening statements to the court.* [6]
58.2 Murders
Gilyard was sentenced to life in prison without parole.* [7]
Most, if not all, of Gilyard's victims were prostitutes.* [4] He is serving his life sentence in Crossroads Correctional
All were found shoeless and dumped in secluded spots Center.
around Kansas City, Missouri. Most had cloth or paper
towels stuffed into their mouths and ligature marks around
their necks.* [5] 58.4 Victims
Gilyard was a convicted child molester, having raped the
13-year-old daughter of a friend. Probation records show Gilyard was convicted in the murders of:
that from 1969 to 1974 he was suspected of five rapes, but
was never convicted.* [1] Gilyard became a suspect in 1987 • Catherine M. Barry, 34
in the murder of Sheila Ingold. A crime lab later linked all • Naomi Kelly, 23
13 victims to one killer using DNA testing. A blood sample
Gilyard provided in the 1987 investigation led to the murder • Ann Barnes, 36

210
58.5. REFERENCES 211

• Kellie A. Ford, 20

• Sheila Ingold, 36
• Carmeline Hibbs, 30.

He was acquitted of the murder of Angela Mayhew,* [2] 19,


due to insufficient evidence.
Other victims not brought to trial were identified as:

• Stacie L. Swofford, 17

• Gwendolyn Kizine, 15
• Margaret J. Miller, 17

• Debbie Blevins, 32
• Helga Kruger, 26

• Connie Luther, 29.


• Paula Beverly Davis, 21* [8]

• Un-named Victim'23

58.5 References
[1] “6 of 13 counts of murder dropped against serial killings
suspect”. USA Today. May 3, 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[2] Hollingsworth, Heather (March 17, 2007). “Kansas City


man guilty of murdering six women”. LJWorld (Associated
Press). Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[3] “Serial killer Lorenzo Gilyard - TruTV Crime Library”.


Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[4] “Man Charged in 12 killings of women,girls in Kansas”.


The Gainesville Sun (Gainesville, FL). April 20, 2004. p.
7A. Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[5] Serial killer Lorenzo Gilyard - TruTV Crime Library

[6] San Francisco Chronicle Archived May 20, 2011, at the


Wayback Machine.

[7] “Life sentence for US man who strangled six women”. The
Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia). April 14, 2007.
Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[8] Lohr, David (February 9, 2010).“TV Drama Helps Family


Find Missing Loved One”. AOL News. Retrieved 2011-03-
06.
Chapter 59

Lydia Sherman

Lydia Sherman (Burlington, New Jersey, United States, 59.3 Notes and references
Dec 24, 1824 – May 16, 1878),* [1] also known as The
Derby Poisoner,* [2] was an American serial killer and ad- [1] “Lydia Sherman”. Find a Grave. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
dicted to murder. She poisoned eight children in her care
(6 of which her own) and her three husbands and was con- [2] Staff (January 11, 1873). “The Derby Poisoner. – Confes-
sion of Mrs. Lydia Sherman, the Murderer of Three Hus-
victed of second-degree murder in 1872.* [3] Five years into
bands and Four Children”. Hartford Courant (via The New
her sentence, she escaped under the pretext of being sick
York Times). Retrieved August 4, 2015.
and got a job as housekeeper to a rich widower in Provi-
dence. She was caught and imprisoned again before dying [3] History “Historic Burlington City, NJ: Lydia Sherman”
on May 16, 1878 from cancer. Check |url= value (help). February 4, 1998.

59.1 Family links


• Spouses:

Edward Struck (____ - 1864)*


Dennis Hurlburt (____ - 1868)*

• Children:

Martha Ann Struck (____ - 1864)*


George Whitfield Struck (____ - 1864)*
Ann Eliza Struck (____ - 1864)*
Edward Struck (____ - 1864)*
Josephine Struck (1842 - 1843)*
Lydia Struck (1846 - 1864)*
William Struck (1863 - 1864)*

59.2 See also


• List of people from New Jersey

• List of serial killers in the United States

212
Chapter 60

Mack Ray Edwards

Mack Ray Edwards (1918 – October 30, 1971) was an • Donald Allen Todd, 13, of Pacoima, California, who
American serial killer. He murdered at least six children in disappeared 16 May 1969.
Los Angeles County, California between 1953 and 1970.
Edwards confessed to three additional killings. Because
their bodies were not recovered, he was not charged with
60.1 Biography these murders:

Mack Ray Edwards was born in Arkansas. He moved to Los • Donald Lee Baker, 15, and Brenda Jo Howell, 12, of
Angeles County in 1941. As a heavy equipment operator Azusa, California, who disappeared together on 6 Au-
contracted by Caltrans, he worked on freeways. The body gust 1956. Brenda Jo Howell was his wife's sister.
of one of his victims was found underneath the Santa Ana
Freeway, and he claimed to have disposed another of his • Roger Dale Madison, 15, of Sylmar, California, who
victims under the Ventura Freeway.* [1] disappeared on 16 December 1968.* [4]
Edwards killed three children from 1953 to 1956, and three
more in 1968 and 1969. In 1970 Edwards and a teenage 60.2.2 Possible victims
male accomplice kidnapped three girls from their home in
Sylmar. When the girls escaped, Edwards surrendered to Edwards may have committed other murders, but his own
police and confessed to molesting and murdering six chil- account was inconsistent: while in prison he claimed to have
dren.* [2] killed 18 children,* [5] but in an interview with the Los An-
After three bodies were recovered, Edwards pleaded guilty geles Times he said the number was only six.* [3] The twelve-
to three counts of murder and was sentenced to death.* [3] year interval between the disappearance of Baker and How-
ell, and the shooting of Rochet, led investigators to suspect
On 30 October 1971, following two unsuccessful attempts,
Edwards may have committed similar crimes during that
Edwards was successful in committing suicide by hanging
time.* [1]
himself with a television cord in his cell in San Quentin State
Prison.* [4] As of March 2007, the Los Angeles Police Department was
investigating the possibility of Edwards' involvement in the
disappearance of Thomas Eldon Bowman, 8, of Redondo
60.2 Victims Beach, California, who disappeared in Pasadena, Califor-
nia on 23 March 1957. Author G. Weston DeWalt was re-
searching the Bowman disappearance when he noticed the
60.2.1 Known victims similarity between a photo of Edwards and a sketch of Bow-
man's abductor. DeWalt was later shown a letter which Ed-
Edwards was convicted of murdering three children: wards had written to his wife in which he states that he“left
out”Thomas Bowman from his confession to police.* [5]
• Stella Darlene Nolan, 8, of Compton, California, who
disappeared 20 June 1953; Edwards is also considered a suspect in the disappearances
of Bruce Kremen of Granada Hills and Karen Lynn Tomp-
• Gary Rochet, 16, of Granada Hills, California, who kins and Dorothy Gale Brown of Torrance, California. Kre-
was found on 26 November 1968, after having been men, 6, disappeared from a YMCA camp in Angeles Na-
shot to death; tional Forest on 12 July 1960.* [6] Tompkins, 11, disap-

213
214 CHAPTER 60. MACK RAY EDWARDS

peared on 18 August 1961. Dorothy Gale Brown, 11, dis-


appeared on 3 July 1962. Her body was recovered from
the ocean at Corona del Mar, Newport Beach; she had been
molested and drowned.* [5]
On 15 June 2011, the Santa Barbara, California Police De-
partment announced plans to search the area near a Goleta
freeway overpass that was under renovation, looking for
the remains of Ramona Price, a 7-year-old girl who disap-
peared in August 1961.* [7] The police did not announce at
that time what evidence led them to believe Price's remains
may be buried there, but local news reports suggested* [7]
a possible link to Edwards. On 16 June 2011, local media
reported* [8] that four teams of cadaver dogs had alerted on
the same“area of interest”at the site, but that a decision had
not been made about whether to undertake further excava-
tion. The news reports indicated that comments made by
Edwards about other victims, along with the fact that Ed-
wards worked in Goleta at time of Price's disappearance,
suggested a link.

60.2.3 Cultural references


In the final episode of television police drama The Shield
which aired 25 November 2008, detective Dutch Wagen-
bach refers to Edwards while interrogating a teenager whom
he believes is a young serial killer, making the point that se-
rial killers without a catchy nickname are easily forgotten by
the general public.

60.3 References
[1] Ruiz, Kenneth T. “Police back theory on missing boy”.
Whittier Daily News. Archived from the original on August
22, 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
[2] Kistler, Robert. “Police Say Man May Have Slain 6
Youths.”Los Angeles Times, 7 March 1970
[3] Haynes, Roy. “Death Penalty Voted for Slayer of Six Chil-
dren.”Los Angeles Times, 23 May 1970
[4] Stingley, Jim. “Slayer of Six Children Hangs Himself in
Cell.”Los Angeles Times, 31 October 1971
[5] Blankstein, Andrew (17 March 2007). “Long-dead killer
back in sights of police”. Los Angeles Times.
[6] The Charley Project: Bruce Kremen Accessed 29 March
2007
[7] “Cadaver Dogs Coming to Santa Barbara for Cold Case
Search”. KEYT-TV. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June
2011.
[8] ""Area of Interest”as Cadaver Dogs Search for Seven-Year
Old Missing Since 1961”. KEYT-TV. 15 June 2011.
Chapter 61

Magdalena Solís

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 61.3 The Hernandez Brothers's sect
unknown parameter “year”(this message is shown only
in preview). In late 1962 and early 1963, brothers Santos and Cayetano
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with Hernandez, a pair of petty criminals, reached the small town
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown of Yerba Buena, a marginalized community in northern
only in preview). Mexico with fifty impoverished and mostly illiterate inhab-
itants. As part of a scam, the brothers proclaimed them-
Magdalena Solis, also known as the High Priestess of selves prophets and high priests of the “powerful and ex-
Blood,* [1] was a serial killer and member of a Mexican iled Inca gods.”The brothers demanded worship and trib-
cult responsible for orchestrating several murders which in- ute from the villagers in exchange for treasures hidden in
volved the drinking of the victims' blood.* [2] She was con- the caves of the mountains surrounding the village.
victed of two of the murders and sentenced to fifty years in Despite the fact that the Incas were historically not from
prison. Mexico, many of the inhabitants of Yerba Buena believed
the Hernandez brothers' claims of being Inca prophets.
Thus the brothers founded a relatively prosperous sect. In
the caves where the Inca treasures were allegedly hidden,
61.1 Life the brothers organized narcotic-fueled orgies and treated
many villagers, both men and women, as sex slaves. How-
ever, the villagers began to grow impatient at not seeing
She came from a poverty-stricken dysfunctional family, and their promised treasure.
entered into prostitution at a young age̶a profession in
which she worked until her marriage with the Santos and Faced with possible exposure, the Hernandez brothers trav-
Cayetano Hernandez cult in 1963. Her brother, Eleazar So- eled to Monterrey in search of prostitutes who would take
lis, acted as her pimp during this time. part in the farce. They eventually made contact with So-
lis and her brother, who traveled back to Yerba Buena with
them. During one of the cave rituals, using a smoke screen,
the Hernandez brothers introduced Solis as the reincarna-
tion of an Inca goddess. Solis developed a severe theo-
61.2 Psychiatric profile logical psychosis and took over the sect. Under her lead-
ership, their rituals became more grisly and perverse as
Solis became enamored with consumption of blood and
Magdalena Solis was an organized murderer and sexual
sadomasochism.
predator who killed in groups. She is one of the few docu-
mented cases of female serial killers who had clear sexual
motivations.
She was responsible for at least eight murders, although the 61.4 Crimes
numbers have been speculated to be higher, committed in
the small community of “Yerba Buena”, near the city of Shortly after joining the sect, Magdalena took over. By then
Monterrey in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. Magdalena two members, tired of the sexual abuse, wanted to leave the
represented herself as a goddess and ordered numerous sac- sect. The other believers were brought before the “high
rifices for blood rituals.* [2] priests”. Solis's condemnation was clear: the death penalty.

215
216 CHAPTER 61. MAGDALENA SOLÍS

The two sect members were lynched by the terrified adher- 61.5 Arrest and sentencing
ents.
Police, dismayed by the disappearance of Guerrero and
Martinez, now took the case seriously. On May 31, 1963
police, in conjunction with the army, deployed an opera-
tion in Yerba Buena. Eleazar and Magdalena Solis were
61.4.1 The blood ritual arrested on a farm in the town, in possession of a consider-
able amount of marijuana. Santos Hernandez was shot by
After these first two murders, as is characteristic of se- police bullets while resisting arrest. Cayetano Hernandez
rial murderers, their crimes evolved, becoming more vio- was assassinated by one of the members of the sect, called
lent. Bored with simple orgies, she began to demand hu- Jesus Rubio, who, before the crisis, wanted to be a part of
man sacrifice. She devised a “blood ritual": The sacri- the body of high priests for protection.
ficed (which was always a dissenting member) was brutally In subsequent investigations they found, first, the carved
beaten, burned, cut and maimed by all the members of the up bodies of Sebastian Guerrero and Luis Martinez, near
cult. Thereafter, blood-letting was practiced: The blood a farm where the Solis siblings were arrested (they had re-
was deposited in a cup mixed with chicken blood (the ritual moved the heart of the latter in the style of Aztec sacrifice).
also included animal sacrifices and the use of narcotics such They then found the bodies, also dismembered, of the other
as marijuana and peyote).The victim was made to bleed to six persons in the vicinity of the caves.
death.
Magdalena and Eleazar Solis were sentenced to 50 years in
Solis drank from the chalice and then handed it to the priests prison for only two homicides (those of Guerrero and Mar-
(the Hernandez Brothers and Eleazar Solis), and finally the tinez), they were not able to confirm their participation in
other members, each who had their turn to drink. The belief the other six murders because all the cult members arrested
was that this gave them extra-natural powers. refused to testify.
Now based on elements from Aztec mythology,“the blood Many members of the sect were shot in the shootout with
was the only decent food for the gods, through it they pre- the police because, as they were armed, they barricaded
served their immortality.”The goddess needed to drink themselves in the caves. Those who were arrested were sen-
blood to stay young forever. Magdalene was supposedly the tenced to 30 years in prison for six counts of murder in the
reincarnation of the Aztec goddess Coatlicue. form of “group or gang murder, or lynching.”Their illit-
The butchering went on for six continuous weeks in 1963, erate and pauperised condition served as mitigating factors.
a period in which 4 people died in this way. In the last It was not until years later that some ex-cult members spoke
sacrifices they reached the point of dissecting the heart of of the cult.
the victims alive.

61.6 References
[1] Crimezzz index accessed July 17, 2008
61.4.2 Last victims [2] TrueTv's Crime Library accessed July 17, 2008

In May 1963 when a 14-year-old local resident, Sebastian


Guerrero, wandered near the caves where the Solis sect was 61.7 Sources
performing their rites. Attracted by the lights and noises
coming out of one of the caves, he witnessed one of the • Lane, Brian and Gregg, Wilfred: The Encyclopedia of
rites in progress. Serial Killers (1992)
He ran over 25 km, from Yerba Buena to the town of Villa
Gran, to the nearest police station. He failed to give any • Hendricks, George: Western Folklore, Vol. 23, No.
other description of the “group of murderers who prey on 2 (Apr., 1964), pp. 124-124 (Published by: Western
ecstasy and who were gluttonously drinking human blood.” States Folklore Society)

The next morning, an officer, (Investigator Luis Martinez)


escorted him home and in the process he was able to show
him where he had seen the vampires. That was the last day
that Sebastian Guerrero and Luis Martinez were seen alive.
Chapter 62

Manuel Delgado Villegas

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or pa- In 1961, aged 18, Delgado enlisted in the Spanish Legion.
ternal family name is Delgado and the second or maternal There he learnt hand-to-hand combat techniques, and one
family name is Villegas. in particular, the golpe legionario or golpe mortal (literally
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with “deathly blow”), a strike to the larynx with the knife-edge
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown of the hand that became one of his preferred methods of
only in preview). killing.
After the army, Delgado left Mataró and became a nomad,
Manuel Delgado Villegas (Spanish pronunciation: [manw'el wandering along the Mediterranean coast begging, steal-
delˈɣaðo βiˈʎeɣas]; 25 January 1943 – 2 February 1998), ing and picking fights with prostitutes and homosexuals.
also known as El Arropiero,* [a] was a Spanish serial killer He was arrested several times under the Ley de Vagos y
active between 1964 and 1971. Delgado claimed to have Maleantes or Ley de Peligrosidad Social (lit.“Law of Slack-
carried out 48 murders in Spain, Italy and France – of ers and Crooks”and“Law of Dangerousness to Society”)
these cases the Spanish police were only able to investi- that targeted beggars and homosexuals during the Francoist
gate twenty-two in Spain only and considered him sure dictatorship, but was never imprisoned. His odd behavior
author of seven.* [1] He was never brought to trial, as he under arrest always derived him to mental institutions, from
was diagnosed with a severe mental disorder, and in 1978 where he was released soon after.* [6]
the Audiencia Nacional ordered that he be preventively de-
tained at Carabanchel Penitentiary Psychiatric Hospital. He
was released into the care of a psychiatric hospital in 1996
and died two years later of a smoking-related lung dis-
ease.* [2]
62.2 Murders

62.1 Biography Delgado killed his first confirmed victim in 1964, aged 21,
and remained active until his arrest at 28 in 1971. He never
killed with premeditation. Sometimes a simple trivial com-
62.1.1 Early life ment by the victim would be taken as an insult and unleash
Delgado's rage, who would kill them with great violence us-
Manuel Delgado Villegas was born in Seville, Spain on Jan- ing a blunt object, strangling them or with his bare hands;
uary 25, 1943, the son of José Delgado Martín. His mother others, Delgado would attack them with the intention of
died while giving birth to him, at 24,* [3] and the itinerant robbing them or, if the victim was female, to rape them,
nature of his father's job as a salesman of arrope (a fruit which he did only after they were dead. The wildly differ-
concentrate produced in southern Spain and used to make ent nature of the crimes and the victims (men and women,
sweets), hence the nickname El Arropiero, resulted in Del- young and old, Spanish and foreign, heterosexual and ho-
gado and his sister Joaquina being sent to live with their mosexual, rich and poor) and the nomadic nature of Del-
maternal grandmother in Mataró.* [4] Delgado and his sis- gado made impossible for law enforcement to connect the
ter lived with their grandmother in the predominantly An- kills as the work of a single person before Delgado's confes-
dalusian neighbourhood of La Cirera. He attended school sion. Only the last two murders happened in the same place
but never learned to read and write. Delgado was bisexual and close in time to each other, precipitating Delgado's ar-
and prostituted himself since early in his adolescence.* [5] rest.* [7]

217
218 CHAPTER 62. MANUEL DELGADO VILLEGAS

62.2.1 Victims Delgado sneaked in her room and suffocated her with
a pillow. Once dead, he stabbed her in the back with
Confirmed by the investigation a stiletto, raped her body and robbed a medal that she
was wearing around her neck. The body was found
with multiple bruises and scratches. Her friend, an
American tourist named Jules Morton, was arrested
and held in prison for over a year before his innocence
was proven.

• Venancio Hernández Carrasco (July 20, 1968), 71


– Hernández was tending to his vineyards by the banks
of the Tajuña River in the town of Chinchón when he
was approached by Delgado. Delgado asked him for
some food, to which Hernández replied that he was
young and that if he wanted to eat he had to work.
This comment cost him his life. His body was found
floating in the river near the San Galindo dam* [9] and
was initially reported as an accidental drowning. Del-
gado later changed his testimony and claimed that he
Llorac killed Hernández because he saw him trying to rape a
little girl.
Ibiza
• Ramón Estrada Saldrich (April 5, 1969) – A ho-
Chinchón mosexual furniture dealer from Barcelona and regu-
lar client of Delgado, whose services he hired for 300
Barcelona pesetas. According to Delgado, they were in his deal-
ership when he asked Estrada to give him 1,000 pe-
Mataró setas and he agreed to do so after sex, but he only
paid Delgado the usual 300. Delgado hit Estrada in
El Puerto de Santa María the neck, but he was only knocked out and began to in-
sult Delgado after recovering his senses. Delgado then
Locations of the murders of the confirmed victims tore an armchair's leg off and bludgeoned Estrada with
it, before finally strangling him until his neck broke in
two.
• Adolfo Folch Muntaner (January 21, 1964), 49 – A • Anastasia Borrella Moreno (November 23, – 1969),
chef. He was killed while sleeping on the beach of 68 – Killed in Mataró. Delgado hit her on the head
Llorach in Garraf, near Barcelona. Folch had gone to with a brick and pushed her off a bridge. He then
the beach that day to take some sand, used at the time dragged her into a tunnel and strangled her.
to clean the fat from kitchen pots and stoves.
• Francisco Marín Ramírez (December 3, 1970), 28
“I saw a sleeping man leaning against a wall. – Electrician employed in Renfe and friend of Del-
I approached him and very slowly, with a large gado, or perhaps a client. Delgado claimed that he had
rock that I had picked up close to the wall, hit killed Marín punching him twice in the head after he
him over the head. When I realised that he was had made sexual advances towards him. His body was
dead, I took his wallet and the watch on his wrist. found by a fisherman on December 12, floating in the
He had barely anything in it and the watch was Guadalete river, underneath the San Alejandro bridge
crap! in El Puerto de Santa María, 12 kilometres from the
̶Manuel Delgado Villegas place of the murder.

• Antonia Rodríguez Relinque (January 18, 1971), 38


– Considered his girlfriend by Delgado, who presented
• Margaret Hélène Thérese Boudrie (June 20, 1967), her as such to his father, and also killed in El Puerto de
21 – A French student from Lyon. She was staying Santa María.* [10]* [11] Rodríguez was a promiscuous
in a small house in Can Planas, a holiday resort five woman and was reputed to suffer from slight mental
kilometres from Ibiza Town, along with a friend.* [8] retardation. While they were having sex behind some
62.3. TV PROGRAMS FEATURING DELGADO VILLEGAS 219

bushes, Rodríguez asked Delgado to do something that in a secluded spot known as Pago Galvecito, on the out-
“disgusted”him and he refused. She then insulted him, skirts of El Puerto de Santa María, on February 21, 1971
saying that he wasn't a man because she had been with he confessed to her murder – Delgado confessed that he
men that had done that to her when asked, and Delgado had strangled the woman with her own tights whilst they
strangled her with her own leggings. Delgado hid the were having sex. The local newspaper, the Diario de Cádiz,
body and returned to have sex with it for three con- dubbed him El estrangulador del Puerto (The Puerto stran-
secutive nights before he was arrested. When asked, gler), though this nickname was dropped later at the request
Delgado said that he had sex with her because dead or of El Puerto's local authorities, who feared the town's name
alive she was still his girlfriend.* [12] would be tainted.* [14] Over the next few days he admitted
his culpability in the murders of four others* [15] and was
considered sure author of seven murders in total (including
Possible two that had been originally considered accidents) before
the investigation was halted and Delgado put in a mental
Delgado's confirmed crimes are often misreported as eight institution without trial or a proper conviction. While in
instead of seven. This probably stems from a 1977 article interrogation, Delgado remained calm and shared multiple
in the popular weekly newspaper El Caso, that proposed details of the crimes with the police.* [16]
Delgado as possible murderer of Natividad Romero Ro-
At the time of his arrest it was widely reported that he was
dríguez, a prostitute that was found dead in a large clay jar
diagnosed as having XYY syndrome which led to claims
in a country house near Barajas, Madrid in 1969. She had
that this may have been responsible for his violent be-
been raped and strangled with great violence by a man us-
haviour. However, the link between XYY syndrome and
ing only one hand three days prior, leading the investiga-
violent behaviour has been disproven by modern studies of
tors to suspect of someone with military background, pos-
the condition.
sibly an American pilot from the near Torrejón Air Base
since the victim had been often seen in their company. The In the process of investigating the veracity of his claims the
crime, however, remains unsolved and was never linked by investigating magistrate of El Puerto de Santa María, Con-
the police to Delgado. Another victim often cited is Almu- rado Gallardo Ros, along with detectives involved in the
dena Sánchez Rus, murdered in El Puerto de Santa María cases, accompanied Delgado to the scenes of the crimes for
in 1972, but at that time Delgado was already arrested and two years where he re-enacted and explained the crimes.
in custody. One detective in particular, Salvador Ortega, succeed in
gaining Delgado's trust and was the one that was told the
On the other hand, Delgado himself claimed to have killed
most information. Photos taken during the investigation
also a foreign woman in Sant Feliu de Guixols, stabbed an-
show Delgado smiling and even embracing the detectives,
other woman in Alicante, strangled a homosexual man with
who called him with the affectionate form “Manolo”or
a wire in Barcelona and even of throwing another homosex-
even “Manolito”.* [17] On a side note, Delgado became
ual, a client, off a cliff in Garraf after the victim said“Such
the first serial killer to travel the scenes of his crimes by
beauty! Such view! I wouldn't mind dying right in this
airplane.
place!", to which Delgado replied “Die then”and pushed
him. In another occasion, Delgado manifested his discom-
fort upon hearing in the police car radio that 80 bodies had 62.2.3 Death
been found buried in a man's garden in Mexico; he immedi-
ately solicited the police to be freed for 24 hours, promising Manuel Delgado Villegas died on February 2, 1998 at the
not to escape, “so this guy doesn't beat me.”* [13] Hospital Can Ruti in Badalona as a result of chronic obstruc-
tive pulmonary disease.

62.2.2 Criminal Investigation and Arrest

Following the disappearance of Antonia“Toñi”Rodríguez


62.3 TV Programs featuring Del-
Relinque, a 38-year-old intellectually disabled woman who gado Villegas
had been seen on various occasions in the company of
Delgado, the police accompanied Delgado to El Puerto • Cuatro (15/02/09). “La muerte aparente; El rastro
de Santa María police station where he was questioned del arropiero; Diarios del Miedo”. Cuarto Milenio.
by Cadiz's Brigada de Investigación Criminal (Criminal In- Season 4. Episode 24/45. Cuatro. Check date values
vestigation Division) over the disappearance of the person in: |date= (help)
who they now knew to be his girlfriend. He initially de-
nied killing her, but following the discovery of her body • * “Entrevista a “El Arropiero"". Dossier 21. 1993.
220 CHAPTER 62. MANUEL DELGADO VILLEGAS

TVE. La 1. [15] “Manuel Delgado Villegas se confiesa autor de otra muerte”


(in Spanish). ABC. 23 February 1971. p. 31.

[16] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


62.4 Notes Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[17] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


a * ^ The nickname was first attributed to his father, a trav- Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península
elling salesman of arrope; Delgado Villegas was in turn
known as “The Son of El Arropiero" before it was con- [18] “El Arropiero, historia de un 'psicokiller'" [El Arropiero,
tracted into El Arropiero.* [18]* [19] If Delgado Villegas the history of a psycho-killer]. Diario de Sevilla.
ever sold arrope himself it was between September 1970
[19] “Los crímenes de el Arropiero”[The crimes of the ar-
and his arrest in January 1971 only, a time when he had ropiero]. Libertad digital: Fin de semana.
returned to El Puerto de Santa María to live with his fa-
ther.* [20] [20] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:
Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

62.5 References
[1] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:
Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[2] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[3] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[4] “Los crímenes de el Arropiero”[The crimes of the ar-


ropiero]. Libertad digital: Fin de semana.

[5] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[6] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[7] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[8] “Sigue sin descrubirse al que asesino a una joven francesa”


[The young Frenchwoman's killer is still unknown] (PDF)
(in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 23 June 1967. p. 9.

[9] “Los bomberos rescatan el cadaver de un hombre ahogado”


(PDF) (in Spanish). ABC. 21 July 1968. p. 49.

[10] (Spanish) http://findesemana.libertaddigital.com/articulo.


php/1276230426

[11] serial killer true crime library * serial killer news * list of
serial killers * serial murder * female serial killers * crime
scene investigation * tueur en serie * omicidi seriali *

[12] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[13] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península

[14] Catalán-Deus, José (2011) Criminales, Víctimas y Verdugos:


Crónica negra de España (1939–1975) Ed. Península
Chapter 63

Manuel Octavio Bermúdez

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 63.2 References


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). [1] “La historia de cinco asesinos en serie de Colombia”.
KienyKe. July 20, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Manuel Octavio Bermúdez Estrada, a.k.a.“El Monstruo
de los Cañaduzales”(The Monster of the Cane Fields) (born
1961) is a Colombian rapist and serial killer. He confessed 63.3 External links
to killing 21 children in remote areas of Colombia.
• Entry at murderpedia.org

63.1 Biography

Manuel Octavio Bermúdez was born in Trujillo, Valle del


Cauca, Colombia in 1961 and was orphaned after birth. He
was adopted by an abusive mother who threw him off a bal-
cony, breaking his hand and foot. This gave him a perma-
nent limp. He was given to another family in the city of
Palmira. His new parents were alcoholics and his father
was described as abusive. Bermudez later had several kids
of his own.* [1]
Bermúdez raped and killed at least 21 children in several
towns of Valle del Cauca from 1999 to 2003. He had
worked as an ice cream vendor and would lure his victims to
corn fields with offers of money for picking corn. Bermúdez
would then rape and strangle them to death while sometimes
injecting them with a syringe to drowsy their legs.
The mother of 12-year-old Luis Carlos Gálvez reported his
disappearance and Bermúdez had been seen with him. He
was arrested on July 18, 2003. Investigators inspected a
room he had rented in El Cairo and found newspaper clip-
pings of the murders, syringes, Lidocaine, and the wrist-
watch Luis Carlos Gálvez was wearing the day he disap-
peared.
Bermúdez confessed to the murders of 21 children, 17 of
whom were found and was sentenced to 40 years in prison
on March 20, 2004. He is suspected of killing over 300
children.

221
Chapter 64

Marc Dutroux

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 64.2 Personal life


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). He married at the age of 19 and fathered two children; the
marriage ended in divorce in 1983. By then he had already
Marc Dutroux (born 6 November 1956) is a Belgian serial had an affair with Michelle Martin. They would eventu-
killer and child molester, convicted of having kidnapped, ally have three children together, and married in 1989 while
tortured and sexually abused six girls from 1995 to 1996, both were in prison. They divorced in 2003, also while in
ranging in age from 8 to 19, four of whom he murdered. prison.
His wife, Michelle Martin, was convicted as an accomplice. He has been described by experts as a psychopath.* [2]
Dutroux was also convicted of having killed a suspected for-
mer accomplice, Bernard Weinstein. He was arrested in An often unemployed electrician, Dutroux had a long crimi-
1996 and has been in prison ever since, though he briefly nal history including convictions for car theft, muggings and
escaped in April 1998. drug dealing.* [3] Dutroux's criminal career also involved
the trade of stolen cars to Czechoslovakia and Hungary; all
Earlier, in 1989, Dutroux and Martin had been sentenced to of these activities gained him enough money to live in rel-
13 and a half respectively 5 years imprisonment for the ab- ative comfort in Charleroi, a city in Hainaut province that
duction and rape of five young girls, the youngest of whom had high unemployment at the time.* [4] He owned seven
being eleven years old. Dutroux was released after serving small houses, most of them vacant, and used three of them
just three years. for the torture of the girls he kidnapped. In his residence in
Dutroux's widely publicised trial took place in 2004. Marcinelle near Charleroi, he constructed a concealed dun-
A number of shortcomings in the Dutroux investigation geon in the basement. Hidden behind a massive concrete
caused widespread discontent in Belgium with the country's door disguised as a shelf, the cell was 2.15 m (7 ft) long,
criminal justice system, and the ensuing scandal was one of less than 1 m (3 ft) wide and 1.64 m (5 ft) high.
the reasons for the reorganisation of Belgium's law enforce-
ment agencies.
64.3 First arrest and release
In February 1986, Dutroux and Martin were arrested for ab-
ducting and raping five young girls. In April 1989, Dutroux
was sentenced to thirteen and a half years in prison. Martin
received a sentence of five years. Showing good behaviour
64.1 Early life in prison, Dutroux was released on parole in April 1992,
having served only three years, by Justice Minister Melchior
Wathelet. Upon his release the parole board received a let-
Born in Ixelles, Belgium, on 6 November 1956,* [1] ter from Dutroux's own mother to the prison director, in
Dutroux was the oldest of five children. His parents, both which she stressed concern that he was keeping young *
girls
teachers, emigrated to the Belgian Congo, but returned to captive in his house – which was essentially ignored. [3]
Belgium at the start of the Congo Crisis when Dutroux was Following his release from prison, Dutroux convinced a
four. They separated in 1971 and Dutroux stayed with his psychiatrist that he was psychiatrically disabled, resulting
mother. in a government pension. He also received prescriptions of

222
64.7. CRITICISM OF POLICE INVESTIGATIONS 223

sleeping pills and sedatives, which he would later use on his his houses proved inconclusive, but two days later, Dutroux
victims.* [5] and Lelièvre both made confessions. Dutroux led the police
to the basement dungeon where Dardenne and Delhez were
found alive on 15 August 1996.* [11] In an interview con-
64.4 Abductions after arrest ducted several years later, Dardenne revealed that Dutroux
had told her that she had been kidnapped by a gang but her
parents did not want to pay the ransom and the gang was
Julie Lejeune and Mélissa Russo (both aged eight) were kid- planning to kill her. Dutroux said he saved her, and that
napped together from Grâce-Hollogne on 24 June 1995, he was not one of the gang members she should fear. He
probably by Dutroux, and imprisoned in Dutroux's cellar. let her write letters to her family, which he read but never
Dutroux repeatedly sexually abused the girls and produced sent.* [8]
pornographic videos of the abuse.
On 17 August 1996, Dutroux led police to another of his
On 22 August 1995, Dutroux kidnapped 17-year-old An houses in Sars-la-Buissière in Hainaut province. The bod-
Marchal and 19-year-old Eefje Lambrecks who were on a ies of Julie Lejeune and Mélissa Russo as well as an accom-
camping trip in Ostend. He was probably assisted by his ac- plice, Bernard Weinstein, were found in the garden.* [9] An
complice Michel Lelièvre, who was paid with drugs. Since autopsy found that the two girls had died from starvation.
the dungeon already contained Lejeune and Russo, Dutroux Dutroux said he had crushed Weinstein's testicles until he
chained the girls to a bed in a room of his house. His wife gave him money, he then drugged him and buried him alive.
was aware of all these activities. Later Dutroux told the police where to find the bodies of
An Marchal and Eefje Lambrecks. They were located on 3
September 1996 in Jumet in Hainaut, buried under a shack
64.5 Second arrest next to a house owned by Dutroux. Weinstein had lived in
that house for three years.* [9]
In late 1995, Dutroux was arrested by police for involve- Hundreds of commercial adult pornographic videos, along
ment in a stolen luxury car racket. He was held in custody with a large number of home-made sex films that Dutroux
for three months between 6 December 1995 and 20 March had made with his wife Michelle Martin, were recovered
1996. Police searched Dutroux's house on 13 December from his properties.* [12]
1995 and again six days later in relation to the car theft
charge. During this time, Julie Lejeune and Mélissa Russo
were still alive in the basement dungeon, but in spite of their 64.7 Criticism of police investiga-
cries being heard, police failed to discover them. Michelle
Martin allegedly fed her husband's German shepherd dogs tions
but did not follow his orders to feed the girls, later claiming
she was too afraid to go into the dungeon.* [6] Lejeune and Authorities were criticised for various aspects of the case.
Russo starved to death, and were later buried in bin bags in Several incidents suggest that despite several warnings to
the back garden.* [7] the authorities, Dutroux's intentions were not properly
Two months after his release, Dutroux, with help from followed-up. Dutroux had offered money to a police in-
Lelièvre, kidnapped 12-year-old Sabine Dardenne who was formant to provide him with girls, and told him that he was
on her way to school on 28 May 1996. She was imprisoned constructing a cell in his basement. His mother also wrote
by him, once again, in the dungeon where he had kept his a second letter to the police, claiming that he held girls cap-
previous victims. tive in his houses. Dutroux was actually under police cam-
era surveillance the night he kidnapped Marchal and Lam-
brecks, the police had only programmed the camera to op-
erate during the daylight hours of 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.* [6]
64.6 Third arrest and discovery of
Perhaps most notably, the police search of Dutroux's house
the crimes on 13 December 1995 and again six days later in relation
to his car theft charge, came under harshest scrutiny.* [9]
On 9 August 1996, Dutroux and Lelièvre kidnapped 14- During this time, Julie Lejeune and Mélissa Russo were
year-old Laetitia Delhez as she was walking home from still alive in the basement dungeon, but the police failed
a public swimming pool. An eyewitness had earlier ob- to discover them. Since the search was unrelated to kid-
served Dutroux's van, described it and identified part of the napping charges, police searching the house had no dogs or
license plate.* [8] Dutroux, his wife, and Lelièvre were all specialised equipment that might have discovered the girls'
arrested on 13 August 1996.* [9]* [10] An initial search of presence, and in an otherwise decrepit and dirty basement
224 CHAPTER 64. MARC DUTROUX

they failed to recognize the significance of the freshly plas- 64.9 Parliamentary investigation
tered and painted wall that concealed the dungeon. While in
the basement, a locksmith who was accompanying the po-
and escape from custody
lice said he clearly heard children's cries coming from inside
the house, but was overruled by the police, who concluded A 17-month investigation by a parliamentary commission
the cries must have come from the street outside.* [9] Thisinto the Dutroux affair produced a report in February 1998,
which concluded that while Dutroux did not have accom-
was especially remarkable since the country was at that time
in the midst of a nationwide search for missing children. plices in high positions in the police and justice systems, as
he continued to claim, he profited from corruption, sloppi-
Several videotapes were also seized from the house that
ness and incompetence.
showed Dutroux constructing the secret entrance and the
dungeon where the girls were then held. The tapes were Public indignation flared up again in April 1998. While be-
never viewed by the police, who later claimed this was be- ing transferred to a court house without handcuffs, Dutroux
cause they did not have a videotape player.* [6] overpowered one of his guards, took his gun and escaped.
Police in his native Belgium, and in France, Luxembourg
and Germany placed their police forces on an “all-borders
alert”along with a major manhunt.* [16] He was caught a
few hours later. The Minister of Justice Stefaan De Clerck,
the Minister of the Interior Johan Vande Lanotte, and the
police chief resigned as a result. In 2000, Dutroux received
a five-year sentence for threatening a police officer during
64.8 Allegations of cover-up his escape. In 2002, he received another five-year sentence
for unrelated crimes.* [12]
There was widespread anger and frustration among Belgians
due to police errors, the general slowness of the investiga-
tion and the disastrous outcome of the events. This suspi- 64.10 Trial
cion that Dutroux had been, or was being, protected was
raised when the public became aware of Dutroux's claims
that he was part of a sex ring that included high-ranking Dutroux's trial began on 1 March 2004, some seven and a
members of the police force and government.* [13] This half years after his initial arrest.* [17] It was a trial by jury
suspicion along with general anger over the outcome cul- and up to 450 people were called upon to testify. The trial
minated when the popular judge in charge of investigat- took place in Arlon, the capital of the Belgian province of
ing the claims, Jean-Marc Connerotte, was dismissed on Luxembourg, where the investigations had started. Dutroux
was tried for the murder of An Marchal, Eefje Lambrecks
the grounds of having participated in a fund-raising din-
ner for the girls' parents.* [13] The investigation itself was and Bernard Weinstein, a suspected accomplice. While
admitting the abductions, he denied all three killings, al-
wrapped up on grounds of conflict of interests. His dis-
missal and end of the investigation resulted in a massive though he had earlier confessed to killing Weinstein.* [17]
Dutroux was also charged with a host of other crimes: auto
protest march (the "White March") of 300,000 people on
the capital, Brussels, in October 1996, two months after theft, abduction, attempted murder and attempted abduc-
Dutroux's arrest, in which demands were made for reforms tion, molestation, and three unrelated rapes of women from
of Belgium's police and justice system.* [14] Slovakia.* [18]

On the witness stand, Jean-Marc Connerotte, the original Martin was tried as an accomplice, as were Lelièvre and
judge of the case, broke down in tears when he described Michel Nihoul. To protect the accused, they were made
“the bullet-proof vehicles and armed guards needed to pro- to sit in a glass cage during the trial. In the first week of
tect him against the shadowy figures determined to stop the the trial, photos of Dutroux's face were not allowed to be
full truth coming out.* [13] Never before in Belgium has an printed in Belgian newspapers for privacy reasons; this ban
investigating judge at the service of the king been subjected remained in force until March 9.* [19] Throughout the trial,
to such pressure. We were told by police that [murder] con- Dutroux continued to insist that he was part of a Europe-
tracts had been taken out against the magistrates.”Con- wide paedophile ring with accomplices among police of-
nerotte testified that the investigation was seriously ham- ficers, businessmen, doctors, and even high-level Belgian
pered by protection of suspects by people in the govern- politicians.* [20]
ment. “Rarely has so much energy been spent opposing In a rare move, the jury at the Assize trial publicly protested
an inquiry,”he said. He believed that the Mafia had taken the presiding judge Stéphane Goux's handling of the de-
control of the case.* [15] bates and the victims' testimonies.* [20] On 14 June 2004,
64.13. SEE ALSO 225

after three months of trial, the jury went into seclusion to procedure of compulsory purchase, an owner has a
reach their verdicts on Dutroux and the three other accused. last right to visit a house. Therefore, Dutroux visited
Verdicts were returned on 17 June 2004 after three days this house on 10 September 2009, under heavy police
of deliberation.* [21] Dutroux, Martin and Lelièvre were guard.* [28]
found guilty on all charges; the jury were unable to reach
a verdict on Michel Nihoul's role.* [21] • A house in Jumet, that has since been demolished. An
and Eefje were buried in the garden of this house by
Dutroux. Weinstein lived in this house for a while. A
64.10.1 Sentencing small monument is placed at this location.

On 22 June, Dutroux received the maximum sentence of • A house in Marchienne-au-Pont. Julie and Mélissa
life imprisonment, while Martin received 30 years and were held captive here for a short while after their kid-
Lelièvre 25 years. Michel Nihoul was later acquitted from napping.
the charge of being an offender on kidnapping and murder • A house in Sars-la-Buissière. Julie, Mélissa and
of the girls by the court. The jury was asked to go back into Bernard Weinstein were buried here after Dutroux
seclusion to decide whether or not Michel Nihoul was an killed them. The house was bought by the municipal-
accomplice. On 23 June, Dutroux lodged an appeal against ity of Lobbes in the first months of 2009. It is planned
his sentence.* [22] Dutroux is currently being held in soli- to make a park with a monument commemorating the
tary confinement at Nivelles Prison.* [23] victims of Dutroux here.
Although Michel Nihoul was acquitted of kidnapping
and conspiracy charges, he was convicted on drug-related • Murals on a wall opposite the house in Marcinelle.
charges and received five years.
• Location of the house of Dutroux in Jumet.
On 19 August 2012 about 2,000 demonstrators in Brussels
demonstrated against Michelle Martin's possible early re- • House owned by Dutroux in Marchienne-au-Pont.
lease from prison. She has since been released, 13 years
into her sentence.* [24]
On 4 February 2013, Dutroux requested to a court in Brus- 64.13 See also
sels for an early release from prison.* [25] He insisted that
he was “no longer dangerous”and wanted to be released • András Pándy
into house arrest with an electronic tag placed upon him.
On 18 February, the court denied this request.* [26] • The Alcasser Girls

64.11 Legacy 64.14 References


The Dutroux case is so infamous that more than a third of Inline citations
Belgians with the surname“Dutroux”applied to have their
name changed between 1996 and 1998.* [27] [1] “Marc Dutroux”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 2009.

[2] “Evil Belgian found guilty”. The Telegraph India. Calcutta.


64.12 Dutroux's houses 17 June 2002. Retrieved 13 August 2015.

Marc Dutroux owned seven houses, four of which he used [3] “Profile: Marc Dutroux”. BBC News (London: BBC). 17
for his kidnappings: June 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[4] Moulaert, Frank (2000). Globalization and Integrated Area


• The house on the Route de Philippeville 128 in Development in European Cities. Oxford University Press. p.
Marcinelle is most often cited in the media. All girls 86.
were held captive here in the basement and bedroom.
[5] “Marc Dutroux ställdes öga mot öga med sitt offer”. DN.SE.
The municipality of Charleroi seized ownership of
Retrieved 12 July 2015.
this house, because of what happened there and the
bad state of the house. There are plans to create an [6] Van Heeswyck,Marie-Jeanne; Bulté, Annemie; De Coninck,
open space with a memorial site here. In the Belgian Douglas; The X-Dossiers, 1999.
226 CHAPTER 64. MARC DUTROUX

[7] Black, Ian (28 February 2004). “Eight years on, Dutroux [26] “Belgium court denies Marc Dutroux release”. BBC News.
appears in court – but will the truth be heard?". BBC News. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Retrieved 6 December 2010.
[27] “Belgian paedophile's namesakes change surnames”. BBC
[8] “Dutroux affair haunts Belgian police”. BBC. 22 January News. 10 January 1998. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
2002. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
[28] De Bock, Steven (11 September 2009). “Dutroux nog één
[9] “Articles about Marc Dutroux”. LATimes.com. Retrieved keer naar huis”[Dutroux even home once]. De Standaard
12 July 2015. (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 August 2015.

[10] “Belgian furious as child killer Marc Dutroux wife Michelle


General references
is freed”. The Independent. Associated Press. 22 August
2012. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
• The official indictment
[11] Serial Killers: Monster of Belgium (Television Production).
Silver Spring, Maryland, US: Discovery Communications. • BBC News on Sabine Dardenne
2008.
• Dutroux at CrimeLibrary (Dead link)
[12] Bell, Rachael. “Marc Dutroux, A Pedophile and Child-
Killer”. trutv. Retrieved 19 December 2012. • United Nations High Commission on Human Rights
report criticizing changes in the Belgian Constitution
[13] Helm, Toby (17 August 2001).“Belgium accused of cover- due to the case
up in Dutroux inquiry”. Telegraph.co.uk. Brussels. Re-
trieved 12 July 2015.

[14] Osborn, Andrew (25 January 2002).“Belgium still haunted 64.15 External links
by paedophile scandal”. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July
2015. • Media related to Marc Dutroux at Wikimedia Com-
[15] Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (5 March 2004). “Judge tells of mons
murder plots to block Dutroux investigation”. The Daily
Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 September 2007.

[16] Downing, John (24 April 1998).“Disbelief as Dutroux flees


court”. Irish Independent. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

[17] “Dutroux trial to revive Belgium's trauma”. The Irish Times.


1 March 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2015.

[18] Marc Dutroux at Kriminalstika.eu. Retrieved 12 July 2015

[19] Siuberski, Phillipe (9 March 2004). “Dutroux lashes out at


media”. The Age. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

[20] “Belgium court denies Marc Dutroux release”. BBC News.


Retrieved 12 July 2015.

[21] “Belgian paedophile Dutroux guilty of rape and murder”.


The Irish Times. 18 June 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2015.

[22] “Belgium's Dutroux 'lodges appeal'". BBC News (BBC).


23 June 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

[23] “Marc Dutroux op 4 februari voor strafuitvoeringsrechtbank


voor enkelband”[Marc Dutroux in court on 4 February to
get ankle bracelet]. De Standaard. 27 December 2012.

[24] “Belgians demand pedophile accomplice stays in jail”.


Sacbee News. 19 August 2012.

[25] “Marc Dutroux: Child Killer Wants Early Release”. Sky


News (BSkyB). 4 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February
2013.
Chapter 65

Marcelo Costa de Andrade

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 65.2 References


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview).
65.3 External links
Marcelo Costa de Andrade (born January 2, 1967), a.k.a.
• Entry at murderpedia.org
“The Vampire of Niterói”, is a Brazilian serial killer con-
victed of raping and killing 14 boys.

65.1 Biography

Marcelo Costa de Andrade was born on January 2, 1967


in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil and grew up in the Rocinha
favela. He was beaten and sexually abused regularly by the
age of ten and began to prostitute himself at the age of four-
teen. He was sent to a reform school but later escaped. At
16, Andrade began a relationship with an older man and
tried to rape his ten-year-old brother at 17. At 23, he broke
up with his lover and moved back in with his family. He
found a low-paying job and began to attend the Universal
Church of the Kingdom of God.
From April to December 1991, Andrade raped and killed
14 young boys aged 6 to 13. He would lure the boys to
secluded spots and rape them, then strangling or beating
them to death. He had sex with the corpses and decapitated
one of his victims. He believed that doing so would send
them to heaven. He also drank some of the victims' blood
to “become as beautiful as them”.
In December 1991, Andrade encountered ten-year-old Al-
tair Abreu and his six-year-old brother Ivan. They were of-
fered $20 to follow him to a church where he was going to
light candles. Andrade then strangled Ivan to death and told
Altair that he loved him and had sent Ivan to heaven. An-
drade asked Altair to spend the night with him and Altair
escaped the next morning after Andrade was going to take
him to work with him.
Andrade was arrested on December 18, 1991 and declared
insane on April 26, 1993.

227
Chapter 66

Mark Goudeau

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with lowing up on hundreds of tips during the summer of 2006.
unknown parameter “kidnappings”(this message is As residents of Phoenix became increasingly alarmed by
shown only in preview). the random nature of the violent crimes, community meet-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with ings were called by the police to distribute a sketch based
unknown parameter “sexualassault”(this message is on the description given by the surviving victims. Frus-
shown only in preview). tration and fear blanketed the city as posters and bill-
boards displayed the sketch of the Baseline Killer, offering
a $100,000 reward for information leading to an arrest. It
Mark Goudeau (born September 6, 1964) is an American
serial killer and rapist, referred to as the Baseline Killer took the police over a year to finally come up with a viable
suspect.
(or Baseline Rapist) by law enforcement and media prior
to his identification. Goudeau was involved in one of the Mark Goudeau was at the time on Community Supervision
two simultaneously occurring serial killer cases (the other (parole) with the Arizona Department of Corrections and
being the "Serial Shooter") which terrorized the Phoenix supervised out of the Northeast Parole Office. In August
metro area, between August 2005 and June 2006. 2006, Parole Officers in the Northeast Parole Office pro-
Goudeau was first referred to as the Baseline Rapist when vided information to the Phoenix Police Department task
Phoenix Police first announced that a light-skinned black force suggesting that Mark Goudeau matched the sketch
man was sexually assaulting females as young as 12 years of the Baseline Killer. Parole Officers searched Mark
old at gunpoint near Baseline Road. Goudeau would later Goudeau's residence and found a ski mask and a realistic
be dubbed the Baseline Killer in the spring of 2006 after “toy”handgun. Police used this information to obtain a
investigators began to link a series of murders and armed search warrant for Mark Goudeau's residence and found ad-
robberies to the rapist.* [1] The perpetrator was referred to ditional items that linked Mark Goudeau to crimes commit-
as the Baseline Rapist and Baseline Killer as the first crimes ted by the Baseline Killer.
began around Baseline Road in South Phoenix, Arizona. On September 4, 2006, Mark Goudeau was arrested in con-
The crimes later spread north, primarily in the North Cen- nection to the sexual assault of two Phoenix sisters, an at-
tral area of Phoenix. tack which was tied to the Baseline Killer investigation. The
Goudeau is believed to have committed nine counts of first sisters, one of whom was visibly pregnant, were assaulted
degree murder (8 women, 1 man), in addition to 15 sexual in a Phoenix city park on September 20, 2005. Goudeau
assaults on women and young girls, 11 counts of kidnap- was linked to the attack by DNA evidence collected shortly
ping, and a number of armed robberies.* [2] following the time of the crime.

Although not initially linked, the crimes were distinguished On September 7, 2007, Goudeau was tried and convicted
by having no apparent motive, and the murders were par- of all 19 charges relating to the attack on the two sisters. He
ticularly brutal, with the killer often shooting the victims in was sentenced on December 14, 2007 to 438 years in prison
the head. The criminal was often described wearing various for the sexual assault charges. On November 30, 2011, a
disguises such as a Halloween mask as well as attempting to Phoenix, Arizona jury sentenced him to death on the mur-
impersonate a homeless man or drug addict. der charges relating to the Baseline Killings.* [4] Goudeau
is held on death row in ASPC Eyman.
Police say that the shell casings found at each of the crime
scenes all came from the same gun.* [3]
Phoenix police spent thousands of hours patrolling and fol-

228
66.1. TIMELINE 229

66.1 Timeline • November 7, 2005, three separate robberies

• 8:08 pm, 2950 N. 32nd St, Phoenix. A string


• August 6, 2005, two sexual assaults
of robberies occurred starting with four people
• 9:45 pm, 7202 S. 48th Street, Phoenix. Po- at gunpoint inside Las Brasas, a Mexican restau-
lice say Goudeau forced three teenagers behind rant. He then went next door to a Little Caesarʼs
a church near Baseline Road, and molested two Pizza restaurant and robbed three people inside.
of the girls.* [5] Immediately proceeding the pizza restaurant, he
robbed four people outside on the street. He re-
• August 14, 2005, combined sexual assault and robbery portedly stole $463 and fired a round into the air
• 4:10 am, 2425 E. Thomas Rd, Phoenix. as he fled.

• September 8, 2005, homicide • December 12, 2005, homicide

• 1:00 am, 3730 S. Mill Ave, Tempe, Georgia • at 6:55 pm there was a homicide on 6005 S.
Thompson, 19.* [6] 40th Street, Phoenix. Tina Washington, 39, was
on her way home from a preschool where she
• September 15, 2005, sexual assault worked. A witness spotted a man with a drawn
gun standing over her body behind a fast food
• 9:40 am, 4512 N. 40th St, Phoenix.
restaurant. She had been shot in the head.
• September 20, 2005, sexual assault
• December 13, 2005, robbery
• 10:30 pm, 3100 W. Vineyard Rd, Phoenix.
While walking home from a Phoenix city park at • 4:00 pm, a woman was robbed at 700 E. South
night, two sisters (one of whom was clearly preg- Mountain Avenue, Phoenix.
nant), were approached by Goudeau who was • February 20, 2006, two homicides
armed with a gun. He sexually assaulted one of
the sisters while pushing the gun into the other • 7:38 am, the bodies of 38-year-old Romelia Var-
sister's pregnant belly. He was arrested, one year gas and 34-year-old Mirna Palma-Roman were
later, when DNA evidence found on the women found shot to death inside their snack truck at
matched his profile. This was the breakthrough 91st Avenue and Lower Buckeye Road. Initially,
that led to the arrest in the Baseline Killer inves- police did not connect this crime to the Baseline
tigation. Killer and believed that the murders were drug-
related. The murders were officially linked by
• September 28, 2005, robbery police in July 2006.
• 1425 W. Baseline Rd, Tempe.
• March 15, 2006, two homicides
• September 28, 2005, combined sexual assault and
• at 9:00 pm, a double homicide was discovered on
robbery
4102 N. 24th Street, Phoenix. Two employees
• 9:30 pm, 7202 S. Central Ave, Phoenix. of Yoshiʼs restaurant at 24th Street and Indian
School Road were on their way home in the same
• November 3, 2005, robbery and sexual assault vehicle. Liliana Sanchez-Cabrera, age 20, was
• separate robbery at 8:01 pm, 4019 N. 32nd found dead in the parking lot of another fast-food
St, Phoenix, then sexual assault at 8:10 pm, restaurant while the body of Chao Chou was dis-
3131 E. Indian School (across street of robbery), covered about a mile away. Both victims were
Phoenix. A robbery occurred on North 32nd shot in the head.
Street. A man with dreadlocks and a fisherman's • March 29, 2006, homicide
hat walked into a shop and robbed it at gunpoint
for $720. Less than 10 minutes later, he ab- • 12:00 am, 2502 N. 24th St, Phoenix. A body was
ducted a woman placing items in a parking lot discovered on North 24th Street. A local busi-
donation receptacle, across the street. He sexu- nessman noticed streaks of blood on the gravel
ally assaulted her in her car and demanded she of a parking lot. The police were called, but
drive him to the corner because he just commit- a search of the area turned up nothing of real
ted a robbery. The victim said he wore a Hal- value. A week later, the businessman discovered
loween costume and black plastic glasses. the badly decomposed body of Kristin Nicole
230 CHAPTER 66. MARK GOUDEAU

Gibbons as he was investigating a horrible odor police have worked to obtain partial hand prints, DNA and
in the area. She had been shot in the head. ballistics reports to build their case; but those results were
blacked out on the paperwork.
• May 1, 2006, sexual assault

• at 9:00 pm, 2950 N. 32nd St, Phoenix. A man


in a latex Halloween mask abducted a woman 66.3 False confession
in a car and sexually assaulted her at gunpoint.
She was taken from outside the same restaurants While being interviewed by police in Kentucky on a
where the November 7, 2005 crimes occurred. burglary case, James Dewayne Mullins claimed responsi-
• May 5, 2006 bility for the murder of Georgia Thompson on September
8, 2005. Mullins told police he shot Thompson as she at-
• Phoenix police went public with a list of 18 tempted to rob him outside the Scottsdale strip club where
crimes that they believed were the work of the she worked. However, Thompson's body was found almost
Baseline Killer. This number has since risen to 10 miles (16 km) away in Tempe at her apartment complex.
23, as of August 2, 2006. Police do not believe she was killed elsewhere.

• June 29, 2006, homicide Mullins changed his story when police definitively linked
the homicide to the Baseline Killer. Since then, he has
• at 9:30 pm, a homicide occurred on 2924 E. told police that he was not in Arizona. Mullins denies any
Thomas Rd, Phoenix. Carmen Miranda, 37, was involvement in Thompson's death. On August 3, 2006,
abducted from a self-serve carwash, located half murder charges against Mullins were dropped. Authorities
block from May 1 and November 7 crimes, while stated that Mullins had caused a significant diversion of re-
she was on her cellular phone. She was found sources during the hunt for the genuine killer.* [9]
dead from a gunshot to the head behind a bar-
bershop about 100 yards (91 m) away. The at-
tack was captured on closed-circuit television.
This is the last crime attributed to the Baseline
66.4 Arrest of Goudeau as a suspect
Killer.* [7]* [8]
On September 4, 2006, Phoenix police announced an arrest
in connection with a sexual assault previously linked to the
Baseline Killer while serving a search warrant at 28th Street
66.2 Documents and Pinchot Avenue.* [10]
Police arrested Mark Goudeau, an African American con-
Phoenix police have released hundreds of pages of docu-
ments that detail their investigation into the Baseline Killer. struction worker living in Phoenix.* [11] Goudeau was
charged with attacking two sisters on September 20, 2005
The paperwork obtained by ABC15 News reveals that po-
lice have at least 10 names of possible suspects that they while they were walking home from a Phoenix city park at
night. Goudeau was linked to the attack by matching DNA
have looked into, and have ruled out some of those peo-
ple. The 20,000 pages of police reports are primarily of evidence found on the victims. Goudeau was tried and con-
other suspects with very little mention of Mark Goudeau. victed on all 19 counts connected to the assault and all mur-
The documents reveal information on nine cases ranging ders related to the Baseline Killer investigation.
from a double homicide to sexual assaults, robberies and During the trial, the two sisters gave testimony that
kidnappings. The new information includes police reports Goudeau suddenly approached them with a gun in his hand.
and narratives that describe where and who police are look- They were forced into nearby bushes and told to remove
ing at in the investigation. They also discuss investigative their clothing. The victims said Goudeau sexually assaulted
leads; however, much of the information was redacted. the younger sister as he pointed his gun at the other sister's
According to the documents, the Baseline Killer posed as a pregnant abdomen. Prosecutors said Goudeau warned the
homeless person in one incident, pushing a shopping cart to- women not to look at his face during the assault. They also
ward a woman in a parking lot near 32nd Street and Thomas stated he rubbed dirt on one of the women to remove saliva
Road. He forced himself into her car and told her to per- traces, and wore a condom during the assault on one of the
form oral sex upon him or he would kill her. She fought sisters.
him off, the records said. In that incident, the man believed Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas stated he
to be the Baseline Killer was wearing gloves, a mask and would seek the death penalty on Goudeau if he is convicted
clothing that covered his entire body. The records show in the murder trial.* [5]* [12]
66.5. MISHANDLING OF EVIDENCE 231

Goudeauʼs wife, Wendy Carr, told The Associated Press 66.5 Mishandling of evidence
that police arrested the wrong man; “My husband is inno-
cent,”Carr reportedly said in a telephone interview.“This In April 2009, the Times Publications, a chain of publica-
is a huge miscarriage of justice. And they have an innocent tions in the Phoenix metro area, published a story revealing
man in prison. This is all a mistake. He shouldnʼt be in that the Phoenix Police Department had possessed the key
prison for something he didnʼ t do.”Goudeau is described as DNA evidence that was eventually used to crack the Base-
a loving husband and exceptionally friendly neighbor who line Killer case nine months before the arrest, but failed to
took meticulous care of his lawn. Friends and family deny analyze it in a timely manner.* [19]
any possibility that Goudeau could be the Baseline Killer,
saying he was framed by Phoenix police who were desper-
ate for a suspect.* [13]* [14]
66.6 Another suspect
According to Arizona prison officials, Goudeau is an ex-
convict who served 13 years of a 21-year sentence for ag-
In June 2009, a leaked police report indicates another sus-
gravated assault, including beating a woman's head with a
pect had been questioned in connection to the Vargas and
barbell, and armed robbery. Goudeau pleaded down to the
Roman lunch truck murder in February 2006. Terry Wayne
charge of aggravated assault, but he had also originally been
Smith, an African American who matched the description
charged with rape and kidnapping. The rape charge was
of the Baseline Killer and who lived near several of the
dropped, as there was no physical evidence of rape.
Baseline Killer crime scenes was documented as a poten-
On December 7, 2006, three months after Goudeau was tial accomplice.* [20] Smith had a long, violent history of
arrested, Phoenix police said they were confident he was crime in California and Arizona including aggravated as-
responsible for the full series of murders, rapes and rob- sault, armed robbery, and was a suspect in two homicide
beries that terrorized the city for 13 months. Goudeau is cases.
believed to have committed nine murders, one more than
Smith was released from prison shortly before the Baseline
originally attributed to the Baseline Killer (the murder of
Killer attacks began, and he was arrested a few days after
Sophia Nunez on April 10, 2006). Police say ballistics,
Goudeau. Smith is currently imprisoned for 4 years after
DNA and circumstantial evidence prove that Goudeau is the
allegedly holding his family at gunpoint the night before his
Baseline Killer. During the trial, a forensic specialist with
arrest.* [21] As of February 2013, Terry Smith had been
the Department of Public Safety told the Maricopa County
released from jail.* [22]
Superior Court that Goudeau was undoubtedly the source
of male DNA found on the left breast of one of the vic- Police officer Rusty Stuart compiled 166 pages suggesting
that Smith may have been involved in some of the Base-
tims with it being 360 trillion times more likely that DNA
collected from the crime scene came from Goudeau rather line murders. However, police spokesmen say that Smith
than an unrelated African-American man. had been properly questioned and dismissed as a suspect,
and state that Smith was in jail at the time of one of the
Corwin Townsend, Goudeau's defense attorney at the time,
murders.* [17]
pointed out that Heath's analysis showed only a par-
tial match. Under cross-examination, Heath agreed that
Goudeau's DNA was consistent with only three of 13 ge-
netic markers.* [15] 66.7 See all
Police recommended that prosecutors charge Goudeau with
• List of death row inmates in the United States
74 crimes, including nine counts of first-degree murder,
five counts of sexual assault, three counts of attempted sex-
ual assault, 10 counts of kidnapping, 12 counts of armed
robbery, four counts of attempted armed robbery, three 66.8 References
counts of sexual abuse, nine counts of sexual conduct with
a minor, 13 counts of aggravated assault, and three counts [1] “Take a Chilling Look Inside the Baseline Killer Case”.
of indecent exposure.* [16] On October 31, 2011, Mark Phoenix New Times. November 10, 2011. Retrieved June
Goudeau was found guilty of a total of 67 felony counts, 29, 2012.
including all murders attributed to the Baseline Killer.* [17] [2] Montaldo, Charles. “The Phoenix Baseline Killer Case”.
On November 30, 2011, Goudeau was sentenced to death About.com Crime/Punishment.
while serving a 438 year sentence for rape and assault.* [18]
[3] “Police: Blood, rings tie suspect to Baseline Killer attacks”
. East Valley Tribune.com. East Valley Tribune. 6 October
2007.
232 CHAPTER 66. MARK GOUDEAU

[4] “Topic Galleries”. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2012- 66.9 External links


03-04.

[5]“Man guilty in 'Baseline Killer' sex assault case”. East Valley • Baseline Killer Timeline and Crime Scene Photos
Tribune.com. East Valley Tribune. 7 September 2007.

[6] “Mark Goudeau - Baseline Killer/ Baseline Rapist Suspect”


. Phx411.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.

[7] “Cops Link Two More Murders to Baseline”. AMW Case


File. America's Most Wanted.

[8] “Crimes linked to the 'Baseline Killer'". azcentral.com. The


Arizona Republic. 28 July 2006.

[9] Muench, Sarah (15 July 2006). “Confessed killer recants;


puzzle builds”. azcentral.com. The Arizona Republic. Re-
trieved 3 April 2012.

[10] Villa, Judi (7 September 2006). “Police make arrest in


'Baseline Killer' case”. azcentral.com. The Arizona Re-
public. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

[11] “There's no good proof the real Medium, Allison DuBois,


has ever cracked a case, but her fans don't care”. Phoenix
New Times. June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

[12] Closing arguments begin in Baseline Killer trial

[13] Bergman, Cris (7 September 2006). “Baseline Killer Al-


ibi? Wife Claims Suspect Innocent”. The National Ledger.
Retrieved 3 April 2012.

[14] “Page 1”. Markgoudeauinnocent.com. Retrieved 2012-


03-04.

[15] “Jury being picked in Ariz 'Baseline Killer' case”. Seattle


Times. April 19, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

[16] Villa, Judi (7 December 2006). “Goudeau tied to all 'Base-


line Killer' cases”. azcentral.com. The Arizona Republic.
Retrieved 3 April 2012.

[17] Hawkins, Kristal. “The Baseline Killer ̶New Suspect &


Conviction”. truTV Crime Library. Trutv.com. Retrieved
2012-03-04.

[18]“Phoenix-area 'Baseline Killer' sentenced to death for 9 slay-


ings”. Los Angeles Times. November 30, 2011. Retrieved
June 29, 2012.

[19] Hogan, Shanna. “Justice Delayed”. Times Publications.


Retrieved 2012-03-04.

[20] “Going Rogue: An Obsessive Phoenix Patrol Cop Tried to


Nail the Wrong Guy in the Baseline Killer Case”. Phoenix
New Times. February 4, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

[21] Hogan, Shanna. “Unreasonable Doubt”. Times Publica-


tions. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

[22] Leitner, Tammy. “CBS 5 Investigates the Baseline Killer:


An accomplice?". WorldNow and RAYCOMNBC. Re-
trieved 30 June 2014.
Chapter 67

Michelle Knotek

Michelle Knotek is a former Raymond, Washington, 67.1.2 Shane Watson


woman who was convicted in 2004 of second-degree mur-
der and manslaughter in the torture and deaths of Kathy Shane Watson, born in 1975 in Tacoma, was Michelle
Loreno and Ronald Woodworth, who were both boarders Knotek's nephew. Watson moved in with the Knoteks
in Knotek's home. Her husband, David Knotek, was also around 1993. Shortly after Loreno's disappearance in 1994,
convicted of the murder of his 19-year-old nephew Shane Watson seemingly vanished too. The Knoteks initially
Watson, who lived with the Knoteks. Michelle Knotek was claimed that Watson had run away to Alaska to work on
sentenced to 22 years in prison,* [1] which she is serving at a fishing vessel. David Knotek later claimed that he had
the Washington Corrections Center for Women in Gig Har- shot Watson with a .22 caliber rifle. Investigators alleged
bor; her husband David Knotek is serving a 15-year prison that David Knotek killed Watson because Michelle was en-
sentence* [2] at the Monroe Correctional Complex. The raged that Watson took pictures documenting the abuse of
Knoteks' crimes made national headlines due to allegations Loreno.* [6] David Knotek also stated that he burned the
of abuse and torture.* [1] bodies of Shane Watson and Kathy Loreno and scattered
their ashes at the beach.* [3]

67.1.3 Ronald Woodworth


Ronald Woodworth was a local man who went to live with
67.1 Victims the Knoteks around 2001. However, like Kathy Loreno,
Woodworth was also subject to severe physical abuse. Wit-
nesses described seeing Woodworth being forced to do
67.1.1 Kathy Loreno chores outside wearing only his underwear, and to jump
from the second story roof onto gravel, wearing nothing
on his feet causing broken bones and severe lacerations.
Kathy Loreno was a hairdresser working in South Bend, They also claimed that Michelle Knotek would burn Wood-
Washington, when she met Michelle Knotek, and the two worth's injured feet with boiling water and pure bleach.
became friends. In 1991 after an argument between Loreno Woodworth went missing in 2003. David Knotek later ad-
and her family, Loreno moved out of their home and into mitted to burying Woodworth's body on their property after
the home of Michelle and David Knotek.* [3] During her Michelle told him that Woodworth had committed suicide.
stay at the Knoteks' home, it was alleged that Loreno suf- An autopsy performed by the King County medical exam-
fered physical abuse. In 1994, Loreno was reported miss- iner proved that Woodworth's death was murder.* [6]
ing by family members. When interviewed by authorities,
the Knoteks stated that Loreno had run away with a truck
driver and moved to Hawaii.* [4] Michelle Knotek main-
tained that she and Loreno were in regular contact. How- 67.2 Prison
ever, a private investigator hired by Loreno's brother con-
cluded that she had probably been murdered by Michelle The Pacific County Deputy Prosecutor stated that Michelle
Knotek.* [3] David Knotek claimed that Loreno died by Knotek showed “extreme indifference to human life";
asphyxiating on her own vomit, but he did not take her to a Michelle was charged with two counts of first-degree mur-
hospital or report her death to police because of the physical der in the deaths of Kathy Loreno and Ronald Woodworth.
injuries to Loreno's body.* [5] David Knotek was charged with first-degree murder in the

233
234 CHAPTER 67. MICHELLE KNOTEK

death of Shane Watson; he was also charged with render-


ing criminal assistance and unlawful disposal of human re-
mains.* [6]
Through plea negotiations, both Knoteks pled guilty to
lesser charges in 2004. Michelle Knotek entered an Alford
plea, in which she did not admit responsibility but acknowl-
edged the prosecutor's case against her. She pled guilty
to one count of second-degree murder and one count of
manslaughter. While an initial agreement with prosecu-
tors would have sent her to prison for 17 years, the judge
sentenced her to 22 years in prison.* [1] David Knotek was
sentenced to 15 years in prison for the second-degree mur-
der of Shane Watson.* [2] He is eligible for parole in 2019.
The daughters communicate with him, but not with their
mother, because they believe any contact with her would
endanger them and their families.
Michelle Knotek later tried to have her convictions over-
turned, but her appeal was denied by the Washington Court
of Appeals.

67.3 In the Media


The Knoteks' case has been featured on several television
programs, including Wicked Attraction, Sins and Secrets,
and Snapped.

67.4 References
[1] “Woman gets 22 years in deaths of boarders”.

[2] “Plea deal reduces charge in Raymond murder case”.

[3] “Wifeʼs role scrutinized in deaths; vulnerable people drawn


to her”.

[4] “Suspectʼs relatives contacted police in 2001”.

[5] “Raymond couple befriended 3 strangers, who then disap-


peared”.

[6] “Couple charged with murder in deaths of boarders”.


Chapter 68

Moors murders

“Moors Murderers”redirects here. For an early band of described Brady and Hindley in his closing remarks as“two
Chrissie Hynde before she formed the Pretenders, see The sadistic killers of the utmost depravity”.* [4]
Moors Murderers.

The Moors murders were carried out by Ian Brady and 68.1 Victims
Myra Hindley between July 1963 and October 1965, in and
around what is now Greater Manchester, England. The vic-
tims were five children aged between 10 and 17̶Pauline
Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey
and Edward Evans̶at least four of whom were sexually as-
saulted. The murders are so named because two of the vic-
tims were discovered in graves dug on Saddleworth Moor;
a third grave was discovered on the moor in 1987, more
than 20 years after Brady and Hindley's trial in 1966. The
body of a fourth victim, Keith Bennett, is also suspected
to be buried there, but despite repeated searches it remains
undiscovered.
The police were initially aware of only three killings, those
of Edward Evans, Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride.
The investigation was reopened in 1985, after Brady was Saddleworth Moor, viewed from Hollin Brown Knoll. The bodies
reported in the press as having confessed to the murders of of three of the victims were found in this area.
Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett. Brady and Hindley were
taken separately to Saddleworth Moor to assist the police in The full extent of Brady and Hindley's crimes did not come
their search for the graves, both by then having confessed to light until their confessions in 1985, as both had until then
to the additional murders. maintained their innocence.* [5] Their first victim was 16-
Characterised by the press as “the most evil woman in year-old Pauline Reade, a neighbour of Hindley's who dis-
Britain”,* [1] Hindley made several appeals against her appeared on her way to a dance at the British Railways Club
life sentence, claiming she was a reformed woman and no in Gorton, Manchester, on 12 July 1963.* [6] That evening,
longer a danger to society, but she was never released. She Brady told Hindley that he wanted to “commit his perfect
died in 2002, aged 60. Brady was declared criminally in- murder”. He told her to drive her van around the local area
sane in 1985, since when he has been confined in the high- while he followed behind on his motorcycle; when he spot-
security Ashworth Hospital. He has made it clear that he ted a likely victim he would flash his headlight, and Hindley
wishes never to be released, and has repeatedly asked that was to stop and offer that person a lift. Both Brady and
he be allowed to die. Hindley provided different accounts of the murder.* [5]
The murders, reported in almost every English language Driving down Gorton Lane, Brady saw a young girl walk-
newspaper in the world,* [2] were the result of what Mal- ing towards them, and signalled Hindley to stop, which she
colm MacCulloch, professor of forensic psychiatry at did not do until she had passed the girl. Brady drew up
Cardiff University, called a “concatenation of circum- alongside on his motorbike, demanding to know why she
stances”.* [3] The trial judge, Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson, had not offered the girl a lift, to which Hindley replied that
she recognised her as Marie Ruck, a near neighbour of her

235
236 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

mother. Shortly after 8:00 pm, continuing down Froxmer birthday. Hindley lured him into her Mini pick-up̶which
Street,* [7] Brady spotted a girl wearing a pale blue coat and Brady was sitting in the back of̶by asking for the boy's
white high-heeled shoes walking away from them, and once help in loading some boxes, after which she said she would
again signalled for the van to stop.* [5] Hindley recognised drive him home. She drove to a lay-by on Saddleworth
the girl as Pauline Reade, a friend of her younger sister, Moor as she and Brady had previously arranged, and Brady
Maureen.* [8] Reade got into the van with Hindley, who went off with Bennett, supposedly looking for a lost glove.
then asked if she would mind helping to search for an ex- Hindley kept watch, and after about 30 minutes or so Brady
pensive glove she had lost on Saddleworth Moor. Reade reappeared, alone and carrying a spade that he had hidden
said she was in no great hurry, and agreed. At 16, Pauline there earlier. When Hindley asked how he had killed Ben-
Reade was older than Marie Ruck, and Hindley realised that nett, Brady said that he had sexually assaulted the boy and
there would be less of a hue and cry over the disappear- strangled him with a piece of string.* [15]
ance of a teenager than there would over a child of seven or Brady and Hindley visited a fairground on 26 December
eight. When the van reached the moor, Hindley stopped and
1964 in search of another victim, and noticed 10-year-
Brady arrived shortly afterwards on his motorcycle. She in- old Lesley Ann Downey standing beside one of the rides.
troduced him to Reade as her boyfriend, and said that he had
When it became apparent that she was on her own, they
also come to help find the missing glove. Hindley claimed approached her and deliberately dropped some of the shop-
Brady took Reade onto the moor while Hindley waited in ping they were carrying close to her, before asking for the
the van. After about 30 minutes Brady returned alone, and girl's help to carry some of the packages to their car, and
took Hindley to the spot where Reade lay dying. Her throat then to their home. Once inside the house Downey was un-
had been cut twice with a large knife. The larger of these dressed, gagged and forced to pose for photographs before
wounds was a four-inch incision across her voice box, and being raped and killed, perhaps strangled with a piece of
the collar of Reade's coat had been deliberately pushed into string. Hindley maintained that she went to fill a bath for the
this wound.* [9] He told her to stay with Reade while he child and found the girl dead (presumably killed by Brady)
fetched a spade he had hidden nearby on a previous visit to when she returned. In Dr. Chris Cowley's book Face to
the moor, to bury the body. Hindley noticed that“Pauline's Face with Evil: Conversations with Ian Brady, Brady states
coat was undone and her clothes were in disarray ... She had that it was Hindley who killed Lesley Ann Downey. The
guessed from the time he had taken that Brady had sexually following morning Brady and Hindley drove with Downey's
assaulted her.”* [5] Brady's account differed from Hind- body to Saddleworth Moor,* [16] where she was buried,
ley's. He claimed that Hindley was not only there at the naked with her clothes at her feet, in a shallow grave.* [17]
scene, but that she assisted him with the sexual assault on
Pauline.* [10] Returning home from the moor in the van̶ On 6 October 1965 Brady met 17-year-old apprentice en-
they had loaded the motorcycle into the back̶Brady and gineer Edward Evans at Manchester Central railway station
Hindley passed Reade's mother, Joan, accompanied by her (now Manchester Central) and invited him to his home at 16
son, Paul, searching the streets for Pauline.* [11] Wardle Brook Avenue in Hattersley, Cheshire, where Brady
beat him to death with an axe.* [18]
Accompanied by Brady, Hindley approached 12-year-old
John Kilbride in the early evening of 23 November 1963
at a market in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, and offered
him a lift home on the pretext that his parents would be 68.2 Initial report
worried about him being out so late. With the added in-
ducement of a bottle of sherry, Kilbride readily agreed to
The attack on Edward Evans was witnessed by Hindley's
get into the Ford Anglia car that Hindley had hired. Brady
17-year-old brother-in-law, David Smith, the husband of
told Kilbride that the sherry was at their home, and they
her younger sister Maureen. The Hindley family had not
would have to make a detour to collect it. On the way he
approved of Maureen's marriage to Smith, who had sev-
suggested that they take another detour, to search for a glove
eral criminal convictions, including actual bodily harm and
he said that Hindley had lost on the moor.* [12] When they
housebreaking, the first of which, wounding with intent,
reached the moor Brady took the child with him while Hind-
occurred when he was aged eleven.* [19] Throughout the
ley waited in the car. Brady sexually assaulted Kilbride and
previous year Brady had been cultivating a friendship with
attempted to slit his throat with a six-inch serrated blade
Smith, who had become“in awe”of the older man, some-
before fatally strangling him with a piece of string, possibly
thing that increasingly worried Hindley, as she felt it com-
a shoelace.* [13]
promised their safety.* [20]
Twelve-year-old Keith Bennett vanished on his way to his
On the evening of 6 October 1965 Hindley drove Brady
grandmother's house in Longsight (Manchester) during the
* to Manchester Central railway station, where she waited
early evening of 16 June 1964, [14] four days after his
outside in the car while he selected their victim; after a
68.3. ARREST 237

the rest?" When I first walked into the house, the


door to the living room ... was closed. ... Ian went
into the living room and I waited in the kitchen.
I waited about a minute or two then suddenly I
heard a hell of a scream; it sounded like a woman,
really high-pitched. Then the screams carried on,
one after another really loud. Then I heard Myra
shout, “Dave, help him,”very loud. When I
ran in I just stood inside the living room and I
saw a young lad. He was lying with his head and
shoulders on the couch and his legs were on the
floor. He was facing upwards. Ian was standing
over him, facing him, with his legs on either side
The empty plot where 16 Wardle Brook Avenue in Hattersley, once of the young lad's legs. The lad was still scream-
stood. Manchester City Council decided in 1987 to demolish the ing ... Ian had a hatchet in his hand ... he was
house. holding it above his head and he hit the lad on
the left side of his head with the hatchet. I heard
few minutes Brady reappeared in the company of Edward the blow, it was a terrible hard blow, it sounded
Evans, to whom he introduced Hindley as his sister. Af- horrible.* [25]
ter they had driven back home and relaxed over a bottle of
wine, Brady sent Hindley to fetch her brother-in-law. When
they got back to the house Hindley told Smith to wait out- 68.3 Arrest
side for her signal, a flashing light. When the signal came
Smith knocked on the door and was met by Brady, who
asked if he had come for“the miniature wine bottles”.* [18] Early on the morning of 7 October, shortly after Smith's
Brady led Smith into the kitchen and left him there, say- call, Superintendent Bob Talbot of the Cheshire Police ar-
ing that he was going to collect the wine. A few minutes rived at the back door of 16 Wardle Brook Avenue, wear-
later Smith heard a scream, followed by Hindley shouting ing a borrowed baker's overall to cover his uniform. Talbot
loudly for him to come and help.* [21] Smith entered the identified himself to Hindley as a police officer when she
living room to find Brady repeatedly striking Evans with opened the door, and told her that he wanted to speak to
the flat of an axe, and watched as he then throttled Evans her boyfriend. Hindley led him into the living room, where
with a length of electrical cord.* [22] Evans's body was too Brady was sitting up in a divan writing a note to his em-
heavy for Smith to carry to the car on his own̶Brady had ployer explaining that he would not be able to get into work
sprained his ankle in the struggle̶so they wrapped it in because of his ankle injury. Talbot explained that he was
plastic sheeting and put it in the spare bedroom.* [23] investigating“an act of violence involving guns”that was re-
ported to have taken place the previous evening.* [26] Hind-
Smith agreed to meet Brady the following evening to dis- ley denied that there had been any violence, and allowed
pose of Evans's body,* [23] but after returning home he police to look around the house. When they came to the
woke his wife and told her what he had seen. Maureen told upstairs room in which Evans's body was stored the police
him that he must call the police. Three hours later the cou- found the door locked, and asked Brady for the key. Hind-
ple cautiously made their way to a public phone box in the ley claimed that the key was at work, but after the police
street below their flat, Smith taking the precaution of arm- offered to drive her to her employer's premises to retrieve
ing himself with a screwdriver and a kitchen knife to de- it, Brady told her to hand the key over. When they returned
fend them in the event that Brady suddenly appeared and to the living room the police told Brady that they had dis-
confronted them. At 6:07 am Smith made an emergency covered a trussed up body, and that he was being arrested
services call to the police station in nearby Hyde, Cheshire, on suspicion of murder.* [27] As Brady was getting dressed,
and told his story to the officer on duty.* [24] In his state- he said“Eddie and I had a row and the situation got out of
ment to the police Smith claimed that: hand.”* [28]
Hindley was not arrested with Brady, but she demanded to
[Brady] opened the door and he said in a very go with him to the police station, accompanied by her dog
loud voice for him ..."Do you want those minia- Puppet, to which the police agreed.* [29] Hindley was ques-
tures?" I nodded my head to say yes and he led me tioned about the events surrounding Evans's death, but she
into the kitchen ... and he gave me three minia- refused to make any statement beyond claiming that it had
ture bottles of spirits and said: “Do you want been an accident. As the police had no evidence that Hind-
238 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

ley was involved in Evans's murder she was allowed to go officers presumed that they'd found the body of John Kil-
home, on condition that she return the next day for further bride, but soon discovered that the body was that of Lesley
questioning. Hindley was at liberty for four days following Ann Downey. Her mother (now named Ann West after her
Brady's arrest, during which time she went to her employer's marriage to Alan West) had been on the moor watching as
premises and asked to be dismissed, so that she would be el- the police conducted their search, but was not present when
igible for unemployment benefits. While in the office where the body was found.* [38] She was shown clothing recov-
Brady worked she found some papers belonging to him in ered from the grave, and identified it as belonging to her
an envelope that she claimed she did not open, which she missing daughter.* [39]
burned in an ashtray. She believed that they were plans for
bank robberies, nothing to do with the murders. On 11 Oc-
tober Hindley was charged as an accessory to the murder of
Edward Evans and was remanded at Risley.* [30]

68.4 Initial investigation


Brady admitted under police questioning that he and Evans
had fought, but insisted that he and Smith had murdered
Evans between them; Hindley, he said, had“only done what
she had been told”.* [31] Smith told police that Brady had
asked him to return anything incriminating, such as“dodgy
books”, which Brady then packed into suitcases. Smith
had no idea what else the suitcases contained or where they
might be, but he mentioned in passing that Brady “had A photograph taken by Ian Brady of Myra Hindley with her dog,
a thing about railway stations”. The police consequently Puppet, crouching over John Kilbride's grave on Saddleworth Moor
requested a search of all Manchester's left-luggage offices in November 1963.
for any suitcases belonging to Brady, and on 15 October
British Transport Police found what they were looking for at Detectives were able to locate another site on the opposite
Manchester Central railway station* [32]̶the left-luggage side of the A635 from where Downey's body was discov-
ticket was found several days later in the back of Hind- ered, and five days later they found the“badly decomposed”
ley's prayer book.* [33] Inside one of the suitcases were nine body of John Kilbride, whom they identified by his cloth-
pornographic photographs taken of a young girl, naked and ing.* [40] That same day, already being held for the murder
with a scarf tied across her mouth, and a 13-minute tape of Evans, Brady and Hindley appeared at Hyde Magistrates'
recording of her screaming and pleading for help.* [34] Ann Court charged with Lesley Ann Downey's murder. Each
Downey, Lesley Ann Downey's mother, later listened to the was brought before the court separately and remanded into
tape after police had discovered the body of her missing 10- custody for a week.* [41] They made a two-minute appear-
year-old daughter, and confirmed that it was a recording of ance on 28 October, and were again remanded into cus-
her daughter's voice.* [35] tody.* [42]
Police searching the house at Wardle Brook Avenue also The search for bodies continued, but with winter setting in
found an old exercise book in which the name “John it was called off in November.* [40] Presented with the ev-
Kilbride”had been scribbled, which made them suspi- idence of the tape recording Brady admitted to taking the
cious that Brady and Hindley might have been involved photographs of Lesley Ann Downey, but insisted that she
in the unsolved disappearances of other youngsters.* [36] had been brought to Wardle Brook Avenue by two men
A large collection of photographs was discovered in the who had subsequently taken her away again, alive. Brady
house, many of which seemed to have been taken on Sad- was further charged with the murder of John Kilbride, and
dleworth Moor. One hundred and fifty officers were drafted Hindley with the murder of Edward Evans, on 2 Decem-
to search the moor, looking for locations that matched the ber.* [43] At the committal hearing on 6 December Brady
photographs. Initially the search was concentrated along was charged with the murders of Edward Evans, John Kil-
the A628 road near Woodhead, but a close neighbour, 11- bride, and Lesley Ann Downey, and Hindley with the mur-
year-old Pat Hodges, had on several occasions been taken ders of Edward Evans and Lesley Ann Downey, as well as
to the moor by Brady and Hindley and she was able to point with harbouring Brady in the knowledge that he had killed
out their favourite sites along the A635 road.* [37] On 16 John Kilbride. The prosecution's opening statement was
October police found an arm bone sticking out of the peat; held in camera,* [44] and the defence asked for a similar
68.6. LATER INVESTIGATION 239

stipulation, but was refused.* [45] The proceedings contin- eight hours and Hindley for six.* [56] Although Brady ad-
ued in front of three magistrates in Hyde over an 11-day mitted to hitting Evans with an axe, he did not admit to
period during December, at the end of which the pair were killing him, arguing that the pathologist in his report had
committed for trial at Chester Assizes.* [46] stated that Evans's death was“accelerated by strangulation”
Many of the photographs taken by Brady and Hindley on . Under cross-examination by the prosecuting counsel, all
the moor featured Hindley's dog Puppet, sometimes as a Brady would admit was that “I hit Evans with the axe. If
puppy. Detectives arranged for the animal to be examined he died from axe blows, I killed him.”* [57] Hindley denied
by a veterinary surgeon to determine its age, from which any knowledge that the photographs of Saddleworth Moor
found by police had been taken near the graves of their vic-
they could date when the pictures were taken. The examina-
tion involved an analysis of the dog's teeth, which required tims.* [58]
a general anaesthetic from which Puppet did not recover, The tape recording of Lesley Anne Downey, on which
as he suffered from an undiagnosed kidney complaint. On the voices of Brady and Hindley were clearly audible, was
hearing the news of her dog's death Hindley became furi- played in open court. Hindley admitted that her attitude to-
ous, and accused the police of murdering Puppet, one of the wards the child was“brusque and cruel”, but claimed that
few occasions detectives witnessed any emotional response was only because she was afraid that someone might hear
from her.* [40] In a letter to her mother shortly afterwards Downey screaming. Hindley claimed that when Downey
Hindley wrote: was being undressed she herself was “downstairs"; when
the pornographic photographs were taken she was“looking
I feel as though my heart's been torn to pieces. out the window"; and that when the child was being stran-
I don't think anything could hurt me more than gled she “was running a bath”.* [58]
this has. The only consolation is that some moron On 6 May, after having deliberated for a little over two
might have got hold of Puppet and hurt him.* [47] hours,* [59] the jury found Brady guilty of all three murders
and Hindley guilty of the murders of Downey and Evans.
As the death penalty for murder had been abolished while
68.5 Trial Brady and Hindley were held on remand, the judge passed
the only sentence that the law allowed: life imprisonment.
The trial was held over 14 days beginning on 19 April Brady was sentenced to three concurrent life sentences
1966, in front of Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson.* [46] Such and Hindley was given two, plus a concurrent seven-year
was the public interest that the courtroom was fitted with term for harbouring Brady in the knowledge that he had
security screens to protect Brady and Hindley.* [48] The murdered John Kilbride.* [46] Brady was taken to Durham
pair were each charged with three murders, those of Evans, Prison and Hindley was sent to Holloway Prison.* [58]
Downey and Kilbride, as it was considered that there was In his closing remarks Mr Justice Atkinson described the
by then sufficient evidence to implicate Hindley in Kil- murders as a “truly horrible case”and condemned the
bride's death. The prosecution was led by the Attorney accused as “two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity”
General, Frederick Elwyn Jones.* [46] Brady was defended .* [4] He recommended that both Brady and Hindley spend
by the Liberal Member of Parliament Emlyn Hooson,* [49] “a very long time”in prison before being considered for
and Hindley was defended by Godfrey Heilpern, recorder parole but did not stipulate a tariff. He stated that Brady
of Salford from 1964̶both experienced QCs.* [50]* [51] was “wicked beyond belief”and that he saw no reason-
David Smith was the chief prosecution witness, but during able possibility of reform. He did not consider that the same
the trial it was revealed that he had entered into an agree- was necessarily true of Hindley,“once she is removed from
ment with a newspaper that he initially refused to name̶ [Brady's] influence”.* [60] Throughout the trial Brady and
even under intense questioning̶guaranteeing him £1,000 Hindley“stuck rigidly to their strategy of lying”,* [61] and
(equivalent to about £20,000 in 2016) for the syndication Hindley was later described as“a quiet, controlled, impas-
rights to his story if Brady and Hindley were convicted, sive witness who lied remorselessly”.* [46]
something the trial judge described as a “gross interfer-
ence with the course of justice”.* [52]* [53] Smith finally
admitted in court that the newspaper was the News of the
World,* [54] which had already paid for a holiday in France 68.6 Later investigation
for him and his wife and was paying him a regular income of
£20 per week, as well as accommodating him in a five-star In 1985 Brady allegedly confessed to Fred Harrison, a jour-
hotel for the duration of the trial.* [55] nalist working for The Sunday People, that he had also been
Brady and Hindley pleaded not guilty to the charges against responsible for the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith
them; both were called to give evidence, Brady for over Bennett,* [62] something that the police already suspected,
240 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

Police visited Hindley, then being held in Cookham Wood,


Kent, a few days after she had received the letter, and al-
though she refused to admit any involvement in the killings,
she agreed to help by looking at photographs and maps to try
to identify spots that she had visited with Brady.* [67] She
showed particular interest in photographs of the area around
Hollin Brown Knoll and Shiny Brook, but said that it was
impossible to be sure of the locations without visiting the
moor.* [68] The security considerations for such a visit were
significant; there were threats made against her should she
visit the moors, but Home Secretary Douglas Hurd agreed
with Topping that it would be worth the risk.* [69] Writing
in 1989, Topping said that he felt “quite cynical”about
Hindley's motivation in helping the police. Although the
letter from Winnie Johnson may have played a part, he
believed that Hindley's real concern was that, knowing of
Brady's “precarious”mental state, she was afraid that he
might decide to co-operate with the police, and wanted to
make certain that she, and not Brady, was the one to gain
whatever benefit there may have been in terms of public
approval.* [70]
Hindley made the first of two visits to assist the police
search of Saddleworth Moor on 16 December 1986.* [71]
Four police cars left Cookham Wood at 4:30 am. At about
the same time, police closed all roads onto the moor, which
was patrolled by 200 officers, 40 of them armed. Hindley
Keith Bennett and her solicitor arrived by helicopter from an airfield near
Maidstone, touching down at 8:30 am. Wearing a donkey
as both children lived in the same area as Brady and Hind- jacket and balaclava, she was driven, and walked around
ley and had disappeared at about the same time as their the area. It was difficult for Hindley to make a connec-
other victims. The subsequent newspaper reports prompted tion between her memories of the area and what she saw on
the Greater Manchester Police (GMP) to reopen the case, the day, and she was apparently nervous of the helicopters
in an investigation headed by Detective Chief Superin- flying overhead. At 3:00 pm she was returned to the heli-
tendent Peter Topping, who had been appointed head of copter, and taken back to Cookham Wood.* [69] Topping
GMP's Criminal Investigation Department (CID) the pre- was criticised by the press, who described the visit as a“fi-
vious year.* [63] asco”, a “publicity stunt”, and a “mindless waste of
money”.* [72] He was forced to defend the visit, pointing
On 3 July 1985 Topping visited Brady, then being held at out its benefits:
Gartree Prison, Leicestershire, but found him “scornful
of any suggestion that he had confessed to more murders” We had taken the view that we needed a thor-
.* [64] Police nevertheless decided to resume their search ough systematic search of the moor ... It would
of Saddleworth Moor, once more using the photographs never have been possible to carry out such a
taken by Brady and Hindley to help them identify possible search in private.* [72]
burial sites. Meanwhile, in November 1986 Winnie John-
son, Keith Bennett's mother, wrote a letter to Hindley beg- On 19 December David Smith, then aged 38, also returned
ging to know what had happened to her son, a letter that to the moor. He spent about four hours helping police
Hindley seemed to be“genuinely moved”by.* [65] It ended: pinpoint areas where he thought more bodies might be
buried.* [73] Topping continued to visit Hindley in prison,
I am a simple woman, I work in the kitchens along with her solicitor Michael Fisher and her spiritual
of Christie's Hospital. It has taken me five weeks counsellor, the Reverend Peter Timms, who had been a
labour to write this letter because it is so impor- prison governor before resigning to become a minister in
tant to me that it is understood by you for what the Methodist Church.* [72] She made a formal confession
it is, a plea for help. Please, Miss Hindley, help to police on 10 February 1987, admitting her involvement
me.* [66] in all five murders,* [74] but news of her confession was not
68.6. LATER INVESTIGATION 241

made public for more than a month.* [75] The tape record- were concentrating their search̶Hollin Brown Knoll and
ing of her statement was over 17 hours long; Topping de- Hoe Grain̶were correct, although she was unable to lo-
scribed it as a“very well worked out performance in which, cate either of the graves.* [81] She later remembered that
I believe, she told me just as much as she wanted me to as Pauline Reade was being buried she had been sitting next
know, and no more”.* [76] He also commented that he to her on a patch of grass and could see the rocks of Hollin
“was struck by the fact that she was never there when the Brown Knoll silhouetted against the night sky.* [82]
killings took place. She was in the car, over the brow of In April 1987 news of Hindley's confession became public.
the hill, in the bathroom and even, in the case of the Evans Amidst strong media interest Lord Longford pleaded for
murder, in the kitchen.”* [77] Topping concluded that he
her release, writing that her continuing detention to satisfy
felt he “had witnessed a great performance rather than a “mob emotion”was not right. Fisher persuaded Hindley
genuine confession”.* [78]
to release a public statement, in which she explained her
reasons for denying her complicity in the murders, her re-
ligious experiences in prison, the letter from Johnson, and
that she saw no possibility of release. She also exonerated
David Smith from any part in the murders, except that of
Edward Evans.* [83]

During the 1987 search for Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, Hind-
ley recalled that she had seen the rocks of Hollin Brown Knoll sil-
houetted against the night sky.

Police visited Brady in prison again and told him of Hind-


ley's confession, which at first he refused to believe. Once A map of Saddleworth Moor, showing the areas in which the bodies
presented with some of the details that Hindley had pro- of three of the children were found, and the general area in which
vided of Pauline Reade's abduction, Brady decided that he police searched for the body of Keith Bennett
too was prepared to confess, but on one condition: that im-
mediately afterwards he be given the means to commit sui- Over the next few months interest in the search waned, but
cide, a request with which it was impossible for the author- Hindley's clue had directed the police to focus their efforts
ities to comply.* [79] on a specific area. On the afternoon of 1 July 1987, after
At about the same time, Winnie Johnson sent Hindley an- more than 100 days of searching, they found a body buried
other letter, again pleading with her to assist the police in 3 feet (0.9 m) below the surface, only 100 yards (90 m) from
finding the body of her son Keith. In the letter, Johnson was the place where Lesley Ann Downey had been found.* [84]
sympathetic to Hindley over the criticism surrounding her Brady had been co-operating with the police for some time,
first visit. Hindley, who had not replied to the first letter, and when news reached him that Reade's body had been
responded by thanking Johnson for both letters, explaining discovered he made a formal confession to Topping.* [85]
that her decision not to reply to the first resulted from the He also issued a statement to the press, through his solic-
negative publicity that surrounded it. She claimed that, had itor, saying that he too was prepared to help the police in
Johnson written to her 14 years earlier, she would have con- their search. Brady was taken to the moor on 3 July, but he
fessed and helped the police. She also paid tribute to Top- seemed to lose his bearings, blaming changes that had taken
ping, and thanked Johnson for her sincerity.* [80] Hindley place in the intervening years, and the search was called off
made her second visit to the moor in March 1987. This at 3:00 pm, by which time a large crowd of press and tele-
time, the level of security surrounding her visit was con- vision reporters had gathered on the moor.* [86]
siderably higher. She stayed overnight in Manchester, at Topping refused to allow Brady a second visit to the
the flat of the police chief in charge of GMP training at moors,* [85] and a few days after his visit Brady wrote
Sedgley Park, Prestwich, and visited the moor twice.* [80] a letter to BBC television reporter Peter Gould, giving
She confirmed to police that the two areas in which they some sketchy details of five additional murders that he
242 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

claimed to have carried out.* [87] Brady refused to iden- by volunteers from a Welsh search and rescue team that be-
tify his alleged victims, and the police failed to discover gan in March 2010.* [96] In August 2012 it was claimed
any unsolved crimes matching the few details that he sup- that Brady may have given details of the location of Keith
plied.* [88] Hindley told Topping that she knew nothing of Bennett's body to one of his visitors. A woman was sub-
these killings.* [85] sequently arrested on suspicion of preventing the burial of
a body without lawful excuse, but a few months later the
Crown Prosecution Service announced that there was in-
sufficient evidence to press charges.* [97]

68.7 Perpetrators' backgrounds

68.7.1 Ian Brady

Ian Brady was born in Glasgow as Ian Duncan Stewart on 2


January 1938 to Maggie Stewart, an unmarried 28-year-old
tea room waitress. The identity of Brady's father has never
been reliably ascertained, although his mother claimed he
was a reporter working for a Glasgow newspaper, who died
three months before Brady was born. Stewart had little
Hoe Grain leading to Shiny Brook, the area in which police believe support, and after a few months was forced to give her
Bennett's undiscovered body is buried* [89]
son into the care of Mary and John Sloan, a local couple
with four children of their own. Brady took their name,
On 24 August 1987 police called off their search of Sad- and became known as Ian Sloan. His mother continued
dleworth Moor, despite not having found Keith Bennett's to visit him throughout his childhood.* [98] Various authors
body.* [90] Brady was taken to the moor for a second time have claimed that he tortured animals, although Brady ob-
on 1 December, but he was once again unable to locate jects to such accusations.* [99] Aged nine, he visited Loch
the burial site. Keith Bennett's body remains undiscov- Lomond with his family, where he reportedly discovered
ered as of 2016, although his family continues to search the an affinity for the outdoors, and a few months later the
moor.* [91] family moved to a new council house on an overspill es-
Although Brady and Hindley had confessed to the murders tate at Pollok. He was accepted for Shawlands Academy,
of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, the Director of Public a school for above-average pupils.* [100] At Shawlands his
Prosecutions (DPP) decided that nothing would be gained behaviour worsened; as a teenager he twice appeared before
by a further trial; as both were already serving life sentences a juvenile court for housebreaking. He left the academy
no further punishment could be inflicted, and a second trial aged 15, and took a job as a tea boy at a Harland and Wolff
might even have helped Hindley's case for parole by giv- shipyard in Govan. Nine months later he began working as a
ing her a platform from which to make a public confes- butcher's messenger boy. He had a girlfriend, Evelyn Grant,
sion.* [92] but their relationship ended when he threatened her with a
In 2003 the police launched Operation Maida, and again flick knife after she visited a dance with another boy. He
searched the moor for the body of Keith Bennett. They again appeared before the court, this time with nine charges
read statements from Brady and Hindley, and also studied against him,* [101] and shortly before his 17th birthday he
photographs taken by the pair. Their search was aided by was placed on probation, on condition that he live with his
the use of sophisticated modern equipment, including a US mother.* [102] By then she had moved to Manchester and
satellite used to look for evidence of soil movement.* [93] married an Irish fruit merchant named Patrick Brady, and
The BBC reported on 1 July 2009 that Greater Manchester it was the latter who got Brady a job as a fruit porter at
Police had officially given up the search for Keith Bennett, Smithfield Market.* [103]
saying that “only a major scientific breakthrough or fresh Within a year of moving to Manchester, Brady was caught
evidence would see the hunt for his body restart”.* [94] De- with a sack full of lead seals he had stolen and was trying to
tectives were also reported as saying that they would never smuggle out of the market. He was sent to Strangeways for
again give Brady the attention or the thrill of leading another three months.* [104] Because he was still under 18, he was
fruitless search on the moor where they believe Keith Ben- sentenced to two years in borstal for“training”.* [105] He
nett's remains are buried.* [95] Donations from members of was sent to Latchmere House in London,* [104] and then
the public funded a search of the moor for Bennett's body Hatfield borstal in the West Riding of Yorkshire. After
68.7. PERPETRATORS' BACKGROUNDS 243

being discovered drunk on alcohol he had brewed he was The relationship with her father brutalised
moved to the much tougher unit at Hull.* [92] Released on her ... She was not only used to violence in the
14 November 1957, Brady returned to Manchester, where home but rewarded for it outside. When this hap-
he took a labouring job, which he hated, and was dismissed pens at a young age it can distort a person's reac-
from another job in a brewery. Deciding to“better himself” tion to such situations for life.* [113]
, he obtained a set of instruction manuals on book-keeping
from a local public library, with which he “astonished”
One of her closest friends was 13-year-old Michael Hig-
his parents by studying alone in his room for hours.* [106]
gins, who lived in a nearby street. In June 1957 he in-
In January 1959 Brady applied for and was offered a cleri-
vited her to go swimming with friends at a local disused
cal job at Millward's Merchandising, a wholesale chemical
reservoir. Although she was a good swimmer, Hindley
distribution company based in Gorton. He was regarded
chose not to go and instead went out with a friend, Pat
by his colleagues as a quiet, punctual, but short-tempered
Jepson. Higgins drowned in the reservoir, and upon learn-
young man. He read books such as Teach Yourself Ger-
ing of his fate Hindley was deeply upset, and blamed her-
man and Mein Kampf, as well as works on Nazi atrocities.
self for his death. She collected for a funeral wreath, and
He rode a Tiger Cub motorcycle, which he used to visit the
his funeral at St Francis's Monastery in Gorton Lane̶the
Pennines.* [107]
church where Hindley had been baptised a Catholic on 16
August 1942̶had a lasting effect on her.* [114] Hindley's
mother had only agreed to her father's insistence that she be
baptised a Catholic on the condition that she was not sent
68.7.2 Myra Hindley to a Catholic school, as her mother believed that “all the
monks taught was the catechism".* [115] Hindley was in-
Myra Hindley was born in Crumpsall on 23 July creasingly drawn to the Catholic Church after she started at
1942* [108]* [109] and raised in Gorton, then a working- Ryder Brow Secondary Modern, and began taking instruc-
class area of Manchester. Her parents, Nellie and Bob tion for formal reception into the Church soon after Hig-
Hindley (the latter an alcoholic), beat her regularly as a gins's funeral. She took the confirmation name of Veron-
young child. The small house the family lived in was in such ica, and received her first communion in November 1958.
poor condition that Hindley and her parents had to sleep in She also became a godparent to Michael's nephew, Anthony
the only available bedroom, she in a single bed next to her John.* [116]* [117] It was also at about this time that Hind-
parents' double. The family's living conditions deteriorated ley first began bleaching her hair.* [118]
further when Hindley's sister, Maureen, was born in August Hindley's first job was as a junior clerk at a local electrical
1946. About a year after the birth, Hindley, then aged five, engineering firm. She ran errands, made tea, and typed.
was sent by her parents to live with her grandmother, who She was well liked at the firm, enough so that when she lost
lived nearby.* [110] her first week's wage packet, the other girls had a collection
Hindley's father had fought in North Africa, Cyprus, and to replace it.* [119] She had a short relationship with Ronnie
Italy during the Second World War, and had served with Sinclair from Christmas 1958, and became engaged aged
the Parachute Regiment.* [111] He had been known in the 17. The engagement was called off several months later;
army as a “hard man”and he expected his daughter to Hindley apparently thought Sinclair immature, and unable
be equally tough; he taught her how to fight, and insisted to provide her with the life she envisaged for herself.* [120]
that she “stick up for herself”. When Hindley was aged Shortly after her 17th birthday she changed her hair colour,
8, a local boy approached her in the street and scratched with a pink rinse. She took judo lessons once a week at a
both of her cheeks with his fingernails, drawing blood. She local school, but found partners reluctant to train with her,
burst into tears and ran into her parents' house, to be met as she was often slow to release her grip. She took a job at
by her father, who demanded that she “Go and punch him Bratby and Hinchliffe, an engineering company in Gorton,
[the boy], because if you don't I'll leather you!" Hindley but was dismissed for absenteeism after six months.* [121]
found the boy and succeeded in knocking him down with a
sequence of punches, as her father had taught her. As she
wrote later, “at eight years old I'd scored my first victory” 68.7.3 As a couple
.* [112]
Malcolm MacCulloch, professor of forensic psychiatry at In 1961 the 18-year-old Myra Hindley joined Millwards as
Cardiff University, has suggested that the fight, and the part a typist. She soon became infatuated with Brady, despite
that Hindley's father played in it, may be“key pieces of ev- learning that he had a criminal record.* [122] She began a
idence”in trying to understand Hindley's role in the Moors diary and, although she had dates with other men, some
murders: of the entries detail her fascination with Brady, whom she
244 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

eventually spoke to for the first time on 27 July 1961.* [123] this demonstrated a marked change from her earlier, more
Over the next few months she continued to make en- shy and prudish nature.* [132]
tries, and grew increasingly disillusioned with him, until
22 December when Brady asked her on a date to the cin-
ema,* [124] where they watched the biblical epic King of 68.7.4 As murderers
Kings.* [125]* [lower-alpha 1] Their dates together followed
a regular pattern; a trip to the cinema, usually to watch an What they were doing was out of the scope of most people's
X-rated film, and then back to Hindley's house to drink Ger- understanding, beyond the comprehension of the workaday
man wine.* [126] Brady then gave her reading material, and neighbours who were more interested in how they were go-
the pair spent their work lunch breaks reading aloud to one ing to pay the gas bill or what might happen in the next
another from accounts of Nazi atrocities. Hindley began episode of Coronation Street or Doctor Who. In 1960s
to emulate an ideal of Aryan perfection, bleaching her hair Britain, people did not kidnap and murder children for fun.
blonde and applying thick crimson lipstick.* [46] She ex- It was simply beyond the realms of most people's compre-
pressed concern at some aspects of Brady's character; in hension, and this is why they managed to get away with it
a letter to a childhood friend, she mentioned an incident for so long.
where she had been drugged by Brady, but also wrote of
her obsession with him. A few months later she asked her “
friend to destroy the letter.* [127] In her 30,000-word plea ”
for parole, written in 1978 and 1979 and submitted to Home
Secretary Merlyn Rees, Hindley said: Chris Cowley* [133]
Hindley claimed that Brady began to talk about “com-
Within months he [Brady] had convinced me mitting the perfect murder”in July 1963,* [134] and often
that there was no God at all: he could have told spoke to her about Meyer Levin's Compulsion, published as
me that the earth was flat, the moon was made a novel in 1956 and adapted for the cinema in 1959. The
of green cheese and the sun rose in the west, I story tells a fictionalised account of the Leopold and Loeb
would have believed him, such was his power of case, two young men from well-to-do families who attempt
persuasion.* [128] to commit the perfect murder of a 12-year-old boy, and es-
cape the death penalty because of their age.* [135]
Hindley began to change her appearance further, wearing
By June 1963 Brady had moved in with Hindley at her
clothing considered risqué such as high boots, short skirts
and leather jackets, and the two became less sociable to grandmother's house in Bannock Street, and on 12 July
1963 the two murdered their first victim, 16-year-old
their colleagues.* [129] The couple were regulars at the li-
brary, borrowing books on philosophy, as well as crime and Pauline Reade. Reade had attended school with Hindley's
torture. They also read works by the Marquis de Sade, and younger sister, Maureen, and had also been in a short rela-
Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment.* [46]* [130] tionship with David Smith, a local boy with three criminal
Although she was not a qualified driver (she passed her test convictions for minor crimes. Police could find nobody who
on the third attempt, late in 1963), Hindley often hired a had seen Reade before her disappearance, and although the
van, in which the two planned bank robberies. Hindley 15-year-old Smith was questioned by police he was cleared
befriended George Clitheroe, the President of the Chea- of any involvement in her death.* [136] Their next victim,
dle Rifle Club, and on several occasions visited two local John Kilbride, was killed on 23 November 1963. A huge
shooting ranges. Clitheroe, although puzzled by her inter- search was undertaken, with over 700 statements taken, and
est, arranged for her to buy a .22 rifle from a gun merchant 500 “missing”posters printed. Eight days after he failed
in Manchester. She also asked to join a pistol club, but to return home, 2,000 volunteers scoured waste ground and
she was a poor shot and allegedly often bad-tempered, so derelict buildings.* [137]
Clitheroe told her that she was unsuitable; she did though Hindley hired a vehicle a week after Kilbride went miss-
manage to purchase a Webley .45 and a Smith & Wes- ing, and again on 21 December 1963, apparently to make
son .38 from other members of the club.* [131] Brady and sure the burial sites had not been disturbed. In February
Hindley's plans for robbery came to nothing, but they be- 1964 she bought a second-hand Austin Traveller, but soon
came interested in photography. Brady already owned a after traded it for a Mini van. Twelve-year-old Keith Ben-
Box Brownie, which he used to take photographs of Hindley nett disappeared on 16 June 1964. His stepfather, Jimmy
and her dog, Puppet, but he upgraded to a more sophisti- Johnson, became a suspect; in the two years following Ben-
cated model, and also purchased lights and darkroom equip- nett's disappearance, Johnson was taken for questioning on
ment. The pair took photographs of each other that, for the four occasions. Detectives searched under the floorboards
time, would have been considered explicit. For Hindley, of the Johnsons' house, and on discovering that the houses
68.8. INCARCERATION 245

in the row were connected, extended the search to the entire back home.* [144] By February 1965 Patricia Hodges had
street.* [138] stopped visiting 16 Wardle Brook Avenue, but David Smith
was still a regular visitor. Brady gave Smith books to read,
and the two discussed robbery and murder.* [145] On Hind-
ley's 23rd birthday, her sister and brother-in-law, who had
until then been living with relatives, were rehoused in Un-
derwood Court, a block of flats not far from Wardle Brook
Avenue. The two couples began to see each other more
regularly, but usually only on Brady's terms.* [146]* [147]
During the 1990s, Hindley claimed that she took part
in the killings only because Brady had drugged her, was
blackmailing her with pornographic pictures he had taken
of her, and had threatened to kill her younger sister, Mau-
reen.* [122] In a 2008 television documentary series on fe-
male serial killers broadcast on ITV3, Hindley's solicitor,
Andrew McCooey, reported that she had said to him:
David and Maureen Smith, pictured around the time of the murders.
David Smith's statement to the police led to Brady's arrest. I ought to have been hanged. I deserved it.
My crime was worse than Brady's because I en-
Maureen Hindley married David Smith on 15 August 1964. ticed the children and they would never have en-
The marriage was hastily arranged and performed at a tered the car without my role ... I have always
register office. None of Hindley's relatives attended; Myra regarded myself as worse than Brady.* [148]
did not approve of the marriage, and her mother was
too embarrassed ̶Maureen was seven months pregnant.
The newlyweds moved into Smith's father's house. The 68.8 Incarceration
next day, Brady suggested that the four take a day-trip to
Windermere. This was the first time Brady and Smith 68.8.1 Brady
had met properly, and Brady was apparently impressed by
Smith's demeanour. The two talked about society, the dis-
tribution of wealth, and the possibility of robbing a bank.
The young Smith was similarly impressed by Brady, who
throughout the day had paid for his food and wine. The trip
to the Lake District was the first of many outings. Hind-
ley was apparently jealous of their relationship, but became
closer to her sister.* [139]
In 1964 Hindley, her grandmother, and Brady were re-
housed as part of the post-war slum clearances in Manch-
ester, to 16 Wardle Brook Avenue in the new overspill
estate of Hattersley. Brady and Hindley became friendly
with Patricia Hodges, an 11-year-old girl who lived at 12
Wardle Brook Avenue. Hodges accompanied the two on
their trips to Saddleworth Moor to collect peat, some-
Ashworth Hospital, where Ian Brady remains incarcerated as of
thing that many householders on the new estate did to im- 2016
prove the soil in their gardens, which were full of clay and
builder's rubble.* [140] She remained unharmed; living only Following his conviction Brady was moved to Durham
a few doors away, her disappearance would have been easily Prison, where he asked to live in solitary confine-
solved.* [141] ment.* [149] He spent 19 years in mainstream prisons be-
Early on Boxing Day 1964, Hindley left her grandmother fore being diagnosed as a psychopath in November 1985
at a relative's house and refused to allow her back to War- and sent to the high-security Park Lane Hospital, now Ash-
dle Brook Avenue that night.* [142] On the same day, 10- worth Psychiatric Hospital, in Sefton;* [150] he has since
year-old Lesley Ann Downey disappeared from a funfair made it clear that he never wants to be released.* [151]
in Ancoats.* [143] Despite a huge search she was not The trial judge recommended that his life sentence should
found. The following day Hindley brought her grandmother mean life, and successive Home Secretaries have agreed
246 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

with that decision. In 1982 the Lord Chief Justice Lord sical texts into Braille came to an end when the authorities
Lane said of Brady: “this is the case if ever there is to be confiscated his translation machine, for fear it might be used
one when a man should stay in prison till he dies”.* [152] as a weapon. He once offered to donate one of his kidneys
The death, in November 2007, of John Straffen, who had to “someone, anyone who needed one”,* [168] but was
spent 55 years in prison for murdering three children meant blocked from doing so. According to Colin Wilson, “it
that Brady became the longest serving prisoner in England was because these attempts to express remorse were thrown
and Wales.* [153] back at him that he began to contemplate suicide.”* [163]
Although he refuses to work with Ashworth's psychia- He might have achieved this in 2006, when a female friend
sent him 50 paracetamol pills, stored in two Smarties tubes
trists, Brady has occasionally corresponded with people out-
*
side the hospital, [lower-alpha 2] including the late Lord hidden inside a hollowed-out crime novel. The potentially
lethal dose of tablets was intercepted.* [163]* [169]
Longford, criminologist Colin Wilson and various journal-
ists.* [155] In one letter, written in 2005, he claimed that Winnie Johnson, the mother of undiscovered victim, 12-
the murders were “merely an existential exercise of just year-old Keith Bennett, received a letter from Brady at the
over a year, which was concluded in December 1964”. end of 2005 in which, she said, he claimed that he could take
By then, he went on to claim, he and Hindley had turned police to within 20 yards (18 m) of her son's body but the
their attention to armed robbery, for which they had be- authorities would not allow it. Brady did not refer directly
gun to prepare by acquiring guns and vehicles.* [lower-alpha to Keith by name and did not claim he could take investiga-
3]* [157] During several years of interactions with forensic tors directly to the grave, but spoke of the “clarity”of his
psychologist Chris Cowley, including face-to-face meet- recollections.* [170]
ings,* [158] Brady told him of an“aesthetic fascination [he In 2012 Brady applied to be returned to prison, reiterat-
had] with guns”,* [159] despite his never having used one to ing his desire to starve himself to death.* [171] At a sub-
kill. He complained bitterly about conditions at Ashworth, sequent mental health tribunal, held in June the following
which he hates.* [160] In 1999 his right wrist was broken in year, Brady claimed that he suffered not from paranoid
what he claimed was an “hour-long, unprovoked attack” schizophrenia, as his doctors at Ashworth maintained, but
by staff.* [161] Brady subsequently went on hunger strike, rather, a personality disorder. His application was rejected,
but while English law allows patients to refuse treatment, with the judge stating that Brady“continues to suffer from
those being treated for mental disorders under the Mental a mental disorder which is of a nature and degree which
Health Act 1983 have no such right if the treatment is for makes it appropriate for him to continue to receive medical
their mental disorder.* [162]* [163] He was therefore force- treatment”.* [172]
fed and transferred to another hospital for tests, after he
fell ill.* [164] He recovered and in March 2000 asked for a
judicial review of the legality of the decision to force-feed
him, but was refused permission.* [162]* [165] 68.8.2 Hindley

Myra gets the potentially fatal brain condi- Hindley lodged an unsuccessful appeal against her convic-
tion, whilst I have to fight simply to die. I have tion immediately after the trial.* [173] Brady and Hindley
had enough. I want nothing, my objective is to corresponded by letter until 1971, when she ended their re-
die and release myself from this once and for lationship. The two remained in sporadic contact for sev-
all. So you see my death strike is rational and eral months,* [174] but Hindley had fallen in love with one
pragmatic. I'm only sorry I didn't do it decades of her prison officers, Patricia Cairns. A former assistant
ago, and I'm eager to leave this cesspit in a cof- governor claimed that such relationships were not unusual
fin.* [165] in Holloway at that time, as “many of the officers were
gay, and involved in relationships either with one another
or with inmates”.* [175] Hindley successfully petitioned to
While at Ashworth, in 2001 Brady wrote The Gates of have her status as a category A prisoner changed to category
Janus, which was published by Feral House, an under- B, which enabled Governor Dorothy Wing to take her on a
ground US publisher. The book, Brady's analysis of serial walk round Hampstead Heath, part of her unofficial pol-
murder and specific serial killers, sparked outrage when an- icy of reintroducing her charges to the outside world when
nounced in Britain.* [166] she felt they were ready. The excursion caused a furore
According to Chris Cowley, Brady regrets Hindley's impris- in the national press and earned Wing an official rebuke
onment and the consequences of their actions, but not nec- from the then Home Secretary Robert Carr.* [176] With
essarily the crimes themselves. He sees no point in making Cairns's assistance and the outside contacts of another pris-
any kind of public apology; instead, he“expresses remorse oner, Maxine Croft, Hindley planned a prison escape, but it
through actions”.* [167] Twenty years of transcribing clas- was thwarted when impressions of the prison keys were in-
68.9. AFTERMATH 247

tercepted by an off-duty policeman. Cairns was sentenced too late for Hindley; on 15 November 2002, aged 60, she
to six years in jail for her part in the plot.* [177] had died from bronchial pneumonia caused by heart dis-
Hindley was told that she should spend 25 years in prison ease. She was a 40-a-day smoker who in 1999 had been
before being considered for parole. The Lord Chief Justice diagnosed with *angina and hospitalised after suffering a
agreed with that recommendation in 1982, but in January brain aneurysm. [188] Camera crews “stood rank and file
1985 Home Secretary Leon Brittan increased her tariff to behind steel barriers”outside, but none of Hindley's rel-
30 years.* [152] By that time Hindley claimed to be a re- atives were among the congregation of eight or ten *
who
formed Catholic. Ann West, the mother of Lesley Ann attended a short service at Cambridge crematorium. [189]
Such was the strength of feeling more than 35 years after
Downey, was at the centre of a campaign to ensure that
Hindley was never released from prison, and until West's the murders that a reported 20 local undertakers refused to
handle her cremation.* [190] Four months later, her ashes
death in February 1999, she regularly gave television and
newspaper interviews whenever Hindley's release was ru- were scattered by her ex-partner, Patricia Cairns, less than
10 miles (16 km) from Saddleworth Moor in Stalybridge
moured.* [178]
Country Park.* [191]* [192] Fears were expressed that the
In 1987 Hindley admitted that the plea for parole she had news might result in visitors choosing to avoid the park,
submitted to the Home Secretary eight years earlier was a local beauty spot, or even that the park might be van-
“on the whole ... a pack of lies”,* [179] and to some re- dalised.* [193]
porters her co-operation in the searches on Saddleworth
Moor“appeared a cynical gesture aimed at ingratiating her-
self to the parole authorities”.* [180] Then Home Secretary
David Waddington imposed a whole life tariff on Hindley 68.9 Aftermath
in July 1990, after she confessed to having been more in-
volved in the murders than she had admitted.* [152] Hind-
ley was not informed of the decision until 1994, when a
Law Lords ruling obliged the Prison Service to inform all
life sentence prisoners of the minimum period they must
serve in prison before being considered for parole.* [181]
In 1997 the Parole Board ruled that Hindley was low risk
and should be moved to an open prison.* [152] She rejected
the idea and was moved to a medium-security prison; the
House of Lords ruling left open the possibility of later free-
dom. Between December 1997 and March 2000 Hindley
made three separate appeals against her life tariff, claim-
ing she was a reformed woman and no longer a danger to
society, but each was rejected by the courts.* [182]* [183]
When in 2002 another life sentence prisoner challenged the
Home Secretary's power to set minimum terms, Hindley
and hundreds of others, whose tariffs had been increased by Part of Stalybridge Country Park, where Hindley's ashes were scat-
tered in 2003
politicians, looked likely to be released from prison.* [184]
Hindley's release seemed imminent and plans were made by
supporters for her to be given a new identity.* [185] HomeDavid Smith became “reviled by the people of Manch-
Secretary David Blunkett ordered Greater Manchester Po- ester”, despite having been instrumental in bringing Brady
and Hindley to justice.* [194] While her sister was on trial,
lice to find new charges against her, to prevent her release
from prison. The investigation was headed by Superinten- Maureen̶eight months pregnant̶was attacked in the lift
dent Tony Brett, and initially looked at charging Hindley of the building in which she and David lived. Their home
with the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, but was vandalised, and hate mail was regularly posted through
the advice given by government lawyers was that because oftheir letterbox. Maureen feared for her children:“I couldn't
let my children out of my sight when they were little. They
the DPP's decision taken 15 years earlier, a new trial would
probably be considered an abuse of process.* [186] were too young to tell them why they had to stay in, to ex-
plain why they couldn't go out to play like all the other chil-
On 25 November 2002 the Law Lords agreed that judges, dren.”* [195]
not politicians, should decide how long a criminal spends
behind bars, and thus stripped the Home Secretary of the After knifing another man during a fight, in an attack he
power to set minimum sentences.* [187] The news came claimed was triggered by the abuse he had suffered since
the trial, Smith was sentenced to three years in prison in
248 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

1969.* [194] That same year his children were taken into the of her illness.* [210] Winnie Johnson, mother of Keith Ben-
care of the local authority. His wife Maureen moved from nett, continued to visit Saddleworth Moor, where it is be-
Underwood Court to a single-bedroom property, and found lieved that the body of her son is buried.* [211]* [212]* [213]
work in a department store. Subjected to whispering cam- She died in August 2012.* [214]
paigns and petitions to remove her from the estate where she Manchester City Council decided in 1987 to demolish the
lived, she received no support from her family̶her mother house in which Brady and Hindley had lived on Wardle
had supported Myra during the trial. On his release from Brook Avenue, and where Lesley Anne Downey and Ed-
prison, David Smith moved in with the girl who became ward Evans were murdered, citing“excessive media inter-
his second wife and won custody of his three sons. Mau-
est [in the property] creating unpleasantness for residents”
reen managed to repair the relationship with her mother, .* [215]
and moved into a council property in Gorton. She divorced
Smith in 1973,* [196] and married a lorry driver, Bill Scott, The case has been dramatised on television twice: in See No
with whom she had a daughter.* [197] Evil: The Moors Murders and Longford (both 2006).
Maureen and her immediate family made regular visits
to see Hindley, who reportedly adored her niece. In
1980 Maureen suffered a brain haemorrhage; Hindley was 68.10 Lasting notoriety
granted permission to visit her sister in hospital, but she
arrived an hour after Maureen's death.* [198] Sheila and
The photographs and tape recording of the torture of Les-
Patrick Kilbride, who were by then divorced,* [199] were
ley Ann Downey, exhibited in court to a disbelieving au-
present at Maureen's funeral, believing that Hindley might
dience, and the nonchalant responses of Brady and Hind-
make an appearance. Patrick Kilbride mistook Bill Scott's
ley, helped to ensure the lasting notoriety of their crimes.
daughter from a previous relationship, Ann Wallace, for
Brady, who says that he does not want to be released, was
Hindley and tried to attack her before being knocked to the
rarely mentioned in the news, but Hindley's gender, her
ground by another mourner; the police were called to re-
repeated insistence on her innocence, followed by her at-
store order.* [200] Shortly before her death at the age of 70
tempts to secure her release after confessing her guilt, re-
Sheila Kilbride said: “If she [Hindley] ever comes out of
sulted in her becoming a figure of hate in the national me-
jail I'll kill her.”* [201] It was a threat repeated by her son
dia. Her oft-reprinted photograph, taken shortly after she
Danny, and Ann West.* [202]* [203]
was arrested, is described by some commentators as simi-
In 1972 David Smith was acquitted of the murder of his lar to the mythical Medusa and, according to author Helen
father, who had been suffering from an incurable can- Birch, has become“synonymous with the idea of feminine
cer. Smith pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sen- evil”.* [180]* [216]
tenced to two days' detention.* [204] He remarried and
Given Hindley's status as a co-defendant in the first
moved to Lincolnshire with his three sons,* [194]* [205] and
serial-murder trial held since the abolition of the death
was exonerated of any participation in the Moors murders
penalty,* [217] retribution was a common theme amongst
by Hindley's confession in 1987. He died in Ireland in
those who sought to keep her locked away. Even her mother
2012.* [206]* [207]
insisted that she should die in prison, partly for fear for
A 1977 BBC television debate discussed arguments for and her daughter's safety and partly out of the desire to avoid
against Myra Hindley's release, with Lord Longford being the possibility that one of the victims' relatives might kill
on the side who argued that Hindley should be released and her. Some commentators expressed the view that of the
Ann West (the mother of Lesley Ann Downey) being on two, Hindley was the “more evil”.* [218] Lord Longford,
the side arguing against any suggestion of Hindley being a devout Roman Catholic, campaigned to secure the release
released and threatening to kill her if she ever got out of of“celebrated”criminals, and Myra Hindley in particular,
prison.* [208] which earned him constant derision from the public and the
Joan Reade, Pauline Reade's mother, was admitted to press. He described Hindley as a “delightful”person and
Springfield Mental Hospital in Manchester. She was said“you could loathe what people did but should not loathe
present, under heavy sedation, at the funeral of her daugh- what they were because human personality was sacred *
even
ter on 7 August 1987.* [209] Five years after their son was though human behaviour was very often appalling”. [219]
murdered, Sheila and Patrick Kilbride divorced.* [199] Ann Despite his best efforts, the tabloid press branded him a
West, mother of Lesley Ann Downey, died in 1999 from “loony” *
and a“do-gooder”for supporting the“evil”Hind-
cancer of the liver. Since her daughter's death, she had ley. [220] Hindley became a long-running source of ma-
campaigned to ensure that Hindley remained in prison, and terial for the press, who printed embellished tales of her
doctors said that the stress had contributed to the severity “cushy”life at the “5-star”Cookham Wood *Prison and
her liaisons with prison staff and other inmates. [221]
68.12. REFERENCES 249

68.11 See also [17] Topping (1989), p. 34

[18] Staff (2007), pp. 184–186


• Myra (painting)
[19] Topping (1989), p. 22
• Thrill killing
[20] Staff (2007), pp. 183–184

[21] Lee (2010), pp. 199–200


68.12 References
[22] Williams (1992), p. 266
Notes [23] Staff (2007), p. 186

[1] Many sources state that Brady and Hindley's first date was to [24] Gibson & Wilcox (2006), p. 67
watch the film Judgment at Nuremberg; Hindley recollected
that it was King of Kings.* [125] [25] Ritchie (1988), p. 78

[2] His communications are sometimes censored by the prison [26] Topping (1989), p. 121
authorities.* [154]
[27] Topping (1989), pp. 120–121
[3] Forensic psychologist Chris Cowley writes “So there was a
[28] Ritchie (1988), p. 85
gap in the murder cycle, this is not unusual with serial killers,
but in most cases the gaps between murders get shorter, not [29] Staff (2007), pp. 193–194
longer. The so-called 'cooling-off' periods diminish on a
timeline. In Brady's case, this did not happen: it went the [30] Topping (1989), pp. 122–124
other way. So their next killing [Edward Evans] was out of
sequence and it went badly wrong for pretty much everyone [31] Topping (1989), p. 122
concerned, not least their victim.* [156]
[32] Lee (2010), pp. 234–235

Footnotes [33] Topping (1989), p. 107

[34] Topping (1989), p. 35


[1] Hindley: I wish I'd been hanged, BBC News, 29 February
2000, retrieved 11 August 2009 [35] Topping (1989), pp. 35–36
[2] Staff (2007), p. 7 [36] Topping (1989), p. 33
[3] Staff (2007), p. 294 [37] Ritchie (1988), p. 91
[4] Carmichael (2003), p. 2 [38] Ritchie (1988), pp. 93–94
[5] Topping (1989), pp. 82–85 [39] “Two women at 'bodies on moors' trial cover their ears”,
The Times (Times Digital Archive) (56616), 27 April 1966,
[6] Lee (2010), p. 111
p. 9, retrieved 11 August 2009 (subscription required)
[7] Staff (2007), p. 137
[40] Topping (1989), p. 37
[8] Staff (2007), p. 146
[41] “Couple on Moors Murder Charge”, The Times (Times
[9] Glasgow Herald. 13 April, 1988 Digital Archive) (56459), 22 October 1965, p. 8, retrieved
11 August 2009, (subscription required (help))
[10] Lee (2010), p. 115
[42] “Couple in Court Two Minutes”, The Times (Times Dig-
[11] Staff (2007), p. 141 ital Archive) (56465), 29 October 1965, p. 15, retrieved 11
August 2009, (subscription required (help))
[12] Lee (2010), pp. 130–135
[43]“Clerk Accused Of Three Murders”, The Times (Times Dig-
[13] Topping (1989), pp. 90–92
ital Archive) (56495), 3 December 1965, p. 17, retrieved 25
[14] Lee (2010), p. 145 September 2009, (subscription required (help))

[15] Topping (1989), pp. 95–96 [44] “Hearing Of Moors Murder Case In Camera”, The Times
(Times Digital Archive) (56498), 7 December 1965, p. 6,
[16] Topping (1989), pp. 101–105 retrieved 25 September 2009 (subscription required)
250 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

[45] “Prosecution tells how a youth of 17 died”, The Times [72] Ritchie (1988), p. 266
(Times Digital Archive) (56499), 8 December 1965, p. 15,
retrieved 28 September 2009, (subscription required (help)) [73] Smith, Ian (20 December 1986), Witness helps in search of
moors (62646), The Times, hosted at find.galegroup.com, p.
[46] Davenport-Hines, Richard,“Hindley, Myra (1942–2002)", 3 (subscription required)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 5 July
2009 (subscription or UK public library membership re- [74] Topping (1989), pp. 72–75
quired)
[75] Ritchie (1988), p. 268
[47] Staff (2007), p. 213
[76] Topping (1989), p. 153
[48] Staff (2007), p. 222
[77] Topping (1989), pp. 146–147
[49] Hamilton, Fiona (20 April 1966), “Boy tricked into seeing
[78] Topping (1989), p. 147
murder, moors trial Q.C. says”, The Times (Times Digital
Archive), retrieved 16 September 2009 [79] Topping (1989), p. 158
[50] Staff (2007), p. 225 [80] Ritchie (1988), p. 269
[51] “Mr Godfrey Heilpern”, The Times (Times Digital Archive) [81] Topping (1989), pp. 160–164
(58774), 5 May 1973, p. 14 (subscription required)
[82] Topping (1989), pp. 171–172
[52] UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gre-
gory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings [83] Ritchie (1988), pp. 270–274
for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
[84] Ritchie (1988), p. 274
[53] Staff (2007), pp. 225–226
[85] Ritchie (1988), p. 276
[54] Lee (2010), p. 272
[86] Topping (1989), pp. 188–196
[55] Topping (1989), p. 143
[87] Topping (1989), p. 206
[56] Topping (1989), p. 38
[88] Topping (1989), p. 232
[57] Staff (2007), pp. 227–228
[89] Topping (1989), p. 253
[58] Topping (1989), p. 39
[90] Topping (1989), p. 223
[59] “Life sentences on couple in moors case”, The Times (Times
[91] Staff (2007), p. 298
Digital Archive), 7 May 1966, retrieved 29 July 2009 (sub-
scription required) [92] Topping (1989), p. 249
[60] Obituary: Myra Hindley, BBC News, 15 November 2002, [93] Wright, Stephen (7 June 2008), “Spy satellite used in fresh
retrieved 12 June 2007 bid to reveal Moors Murderers final secret̶their last vic-
tim's body”, The Daily Mail, retrieved 5 October 2009
[61] Staff (2007), p. 229
[94] Moors victim mother's Brady plea, BBC News, 1 January
[62] Ritchie (1988), p. 252
2009, retrieved 1 July 2009
[63] Topping (1989), p. 10
[95] Parmenter, Tom (2 July 2009), Brady Banned From Fresh
[64] Topping (1989), p. 13 Moors Searches, Sky News, retrieved 24 September 2009

[65] Ritchie (1988), pp. 260–261 [96] Moors Murders: Donations fund search for Keith Bennett,
BBC News, 27 March 2010, retrieved 27 March 2010
[66] Topping (1989), pp. 42–43
[97] Ian Brady's mental health advocate will not face charges,
[67] Ritchie (1988), p. 262 BBC News, 11 February 2013, retrieved 9 June 2014

[68] Topping (1989), pp. 43–52 [98] Ritchie (1988), pp. 17–19

[69] Ritchie (1988), pp. 264–265 [99] Cowley (2011), p. 28

[70] Topping (1989), p. 44 [100] Ritchie (1988), pp. 19–20

[71] Topping (1989), p. 55 [101] Ritchie (1988), pp. 20–21


68.12. REFERENCES 251

[102] Topping (1989), p. 24 [136] Ritchie (1988), pp. 41–45

[103] Staff (2007), p. 122 [137] Ritchie (1988), pp. 46–47

[104] Cowley (2011), p. 29 [138] Ritchie (1988), pp. 50–55

[105] Staff (2007), pp. 122–123 [139] Ritchie (1988), pp. 56–58

[106] Staff (2007), p. 123 [140] Topping (1989), p. 137

[107] Ritchie (1988), pp. 23–25 [141] Ritchie (1988), pp. 62–65

[108] Ritchie (1988), p. 2 [142] Ritchie (1988), p. 65

[109] Lee (2010), p. 30 [143] Ritchie (1988), p. 67

[110] Staff (2007), pp. 39–46 [144] Ritchie (1988), p. 69

[111] Staff (2007), p. 38 [145] Ritchie (1988), pp. 70–71


[112] Staff (2007), pp. 49–50 [146] Ritchie (1988), p. 73
[113] Staff (2007), p. 50 [147] Ritchie (1988), pp. 71–73
[114] Ritchie (1988), p. 7 [148] Edge, Simon (11 October 2008),“Evil of the Lady Killers”
, The Express, retrieved 10 September 2009 (subscription
[115] Staff (2007), p. 36 required)
[116] Ritchie (1988), p. 11 [149] “Brady chooses to remain alone”, The Times (Times Digital
[117] Staff (2007), pp. 77–80 Archive) (56656), 13 June 1966, p. 1, retrieved 25 Septem-
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[118] Ritchie (1988), p. 9
[150] Ian Brady: A fight to die, BBC News, 3 October 2000, re-
[119] Ritchie (1988), p. 8 trieved 12 June 2007

[120] Ritchie (1988), pp. 12–13 [151] Gould, Peter (October 2002), Ian Brady seeks public hearing,
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[121] Ritchie (1988), p. 14
[152] What will Hindley's lawyers argue?, BBC News, 7 December
[122] McVeigh, Karen (16 November 2002), “Death at 60 for 1997, retrieved 12 June 2007
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[123] Ritchie (1988), p. 27
[154] Cowley (2011), p. 17
[124] Ritchie (1988), p. 29
[155] Cowley (2011), p. 16
[125] Lee (2010), p. 76
[156] Cowley (2011), p. 41
[126] Ritchie (1988), p. 31
[157] Gould, Peter (27 October 2005), Brady claims murders 'had
[127] Ritchie (1988), p. 32 ended', BBC News, retrieved 11 August 2009
[128] Carmichael (2003), p. 6 [158] Cowley (2011), pp. 51, 74
[129] Ritchie (1988), pp. 32–33 [159] Cowley (2011), p. 61
[130] Ritchie (1988), p. 35 [160] Cowley (2011), p. 124
[131] Ritchie (1988), pp. 37–40 [161] Cowley (2011), p. 177
[132] Ritchie (1988), pp. 40–41 [162] Force feeding of Ian Brady declared lawful (PDF) 320, BMJ,
[133] Cowley (2011), p. 140 hosted at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 18 March 2000, p. 731, re-
trieved 15 July 2013
[134] Topping (1989), p. 81
[163] Chancellor, Alexander (4 February 2006), “Let Ian Brady
[135] Topping (1989), p. 80 die”, The Guardian, retrieved 29 August 2012
252 CHAPTER 68. MOORS MURDERS

[164] Finn, Gary (30 October 1999), “Ian Brady force-fed in se- [187] Gould, Peter (25 November 2002), Raising killers' hopes of
cure hospital”, The Independent, retrieved 25 September freedom, BBC News, retrieved 12 June 2007
2009
[188] Inquest tribute to Hindley's victims, BBC News, 18 November
[165] Tran, Mark (10 March 2000), “Brady loses bid to die”, 2002, retrieved 1 October 2009
The Guardian, retrieved 29 September 2009
[189] Lee (2010), p. 10
[166] US publisher defends Brady book, BBC News, 18 October
2001, retrieved 22 September 2009 [190] Addley, Esther (21 November 2002), “Funeral pariah”,
The Guardian, retrieved 29 September 2009
[167] Cowley (2011), pp. 256–257
[191] Staff (2007), p. 18
[168] Cowley (2011), p. 256
[192] Lee (2010), p. 22
[169] Brady drugs smuggling bid foiled, BBC News, 28 January
[193] “Hindley's ashes“scattered in park"", Manchester Evening
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News, 27 February 2003, retrieved 8 August 2009 (subscrip-
[170] Brady writes to victim's mother, BBC News, 21 February tion required)
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[194] Topping (1989), pp. 64–65
[171] Ian Brady will not necessarily kill himself if moved to jail,
[195] Ritchie (1988), p. 232
tribunal hears, guardian.co.uk, 25 June 2013, retrieved 29
June 2013 [196] “Decree for wife of Moors witness”, The Times (Times
Digital Archive) (58734), 17 March 1973, p. 2, retrieved
[172] Ian Brady should stay in psychiatric hospital, tribunal rules, 25 September 2009, (subscription required (help))
guardian.co.uk, 28 June 2013, retrieved 28 June 2013
[197] Ritchie (1988), pp. 232–239
[173] “Myra Hindley Loses Murder Appeal”, The Times (Times
Digital Archive) (56765), 18 October 1966, p. 1, retrieved [198] Ritchie (1988), pp. 238–240
25 September 2009 (subscription required)
[199] Ritchie (1988), p. 49
[174] Ritchie (1988), p. 162
[200] Ritchie (1988), p. 240
[175] Staff (2007), p. 250
[201] Herbert, Ian (16 November 2002), “I have no compassion
[176] Ritchie (1988), pp. 164–166 for her. I hope she goes to Hell. I wanted her to suffer like I
have”, The Independent, Archived from the original on 30
[177] Staff (2007), pp. 250–253 January 2011, retrieved 29 September 2009
[178] Last wish of Moors murder mother, BBC News, 11 February [202] Lister, Sam (20 November 2002), Family glad Hindley died
1999, retrieved 5 July 2009 behind bars, menmedia.co.uk, retrieved 11 November 2011

[179] Topping (1989), p. 140 [203] Why Myra must never be freed; Scots detective who arrested
evil Hindley ends 30-year silence, Scottish Daily Record and
[180] Stanford, Peter (16 November 2002),“Myra Hindley”, The Sunday, 29 October 1997
Guardian, retrieved 25 September 2009
[204] “Moors case witness cleared”, The Times (Times Digi-
[181] “Timetable of Moors murders case”, The Guardian, 15 tal Archive) (58626), 8 November 1972, p. 2, retrieved 25
November 2002, retrieved 12 June 2007 September 2009, (subscription required (help))
[182] Regina v. Secretary of State For The Home Department, Ex [205] Ritchie (1988), p. 249
Parte Hindley, House of Lords, 30 March 2000, retrieved 16
March 2007 [206] Fallon, John (9 May 2012), Man who helped jail Moors mur-
derers dies of cancer, irishtimes.com, Archived from the
[183] 1966: Moors murderers jailed for life, BBC News, 6 May original on 20 July 2012, retrieved 27 May 2012
1966, retrieved 12 June 2007
[207] “Obituaries - David Smith”, Daily Telegraph, 30 June 2012,
[184] Killer challenges 'whole life' tariff, BBC News, 21 October retrieved 28 December 2015
2002, retrieved 12 June 2007
[208] “No Way To Consider Clemency”, The Times (Times Dig-
[185]“Hindley could be freed 'in months'", London Evening Stan- ital Archive) (60052), 11 July 1977, p. 13, retrieved 25
dard, 10 September 2002 September 2009 (subscription required)

[186] Staff (2007), pp. 17–18 [209] Ritchie (1988), p. 45


68.13. FURTHER READING 253

[210] Moors murder mother was 'incredible', BBC News, 10 • Topping, Peter (1989), Topping: The Autobiography
February 1999, retrieved 29 September 2009 of the Police Chief in the Moors Murder Case, Angus
& Robertson, ISBN 978-0-207-16480-4
[211] Moors Murder mother Winnie Johnson in DVD appeal to
Brady, bbc.co.uk, 25 April 2011, retrieved 18 August 2012 • Williams, Emlyn (1992), Beyond Belief: A Chronicle
[212] Copping, Jasper (18 August 2012), Winnie Johnson, mother of Murder and Its Detection, Pan Macmillan, ISBN
of Moors Murders victim Keith Bennett, dies, telegraph.co.uk, 978-0-330-02088-6
retrieved 18 August 2012

[213] Gould, Peter (1 July 2009), What does Ian Brady know?,
BBC News, retrieved 29 September 2009
68.13 Further reading
[214] Moors Murder victim Keith Bennett's mother dies, BBC News, • Boar, Roger; Blundell, Nigel (1988), The World's Most
18 August 2012, retrieved 18 August 2012 Infamous Murders, Mass Market Paperback, ISBN
[215] Hindley Link Goes (62892), The Times, hosted at
978-0-425-10887-1
find.galegroup.com, 6 October 1987, p. 2 (subscription • Goodman, Jonathan (1986), The Moors Murders: The
required)
Trial of Myra Hindley and Ian Brady, David &
[216] Birch (1994), p. 32 Charles, ISBN 978-1-85813-539-7

[217] Birch (1994), p. 43 • Hansford Johnson, Pamela (1967), On Iniquity,


Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-684-12984-6
[218] Ritchie (1988), pp. 281–290
• Harrison, Fred (1986), Brady and Hindley: The Gen-
[219] Lord Longford: Aristocratic moral crusader, BBC News, 3
esis of the Moors Murders, Grafton, ISBN 978-0-
August 2001, retrieved 12 June 2007
906798-70-6
[220] Birch (1994), p. 44
• Hawkins, Cathy (2004).“The Monster Body of Myra
[221] Birch (1994), pp. 44–46 Hindley”. Scan: Journal of media Arts and Culture
(Macquarie University, Sydney).
Bibliography • Potter, John Deane (1967), The Monsters Of The
Moors, Ballantine Books
• Birch, Helen, ed. (1994), Moving Targets: Women,
Murder, and Representation, University of California • Robins, Joyce (1993), Serial Killers and Mass Mur-
Press, ISBN 978-0-520-08574-9 derers: 100 Tales of Infamy, Barbarism and Horrible
Crime, Bounty Books, ISBN 978-1-85152-363-4
• Carmichael, Kay (2003), Sin and Forgiveness: New
Responses in a Changing World, Ashgate Publishing, • Smith, David (2011), Witness: The Story of David
ISBN 978-0-7546-3406-5 Smith, Chief Prosecution Witness in the Moors Murders
Case, Mainstream Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84596-
• Cowley, Chris (2011), Face to Face with Evil: Con- 739-0
versations with Ian Brady (Kindle ed.), Metro, ISBN
978-1-84454-981-8 • West, Ann (1989), For the Love of Lesley, W. H.
Allen/Virgin Books, ISBN 978-1-85227-160-2
• Gibson, Dirk Cameron; Wilcox, Dennis L. (2006), Se-
rial murder and media circuses, Greenwood Publish-
ing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-99064-0 68.14 External links
• Lee, Carol Ann (2010), One Of Your Own: The Life
and Death of Myra Hindley, Mainstream Publishing, • The official Keith Bennett website
ISBN 978-1-84596-545-7

• Ritchie, Jean (1988), Myra Hindley̶Inside the Mind


of a Murderess, Angus & Robertson, ISBN 978-0-
207-15882-7

• Staff, Duncan (2007), The lost boy (first ed.), Bantam


Press, ISBN 978-0-593-05692-9
Chapter 69

Nannie Doss

Nannie Doss (born Nancy Hazel, November 4, 1905 – 69.2 First marriage
June 2, 1965) was an American serial killer responsible for
the deaths of 11 people between the 1920s and 1954.* [1] Doss was first married at age 16, to Charley Braggs. They
She finally confessed to the murders in October 1954, after had met at the Linen Thread factory where they both
her fifth husband had died in a small hospital in Tulsa, Ok- worked, and with her father's approval they married after 4
lahoma. In all, it was revealed that she had killed four hus- months of dating. He was the only son of a never-married
bands, two children, her two sisters, her mother, a grandson, mother who insisted on continuing to live with her son after
and a mother-in-law. he married. Doss later wrote

I married, as my father wished, in 1921 to


a boy I only knowed about four or five months
who had no family, only a mother who was unwed
and who had taken over my life completely when
we were married. She never seen anything wrong
69.1 Early life with what he done, but she would take spells. She
would not let my own mother stay all night...

Doss was born on November 4, 1905* [2] in Blue Moun- Braggs' mother took up a lot of his attention and limited
tain, Alabama, now part of Anniston, as Nancy Hazel to Nannie's activities. The marriage produced 4 daughters
Louisa “Lou”(née Holder) and James F. Hazel. Nannie from 1923 to 1927. The stressed-out young mother started
was one of five children; she had one brother and three sis- drinking, and her casual smoking habit became a heavy ad-
ters. Both Nannie and her mother hated James, who was diction. Both unhappy partners suspected each other, cor-
a controlling father and husband with a nasty streak. She rectly, of infidelity, and Braggs often disappeared for days
had an unhappy childhood. She was a poor student who on end. In early 1927, they lost their 2 middle girls to sus-
never learned to read well; her education was erratic be- pected food poisoning; suspecting that Nannie had killed
cause her father forced his children to work on the family them, Braggs took firstborn daughter Melvina and fled, leav-
farm instead of attending school. When she was around 7 ing newborn Florine behind. Soon after, Braggs' mother
years old, the family was taking a train to visit relatives in died and Nannie took a job in a cotton mill to support
southern Alabama; when the train stopped suddenly, Nan- Florine and herself.
nie hit her head on the metal bar on the seat in front of her.
Braggs brought Melvina back in the summer of 1928; with
For years after, she suffered severe headaches, blackouts
them was a divorcée with her own child. Braggs and Nan-
and depression; she blamed these and her mental instability
nie soon divorced and Nannie took her 2 girls back to her
on that accident. During childhood, her favorite hobby was
mother's home. He always maintained he left her because
reading her mother's romance magazines and dreaming of
he was frightened of her.
her own romantic future. Later, her favorite part was the
lonely hearts column. The Hazel sisters' teenage years were
restricted by their father; he forbade them to wear makeup
and attractive clothing. He was trying to prevent them from 69.3 Second marriage
being molested by men, but that happened on several occa-
sions. He also forbade them to go to dances and other social Living and working in Anniston, Nannie soothed her loneli-
events. ness by reading True Romance and similar reading material.

254
69.5. FOURTH MARRIAGE 255

She also resumed poring over the lonely hearts column, and his funeral. Soon after, the couple's house, which had been
wrote to men advertising there. A particular advert that left to Lanning's sister, burned down. The insurance money
interested her was that of Robert Franklin “Frank”Har- went to Widow Nannie Lanning, who quickly banked it, and
relson, a 23-year-old factory worker from Jacksonville. He after Lanning's mother died in her sleep, Nannie left North
sent her romantic poetry, and she sent him a cake. They Carolina and ended up at her sister Dovie's home. Dovie
met and married in 1929, when she was 24, 2 years after her was bedridden; soon after sister Nan's arrival, she died.
divorce from Braggs. They lived together in Jacksonville,
with Melvina and Florine Braggs. After a few months,
she discovered that he was an alcoholic and had a crimi-
nal record for assault. Despite this, the marriage lasted 16
69.5 Fourth marriage
years.
Looking for yet another husband, Nannie joined the Di-
amond Circle Club and soon met Richard L. Morton of
69.3.1 Grandchildren Emporia, Kansas. He didn't have a drinking problem, but
he was a womanizer. Morton met his death in April 1953–3
Nannie's eldest, Melvina, gave birth to Robert Lee Haynes months after Nannie's mother, Lou, had come to live with
in 1943. Another baby followed 2 years later but died soon them and ended up poisoned to death.
afterward. Exhausted from labor and groggy from ether,
Melvina thought she saw her visiting mother stick a hatpin
into the baby's head. When she asked her husband and sister
for clarification, they said Nannie had told them the baby
69.6 Fifth marriage
was dead̶and they noticed that she was holding a pin. The
doctors, however, couldn't give a positive explanation. The Nannie met and married Samuel Doss of Tulsa, Okla-
grieving parents drifted apart and Melvina started dating a homa, in June 1953. A clean-cut, churchgoing man, he
soldier. Nannie disapproved of him, and while Melvina was disapproved of the romance novels and stories that Nannie
visiting her father after a particularly nasty fight with her adored. In September, Samuel was admitted to the hospi-
mother, her son Robert died mysteriously under Granny's tal with flu-like symptoms. The hospital diagnosed a severe
care on July 7, 1945. The death was diagnosed as asphyxia digestive tract infection. He was treated and released on
from unknown causes, and 2 months later Nannie collected October 5. Nannie killed him that evening in her rush to
the $500 life insurance she had taken out on Robert. collect the two life insurance policies she had taken out on
him. This sudden death alerted his doctor, who ordered an
autopsy. The autopsy revealed a huge amount of arsenic in
69.3.2 Death of Frank his system. Nannie was promptly arrested.

In 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied powers at the end


of World War II, and Harrelson was among the most robust
partiers. After an evening of particularly heavy drinking,
69.7 Confession and conviction
he raped Nannie. The next day she discovered Harrelson's
corn whiskey jar buried in the ground as she tended her rose Nannie confessed to killing four of her husbands, her
garden. The rape had been the last straw for her, so she took mother, her sister Dovie, her grandson Robert, and her
the jar and topped it off with rat poison. Harrelson died a mother-in-law Lanning. The state of Oklahoma centered its
painful death that evening. case only on Samuel Doss. The prosecution found her men-
tally fit for trial. Nannie pleaded guilty on May 17, 1955,
and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The state did not
pursue the death penalty due to her gender. Doss was never
69.4 Third marriage charged with the other deaths, however many sources indi-
cate she killed 8-11 people. She died of leukemia in the hos-
Doss met her third husband, Arlie Lanning, through an- pital ward of the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1965.* [3]
other lonely-hearts column while travelling in Lexington,
North Carolina, and married him 3 days later. Like his pre-
decessor, Harrelson, Lanning was an alcoholic womanizer.
However, in this marriage it was Nannie who often disap- 69.8 References
peared̶and for months on end. But when she was home
she played the doting housewife, and when he died of what [1] “Nannie Doss Biography”. Who2 Biographies. Who2 LLP.
was said to be heart failure, the whole town supported her at Retrieved 26 April 2013.
256 CHAPTER 69. NANNIE DOSS

[2] Manners, Terry, Deadlier than the Male, 1995. Page 76


ISBN 0-330-33711-4.

[3] Curtis, Gene (October 27, 2007). “Only in Oklahoma:


Black widow enjoyed the limelight”. Tulsa World. Re-
trieved December 6, 2015.

69.9 Bibliography
• Wilson, Colin. The Mammoth Book of True Crime.
New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1998. ISBN
0-7867-0536-1

69.10 External links


• Gribben, Mark (20 June 2006). “The Giggling
Grandma”. The Malefactor's Register. Mark Gribben.
Retrieved 26 April 2013.

• Entry at murderpedia.org
Chapter 70

Paul Durousseau

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with her by the neck. Later, she testified he got violently an-
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown gry when she talked about getting a divorce. In Septem-
only in preview). ber and October 2001, Durousseau spent 48 days in jail for
domestic battery.* [4]
Paul Durousseau (born August 11, 1970)* [1] is an Durousseau still managed to hold various legitimate jobs.
American serial killer who murdered seven young women In 2001, he was hired as a school bus driver and an animal
(including two who were pregnant) in the southeast United control worker despite being a convicted felon. In 2003, he
States between 1997 and 2003. German authorities sus- worked as a taxi driver in Jacksonville. It was erroneously
pect he may have killed several local women when he was reported that Gator City Taxi Company failed to run a back-
stationed there with the Army during the early 1990s. Typ- ground check on Durousseau* [5] and it is now accepted that
ically, Durousseau would gain the victimʼs trust, enter the this is how he first came into contact with some of his vic-
victimʼs home, tie their hands, rape, then strangle them tims. The City Of Jacksonville Department of Motor Vehi-
to death.* [2] All of his known victims were young, single cle/Taxicab Inspection office is responsible for background
African-American women, some of whom were pregnant. investigations of all persons applying for taxicab driver per-
mits. Durousseau was issued a Taxicab Driver Permit from
the City of Jacksonville.* [6]

70.1 Personal life Neighbors and friends described him as a “lewd woman-
izer”. He often asked young women when they planned
to“make flicks”with him. A witness recalled Durousseau
Paul Durousseau was born in Beaumont, Texas. Little is hitting on a girl that appeared to be 13 or 14 years old.* [7]
known publicly about Paul Durousseau's childhood. His
first offenses with the law as an adult took place on De-
cember 18, 1991 and on January 21, 1992 for carrying a
concealed firearm in California.* [3] In November 1992, he 70.2 Chronology of the murders
enlisted in the US Army* [3] and was stationed in Germany,
where he met Natoca, who would later become his wife. Less than one month after the acquittal over the rape
The two married in 1995 in Las Vegas. In 1996, they were charges, the nude body of 26-year-old Tracy Habersham
transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia. On March 13, 1997, was found on September 7, 1997 in Fort Benning.* [8] She
he was arrested for kidnapping and raping a young woman. had been missing for 48 hours and was last seen leaving a
However, in August of that year he was cleared of those party. She had been raped and strangled to death with a
charges. Soon after, he was found in possession of stolen cord. Paul Durousseau was not a suspect in the murder but
goods. He was court-martialed in January 1999, found DNA would later tie him to the crime. He also would con-
guilty and dishonorably discharged from the Army.* [4]* :3 fess in Habersham's killing after his arrest.* [3]* [9]
The two moved to Durousseau's hometown of Jacksonville, In 1999, he raped and killed 24-year-old Tyresa Mack in
Florida where they had two daughters. It was during that pe- her apartment. Witnesses saw him leave her place with a
riod that he committed most of the murders. He struggled television.* [10] In 2001, he was arrested for raping a young
to keep jobs and make ends meet, and the couple would of- woman in Jacksonville. He spent 30 days in jail and re-
ten have fights over the issue of finances. In 1999, the police ceived two years' probation. On December 19, 2002, 18-
advised Durousseau's wife on how to file for a restraining year-old Nicole L. Williams' body was found wrapped in a
order after he allegedly slapped her in the face and grabbed blue blanket at the bottom of a ditch in Jacksonville. She

257
258 CHAPTER 70. PAUL DUROUSSEAU

had been reported missing two days earlier.* [8] [5] Ivice, Paul (July 21, 2003). “Gator City Taxi sued in 3
deaths”. Jacksonville Business Journal.
On January 1, 2003, family members of 19-year-old Nikia
Kilpatrick went to check on her. They had not had any [6] “Vehicle For Hire and Driver Certifications”. coj.net. Re-
news from her for several days. They found her body in trieved October 10, 2014.
the bedroom of her apartment. She had been raped then
[7] Treen, Dana (19 June 2003).“Accused killer was lewd, say
killed by strangulation with a cord two days before. Her
neighbors”. jacksonville.com. The Florida Times-Union.
two sons, an eleven-month-old and a two-year-old, were
alive but malnourished. Kilpatrick was approximately six [8] “Suspected Serial Killer Under Arrest”. News4Jax.com.
months pregnant at the time of her death.* [4] WJXT. 18 June 2003.
On January 9 of the same year, 20-year-old nurse assis- [9] “Serial murder suspect linked to 1997 murder in Columbus,
tant Shawanda Denise McCalister, who was also pregnant Ga.”. First Coast News. Gannett Broadcasting. 19 June
at the time of her death, was raped and strangled to death 2003.
in her Jacksonville apartment. The murder scene was al-
most identical to that of Nikia Kilpatrick. She was killed [10] “Paul Durousseau”. pysih.com. June 11, 2007. Retrieved
October 10, 2014.
on Durousseau's first day of driving a cab for Gator City
Taxi. Her body was found the following day. [11] “Inmate Population Information Detail”. 5/26/2013.
Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved 28 May
The next two victims were 17-year-old Jovanna Jefferson,
2013.
and 19-year-old Surita Cohen. Their bodies were found
close to each other in a ditch next to a construction site
on New Kings Road in Jacksonville on February 5. Police
estimated that Jefferson was murdered around January 20
and Cohen was killed 10 days later. Witnesses recount hav-
ing seen the two last victims with a taxi driver fitting Paul
Durousseau's description on the night they disappeared.
He was arrested and charged with five counts of murder on
June 17, 2003. On December 13, 2007 he was sentenced
to die by lethal injection for the murder of Tyresa Mack.
As of August 18, 2013, he was still a resident on Florida's
death row at Union Correctional Institution. No execution
date has been set.* [11]

70.3 See also


• List of death row inmates in the United States

70.4 References
[1] “Inmate Population Information Detail - Paul Durousseau”
. Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved February 6,
2010.

[2] Ferguson, George, Emily Downing, Kaylor Eutsler, & David


Disque. Paul Durousseau: The Jacksonville Serial Killer.
Radford University Dept of Psychology.

[3] Chapin, Veronica (18 June 2003). “Cabdriver arrested in 6


serial killings”. jacksonville.com. The Florida Times-Union.

[4] Bell, Rachael. “Paul Durousseau, the Jacksonville Serial


Killer”. Crime Library. truTV. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Chapter 71

Peter Dupas

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with was broken into. The bodies of two elderly women were
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown mutilated using a pathologist's knife. One body contained
only in preview). a strange wound inflicted with a knife to the area of the
thigh. Police believe Dupas was involved in the break-in as
Peter Norris Dupas (born 6 July 1953) is an Australian the wounds inflicted matched that of a later murder victim,
Nicole Patterson.* [3]
serial killer, currently serving three consecutive life sen-
tences for murder. His violent criminal history spans more Senior Detective Ian Armstrong, who interviewed Dupas
than three decades, and with every release from prison has on 30 November 1973, at the Nunawading Police Station,
been known to commit further crimes against women with described Dupas as“weak and compliant”when confronted
increasing levels of violence.* [1] His criminal signature is by authority.
to remove the breasts of his female victims.* [2] After Dupas received a term of nine years imprisonment for
As of 2007, Dupas has been convicted of three murders and rape in 1974, prison psychiatrist Dr. Allen Bartholomew
is a prime suspect in at least three other murders committed noted Dupas was in constant denial of his criminal activ-
in the vicinity of the Melbourne area during the 1980s and ity, noting at the time: “I am reasonably certain that this
1990s.* [3] youth has a serious psychosexual problem, that he is using
the technique of denial as a coping device and that he is
to be seen as potentially dangerous. The denial technique
makes for huge difficulty in treatment.”* [3]
71.1 Early life

Dupas was the youngest of three children, born into what 71.2 Sex offences
has been described as “a fairly normal family”. Born in
Sydney, New South Wales, his family moved to Melbourne
On 25 July 1974, Dupas was sentenced to nine years
while he was still a toddler. With both siblings consider- imprisonment with a minimum period of five years for an
ably older, his elderly parents treated him much like an only attack on a married woman in her own home. Dupas broke
child.* [3]* [4] Dupas left high school upon completing Form into the victim's house and threatened her with a knife be-
5, and later obtained his Higher School Certificate.* [4] fore tying her up with cord and raping her. He threatened to
On 3 October 1968, at the age of 15, Dupas, still attending harm her baby when she resisted his attack. The sentencing
school in Waverley High in the south- eastern Melbourne judge described the offence as“one of the worst rapes that
suburb of Mount Waverley, visited his next-door neighbour, could be imagined”.* [7]
requesting to borrow a knife for the purpose of peeling veg- In 1979, approximately two months after his release from
etables.* [5] Dupas was apprehended after he stabbed the prison, Dupas again molested women in four separate at-
woman in the face, neck, and hand as she attempted to fight tacks over a ten-day period. On 28 February 1980, Du-
off his attack. He later told police he could not help himself pas received a five-year minimum prison sentence for three
and did not know why he began to attack the woman.* [5] charges of assault with intent to rape, malicious wounding,
He was placed on 18 months probation and admitted to assault with intent to rob, and indecent assault.* [7] A 1980
the Larundel Psychiatric Hospital for evaluation; he was re- report on Dupas stated “There is little that can be said in
leased after two weeks and treated as an outpatient.* [6] Dupas' favour. He remains an extremely disturbed, imma-
In October 1969, a mortuary located at the Austin Hospital ture, and dangerous man. His release on parole was a mis-

259
260 CHAPTER 71. PETER DUPAS

take.”* [5] newspaper, the Northcote Leader, in an effort to expand


*
Dupas was again released from prison in February 1985. her client base. [4]
Approximately one month later, he raped a 21-year-old Two neighbours reported hearing the screams of a young
woman on a beach at Blairgowrie. After alighting from his woman coming from Patterson's house between 9.00a.m.
car, Dupas followed the woman and attacked her, holding and 9.30a.m. on the day of her murder. Attempts by Patter-
her to the ground at knifepoint before raping her. He later son's boyfriend to contact her in the afternoon failed, raising
told police: “I'm sorry for what happened. Everyone was suspicions.* [4]
telling me I'm OK now. I never thought it was going to hap- On 19 April 1999 the body of Nicole Amanda Patterson
pen again. I only wanted to live a normal life.” was discovered by a friend in the front room of her Harper
On 28 June 1985, Dupas was sentenced to 12 years impris- Street, Northcote residence. Patterson's friend had visited
onment for the Blairgowrie rape,* [7] and released in 1992 to attend a dinner engagement. Upon hearing music from a
after serving seven years of his sentence.* [5] radio and discovering the front door unlocked, she entered
Less than two years after his release from prison, Dupas was the house
*
and found the body of Patterson severely muti-
arrested on charges of false imprisonment over an incident lated. [4]
at Lake Eppalock in January 1994. Wearing a hood and Patterson died from 27 stab wounds to her chest and
armed with a knife, insulation tape, and handcuffs, Dupas back.* [4] Her body was discovered naked from the waist
followed a woman who was picnicking and held her at knife- down, with her skirt found in a nearby bedroom and her
point in a toilet block but was chased off by her friends. As underwear around her ankles. Small pieces of yellow PVC
he was leaving the scene he crashed his car and was appre- tape were attached to her body and both of her breasts had
hended. On 18 August 1994, after entering a guilty plea been removed using a sharp knife. Her handbag and driver's
to one count of false imprisonment in the County Court licence were stolen during the attack. The murder weapon
in Bendigo, Dupas was sentenced to three years and nine and Patterson's breasts have never been recovered.* [4]
months imprisonment, with a minimum period of two years
and nine months.* [8] In September 1996, Dupas was again
released from prison and moved into a house in the Mel- 71.3.1 Arrest
bourne suburb of Pascoe Vale.* [7]
Police investigations of the crime scene revealed Patterson
had a 9.00a.m. appointment with a new client by the name
71.3 Murder of Nicole Patterson of “Malcolm”, as noted in her personal diary, alongside
a mobile telephone number. The number was traced to
an Indian student studying at La Trobe University named
“Harry”. Police learned Dupas had approached Harry
with an offer of labouring work. On 22 April 1999, po-
lice arrested Dupas at midday at the Excelsior Hotel in
Thomastown and charged him with the murder of Patter-
son later the same day.* [4]
Telephone records revealed Dupas had made three prior
telephone calls to Patterson to arrange a counselling session
to treat depression and a gambling addiction, the first from a
public telephone booth approximately six weeks before her
murder. Over the course of the next six weeks, Dupas made
calls to Patterson in an attempt to establish her vulnerability.
Dupas later told police he cancelled his appointment with
Patterson after being told by her his problem was something
Nicole Patterson
he was able to work through of his own accord.* [4]
Police also noticed scratches on Dupas' face and hand, con-
Nicole Amanda Patterson was a 28-year-old sistent with a recent struggle. Dupas claimed the scratches
psychotherapist and youth counsellor employed with had occurred when he was working in his backyard shed
the Ardoch Youth Foundation, an organisation formed to and a piece of wood hit him while using a lathe; Dupas did
assist young drug users. Patterson had desired to operate not own a lathe, however. He later changed his story to the
her own private practice and was using her Northcote home effect that the injuries were sustained while working in the
as an office. She placed several classified ads in a local shed and walking by a protruding piece of wood.* [4]
71.4. MURDER OF MARGARET MAHER 261

A police search of Dupas' home revealed blood-stained A black woollen glove was found near Maher's body which
clothing, PVC tape similar to that located at the crime police later confirmed contained DNA matching that of Du-
scene, a ski mask, newspaper clippings detailing Patterson's pas.* [11]
murder, and also a paper containing her advertisement for A post-mortem examination revealed Maher had suffered a
psychotherapy services.* [4] stab wound to her left wrist, bruising to her neck, blunt force
trauma with a cinder block to the area of her right eyebrow,
71.3.2 Trial and appeal and lacerations to her right arm.* [12] Maher's left breast
had been removed and placed into her mouth. At the time
After retiring for less than three hours, the jury returned of Maher's murder, Dupas had been out of prison for just
to deliver a guilty verdict. On 22 August 2000, while sen- over a year after serving time for rape offences and was no
tencing Dupas to life imprisonment without the opportu- longer under the supervision of the government corrections
nity for release on parole, Judge Frank Vincent remarked agency, Corrections Victoria.* [5]
"...the prospects of your eventual rehabilitation must be Dupas was already serving a life sentence without parole
regarded as so close to hopeless that they can be effec- for the murder of Nicole Patterson at the time of his arrest
tively discounted. There is no indication whatsoever that for the murder of Margaret Maher. With Dupas in custody,
you have experienced any sense of remorse for what you police were able to obtain a DNA sample, linking him to
have done, and I doubt that you are capable of any such hu- the 1997 murder of Maher.
man response. At a fundamental level, as human beings,
you present for us the awful, threatening and unanswerable
question: How did you come to be as you are?"* [4] 71.4.1 Trial
Dupas appeared in the Supreme Court of Victoria Court
of Appeal in August 2001 to appeal his conviction for the During a trial lasting three weeks, evidence was presented to
murder of Patterson. His appeal was dismissed.* [9] the jury that the removal of Patterson's and Maher's breasts
were so “strikingly similar”as to be a signature or trade-
mark stamp common to both crimes, thereby identifying
Dupas as the killer of both women.* [2] The jury, who was
71.4 Murder of Margaret Maher not told Dupas was already serving a life term of imprison-
ment for the murder of Patterson, took less than a day to
convict him of his second murder conviction. Upon hear-
ing the jury deliver the guilty verdict, Dupas claimed “it's
a kangaroo court" before being led away by court staff to
begin his sentence.* [11]
After the guilty verdict, Kylie Nicholas, Nicole Patterson's
sister, described Dupas as "...the most evil predator, a
psychopath, a true evil predatory, cunning repulsive per-
son. It's such a rare evil that comes into this world that's de-
stroyed these women and our lives. We're just praying that
this man is held accountable for everything he has done.”
*
[11]
On 16 August 2004, Dupas was convicted of the 4 October
1997, murder of Maher and sentenced to a second term of
life imprisonment.
Margaret Maher
Ian Joblin, a Melbourne-based forensic psychologist, re-
Margaret Josephine Maher, 40, was a prostitute working in leased a report to the court attempting to explain Dupasʼ
the Melbourne area who was last seen alive at the Safeway sexual reoffending behaviour:
supermarket at 12.20a.m. in Broadmeadows on 4 October
1997.* [7] “Dupas attacked women to fulfil fantasies of
Her body was discovered under a cardboard box contain- conquest and control…For Dupas, the actual as-
ing computer parts at 13.45 hrs. on 4 October 1997 by sault has not lived up to the fantasy which pre-
Ronald Frank McDonald, who made the discovery while ceded the assault, and is seen at times as disap-
he was collecting aluminium cans beside Cliffords Road, pointing…He does not feel reassured by either
Somerton with his wife, Eva and their children.* [5]* [10] his performance or his victimʼs response and
262 CHAPTER 71. PETER DUPAS

must find another victim, this time ʻthe right them in making their judgments. Hulls was quoted as say-
oneʼ. Thus, his offences become quite repet- ing, “There's no question that a formalised judicial edu-
itive.”* [2]* [13] cation and training needs to be introduced in Victoria. I
intend to investigate how that can best be done”.* [14]
During sentencing, Kaye remarked he would have sen- Felicity Hampel SC, president of civil liberties group Lib-
tenced Dupas for a life term for Maher's murder even if erty Victoria, replied in response to Hulls,“Neither impris-
he had not killed Patterson, saying: onment in itself nor parole in itself is going to stop every-
body from committing offences. What's important to bear
“In view of your appalling criminal history, in mind is that a person has to be sentenced for the offence
and in view of the particularly serious nature of they've committed, and that might mean that somebody gets
the crime for which you have been convicted, it a sentence that is proportionate for the crime, but it doesn't
is only appropriate that you be sentenced to life cure them of the dangerousness or the characteristic that
imprisonment. Even if the murder of Nicole Pat- makes them continue to offend”.* [14]
terson had never occurred, I would have no hes-
itation in imposing a term of life imprisonment
upon you. 71.4.2 Appeal
“It is clear, both in the present case and from
your previous convictions for rape and like of- On 25 July 2005, Dupas appeared in the Supreme Court of
fences, that your offending is connected with a Victoria Court of Appeal to appeal his conviction for the
need by you to vindicate a perverted and sadistic murder of Maher on the grounds of;
hatred of women and a contempt for them and
their right to live. As such the present offence
•“whether the judge erred in ruling that the facts of the
must be characterised as being in one of the most
mutilation of Pattersonʼs body should have been ad-
serious categories of murders which come before
mitted at trial”.* [9]
this Court.
“You intentionally killed a harmless, de- •“whether the directions of the judge aimed at keep-
fenceless woman who, like all your other victims, ing the evidence of the Patterson murder discrete were
had no prospect of protecting herself against you. sufficient”.* [9]
At the time you committed that offence, you had,
over almost three decades, terrorised women in •“whether the judge incorrectly directed the jury re-
this State. You have repeatedly violated a central garding the compression applied to the deceasedʼs
norm of a decent civilised society. Your conduct neck as one of three possible causes of death”.* [9]
in the present case is without mitigation or palli-
ation. There has been no recognition by you of •“if the matters relied upon in the other grounds listed
your wrongdoing. Rather, you repeated the same above did not result in a miscarriage of justice, their
offence, with even more brutality, 18 months af- “aggregate effect”did”.* [9]
ter murdering Margaret Maher.
“Based on your repeated violent offences, His appeal was dismissed.* [9]
and on the gravity of this offence, there is no
prospect of your rehabilitation. Nothing was ad-
vanced on your behalf to reflect that there is even 71.5 Murder of Mersina Halvagis
the faintest glimmer of hope for you. Even if
there were, any considerations of rehabilitation
must, in this case, be subordinated to the gravity Mersina Halvagis was a 25-year-old Melbourne woman
of your offending, the need for the imposition of murdered in an attack on 1 November 1997, while visiting
a just punishment, and the principle of general her grandmother's grave in the Greek Orthodox section of
deterrence. All those circumstances combine, in Fawkner Cemetery in Fawkner, a northern suburb of Mel-
my view, not only to justify, but also to require bourne.* [15] The alarm was raised by Halvagis' fiancé when
that I do not fix a minimum term.”* [7] she failed to meet with him later that day as the couple had
planned.* [3]
After Dupas received his second murder conviction, Victo- Halvagis' body was discovered at 4.35 a.m. on 5 Novem-
rian Attorney General Rob Hulls stated judges needed dis- ber 1997, by Halvagis' fiancé in an empty plot, three graves
cretionary powers to tailor punishments for criminals such from where her grandmother was buried. Mersina herself
as Dupas and that more training may be needed to assist would later be laid to rest in the Cheltenham Memorial
71.5. MURDER OF MERSINA HALVAGIS 263

opposite Fawkner Cemetery.

• Dupas lied to police about a facial injury received


about the time of the attack on Halvagis.

• Dupas attempted to alter his appearance after Hal-


vagis' murder.

• Dupas was identified by a woman from police pho-


tographs, who said she saw him minutes before the at-
tack 20 metres from where Halvagis' murder occurred.

Senior Detective Scarlett told the inquest a car known to


be used by Dupas at the time of the murder was sold to a
work associate in the month following the murder of Hal-
Mersina Halvagis
vagis. The car has since been crushed for scrap metal and
was never examined by detectives.* [19]
Park, Melbourne where her grieving parents regularly at- Forensic pathologist Professor David Ransom, who com-
tend her grave. Police believe Halvagis was attacked from pared wounds suffered by Halvagis to the wounds suffered
behind while kneeling to attend to a flower arrangement, by Patterson and Maher, told the inquest there was insuffi-
and that she died from massive injuries, including 87 stab cient evidence to suggest the wounds suffered by Halvagis
wounds about her knees, neck, with most wounds concen- were inflicted using the same knife or by the same person
trated around her breasts. Her upper clothing had been who had murdered Dupas' other victims.* [20]
pulled over her head towards her chest.* [3]
Dupas' lawyer, David Drake, advised the inquest that the
Dupas' home in Coane Street, Pascoe Vale was near the only evidence linking Dupas to the murder of Halvagis was
cemetery.* [10] Halvagis' murder had remained unsolved the fact that Dupas had lived nearby to the Fawkner Ceme-
since 1997, with the Victorian state government, together tery, and his reputation based on prior convictions for sim-
with police offering a A$1 million reward for information ilar offences. He further said police had relied upon their
leading to an arrest. The large reward was the fourth such beliefs that Dupas had a propensity to attack women using
reward of A$1 million in Victoria's history.* [16]* [17] knives, thereby linking him to the crime.* [19]
Frank Cole, an elderly resident of Pascoe Vale, claims he On 1 August 2006, the inquest was adjourned indefinitely
saw Dupas leaving the Fawkner Cemetery on the day of the following charges laid by police on Dupas for the murder
murder. Cole had earlier claimed he shot a dingo he sus- of Halvagis.* [21]* [22]
pected had killed two-month-old Azaria Chamberlain who
went missing at an Ayers Rock camping ground on 17 Au-
gust 1980.* [18] 71.5.2 Arrest
An anonymous female who was visiting her parents' grave
on the day of the murder had seen Dupas wearing sunglasses After obtaining a court order granting permission to inter-
casually jogging throughout the cemetery. view Dupas in relation to Halvagis' murder, police collected
Dupas from HM Prison Barwon on 2 September 2006, tak-
ing him to the St Kilda Road Police Headquarters in Mel-
71.5.1 Inquest bourne for questioning.* [17] On 11 September 2006, police
charged Dupas with the murder of Mersina Halvagis,* [23]
An inquest into Halvagis's death before coroner Graeme after disgraced Melbourne lawyer, Andrew Fraser, revealed
Johnstone heard circumstantial evidence in the case against Dupas confessed to the killing of Halvagis while gardening
Dupas in relation to the murder; weeds in Port Phillip Prison during 2002.* [24]
Fraser told police he once found a homemade knife con-
• Nine witnesses identified Dupas as a man they saw at cealed among weeds at Port Phillip Prison and he called
Fawkner Cemetery on the day Halvagis was attacked. Dupas over to inspect it, which is when the confession oc-
curred:
• Dupas' grandfather's gravesite is located 128 metres
from the crime scene.
“We regularly used to find stuff hidden in
• Dupas frequented the 'First and Last Hotel', located the garden, drugs, weapons and other stuff. I
264 CHAPTER 71. PETER DUPAS

once found a homemade knife and called Du- 71.5.4 Trial


pas over to show it to him. He took it off me
and started handling it, almost caressing it in a The trial for the murder of Mersina Halvagis ran for 22
sexual way. Dupas then started saying 'Mersina, days.* [30] On 9 July 2007, the jury selected for the trial
Mersina' over and over with this strange look on was discharged on a “legal technicality”* [31] when pros-
his face. I was certainly left in no doubt that Du- ecutor Colin Hillman, SC, advised Justice Philip Cummins
pas murdered Mersina. that a failure to comply with the Jury Act had occurred when
“This wasn't some sort of jailhouse confes- potential jurors were not advised of the possible duration of
sion where somebody has gone in and sat in a cell the trial.* [32]
one night and had a brew with another prisoner
Prosecution witness and disgraced lawyer Andrew Fraser
and somebody has allegedly said something. It's
described to the jury how Dupas attacked Halvagis. Fraser
a lot stronger than that. Dupas and I spoke reg-
has now submitted a claim to the $1 million reward.* [33]
ularly, just the two of us. This was over months
and months that he was talking to me and confid- Dupas was found guilty of the murder of Mersina Hal-
ing in me. vagis on 9 August 2007 and appeared for a pre-sentencing
“There was one occasion when another pris- hearing eight days later.* [34] Dupas was sentenced to his
oner came up to us when we were gardening and third life sentence with no minimum term.* [35] The sen-
started abusing Dupas. This prisoner was yelling tencing judge allowed permission for one television cam-
at Dupas saying, 'You killed Mersina, you killed era to record the sentencing of Dupas, the only televised
Mersina'. sentencing in Australia since the 1995 sentencing of child
“After he had gone, Dupas turned to me and killer Nathan John Avent.* [36] Upon sentencing Dupas, the
said 'How does that cunt know I did it?'* [24] judge said “life means life”.
On 10 September 2007, lawyers for Dupas submitted an
After agreeing to give evidence against Dupas, Fraser was appeal on the basis the verdict of guilty for the murder of
released from Fulham Correctional Centre in Sale on 11 Halvagis was unsafe and unsatisfactory.* [37]
September 2006,* [25] two months early of his five-year
On 17 September 2009, Dupas' appeal against the convic-
sentence for drug trafficking.* [22] The Victorian govern-
tion was upheld in Victoria's Court of Appeal by a two to
ment has said Fraser is now eligible to apply for a share of
one majority. The Court ruled that the directions of the
the A$1 million reward offered for information leading to
judge in the original trial were inadequate.* [38]
an arrest on Halvagis' murder.* [25]
On 14 October 2009, lawyers for Dupas argued that the
proceedings against him should be stayed permanently
71.5.3 Direct presentment to trial based on the publicity surrounding the case. Victorian
Supreme Court Justice Paul Coghlan disagreed and set the
The Victorian Director of Public Prosecutions withdrew the trial date for 7 April 2010.* [39]
charge of murder in the Melbourne Magistrates Court and
On 26 October 2010, a new trial for the murder of Mersina
requested the case against Dupas be sent directly to trial, by-
Halvagis commenced in the Victorian Supreme Court.
passing the committal hearing process.* [26] On 26 Septem-
ber 2006, Dupas appeared via video link in the Supreme On 19 November 2010, Dupas was again convicted of the
Court of Victoria, charged with Halvagis' murder, entering murder of Mersina Halvagis after three and half days of
a plea of not guilty. Dupas' barrister David Drake told the deliberations by the jury.* [40] On 26 November 2010, Du-
Supreme Court his client was being unfairly dealt with by pas was sentenced to life in prison, without the possibility
skipping the usual process of a committal hearing in the of parole.* [41]
Magistrates' Court.* [25] The Supreme Court of Victoria
ruled on whether Dupas would face a committal hearing
in November 2006.* [27] On 14 November 2006, Dupas 71.6 Additional murders of which
appeared in the Supreme Court of Victoria before Justice
John Coldrey, where he requested an opportunity to be able Dupas is suspected
to cross-examine witness Andrew Fraser before a criminal
trial takes place.* [28] 71.6.1 Murder of Helen McMahon
On 12 December 2006, the Supreme Court of Victoria or-
dered Dupas be presented directly to trial for the murder of Helen McMahon was a 47-year-old woman found bashed to
Mersina Halvagis, bypassing the usual committal hearing death on a Rye beach on 13 February 1985. Although Du-
process.* [29] pas was imprisoned at the time of McMahon's murder and
71.8. PRISON LIFE 265

was not released until two weeks later, investigators learned needy, and a snob, and they divorced during the mid-
Dupas was on pre-release leave from prison and living in the 1990s.* [3]* [44]
Rye area when McMahon was killed.* [3]
McMahon was sunbathing topless on the beach when at-
tacked. Her body was discovered naked, covered by her 71.8 Prison life
beach towel. The location of the murder of McMahon was
nearby to the location where Dupas had earlier raped a 21- As of 2006, Dupas is serving his sentences between the
year-old woman at a beach in Blairgowrie, for which he was maximum security protection unit of Port Phillip Correc-
convicted and served a term of imprisonment. Police be- tional Centre, at Laverton* [23] and HM Prison Barwon in
lieve McMahon may have been Dupas' first murder victim, Lara, a northern suburb of Geelong. He has attempted
although her murder officially remains unsolved.* [3] suicide several times while imprisoned. Prison staff de-
scribe him as a model prisoner while in custody and “a
monster”whenever released.* [3]
71.6.2 Murder of Renita Brunton
Dupas is a suspect in the murder of 31-year-old Renita
Brunton at Sunbury, Victoria in 1993.* [42] 71.9 Summary of criminal convic-
tions
71.6.3 Murder of Kathleen Downes
Before his first conviction for murder, Dupas had 16 prior
Dupas is a suspect in the murder of 95-year-old Kath- convictions involving acts of sexual violence from six court
leen Downes at the Brunswick Lodge nursing home in appearances *
between 27 March 1972 and 11 November
Brunswick. Downes was stabbed to death at 6:30 a.m. on 1994. [4]
31 December 1997,* [3]* [43] a month after Halvagis' mur-
der. Police investigations revealed Dupas had telephoned
the nursing home some time before the murder. No charges
have been laid regarding Downes' murder. Her murder is
being considered for referral to the State Coroner.* [2] 71.10 Chronology
• 6 July 1953 born
71.7 Marriage
• 3 October 1968 at age fifteen he stabbed his female
While imprisoned at Melbourne's Pentridge Prison, Dupas neighbour and received eighteen months probation
formed a relationship with mental health nurse Grace Mc- • 25 July 1974 sentenced to 5 to 9 years imprisonment
Connell, who was 16 years his senior. The pair married in for rape aged 21
1987 inside Castlemaine Gaol.* [3]
McConnell described her marriage to Dupas during the in- • 1979 approximately two months after his release from
quest into the murder of Mersina Halvagis: prison, Dupas again molested women in four separate
attacks over a ten-day period.
“He insisted that he was in love with me .... • 28 February 1980 Dupas received a five-year mini-
and that with my help he could come out of him- mum prison sentence for three charges of assault with
self and become a normal person. I agreed (to intent to rape, malicious wounding, assault with intent
marry Dupas), not out of particular love for this to rob, and indecent assault.
man but from a sense of responsibility to help-
ing him become a useful member of the commu- • 1985 February released from prison
nity. In my mind, our relationship was mother
• 28 June 1985 Dupas was sentenced to twelve years im-
and son.* [44] “Our sex life was very basic, al-
prisonment for rape that was committed four days af-
most non-existent. I would go along with it out
ter his release from prison.
of a sense of responsibility …It got to the stage
where I could not bear him touching me.* [3] • Less than two years after his release from prison, Du-
pas was arrested on charges of false imprisonment over
His new wife found him to be self-obsessed, lazy, an incident at Lake Eppalock during January 1994
266 CHAPTER 71. PETER DUPAS

• 18 August 1994 after entering a guilty plea to one 71.11 References


count of false imprisonment, Dupas was sentenced
to three years and nine months imprisonment, with a [1] Call for second life term for murderer Dupas The Age, 13
minimum period of two years and nine months. August 2004

[2] A signature killer The Age, 12 August 2004


• 1996 September Dupas released from prison
[3] Grave secrets, The Age, 19 November 2005
• 4 October 1997 The murdered body of Margaret
Josephine Maher was discovered. [4] R v Dupas Supreme Court of Victoria, SC 356 (22 August
2000)
• 1 November 1997 Mersina Halvagis murdered. Body [5] A tragic life ends at the hands of a monster, The Age, 12
discovered the next day. August 2004

• 19 April 1999 The murdered body of Nicole Amanda [6] Ordinary Monster, Ordinary Beginning, Crimelibrary.com
Patterson was discovered. [7] R v Dupas, Supreme Court of Victoria, VSC 281, 16 August
2004
• 22 April 1999 police arrested Dupas
[8] R v Dupas, Supreme Court of Victoria, VSC 281, 16 August
• 22 August 2000 Sentenced to life imprisonment for 2004 Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
the murder of Nicole Patterson with no minimum pe- [9] R v Dupas (No 2), Supreme Court of Victoria Court of Ap-
riod. peal, 22 August 2005

• 16 August 2004 Dupas was convicted of the murder [10] Body 'looked like mannequin', The Age, 29 July 2004
of Maher and sentenced to a second term of life im- [11] Killer's grisly trademark his downfall, The Sydney Morning
prisonment. Herald, 11 August 2004

• 11 September 2006 police charged Dupas with the [12] R v Dupas (No 2) Supreme Court of Victoria Court of Ap-
murder of Mersina Halvagis peal, 26 August 2005

[13] Peter Dupas Serial Killer Central


• 9 August 2007 Dupas was convicted of the murder of
Mersina Halvagis. [14] Victorian Attorney-General says judges need special educa-
tion Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 16 August 2000
• 27 August 2007 Dupas sentenced to serve life impris-
[15] Prime suspect, The Age, 12 September 2006
onment for the murder of Mersina Halvagis.
[16] $1m reward to find Halvagis killer, The Age, 1 February
• 17 September 2009 Dupas' appeal upheld against con- 2005
viction for the murder of Mersina Halvagis, verdict set
[17] Dupas interviewed over cemetery stabbing, The Age, 2
aside.
September 2005
• 25 October 2010 second trial for the murder of [18] Frank Cole makes claims about another murder mystery,
Mersina Halvagis begins. The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 September 2004

[19] No DNA link to Dupas, Herald Sun, 31 July 2006 Archived


• 19 November 2010 Dupas is convicted for a second
14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
time of the Halvagis murder.
[20] Dupas weapon not linked to Halvagis murder, inquest told,
• 26 November 2010 sentenced to life imprisonment for Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1 August 2006
the murder of Mersina Halvagis, with no minimum
[21] Dupas on murder charge, Herald Sun, 11 September 2006
term.
Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
• 26 November 2010 Earlier testimony and the extra [22] Jailed lawyer holds key to Halvagis case, The Age, 12
submitted by Mr. Andrew Fraser only plunged the September 2006
accused person . However, it seems that it was Mr.
[23] Dupas faces murder charge, The Age, 11 September 2006
Andrew Fraser is the one you were looking for, and
everything he said in the testimony of Mr. Peter Du- [24] Garden talk leads to murder trial, Herald Sun, 12 September
pas It was learned texts in a cell when staying together. 2006 Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
71.11. REFERENCES 267

[25] Former lawyer to give evidence in Halvagis murder case,


Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 12 September 2006
Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

[26] Man held over cemetery stabbing murder, The Mercury, 11


September 2006 Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Ma-
chine.

[27] Accused pleads not guilty to cemetery murder Australian


Broadcasting Corporation, 26 September 2006 Archived 9
December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

[28] Court told to speed up murder trial, The Age, 14 November


2006

[29] Court rules Dupas committal hearing not needed, Australian


Broadcasting Corporation, 12 December 2006 Archived 11
January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

[30] Dupas murder trial jury warned of bias, The Age, 9 July
2007

[31] Cemetery murder trial shock, The Age, 10 July 2007

[32] Trial delayed by jury glitch, Herald Sun, 11 July 2007

[33] Disgraced lawyer applies for $1m Halvagis reward, The Age,
10 August 2007 Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Ma-
chine.

[34] Dupas found guilty, The Age, 9 August 2007

[35] Call for Dupas to have third life term, News.com.au , 17 Au-
gust 2007 Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[36] Camera to film killer's sentencing, The Age , 27 August 2007

[37] Family's frustration at murder appeal: 'Let Mersina rest in


peace', Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 11 September
2007

[38] Appeals court overturns Dupas murder conviction, The Age,


17 September 2009

[39] New Trial Date Set, News.com.au, 14 October 2009

[40] Peter Dupas found guilty of murder of Mersina Halvagis for


second time | News.com.au

[41] http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/
serial-killer-dupas-to-die-in-jail-20101126-189q4.html;
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2010/540.
html

[42] Peter Dupas linked to six brutal slayings, Herald Sun, 10 Au-
gust 2007

[43] Dupas guilty of second killing The Age, 12 August 2004

[44] Dupas' ex only wanted to help him: court NineMSN, 12 De-


cember 2005
Chapter 72

Peterborough ditch murders

The Peterborough ditch murders were a series of three just three women in the United Kingdom to be told that
murders which took place in England in March 2013. All her life sentence should mean life. The other two con-
of the victims were male and died from stab wounds. The firmed cases are Myra Hindley (now dead) and Rosemary
bodies of all three men were discovered dumped in ditches West.* [17] Gary 'Stretch' Richards was also sentenced at
outside Peterborough. The perpetrator of the murders was the Old Bailey alongside Dennehy to life imprisonment with
Joanna Dennehy, a local woman who was later sentenced to a recommended minimum term of 19 years. Leslie Layton
life imprisonment with a recommendation that she never be was sentenced to a total of 14 years, and Robert Moore, 55,
released. who admitted to assisting an offender received a three-year
prison sentence.* [18]* [19]* [20]

72.1 Court proceedings 72.2 Victims


In November 2013, Joanna Dennehy pleaded guilty to all Kevin Lee was a property developer, landlord of Joanna
three murders and two further attempted murders.* [1]* [2] Dennehy and her lover.* [21]* [22] He was killed on
Dennehy's sister Maria was unsurprised by the guilty plea 29 March, and his body found the next day near
and said, “I think she did that to control the situation. She Newborough.* [23] Dennehy dressed Lee's body in a black
likes people to know she's the boss.”* [3] Dennehy has been sequined dress before dumping his corpse.* [24]
held at HM Prison Bronzefield where Rosemary West is
Lukasz Slaboszewski and John Chapman were both house-
also being held.* [4] Assessing psychiatrists later diagnosed
Dennehy with "psychopathic, anti-social and emotional in- mates of Dennehy.* [21] Slaboszewski was killed at some
stability disorders" (also known as borderline personalitypoint between 19 and 29 March, and Chapman on 29
disorder).* [5] March.* [23] The bodies of Slaboszewski and Chapman
were both found on 3 April near Thorney with stab
Two men, Gary Richards (known as Gary Stretch), 47, wounds.* [25]
and Leslie Layton, 36, stood trial charged with a range
of crimes assisting Dennehy, 31. Neither agreed to en- After the killings, Dennehy and Richards drove to Hereford
ter the witness box, give sworn evidence or face cross- where she stabbed two random men, both of whom sur-
*
examination.* [6] The jury began considering their ver- vived. [26] One of them, John Rogers, died of unrelated
*
dict on 4 February 2014. [7] [8] [9] [10] On 10 Febru- causes in November 2014. [27]
* * * *

ary Richards was found guilty of attempted murder. Lay-


ton was found guilty of perverting the course of jus-
tice.* [11]* [12] On 12 February Layton and Richards were 72.3 Victim selection and motives
convicted of all other charges.* [13]* [14]* [15]
On 28 February 2014 at the Old Bailey, Joanna Den- Dennehy specifically targeted men during her killing spree,
nehy was sentenced to life imprisonment. The trial judge, telling Lloyd that she did not wish to kill a woman and espe-
Mr Justice Spencer, recommended that she should never cially not a woman with children. Lloyd stated Dennehy had
be released. He said that this was justified due to the wanted to kill nine men in total, seeking to be like Bonnie
premeditation of each murder. Spencer said further that and Clyde. Dennehy hunted and stabbed men for the pur-
Dennehy was sadomasochistic, and lacked the normal range pose of entertainment, telling Stretch, “I want my fun. I
of human emotions.* [16] Dennehy is believed to be one of need you to get my fun.”She later told a psychiatrist that

268
72.5. REFERENCES 269

she had found murder to be “moreish”and that after the [14] “Joanne Dennehy 'not sorry' for Cambridgeshire ditch mur-
first killing she “got a taste for it.”* [28]* [22]* [29] ders”, BBC News, 14 February 2014

[15]“Peterborough murders: Defendants will not give evidence”.


BBC News. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
72.4 See also
[16] Joanna Dennehy: serial killer becomes first woman told by
judge to die in jail
• Aileen Wuornos – American serial killer who killed
seven men in Florida in 1989 and 1990 [17] Vikram Dodd“Joanna Dennehy: serial killer becomes first
woman told by judge to die in jail”, The Guardian, 28 Febru-
• Spree killer ary 2014
• List of prisoners with whole-life tariffs [18] Spree killer Joanne Dennehy 'had sadistic lust for blood'

[19] “Peterborough murders: Gary Stretch was Dennehy's 'nod-


ding dog'". BBC News. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12
72.5 References February 2014.

[1] “Peterborough ditch deaths: Joanna Dennehy pleads guilty” [20] The “Timeline of police Operation Darcy into murders of
. BBC News. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 12 February three Peterborough men from 2013” from the “Peterbor-
2014. ough Telegraph” newspaper lists a timeline of dates, loca-
tions and events between March 2013 until February 2014
[2] Rob Williams (18 November 2013).“Joanna Dennehy trial: tracing the murders of Kevin Lee, Lucasz Slaboszewski and
Serial killer stuns Old Bailey by pleading guilty to murdering John Chapman in Peterborough and the subsequent court
three men and dumping bodies in ditches – Crime – UK”. case.
The Independent. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
[21] Philipson, Alice (19 November 2013).“Female serial killer
[3] “Joanna Dennehy: what makes a female serial killer tick” admits murdering three men before dumping their bodies in
. Theweek.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2014. ditches”. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
[4] Steven Morris (28 January 2014). “Murderer Joanna Den- [22] Joanne Dennehy: what makes a female serial killer tick |
nehy diagnosed with paraphilia sadomasochism”. The- News | The Week UK
guardian.com. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
[23] “Woman admits murdering three men found stabbed to
[5] “Peterborough murders: Joanna Dennehy was mentally ill”. death in ditches”. The Guardian. 18 November 2013. Re-
BBC News. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. trieved 19 November 2013.
[6] “BBC News – Peterborough murders: Men 'enjoyed helping [24] “Dennehy 'cast a spell on victims'". MSN News. 15 January
Joanna Dennehy'". BBC News. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
12 February 2014.
[25] Dixon, Hayley (18 November 2013). “Female serial killer
[7] “Joanna Dennehy alleged accomplices 'must be cleared if admits three murders”. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19
they feared for lives'". BBC News. 3 February 2014. Re- November 2013.
trieved 12 February 2014.
[26] “Peterborough murders: Joanna Dennehy driven by a thirst
[8] “Joanna Dennehy alleged accomplices trial jury sent home", 'for blood'". BBC News. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 21
BBC News, 6 February 2014 January 2014.
[9] “Serial killer Joanna Dennehy jury continuing to consider [27] Joanna Dennehy stab victim dies
its verdict”, Western Daily Press, 5 February 2014
[28] BBC News – Joanne Dennehy: The woman who murdered
[10] “Killer 'accomplices' jury sent home”. Newmarket Journal. men 'for fun'
10 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
[29] Joanna Dennehy: serial killer becomes first woman told by
[11] “Peterborough ditch murders: Pair guilty of aiding killer judge to die in jail | UK news | The Guardian
Joanna Dennehy”. BBC News. 10 February 2014. Retrieved
10 February 2014.

[12] “Joanna Dennehy: two men guilty of helping serial killer”


theguardian.com (Press Association), 10 February 2014

[13] Ed Thomas.“Joanna Dennehy ditch murders: Peterborough


helpers guilty”. BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Chapter 73

Ray and Faye Copeland

For the American jazz trumpet player and teacher, see Ray reputation meant that the Copeland family had to keep mov-
Copeland (musician). ing around.* [1]* [2]* [3] During this time, Ray served sev-
Ray Copeland (December 30, 1914 – October 19, 1993) eral jail sentences, until he finally came up with a new plan:
a way of improving his illegal money-making methods so
as to be undetected.
Since Copeland was well known as a fraud, he could not
buy and sell cattle on his own. To get around this prob-
lem, he began to pick up drifters and hobos and employed
them as farmhands. He would take his employees to the
market and they would buy the cattle for him, using his bad
checks. After the transactions, Copeland would sell the cat-
tle quickly and the farmhands would disappear without a
trace. For a while, the scam worked, but the police caught
up and Copeland went to jail again.* [1]* [2]* [3] Upon his
release, he resumed his criminal activities, but this time he
made sure his farmhands weren't as connected to him as
before. This went on until a previous employee, Jack Mc-
Cormick, called the Crime Stoppers hotline in August 1989
Ray and Faye Copeland to tell them about the Copelands.* [1]* [2]* [3] McCormick
claimed that he had seen human bones on the farm while he
and Faye Della Wilson Copeland (August 4, 1921 – De- was employed there and also claimed that Ray had tried to
cember 23, 2003) became, at the ages of 76 and 69 re- kill him.
spectively, the oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the Police were initially skeptical of the claims, but after check-
United States. They were convicted of killing five drifters at ing Copeland's criminal record, they decided to investigate
their farm in Missouri. When her sentence was commuted further. In October 1989, they visited the Copeland farm
to life in prison in 1999, Faye Copeland was the oldest armed with a search warrant, dozens of officers and a team
woman on death row. of bloodhounds.* [1]* [2]* [3] Initially, they did not find any
incriminating evidence, but after further searching, three
bodies of young men were discovered in a nearby barn. As
73.1 History the search continued, more bodies were found, all killed
with the same weapon, a .22 Marlin rifle that was later found
* * *
Ray Copeland was born in Oklahoma in 1914. While he in the Copeland home. [1] [2] [3]
was growing up, his family moved around, struggling to sur- It became clear that Ray was a cold-blooded murderer who
vive during the Depression.* [1]* [2]* [3]* [4]* [5] As a young killed his employees in the pursuit of money, but Faye's ac-
man, he began a life of petty crime, stealing livestock and tions were initially questioned. During the investigation, a
forging checks, until he was caught and served a year in piece of evidence came into light that connected her to the
jail. After his release in 1940, he met Faye Wilson, and crimes as well: a quilt that she had made out of the cloth-
they were married soon afterward. They quickly had sev- ing of the dead men.* [1]* [2]* [3] When she went to trial in
eral children and money became tight. Ray continued to November 1990, her defense mounted on a picture of her
steal livestock and forge checks, but his increasingly bad

270
73.3. REFERENCES 271

as a dutiful wife and mother who had endured beatings and 73.3 References
general ill-treatment from her husband. However, the quilt
remained a reminder that she knew full well that her hus- • The Copeland Killings by Tom Miller.
band was a serial murderer and did nothing to stop him. The
jury convicted her of four counts of murder and one count • Family Bones by Shawn Granger.
of manslaughter. She was given four death sentences for
• The Naturals by Jennifer Lynn Barnes.
the murders and life without parole for the manslaughter.
In March 1991, Ray Copeland went on trial, was convicted
of five counts of murder and sentenced to death. [1] Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds of
Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 64–65. ISBN
Ray, upon hearing that Faye had been sentenced to death 0760775664.
by lethal injection as well, showed no emotion and his reply
reportedly was, “Well, those things happen to some, you [2] Bovsun, Mara (25 March 2008).“The case of the vanishing
vagrants”. www.NYDailyNews.com. The New York Daily
know.”* [1]* [2]* [3] However, neither execution took place.
News. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Ray died of natural causes on October 19, 1993, while
awaiting execution. Faye's attorneys appealed her convic- [3] Miller, Tom (1993). The Copeland Killings. New York: Pin-
nacle Books. pp. 1–304. ISBN 1558176756.
tion, contending that the jury hadn't been allowed to hear
evidence that Ray had abused her for years. On August 6, [4] Granger, Shawn (2007). Family Bones Volume 1. La Verne,
1999, federal judge Ortrie Smith overturned the death sen- CA: King Tractor Press. pp. 1–176. ISBN 0978748603.
tence, but let the convictions stand and commuted her sen-
tence to five consecutive terms of life without parole. On [5] Granger, Shawn (2010). Family Bones Volume 2. La Verne,
CA: King Tractor Press. pp. 1–170. ISBN 0978748611.
August 10, 2002, Faye Copeland suffered a stroke which
left her partially paralyzed and unable to speak. Weeks
later, in September 2002, Governor Bob Holden autho-
rized a medical parole for Faye, fulfilling her one wish that 73.4 External links
she not die in prison. She was paroled to a nursing home
in her hometown. The following year, on December 23, • “The Morgue Archives July-August, 1999”. Mayhem
2003, she died aged 82 at the Morningside Center nurs- Net.
ing home in Chillicothe, Missouri, from what Livingston
County coroner Scott Lindley described as natural causes. • Lohr, David. “The True Story of Ray and Faye
She left behind five children, seventeen grandchildren, and Copeland”. TruTV Crime Library.
(at last count) twenty-five great-grandchildren.

73.2 In other media

Their story has been fictionalized in a comic book, Family


Bones, written by Faye Copeland's nephew, Shawn Granger.
The play “Temporary Help”by David Wiltse, which ap-
peared off-Broadway in 2004, was also based on this story.
The case was also documented in the multiple television se-
ries. Forensic Files (season 6, episode 15) titled “Killer's
Cattle Log.”In the series Wicked Attraction (season one,
episode 11) titled “Murder at Twilight.”They are also
mentioned in a Criminal Minds episode (Season 6, episode
03) titled “Remembrance of Things Past”with the quote
“Well, the Copelands killed into their 70s.”They are also
featured in an episode of The New Detectives titled “Part-
ners in Crime”.
Chapter 74

Richard Biegenwald

Richard Fran Biegenwald (August 24, 1940 – March 10, 1958,* [2] Biegenwald robbed a grocery store with accom-
2008) was an American serial killer, who committed his plice Frank Spardoff (possibly “Sparnroft”),* [2] shoot-
crimes in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Between 1958 ing and killing the proprietor, Stephen Sladowski,* [3] an
and 1983, Biegenwald killed at least nine people, and he is attorney & prosecutor. Biegenwald fled the state after the
suspected in at least two other murders. murder, but was captured two days later in Salisbury, Mary-
land, after a shooting involving police.* [1] Biegenwald was
extradited to New Jersey, where he was convicted of mur-
74.1 Early life der and given a life sentence.* [1] Biegenwald was released
in 1975* [1]* [3] for good behavior after 17 years imprison-
ment.* [2]
Born in Rockland County, New York, Biegenwald was fre-
quently beaten as a child by his alcoholic father.* [1] At the
age of five, Biegenwald set fire to their home* [1]* [2] and
was sent for observation at a Rockland County Psychiatric 74.3 Back on the outside
Center.* [1]
By the age of eight, Biegenwald was drinking and gambling; Biegenwald worked odd jobs for the next three years* [1]
at age nine he underwent electroshock therapy at New and kept a low profile. In 1977, Biegenwald was sus-
York's Bellevue Hospital.* [1] After his therapy, Biegen- pected in a rape, and was wanted for failing to report to his
wald was placed in the State Training School for Boys parole officer.* [1] Biegenwald was arrested in Brooklyn in
in Warwick, New York. During his years there, Biegen- 1980* [1] on the rape charge, but was released after the vic-
wald was accused of theft and inciting other inmates to tim failed to pick him out of a lineup.* [1] Biegenwald got
escape.* [1] During trips to visit his mother in Staten Is- married, and he and his wife moved to Asbury Park, New
land, he would steal money from her.* [1] When he was 11 Jersey.* [1] There, Biegenwald was befriended by Dherran
years old, he set himself on fire* [1] in his mother's home. Fitzgerald,* [1] who would play a role in several of his future
When Biegenwald was 16 years old, he graduated from the murders.
eighth grade* [1] and was released from the Training School
to attend high school.* [1] Biegenwald dropped out of high Biegenwald struck again when he shot and killed 18-year-
school after only a few weeks.* [1] old Anna Olesiewicz* [1]* [2] in Ocean Township, New Jer-
sey. Her body was found in January 1983 by children play-
Soon after dropping out of school, Biegenwald went to ing in a wooded lot behind a Burger King on Route 35 and
Nashville, Tennessee, where he stayed for two years. Sunset Avenue, fully clothed with no signs of sexual assault
Biegenwald stole a car in Nashville, and was arrested and with four bullets in her head.* [1]* [2] He had found the
in Kentucky by federal agents for transporting a stolen young woman walking down the boardwalk in Asbury Park,
car across state lines.* [1] He returned to Staten Island in and lured her into his car. A friend of Biegenwald's wife
1958.* [1] went to police after Biegenwald showed her another young
woman's body that he had hidden inside his Asbury Park
home's garage.* [1]
74.2 The first murder Biegenwald was also suspected, but never charged, in two
other killings. One involved the shooting death of John
After his return, Biegenwald stole another car and went Petrone, an exconvict and sometime police informer, un-
to Bayonne, New Jersey.* [1] There,* [3] on December 18, earthed ̶minus his jawbone ̶on a remote New Jersey

272
74.5. SENTENCING 273

wildlife preserve. The other case involved Virginia Clay- 74.5 Sentencing
ton, 17, abducted and killed on September 8, 1982, her
body found three days later, four miles from the site where A Monmouth County jury found Biegenwald guilty on
Petrone was buried. * [4] all five counts of first degree murder. Biegenwald was
sentenced to death by lethal injection, but the sentence
would later be overturned by an Appellate Court. Until his
death, he was serving four life sentences without the possi-
bility of parole at New Jersey State Prison.

74.4 Capture 74.6 Death


Biegenwald died on March 10, 2008* [2]* [3] at St. Francis
Police surrounded Biegenwald's home on January 22, Medical Center in Trenton, New Jersey, said Corrections
1983, where Dherran Fitzgerald also lived.* [1] Police lured Department spokeswoman Deirdre Fedkenheuer in an in-
Biegenwald out of his house using a ruse and when he terview to the Associated Press. An autopsy revealed that
stepped off his back porch, he was grabbed by officers. Biegenwald died of respiratory and kidney failure.
Fitzgerald saw the commotion and hid himself in a secret
room with several weapons. Detectives located the room
and after threatening to shoot through the wall, he surren- 74.7 Known victims
dered. A search of the home revealed a large cache of
weapons and drugs. Police confiscated several pipe bombs,
handguns, rifles, shotguns, a machine gun, Rohypnol, chlo- • Stephen Sladowski̶Shot to death in 1958 after a rob-
ral hydrate, marijuana, a live puff adder, venom collect- bery attempt in Bayonne, NJ.
ing apparatus, and floor plans for several area notable resi-
• John P. Petrone-Shot to death in June 1978 at an aban-
dences and businesses.* [1]
doned airport in Freehold, NJ.
During questioning, Fitzgerald told police of a third body,
that of a young woman, that Biegenwald had shown him • Maria Ciallella̶Shot and dismembered on Novem-
hidden in his garage.* [1] This victim was driven to the rear ber 1, 1981. She was buried at Biegenwald's mother's
of Burger King in Ocean Township, and dumped in the house.
wooded area behind. Fitzgerald told police that he helped
Biegenwald transport another body to his mother's house in • Deborah Osbourne ̶Stabbed to death on April 8,
Staten Island and bury it in the basement. Fitzgerald went 1982. She was buried on top of Ciallella's body at
on to say that while he was digging in the basement, he ex- Biegenwald's mother's house.
humed a body that Biegenwald had buried there some time
before. Fitzgerald led police to three other bodies in addi- • Anna Olesiewicz̶Shot four times in the head on Au-
tion to the two buried in Staten Island. gust 28, 1982 after being lured away from the Asbury
Park boardwalk. Her body was left behind a Burger
As the investigation went on, police located a ninth victim, King in Ocean Township, NJ.
William Ward,* [2]* [3] who was buried in a shallow grave
in Neptune City, New Jersey. Ward was a prison escapee • William Ward ̶Drug dealer shot and killed by
whom Biegenwald had befriended. The friendship was ap- Biegenwald at his home in Asbury Park in September
parently short lived, as Biegenwald shot Ward four* [3] or 1982.
five* [1] times in the head and then disposed of the body at
a cemetery nearby. • Betsy Bacon* [5]̶Disappeared November 20, 1982
Police only had enough evidence to charge Biegenwald with
five counts of first degree murder. Fitzgerald turned state's
evidence* [2] and his testimony was crucial in convicting 74.8 References
Biegenwald. In return for his testimony, Fitzgerald was only
charged with one count of possession of a weapon and one [1] Newton, Michael (1990). “Hunting Humans: An Encyclo-
count of accessory to murder after the fact, and served a pedia of Modern Serial Killers”. Murderpedia. Breakout
10-year prison sentence. Fitzgerald was released from New Productions. ISBN 978-1559500265. Retrieved 29 March
Jersey State Prison in 1994. 2013.
274 CHAPTER 74. RICHARD BIEGENWALD

[2] Bovsun, Mara (31 October 2010). “Jersey Shore 'Thrill


Killer' Richard Biegenwald accused of killing five in early
'80s”. Murderpedia. New York Daily News. Retrieved 29
March 2013.

[3] “Obituaries in the News”. USATODAY. Associated Press.


10 March 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2013.

[4] Michael Newton - An Encyclopedia of Modern Serial Killers


- Hunting Humans

[5] “Ten Lesser-Known Serial Killers Photo Gallery - Richard


Biegenwald”. Crime Library. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Chapter 75

Richard Chase

For other people of the same name, see Richard Chase also walk around the apartment nude, even in front of com-
(disambiguation). pany. Chase's roommates demanded that he move out.
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with When he refused, the roommates moved out instead.
unknown parameter “city”(this message is shown only in
Once alone in the apartment, Chase began to capture, kill,
preview). and disembowel various animals, which he would then de-
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with
vour raw, sometimes mixing the raw organs with Coca-Cola
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown in a blender and drinking the concoction. Chase reasoned
only in preview).
that by ingesting the creatures he was preventing his heart
from shrinking.
Richard Trenton Chase (May 23, 1950 – December 26,
1980) was an American serial killer who killed six people
in a span of a month in Villa Park, California. He was nick-
named “The Vampire of Sacramento”because he drank 75.3 Institutionalization
his victims' blood and cannibalized their remains.
In 1975, Chase was involuntarily committed to a mental
institution after being taken to a hospital after injecting
75.1 Early life rabbit's blood into his veins.* [1] He often shared with the
staff fantasies about killing rabbits. He was once found with
blood smeared around his mouth: hospital staff discovered
Chase was born in San Jose, California. He was abused by
he had been drinking the blood of birds and had thrown the
his mother, and Chase exhibited by the age of 10 evidence
birds' corpses out of his hospital room window. Staff began
of the Macdonald triad: enuresis, arsonism, and cruelty to
referring to him as "Dracula".
animals. In his adolescence, he was known as an alcoholic
* While he was held at the institution, he claimed to have ex-
and a chronic drug abuser. [1]
tracted blood from a therapy dog to curb his addiction, hav-
ing obtained the syringes by cracking open the disposable
boxes left in the doctor's offices. Occasionally, he defecated
75.2 Early adulthood on himself and smeared the walls of the institution with his
feces.
Chase developed hypochondria as he matured. He often
complained that his heart would occasionally“stop beating” Chase was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. After
, or that “someone had stolen his pulmonary artery".* [2] undergoing a battery of treatments involving psychotropic
He would hold oranges on his head, believing Vitamin C drugs, Chase was deemed no longer a danger to society
would be absorbed by his brain via osmosis. Chase also and, in 1976, *
he was released under the recognizance of
believed that his cranial bones had become separated and his mother. [3]
were moving around, so he shaved his head in order to watch Chase's mother weaned him off the medication and got
this activity. Chase his own apartment.
After leaving his mother's house (believing she was attempt- Later investigation uncovered that in mid-1977, Chase was
ing to poison him), Chase rented an apartment with friends. stopped and arrested on a reservation in the Pyramid Lake
Chase's roommates complained that he was constantly in- (Nevada) area. His body was smeared with blood and a
toxicated on alcohol, marijuana, and LSD. Chase would bucket of blood was in his truck. The blood was determined

275
276 CHAPTER 75. RICHARD CHASE

to be cow's blood, and no charges were filed.* [1] mental illness and the suggestion that his crimes were not
premeditated.
On May 8, the jury in the highly publicized case found
75.4 Murders Chase guilty of six counts of first degree murder and Chase
was sentenced to die in the gas chamber. They rejected
the argument that he was not guilty by reason of insan-
On December 29, 1977, Chase killed his first known victim
ity. His fellow inmates, aware of the graphic and bizarre
in a drive-by shooting. The victim, Ambrose Griffin, was a
nature of Chase's crimes, feared him, and according to
51-year-old engineer and father of two.* [4] After the shoot-
prison officials, they often tried to persuade Chase to com-
ing, one of Griffin's sons reported seeing a neighbor walk-
mit suicide.* [6]
ing around their East Sacramento neighborhood with a .22
caliber rifle. The neighbor's rifle was seized, but ballistics Chase granted a series of interviews with Robert Ressler,
tests determined that it was not the murder weapon. during which he spoke of his fears of Nazis and UFOs,
claiming that although he had killed, it was not his fault;
He attempted to enter the home of a woman two weeks
he had been forced to kill to keep himself alive, which he
later, but because her doors were locked, he walked away.
believed any person would do. He asked Ressler to give him
Chase later told detectives that he took locked doors as a
access to a radar gun, with which he could apprehend the
sign that he was not welcome, but unlocked doors were an
Nazi UFOs, so that the Nazis could stand trial for the mur-
invitation to come inside. He was once caught and chased
ders. He also handed Ressler a large amount of macaroni
off by a couple returning home as he pilfered their belong-
and cheese, which he had been hoarding in his pants pock-
ings. He had also urinated and defecated on their beds and
ets, believing that the prison officials were in league with the
clothing.
Nazis and attempting to kill him with poisoned food.* [4]
Teresa Wallin was Chase's next victim on January 23.
On December 26, 1980, a guard checking cells found Chase
Three months pregnant at the time, Wallin was surprised at
lying awkwardly on his bed, not breathing. An autopsy de-
her home by Chase, who shot her three times, killing her us-
termined that he committed suicide with an overdose of
ing the same gun he used to kill Griffin. He then raped her
prison doctor-prescribed antidepressants that he had saved
corpse while stabbing her several times with a butcher knife.
over several weeks.
He then removed multiple organs, cut off one of her nipples
and drank the blood. Before leaving, he collected dog fe-
ces from the yard and stuffed it into the victim's mouth and
down her throat.* [5] 75.6 Fictional portrayals
On January 27, Chase committed his final murders. Enter-
ing the home of 38-year-old Evelyn Miroth, he encountered The 1987 movie Rampage, an adaptation of the William P.
her friend, Danny Meredith, whom he shot with his .22 Wood novel of the same name, was loosely based on Chase's
handgun. Stealing Meredith's wallet and car keys, he ram- crimes.* [7]
paged through the house, fatally shooting Miroth, her six- Investigation Discovery's 2011 TV special Lore: Deadly
year-old son Jason, and her 22-month-old nephew David Obsession was a two-hour documentary reenactment of
Ferreira. As with Wallin, Chase engaged in necrophilia and Chase's crimes. Chase was played by Dylan John
cannibalism with Miroth's corpse. Seaton.* [8]
A six-year-old girl with whom Jason Miroth had a playdate The CSI episode“Justice Is Served”was based on Chase's
knocked on the door, startling Chase, who fled the scene crimes.
in Meredith's car, taking David's body with him. The girl
The Criminal Minds episode “Blood Hungry”was based
alerted a neighbor, who then alerted the police. Upon enter-
on Chase's crimes. The unsub of that episode, Eddie Mays
ing the home, police discovered that Chase had left perfect
like Chase was a delusional cannibalistic killer with a his-
handprints and shoe imprints in Miroth's blood.
tory of drug abuse who had a somewhat similar relationship
with his mother. Chase himself was mentioned during the
BAU's profile of Eddie Mays as an example of the type of
75.5 Aftermath Unsub they were dealing with. However, it should be noted
that unlike Chase's crimes, Eddie Mays' lacked the sexual
In 1979, Chase stood trial on six counts of murder. In order component seen in Chase's crimes and Mays' delusions were
to avoid the death penalty, the defense tried to have him religious in origin.
found guilty of second degree murder, which would result Chase's crimes were portrayed in an episode of the
in a life sentence. Their case hinged on Chase's history of YouTube web series The Vampire Of Sacramento, created
75.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 277

by Black Box TV. [11] “Houses of the Unholy”. Encyclopaedia Metallum: The
Metal Archives.
An identification card with Chase's identity can be found in
the video game Deadlight. [12] “Trenton Chase – The Vampire Of Sacramento”. Discogs.
Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Mentioned in Season 1 Episode 3 of the BBC crime drama
Luther while the main character is listing notorious serial
killers.
75.8 External links
In 2002, Sacramento Rapper “Brotha Lynch Hung”re-
leased his eighth studio album Book III, which features the
song“Refuse to Lose”, in which at one minute and twenty- • Richard Chase at the Crime Library
two seconds into the song the notorious rapper compares • Robert Ressler on profiling the Vampire Killer at the
himself to “The Vampire of Sacramento”(Richard Tren- Wayback Machine (archived October 11, 2007)
ton Chase) by saying “Im like Richard Chase mixed with
Al Capone”.* [9]* [10]
On April 20, 2009, Japanese Doom/Stoner Metal band
Church of Misery released Houses of the Unholy via Rise
Above Records featuring the track “Blood Sucking Freak
(Richard Trenton Chase)".* [11]
In March 2014, pseudonymous recording artist Trenton
Chase released an extended-play, 12”dance record titled
The Vampire of Sacramento via the German record label
June.* [12]

75.7 Notes and references


[1] Bovsun, Mara (January 3, 2010). “Just crazy for blood:
Richard Trenton Chase, a.k.a. the Vampire of Sacramento”
. New York Daily News. Retrieved March 14, 2011.

[2] Amanda Howard, Martin Smith: River of Blood, Univer-


sal Publishers (August 30, 2004), ISBN 978-1-58112-518-
4, pp. 82 accessed via Google Books

[3] Ressler, Robert; Thomas Schachtman (1992). Whoever


Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for
the FBI (First ed.). St. Martin's. p. 14. ISBN 0-312-07883-
8.

[4] “Richard Trenton Chase”. Crime Library.

[5] http://crime.about.com/od/serial/p/richard_chase.htm

[6] “Richard Trenton Chase - Profile of Serial Killer Chase”.


Crime.about.com. Retrieved 2010-10-19.

[7] “The Vampire of Sacramento Richard Trenton Chase”.


Haunted America Tours. Retrieved 2010-10-19.

[8] “Lore: Deadly Obsession: The Vampire of Sacramento”.


Investigation Discovery. Retrieved 2011-05-13.

[9]“Book III by Brotha Lynch Hung”. iTunes. 2002-09-24.

[10] “Brotha Lynch Hung - Refus...”. YouTube. Archived from


the original on March 22, 2014.
Chapter 76

Robert Berdella

Robert Andrew "Bob" Berdella (January 31, 1949 – Oc- working as a cook and opened his own store, Bob's Bizarre
tober 8, 1992) was an American serial killer in Kansas City, Bazaar, which sold oddities and antiques. Having become
Missouri who raped, tortured, and killed at least six men open about being gay, he had a brief relationship with a
between 1984 and 1987. Vietnam veteran. Then he began spending time with male
prostitutes, befriending them, and trying to help them out
of prostitution.* [1]

76.1 Early life


Berdella was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio in 1949, and was 76.2 Crimes
raised Catholic, though he stopped attending church when
he was a teenager. His father worked as a die setter for the Berdella is believed to have started killing in July 1984.
Ford Motor Company and his mother was a homemaker. He drugged one of his friends, prostitute Jerry Howell, and
He was severely nearsighted and had to start wearing thick started keeping him in his basement, torturing and repeat-
glasses at the age of five. When he was seven, his brother edly raping him over a night before fatally asphyxiating him.
Daniel was born. He did very well in school, though teach- In April 1985, another friend of Berdella, Robert Sheldon,
ers found him difficult to teach, and other students bullied came to stay with him for a few days and was drugged and
him. When Robert was 16, his 39‑year‑old father died of held captive in the basement like Howell before him. At
a heart attack. His mother remarried shortly afterwards, first, Berdella changed his mind about “keeping”him and
to Robert's resentment and anger. He later claimed that took him to a doctor to have his injuries treated. Not long
around the same time he was sexually assaulted by a male afterwards, he changed his mind and returned Sheldon to
coworker at the restaurant where he worked. A loner, he his basement. On April 15, a workman came to do some
saw a 1965 adaptation of the John Fowles book The Col- work on Berdella's home, leading Berdella to fatally suffo-
lector, which is about a man who abducts a young woman cate Sheldon so he would not be heard. The following June,
and holds her captive in his basement; he later said it made Berdella found Mark Wallace, who had helped him with
a lasting impression on him.* [1] yard work, hiding in his tool shed to seek shelter from a
In 1967, Berdella enrolled in the Kansas City Art Institute storm. Berdella invited him inside his house, drugged him
hoping to become a professor, but instead pursued a ca- and started holding him captive. After hours of torture,
reer as a chef. During his time in art school, he engaged he was killed like the previous victims. In September, he
in animal torture at least three times; during two of them picked up James Ferris at a gay bar, invited him home, and
he tortured a duck and a chicken, and on the third he ex- took him captive. After weeks of torture, he was killed.* [1]
perimented with sedatives and tranquilizers on a dog. He In June 1986, Berdella lured Todd Stoops, a male prostitute
also began a criminal career, abusing alcohol and selling he had known for some time, to his house and held him
drugs. At the age of 19, he was arrested for possession of captive for six weeks before he died too. The next year,
LSD and marijuana, but was released after five days due to he bailed Larry Pearson out of jail and started holding him
a lack of evidence. In 1969, he was expelled from college prisoner in his basement. According to Berdella, Pearson
after killing a dog for the sake of art. After this, he became was by far the most cooperative of his six murder victims;
a successful chef full‑time. As a member of a local chefs' throughout his six weeks of captivity, Pearson had trained
association, he helped set up a training program for aspiring himself to sleep without moving, in order that he did not an-
chefs. He was a member of his local crime‑prevention and tagonize Berdella and thus invite further torture.* [2]* :312
neighborhood‑watch association. When he was 32, he quit After six weeks of captivity, Berdella killed Pearson by first

278
76.3. VICTIMS 279

bludgeoning him into unconsciousness, and later suffocat- be picked up by garbage men. He occasionally kept body
ing him with a bag and ligature. parts, such as the heads, as trophies, burying them in his
*
In March 1988, he abducted his last known victim, a pros- backyard. [1]
titute named Chris Bryson, and put him in his basement A few months before the arrest was made, Berdella was of-
like the others had been before him. While Berdella was at fered a ride home from a bar by people who noticed he
work, Bryson managed to break free and escape by jumping was too intoxicated to drive. On the way back, Berdella
from a second floor window. He ran to a neighbor's house, allegedly told stories about young men he had abducted and
wearing nothing besides a dog collar around his neck, and tortured in the previous months. It was not taken seriously
called the police. His dungeon was exposed along with the at that time considering his advanced state of intoxication.
polaroids of his victims and his torture logs and remains of He claimed that the film version of John Fowles' The Col-
his victims were found on the property. Berdella ultimately lector, in which the protagonist kidnaps and imprisons a
made a deal to avoid the death penalty in exchange for a full young woman, had been his inspiration when he was a
confession.* [1] teenager.* [3]

76.2.1 Arrest 76.3 Victims


Berdella was apprehended on April 2, 1988. By that time,
• Jerry Howell, 20, July 5, 1984: An acquaintance
he had abducted and tortured at least six young men, and
of Berdella who died of asphyxiation after 28 hours
the Kansas City Police Department suspected him in two
of captivity, which included repeated sexual as-
other disappearances. Berdella had detailed torture logs and
saults.* [2]* :258 Howell had known Berdella since
large numbers of Polaroid pictures he had taken of his vic-
1979.
tims. Volumes of pictures were recovered by the Kansas
City Police Department, and remain in their possession. He • Robert Sheldon, 18, April 12, 1985: Sheldon had oc-
claimed that he was trying to “help”some of his victims casionally lodged with Berdella prior to Berdella“for-
by giving them antibiotics after torturing them. Methods mulating the intent”to keep him captive on April 12.
of torture included electrical shocks, puncturing their anal He was killed by suffocation on April 15.* [2]* :272
cavities with his fist, applying bleach to their eyes by way
of cotton swabs, and even injecting their vocal cords with • Mark Wallace, 20, June 22, 1985: Discovered by
drain cleaner. He tried to gouge one of his victim's eyes chance hiding from a thunderstorm in Berdella's tool-
out “to see what would happen”. Berdella had buried shed. Wallace died of a combination of a lack of oxy-
two victims' skulls in his backyard (one of which had been gen and injected drugs at 7 p.m. on June 23.* [2]* :281
retrieved and placed inside a closet on the second floor of
his property, with the teeth removed and stowed inside an • Walter James Ferris, 25, September 26, 1985: The
envelope in the same room).* [2]* :36–37 The dismembered first victim whom Berdella stated he had intentionally
bodies of all six of Berdella's victims had been stowed in tortured prior to his death.* [2]* :258 Berdella noted
trash bags and subsequently taken to a landfill. The bodies that Ferris became delirious during his captivity as a
of Berdella's victims were never recovered.* [1] result of the torture and medication he had adminis-
tered. His death was noted in Berdella's torture log
Berdella's confirmed victims were white males aged 18–25,
with the notation “Stop the project”.* [2]* :289
five of whom he had known prior to their kidnap and murder
while one, Mark Wallace, Berdella had not known. After • Todd Stoops, 21, June 17, 1986: Kidnapped due to
taking them to his house, he would get them drunk or drug Berdella being “sexually frustrated”with him. The
them with sedatives or animal tranquilizers and keep them torture he endured prior to his death included electric
restrained in his basement. Over the course of anywhere shocks via a spatula placed across his eyelid in an un-
between a night, and several weeks, he would torture and successful attempt to blind him. Stoops died of a com-
sodomize them, documenting the process with a camera bination of blood loss and infection on July 1.* [2]* :302
and keeping a detailed log, before eventually killing them
by asphyxiation, sometimes using a plastic bag. He claimed • Larry Wayne Pearson, 20, June 23, 1987: Held captive
to have administered antibiotics to his victims to keep them until August 5.* [2]* :316 Pearson was killed by suf-
alive longer. Afterwards, he would drain the blood out of focation after six weeks of captivity, which included
their bodies by placing them in a bathtub and cutting slits in having a piano wire tied around his wrists with the in-
them. He would then dismember them with kitchen knives tention of causing nerve damage. His head was kept
and a chainsaw and leave the body parts in trash bags to and buried in Berdella's garden.* [2]* :312
280 CHAPTER 76. ROBERT BERDELLA

76.4 Death
Berdella died of a heart attack in 1992 at Jefferson City Cor-
rectional Center, after writing letters to a minister claiming
the prison officials were not giving him his heart medica-
tion.* [4]

76.5 In media
• Chicago death metal band, Macabre's song “Diary
of Torture”on their album Murder Metal is about
Robert Berdella, and details the abductions, torture,
and killings.

76.6 References
[1] Fisher, Ryan; Aust, Ashley; Bisset, Danielle; Jamba, Timo-
thy; Jones, John; King, Audrey; Kowalski, Jennifer; Krell,
Elizabeth; Layton, Jaclyn (2006). Aamodt, Mike, ed.
“Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri”
. Radford, Virginia: Radford University. Archived from the
original on November 3, 2015.

[2] Jackman, Tom; Cole, Troy (1992). Rites of Burial. New


York: Pinnacle Books. ISBN 978-1-55817-611-9. LCCN
93-124893. OCLC 25994503. OL 1465540M.

[3] Ramsland, Katherine.“The Kansas City Butcher: The Con-


fession”. truTV Crime Library. Archived from the original
on October 6, 2012.

[4] Logan, Casey (September 9, 2004). “The Lighter Side of


Torture”. The Pitch. Kansas City, Missouri. Archived
from the original on January 7, 2016. Meade cuts to com-
mentary by the Rev. Roger Coleman, who spent an agoniz-
ing time counseling a suicidal Berdella during the killerʼs
initial incarceration. Four years later, a panicked Berdella
called Coleman and said prison officials were withholding
his heart medication. Shortly thereafter, Berdella died of a
heart attack.
Chapter 77

Robert Hansen

For other people named Robert Hansen, see Robert Hansen On December 7, 1960, he was arrested for burning down a
(disambiguation). Pocahontas County Board of Education school bus garage,
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with for which he served 20 months of a three-year prison sen-
unknown parameter “status”(this message is shown only tence in Anamosa State Penitentiary. His wife filed for di-
in preview). vorce while he was incarcerated. Over the next few years,
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with he was jailed several times for petty theft. In 1967, he
unknown parameter “School”(this message is shown moved to Anchorage, Alaska, with his second wife, whom
only in preview). he had married in 1963 and with whom he had two chil-
dren. In Anchorage, he was well liked by his neighbors and
* *
Robert Christian Hansen (February 15, 1939 – August set several local hunting records. [3] :5
21, 2014), known in the media as the “Butcher Baker” was In 1977, he was imprisoned for theft of a chainsaw, diag-
a serial killer from the United States of America. Between nosed with bipolar disorder and prescribed lithium to con-
1971 and 1983, Hansen abducted, raped and murdered at trol his mood swings. He was never officially ordered to
least 17, and possibly more than 30 women, in and around take the medication.* [3]
Anchorage, Alaska, hunting them down in the woods with
a Ruger Mini-14 and other weapons. He was arrested and
convicted in 1983 and was sentenced to 461 years (plus a
life sentence) with no possibility of parole.* [1]* [2] 77.2 Discovery
On June 13, 1983, 17-year-old Cindy Paulson escaped from
44-year-old Robert Hansen, while he was trying to load her
77.1 Early life into his Piper Super Cub.* [4] She told police she had been
offered $200 to perform oral sex but that, when she got
Hansen was born in Estherville, Iowa in 1939. He was the into the car, Hansen pulled a gun on her and drove her to
son of a Danish immigrant and followed in his father's foot- his home in Muldoon. There, he held her captive, torturing,
steps as a baker. In his youth, he was skinny and painfully raping and sexually assaulting her. She mentioned that, af-
shy, afflicted with a stutter and a severe case of acne that ter he chained her by the neck to a post in the house's base-
left him permanently scarred. (In later years, he would re- ment, Hansen took a nap on a nearby couch.
call his face as“one big pimple.”) Shunned by the attractive
girls in school, he grew up hating them and nursing fantasies When he awoke, he put her in his car and took her to Merrill
of cruel revenge. Throughout childhood and adolescence, Field airport, where he told her that he intended to “take
Hansen was described as being quiet and a loner and he her out to his cabin”(a meat shack in the Knik River area
had a dysfunctional relationship with his domineering fa- of the Matanuska Valley accessible only by boat or bush
ther. He was frequently bullied at school for having acne plane). Paulson, crouched in the back seat of the car with
and speaking with a stutter. He started hunting and often her wrists cuffed in front of her body, waited until Hansen
found refuge in this pastime.* [3]* :5 In 1957, Hansen en- was busy loading the airplane's cockpit, to make a run for
listed in the United States Army Reserve and served for one it. While Hansen's back was turned, Paulson crawled out
year before being discharged. He later worked as an assis- of the back seat, opened the driver's side door and took off
tant drill instructor at a police academy in Pocahontas, Iowa. toward nearby Sixth Avenue.
There, he began a relationship with a younger woman. He She later told police that she had left her blue sneakers on
married her in the summer of 1960. the passenger side floor of the sedan's backseat, as evidence

281
282 CHAPTER 77. ROBERT HANSEN

that she had been in the car. Hansen panicked and ran after Hansen denied it as long as he could but he eventually be-
her but Paulson made it to Sixth Avenue first and managed gan to blame the women and tried to justify his motives.
to flag down a passing truck. The driver, Robert Yount, Eventually, confessing to each item of evidence as it was
alarmed by her disheveled appearance, stopped and picked presented to him, he admitted to a spree of attacks against
her up. He drove her to the Mush Inn, where she jumped Alaskan women starting in 1971. Hansen's earliest victims
out of the truck and ran inside.* [5] While she pleaded with were young women, usually between 16 and 19 and not the
the clerk to phone her boyfriend at the Big Timber Motel, prostitutes and strippers who led to his discovery.
the truck driver continued on to work, where he called the
police to report the barefoot, handcuffed woman.
When Anchorage Police Department officers arrived at the 77.3 Known victims
Mush Inn, they were told that the young woman had taken a
cab to the Big Timber Motel. APD officers arrived at Room Robert C. Hansen is known to have raped and assaulted over
110 of the Big Timber Motel and found Cindy Paulson, still 30 Alaskan women. He is also responsible for murdering at
handcuffed and alone. She was taken to APD headquarters, least 17, ranging in age from 16 to 41.* [6] They were:
where she described the perpetrator. Hansen, when ques-
tioned by APD officers, denied the accusation, stating that • Lisa Futrell, 41 (acknowledged, body found with
Paulson was just trying to cause some trouble because he Hansen's help)
would not pay her extortion demands. Although Hansen had
had several prior run-ins with the law, his meek demeanour • Malai Larsen, 28 (acknowledged, body found with
and humble occupation as a baker, along with a strong alibi Hansen's help)
from his friend John Henning, kept him from being consid-
• Sue Luna, 23 (acknowledged, body found with
ered as a serious suspect and the case went cold.
Hansen's help)
Detective Glenn Flothe of the Alaska State Troopers had
been part of a team investigating the discovery of sev- • Tami Pederson, 20 (acknowledged, body found with
eral bodies in and around Anchorage, Seward and the Hansen's help)
Matanuska-Susitna Valley area. The first of the bodies was
• Angela Feddern, 24 (acknowledged, body found with
found by construction workers near Eklutna Road. The
Hansen's help)
body, dubbed "Eklutna Annie" by investigators, has never
been identified. Later that year, the body of Joanna Messina • Teresa Watson (acknowledged, body found with
was discovered in a gravel pit near Seward and in 1982, the Hansen's help)
remains of 23-year-old Sherry Morrow were discovered, in
a shallow grave near the Knik River. Flothe now had three • DeLynn “Sugar”Frey (acknowledged, body discov-
bodies and what looked like one killer. ered on August 20, 1985 by a Pilot testing new tires
on the sandbar of the Knik River)
He contacted Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent
Roy Hazelwood and requested help with a criminal psycho- • Paula Goulding (acknowledged, body found)
logical profile, based on the three recovered bodies. Hazel-
wood thought that the killer would be an experienced hunter • Andrea “Fish”Altiery (admitted, body not found)
with low self-esteem, have a history of being rejected by • Sherry Morrow, 23 (admitted, body found)
women and would feel compelled to keep “souvenirs”of
his murders, such as a victim's jewelry. He also suggested • "Eklutna Annie" (admitted, body found, true identity
that the assailant might stutter. Using this profile, Flothe in- has never been discovered)
vestigated possible suspects until he reached Hansen, who
• Joanna Messina (admitted, body found)
fit the profile and owned a plane.
Supported by Paulson's testimony and Hazelwood's profile, • "Horseshoe Harriet"* [7] (acknowledged, body found
Flothe and the APD secured a warrant to search Hansen's with Hansen's help, true identity has never been dis-
plane, cars and home. On 27 October 1983, investiga- covered)
tors uncovered jewelry belonging to some of the missing • Roxane Easland, 24 (acknowledged, body not found)
women, as well as an array of firearms in a corner hide-
away of Hansen's attic.* [3] The biggest find was an aviation • Ceilia“Beth”Van Zanten, 17 (denied, but suspected
map with little “x”marks on it, hidden behind Hansen's because of x on aviation map, body found)
headboard.
• Megan Emerick, 17 (denied, but suspected because of
When confronted with the evidence found in his home, x on aviation map, body found)
77.5. DEATH 283

• Mary Thill, 23 (denied, but suspected because of x on Seward (authorities suspect two of these marks belong to
aviation map, body not found) the graves of Mary Thill and Megan Emrick, whom Hansen
has denied killing). The remains of twelve (of a probable
Of these 17 women, Hansen was only formally charged with 21) victims were exhumed by the police and returned to
the murder of four: Sherry Morrow, Joanna Messina, Ek- their families. Hansen was sentenced by jury, to 461 years
lutna Annie and Paula Goulding. He was also charged with plus life in prison, without the possibility of parole. He was
the kidnapping and rape of Cindy Paulson. first imprisoned at the United States Penitentiary, Lewis-
burg in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
In 1988, he was returned to Alaska and briefly incarcerated
77.4 Imprisonment at Lemon Creek Correctional Center in Juneau. He was also
imprisoned at Spring Creek Correctional Center in Seward
until May 2014, when he was transported to the Anchorage
Correctional Complex for health reasons.* [1]

77.5 Death
Hansen died at the age of 75, at Alaska Regional Hospi-
tal in Anchorage on August 21, 2014, due to undisclosed,
lingering health conditions.* [2]

77.6 In popular culture

Spring Creek Correctional Center, where Hansen was incarcerated 77.6.1 Film
for many years
• John Cusack portrayed Hansen, in the film The
Once arrested, Hansen was charged with assault, Frozen Ground (2013), opposite Nicolas Cage as
kidnapping, multiple weapons offenses, and theft- Sergeant Jack Halcombe (a character based on Glenn
and insurance fraud. The last charge was related to a claim Flothe) and Vanessa Hudgens as victim Cindy Paul-
filed with the insurance company over alleged theft of son.* [8]* [9]
some trophies, whose funds he used to purchase the Super
Cub. At trial, he claimed he later recovered the trophies in • Although not billed as a depiction of the Hansen mur-
his backyard but forgot to inform the insurer. ders, the movie Naked Fear resembles the case in such
features as the killer's use of an airplane to transport
Only after ballistics tests returned a match between bul- women whose disappearances will not be noticed to
lets found at the crime scenes and Hansen's rifle, did he remote areas to hunt them.
enter into a plea bargain. He pleaded guilty to the four
homicides the police had evidence for (Morrow, Messina,
Goulding and Eklutna Annie) and provided details about 77.6.2 Television
his other victims, in return for serving his sentence in a fed-
eral prison, along with no publicity in the press. Another Documentaries:
condition of the plea bargain was his participation in deci-
phering the markings on his aviation map and locating his • The FBI Files episode, “Hunter's Game”(1999), de-
victims' bodies. He confirmed the police theory of how the picts Hansen's murderous rampage.
women were abducted, adding that he would sometimes let
a potential victim go if she convinced him that she wouldn't • Crime Stories featured a full 2007 episode of the case.
report him to police. He indicated that he began killing in
the early 1970s. • The Alaska: Ice Cold Killers episode “Hunting Hu-
mans”(January 25, 2012) on Investigation Discov-
He showed investigators seventeen grave sites, in and ery* [10] covered the Hansen case.
around Southcentral Alaska, twelve of which were unknown
to investigators. There remained marks on his map that he • Hidden City season 1, episode 12 (“Anchorage:
refused to give up, including three in Resurrection Bay, near Robert Hansen's Most Dangerous Game, the Legend
284 CHAPTER 77. ROBERT HANSEN

of Blackjack Sturges, Eskimo Hu"; airdate February 77.8 Further reading


21, 2012), on the Travel Channel, covered the Hansen
case.* [11] • Du Clos, Bernard. Fair Game. ISBN 978-0-312-
92905-3.
TV series:
• Gilmour, Walter & Hale, Leland E. Butcher, Baker: A
True Account of a Serial Murder. ISBN 978-0-451-
•“Mind Hunters”and“The Woods”, two 2005 episodes
40276-9.
of the CBS TV series Cold Case, were inspired by
Hansen's crimes. • Martin, Reagan (July 9, 2013). Hunted on Ice: The
Search for Alaskan Serial Killer Robert Hansen. Cre-
• In Criminal Minds season 5, episode 21 (“Exit
ateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 116
Wounds"; airdate May 12, 2010), Hansen is referred
pages. ISBN 978-1490959061.
to by name.
• Hansen's crimes also inspired Law & Order: Spe-
cial Victims Unit, season 13, episode 15 ("Hunting 77.9 External links
Ground"; airdate February 22, 2012), which depicts a
serial killer, who hunts women like wild game before • “Serial Killer Series: Article 7: Robert Hansen”.
killing them. Gather.com. August 7, 2007. Archived from the orig-
inal on December 3, 2013.

77.7 References • Lundburg, Murry. “Robert Hansen: A Serial Killer


in Alaska”. ExploreNorth.
[1] 'Butcher Baker' Robert Hansen moved to Anchorage for • “Municipality has buyer for beleaguered Big Timber
medical treatment, Alaska Dispatch. Motel”. Alaska Dispatch. March 19, 2014.
[2] Klint, Chris (21 August 2014).“Serial Killer Robert Hansen
Dies in Anchorage”. NBC. KTTU News. Retrieved 21
August 2014.

[3] Lohr, David. “Hunting Humans”. truTV Crime Library.


Retrieved 2010-07-12.

[4] Newton, Jennifer (4 September 2014). "ʻWe just want her


to be identifiedʼ: Body of Alaska serial killer victim ex-
humed 30 years after she was found dead”. Daily Mail.
Mail Online. Retrieved 24 December 2015.

[5] “Mush Inn Motel”. www.mushinn.com. Retrieved May 6,


2014.

[6] Lohr, David. “Hunting Humans”. crimelibrary.com. Re-


trieved 26 June 2014.

[7] Selina, Leavitt (5 September 2014).“Serial Killerʼs Victim


Exhumed In Alaska: Who Is ʻHorseshoe Harrietʼ ?". Iquisitr.
Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[8] Staskiewics, Keith. “Serial Killer on the Big Screen”. En-


tertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 25, 2014.

[9] "The Frozen Ground". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved


August 22, 2014.

[10] "Alaska: Ice Cold Killers episode 'Hunting Humans'". IMDb.


Retrieved August 22, 2014.

[11] “Anchorage: Robert Hansen's Most Dangerous Game, the


Legend of Blackjack Sturges, Eskimo Hu”. TVGuide.
February 21, 2012.
Chapter 78

Ronald Dominique

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with 78.2 References


unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview). [1] “Video: Courier reporter, slain man's mother on CourtTV”
. The Courier. December 7, 2006. Retrieved December 22,
2007.
Ronald Joseph Dominique (born January 9, 1964) is an
American serial killer from the Bayou Blue area of Houma, [2] “Video: Courier reporter, slain man's mother on CourtTV”
Louisiana.* [1]* [2] . The Courier. December 18, 2006. Retrieved December
22, 2007.
Dominique was investigated in late 2006 following a po-
lice report by a man who refused to let Dominique tie him [3] “US Serial Killer Ronald Dominique Sentenced To Eight
up. The final victim, Chris Sutterfield, had died about two Life Terms For Raping And Killing Young Men”. Sky
months earlier. News. September 24, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
Following his arrest on December 1, 2006, Dominique con- [4] “Tri-Parish Times”. Tri-Parish Times. January 1, 2009.
fessed to the rape and murder of at least 23 men over a Retrieved May 30, 2009.
ten-year period beginning in 1997, in Terrebonne Parish,
[5] “OurCampaigns.com”. Our Campaigns.com. April 23,
Lafourche Parish, Iberville Parish, St. Charles Parish and
1992. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Jefferson Parish in suburban New Orleans.* [1]* [2] In his
confession, Dominique, who is gay]], said he frequented
area gay bars and targeted men he thought would be willing
to have sex for money. His reason for murdering these men 78.3 External links
was to avoid prison. Having raped the men he thought it
would be better to kill them than have them report the as- • DallasVoice: Alleged Gay Serial Killer arrested
sault to police. He was charged with multiple cases of rape
and first-degree murder.* [1]* [2] • News.com.au: Serial killer Ronald Dominique jailed

On September 23, 2008, Dominique was sentenced to eight


life sentences after confessing to raping and killing his
male victims over a 10-year period.* [3] Dominique pleaded
guilty to first-degree murder in a deal to avoid the death
penalty.* [3] He is incarcerated at the Louisiana State Peni-
tentiary in Angola.* [4]

78.1 1992 presidential election

Interesting to note that in 1992, Dominique had briefly run


for a shot at the U.S presidency as an independent, although
he dropped out of the race for reasons unknown.* [5]

285
Chapter 79

Rosemary West

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with mary moved in together at the Lake House Hotel Caravan
unknown parameter “mo”(this message is shown only in Park; Charmaine briefly attended Bishops Cleeve County
preview). Primary School on Tobyfield Road. However, by 1970,
Rosemary became pregnant by West and they moved to
Rosemary Pauline “Rose”West (née Letts; born 29 Midland Road, Gloucester.
November 1953) is a British serial killer, now an inmate Rosemary West and her husband were convicted of sexual
at HMP Low Newton, Brasside, Durham, after being con- assault in January 1973. They were fined for indecent as-
victed of 10 murders in 1995. Her husband Fred, who com- sault of Caroline Roberts (née Owens), who escaped the
mitted suicide in prison while awaiting trial, is believed to couple's home after being attacked and reported them to
have collaborated with her in the torture and murder of at the police.* [8] The Wests' typical pattern was to pick up
least 10 young women,* [1] many at the couple's home in girls from bus stops in and around Gloucester and imprison
Gloucester, England. them in their home for several days before killing them.* [9]
Fred West is known to have carried out 12 murders. Rose- Rosemary West also periodically worked as a prostitute,
mary West had no involvement in the first two. often while her husband watched.* [10] One of the most
frequent visitors to 25 Cromwell Street, now demolished,
was her abusive father. She was often pregnant and was
the mother of eight children. Five of these were fathered
79.1 Early life and marriage to Fred by Fred West, while three were fathered by clients she met
West through prostitution.* [11]
It is reported that, even after Rosemary had given birth to
Rosemary Letts was born in Northam, Devon,* [2] to Bill her fourth child, her father William Letts would still visit her
Letts and Daisy Gwendoline Letts after a difficult preg- for sex. He was *
also reported to have raped Fred's daughter
nancy. Her mother suffered from depression and was given Anne-Marie. [12]
ECT while pregnant; some have argued that this may have
caused prenatal injury to her daughter.* [3] Rosemary grew
up into a moody teenager and performed poorly at school. 79.2 Victims
Rosemary's parents split up when she was a teenager. She
lived with her mother and attended Cleeve School,* [4] The crimes for which Rosemary West was convicted oc-
later moving in with her father at the age of 16 in curred mainly between April 1973 and August 1979. She
Bishop's Cleeve, near Cheltenham; her father, a paranoid murdered Charmaine West, the daughter of Fred's previous
schizophrenic, was prone to violence and repeatedly wife Rena, in June 1971, and stored her body in the cellar at
sexually abused her.* [5]* [6] At around this time, she be- their previous home at 25 Midland Road, Gloucester while
gan dating West who was living at Lake House Hotel Car- Fred West was serving a prison sentence for petty theft.
avan Park, Stoke Road, Bishops Cleeve. Her father dis- When he was released, he buried the body.* [13] One of
approved of the relationship, threatening to call social ser- the bodies found at 25 Cromwell Street was that of their
vices and threatening West directly. Rosemary was caring daughter, Heather, who was also murdered by Rose in June
for West's daughter Anne-Marie (by his previous marriage 1987 at the age of 16, after being abused by her parents
to Rena Costello) and his stepdaughter, Charmaine (daugh- all her life. Barry, her younger brother, described watch-
ter of Rena Costello and another man).* [7] West and Rose- ing his mother kick Heather repeatedly in the head until

286
79.5. FURTHER READING 287

she was no longer moving.* [14] The Wests told friends and 79.5 Further reading
concerned parties that Heather had gone away to work at
a holiday village. This was the last known murder that the • Bennett, John (2005). The Cromwell Street Murders:
pair committed. The Detective's Story. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-
In August 1992 Fred West was arrested after being accused 7509-4273-8.
of raping his 13-year-old daughter three times, and Rose-
mary West was arrested for child cruelty. This case against • Carter Woodrow, Jane (2011). Rose West: The making
them collapsed in June 1993 when their daughter refused of a Monster. Hodder & Stoughton (UK). ISBN 978-
to testify in court. All of the Wests' children were removed 0-340-99247-0.
from their custody to foster homes. This case brought to
• Burn, Gordon (1998). Happy Like Murderers. Faber
light the disappearance of Heather West, who had not been
and Faber (London). ISBN 0-571-19546-6.
seen since 1987, and triggered the major investigation that
followed. • Masters, Brian (1996). She Must Have Known: Trial
of Rosemary West. Doubleday (London). ISBN 0-
385-40650-9.

• Roberts, Caroline (2005). The Lost Girl: How I Tri-


79.3 Conviction umphed Over Life at the Mercy of Fred and Rose West.
Metro Books (London). ISBN 1-84358-088-8.
Rosemary West continued to profess ignorance of her hus-
band's murderous activities but the circumstantial evidence • Sounes, Howard (1995). Fred and Rose: The Full
was considered sufficient to prosecute her for ten murders: Story of Fred and Rose West and the Gloucester House
those of the young women whose bodies were found at 25 of Horrors. Warner Books (London). ISBN 0-7515-
Cromwell Street, and of Charmaine West. She went on 1322-9.
trial in October 1995, nine months after her husband's sui-
• Wansell, Geoffrey (1996). An Evil Love: The Life of
cide. He had hanged himself in Winson Green Prison with
Frederick West. Hodder Headline (London). ISBN 0-
a knotted bed-sheet on 1 January of that year, despite being
7472-1760-2.
on suicide watch.
The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, • West, Anne Marie (1995). Out of the Shadows: Fred
West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr Justice West's Daughter Tells Her Harrowing Story of Survival.
Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, “If Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-71968-8.
attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.”
*
[15] • Wilson, Colin (1998). The Corpse Garden. True
Crime Library (London). ISBN 1-874358-24-9.
The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend
at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997 Home Secretary • Partington, Marian (2012). If You Sit Very Still. Vala
Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff.* [16]* [17] Publishing Co-operative. ISBN 978-1-908363-02-2.
This was only the second instance, in modern times, of a
British woman being condemned to die in prison. The other
was serial killer Myra Hindley, who died in 2002. At the 79.6 References
start of her sentence, West was held at the same prison as
Hindley.* [18] Subsequently, serial killer Joanna Dennehy
[1] BBC Article with detail of the 12 accusations. Retrieval
became the third to receive a whole life tariff.
Date: 14 August 2007.

[2] “Serial killer's tortured Northam childhood”. Retrieved


2015-12-10.
79.4 Post-conviction [3] “Biography – Rosemary West on Crime and Investigation
Network”. Crimeandinvestigation.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June
2010.
In 2001 West announced her intention not to appeal, while
maintaining her innocence.* [19] The house at Cromwell [4] http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFodEFpOGwQC&
Street (along with the adjoining property) was demolished printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#
in 1996. The site is now occupied by a public walk- v=onepage&q&f=false Jane Carter Woodrow, Rose West:
way.* [20] The Making of a Monster, Hodder & Stoughton, 2011
288 CHAPTER 79. ROSEMARY WEST

[5]“As [criminologist Jane] Carter Woodrow discovered, Bill 79.7 External links
Letts was a paranoid schizophrenic who bullied and beat his
wife into depression and tormented and abused Rose and his • BBC website about the West murder case at the
other six children.”Smith, David James (4 September 2011).
Wayback Machine (archived June 15, 2006)
“Rosemary West was more than just her husband's accom-
plice - she helped plot many of their murders”. The Sunday • BBC report of West's conviction
Times (London). p. 20.
• CourtTV Crime Library- Fred and Rosemary West
[6] Varma, Anuji (10 July 2011).“Rose West spurred on killing
spree”. Sunday Mercury (Birmingham). p. 29. • Transcript of police interview

[7] Bennett, Will (22 November 1995). “Step-daughter Char-


maine was first to die – News”. The Independent (UK).
Retrieved 24 June 2010.

[8] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3509899.stm

[9] Insider. “Born To Kill”. Tvsa.co.za. Retrieved 24 June


2010.

[10] Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[11] Darbyshire, Neil (5 September 2011). “Glamorising of an


evil nobody: Fred West drama was dangerous nonsense, says
NEIL DARBYSHIRE - who is still haunted by the horrors
of the case”. Daily Mail (London).

[12] Burn 1998, pp. 225–227

[13] Sounes, Howard (1995). Fred & Rose: The Full Story Of
Fred and Rose West And the Gloucester House of Horrors.
London: Time Warner. pp. 112–114.

[14] Ferguson, Ian (2004-02-15). “There's nobody home...”.


The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-12-31.

[15] Staff (14 October 2000) “Chilling list includes torturers,


rapists and serial killers” The Daily Telegraph

[16] Ford, Richard; Strange, Hannah (26 February 2008).“Bell-


field joins list of those to die in jail – Times Online”. The
Times (UK). Retrieved 23 February 2010.

[17] Dyer, Clare (28 May 2002).“Law: The man who could free
Myra Hindley | UK news | The Guardian”. The Guardian
(UK). Retrieved 23 February 2010.

[18] “BBC ON THIS DAY | 22 | 1995: Life sentence for Rose-


mary West”. news.bbc.co.uk. 22 November 1995. Re-
trieved 23 February 2010.

[19] Milmo, Cahal (1 October 2001). “Rosemary West drops


appeal case”. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 9 November
2008.

[20] Coughlan, Sean (5 April 2004). “What happens to the


houses of horror?". BBC News. Retrieved 23 February
2010.
Chapter 80

Satarō Fukiage

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with Mencius, Socrates, Aristotle and Nichiren.* [2] He was re-
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown leased in 1922 and found employment, but he was fired due
only in preview). to his criminal past. In April 1923, he was arrested for
molesting a four-year-old girl, but was released.
Satarō Fukiage (吹上佐太郎 Fukiage Satarō, February
1889 – September 28, 1926) was a Japanese rapist and
serial killer. He killed at least seven girls.* [1] He murdered 80.3 Later murders and arrest
his first victim in 1906, and killed six girls between 1923
and 1924. He was tried for three out of six cases, but his Between June 1923 and April 1924, he raped and murdered
exact number of victims is unknown. six girls, ages 11 to 16. He was arrested on July 28, 1924.
He raped a number of women besides the murder victims He confessed to 13 murders, but later recanted, and insist-
and according to one theory, he raped at least 93 girls.* [2] ing that he had murdered only six girls and that a police
Some estimates say he raped more than 100 women.* [3] officer had asked him a leading question. He wrote a book,
Shaba (娑婆, “The Street”). He was sentenced to death
on May 17, 1925. The Supreme Court of Japan upheld his
80.1 Early life death sentence on July 2, 1926.

He was born in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto. His family forced


him to work at the age of eight.* [4] He frequently changed 80.4 Death
jobs. At the age of 11, he had sex with a girl about 17 years
old, for which he lost his job.* [2] At 12, he was arrested He was executed by hanging on September 28, 1926. The
for theft. Fukiage learned kana and math during the two media reported that he went to die nobly, unlike many pris-
months he spent in jail. He was arrested again for theft soon oners.* [3] In his book, he requested that parents take care
after his release, but learned classical Chinese while in jail of their children.* [2]
the second time.
Fukiage had sex with a 54-year-old woman at the age of 17.
He later raped the woman's 11-year-old daughter and some 80.5 Books
other girls in their neighborhood.
• 娑 婆 (translation The Street, publisher Ganshodo-
shoten, Japan 1926) by himself
80.2 First murder and imprison-
• 連続 殺⼈ の 吹上
ment 佐太郎 (translation Document; Serial Girl Murders̶
The Isolated Devil, Fukiage Satarō, publisher PAROL-
On September 24, 1906, he raped and murdered an 11- SHA, Japan 1993)
year-old girl at Kinkaku-ji.* [4] The victim was an acquain-
tance of his. At the time he was culturally considered to be • の 殺 ⼈ た (translation Horri-
18 years old, although he was 17 years old under the west- ble Murderers, publisher Takarajimasha, Japan 2006)
ern age system. In jail, he studied the works of Confucius, - One chapter in the book treats Satarō Fukiage.

289
290 CHAPTER 80. SATARŌ FUKIAGE

80.6 See also


• Kiyoshi Ōkubo

• Tsutomu Miyazaki

80.7 References
[1] Atsushi Hachisu (January 1994). “Satarō Fukiage” (in
Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Re-
trieved 2007-10-29.

[2] yabusaka (July 19, 2007). “Satarō Fukiage Incident” (in


Japanese). Retrieved 2007-11-04.

[3] “CHILDREN KILLERS” (in Japanese). MONSTERS.


Retrieved 2007-11-04.

[4] Eruo Kanga.“Sex Crimes”(in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-


11-04.

80.8 External links


• (Japanese) The article on Fikiage Satarō written by
Atusi Hachisu

• (Japanese) The Fukiage Satarō Incident written by


yabusaka
Chapter 81

Sean Vincent Gillis

Sean Vincent Gillis (born June 24, 1962) is an American ever, is the mutilation of the bodies. He says he is “pure
serial killer who stalked, kidnapped, raped, murdered, and evil”and “beyond sorry”for the murders.* [2]* [3]
mutilated eight Louisiana women between 1994 and 2003
in the Baton Rouge Metro and surrounding areas. He was
arrested without incident at his residence on Burgin Road 81.2 Murders
at 1:30 a.m. on April 29, 2004. In his initial arrest, he
was charged with three counts of first degree murder and
Gillis once claimed he began killing because of “stress”
three counts of ritualistic acts in the murders of 29-year-old
. His first murder, which he confessed to after his arrest,
Katherine Hall, 45-year-old Johnnie Mae Williams and 43-
was of 81-year-old Ann Bryan in March 1994. He intended
year-old Donna Bennett Johnston. Gillis confessed to the
to rape her, but got frightened when she screamed as he
murders with little coercion and then informed investigators
touched her. To stop her screaming, Gillis slit her throat
about four other women whom he had murdered.* [1]
and then stabbed her 50 times. He left her body there at her
residence, St. James Place; an exclusive retirement home in
Baton Rouge.* [3]
81.1 Early life In May 1999, Gillis began stalking a woman he had seen
jogging in the south Baton Rouge area. He spent three
Little is known about Gillis' early life except that he was the weeks driving around the area looking for her. Around
son of Yvonne and Norman Gillis, and was born June 24, 5:30 a.m. on May 30, 1999, a Sunday, he saw her jogging
1962, in Baton Rouge and was raised in southern Louisiana. on Quail Run Drive. Two days later the body of 52-year-
During his 2004 first-degree murder trial for the slaying old Hardee Schmidt was found in a bayou off of Highway
of Donna Bennett Johnston, his mother, Yvonne, testified 61 in St. James Parish. Gillis later confessed that he hit
that her son was a good, happy kid who did well in school, Schmidt with his car, knocking her into a ditch. He got out
had friends and was generally just a normal child. In the and placed heavy-duty wire plastic wrap tightly around her
penalty phase of the trial, while testifying for the defense, neck and forced her into the car. He drove to a park off of
his mother is quoted as saying: Highland Road and raped her. After killing her, he put her
nude corpse into the trunk of his car, a white Chevy Cava-
“I used to call him my little blue-eyed angel. This lier, and left it there until dumping it two days later. Gillis
is the person I loved most in this world.” would go on to kill for ten more years, the murders uncon-
nected and his presence unknown to law enforcement.
His rap sheet began in 1980, when he was 17 years old,
but only showed minor infractions and little to indicate the
killer he would become. Throughout the years, he was ar- 81.3 Arrest and conviction
rested for traffic citations, DUI, possession of marijuana,
and contempt of court. He would not commit his first mur- More attention was paid to cold cases of murdered women
der until 1994. Years later, after he had been arrested and when Derrick Todd Lee was apprehended on May 27, 2003.
convicted for some of his murders, a friend of one of his When certain cases could not be linked to Lee, investiga-
victims wrote to him. She turned the letters over to the pros- tors began to wonder if another serial killer had been in
ecution and some of Gillis' words made it into the news. He operation at the same time. Though Lee began his killing
shows remorse and says, sometimes, he doesn't know why in 1992, between 1994 – when Gillis began his murders –
he committed the murders. More shocking to him, how- and 2003 there were two serial killers silently and secretly

291
292 CHAPTER 81. SEAN VINCENT GILLIS

targeting the women in, around, and just outside the Baton The previous year, he pleaded guilty to second-degree mur-
Rouge area. der and was convicted in the killing of 36-year-old Joyce
Donna Bennett Johnston, 43 years old, was his eighth and Williams. Gills is currently incarcerated in Louisiana State
final victim. In February 2004 she was raped and strangled Penitentiary.
with a nylon tie wrap. After death, Gillis mutilated her body
– slashing her breasts, cutting off her left nipple, gouging out
a tattoo on her right thigh, and severing her left arm at the 81.4 Victims
elbow. Her body was found February 27, 2004 in a drainage
canal near Ben Hur Road, which is south of Louisiana State • Ann Bryan, aged 81, murdered March 21, 1994.
University in Baton Rouge. • Katherine Ann Hall, aged 29, murdered January 4,
In letters exchanged between Gillis and a decade-long friend 1999.
of Johnston's, Tammie Purpera, Gillis explains her murder
• Hardee Schmidt, aged 52, murdered May 30, 1999.
and even shows remorse:
• Joyce Williams, aged 36, murdered November 12,
“She was so drunk it only took about a minute 1999.
and a half to succumb to unconsciousness and
• Lillian Robinson, aged 52, murdered in January 2000.
then death. Honestly, her last words were I can't
breathe. I still puzzle over the post mortem dis- • Marilyn Nevils, aged 38, murdered in October 2000.
memberment and cutting. There must be some-
• Johnnie Mae Williams, aged 45, murdered in October
thing deep in my subconscious that really needs
2003.
that kind of macabre action.”
• Donna Bennett Johnston, aged 43, murdered February
Tammie Purpera, who died in 2005 of complications from 26, 2004.
AIDS, turned over all of the letters to the prosecutors and
they were used at Gillis' trials.* [3]* [4]
After his arrest, police found 45 digital pictures, down- 81.5 In the media
loaded to his computer, of Johnston's mutilated body, as
well of photos of her corpse in the trunk of his car. Many • Gillis's story was told in an episode, entitled “A
other photos were found of other victims, some of which Twisted Mind,”of the “Devil You Know”series on
were used at his various trials for first-degree murder. In Investigation Discovery.* [6]
the end, Gillis brutally raped and murdered eight women.
He kept body parts in his home as souvenirs and photos to
stimulate him as he remembered the murders. 81.6 References
In April 2004, tire tracks found near the body of Donna
[1] “Gillis Confession Solves Two More Murders”. WAFB.
Bennett Johnston were used to track Gillis down. The tracks
WAFB Channel 9 Baton Rouge. Retrieved January 22,
were from a unique set of tires and the Louisiana State 2016.
Crime Lab was able to determine the brand, model, and
type of tire. They were then able to narrow it down fur- [2] “Judge: Gillis Jury Can See Confession Letters”. WAFB.
ther when they found that this particular tire was only man- WAFB Channel 9 Baton Rouge. Retrieved January 22,
ufactured for a three-year period, which ended in 2003. 2016.
Only 90 purchases of the tire had been made in the Baton [3] “Baton Rouge Serial Killer Sean Vincent Gillis Finally Goes
Rouge area. Soon, after obtaining a DNA swab of Gillis and to Trial”. Investigation Discovery: Bizarre Crimes. July 22,
matching it to evidence found on some of the victims' bod- 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
ies, authorities arrested Gillis on April 29, 2004. He was [4] Shannon, Jim (August 4, 2008). “Gillis' mother takes stand
charged with various crimes at different times as investiga- during sentencing phase”. WAFB. WAFB Channel 9 Baton
tors worked to find evidence to support his confession to the Rouge. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
other murders.
[5] Shannon, Jim (December 17, 2009). “Both sides give re-
Initially, he was arrested and charged for the murders of action to Gillis sentencing”. wafb.com. WAFB. Retrieved
Katherine Hall, Johnnie Mae Williams, and Donna Bennett November 23, 2014.
Johnston. He stood trial for these crimes on July 21, 2008
[6] “Devil You Know”. Investigation Discovery. Discovery
and was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison after Channel. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
the jury deadlocked in the penalty phase.* [5]
Chapter 82

Süleyman Aktaş

Süleyman Aktaş is a Turkish serial killer. Nicknamed [2] “Türkiye'nin seri katilleri”. Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved
“The Nailing Killer”, he is responsible for five murders. 2014-03-04.
Süleyman Aktaş was employed as a worker at the Turk- [3] "'Çivici katil' 12 yıl aradan sonra ortaya çıktı". Zaman (in
ish Electricity Company in Denizli, Turkey.* [1]* [2] He was Turkish). 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
severely injured by high voltage during works at a 31.5 kV
[4] Gül, Aziz (2007-02-16). "´Çivici katil´den folklor gösterisi”
electric power distribution line.* [1]* [2]
. Haber 7 (in Turkish). Retrieved 2014-03-04.
After this accident, he killed police superintendent Nuri
Keskin in Antalya in 1986.* [1]* [2]* [3]* [4] He was arrested, [5] “Süleyman Aktaş (Çivici katil)". TRT Haber (in Turkish).
2013-05-18. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
and was placed in Manisa Psychiatric Hospital after the
court ruled his mental disorder.* [1]* [2] Aktaş stayed four [6] "'Çivici Katil' Yine Saldırdı". Haberler (in Turkish). 2008-
and a half years in the hospital before his release.* [1] He 06-03. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
returned to his hometown of Çambaşı village in Bozkurt,
Denizli.* [1]
In 1994, Süleyman Aktaş killed four elderly neighbors by
strangling three years after he came back to his home-
town.* [1]* [2]* [3]* [4]* [5] He nailed the couples Ayşe (65)
and İsmail Güneş (66), and Rukiye (77) and Ramazan Ko-
catepe (78) in the eyes and heads.* [1]* [2]* [3]* [5] In his tes-
timony after his arrest, he told that“He can not stand nails.
He wants to nail people in the head.”* [1]* [2]* [5] Aktaş
was nicknamed“The Nailing Killer”.* [1]* [2]* [3]* [4]* [5]
He was hospitalized as diagnosed with paranoid schizophre-
nia.* [1] He escaped from the hospital, but was apprehended
in the coach terminal.* [1]
In 2007, Aktaş was seen publicly for the first time after
twelve years in a rehabiliation show program of the hos-
pital.* [3]* [4] At noon of May 28, 2008, he assaulted his
roommate, the child killer Ömer Yılmaz, and wounded him
by hitting him in the head with a rock in the exercise yard of
the hospital, where he had been kept in a special department
for 13 years.* [1]* [6] Yılmaz underwent a head surgery in a
nearby state hospital, and survived the attack.* [1]* [6]

82.1 References

[1] Özbayır, Mehmed Hakkı (2008-06-03). "Çivici katil yine


çaktı". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2014-03-04.

293
Chapter 83

Theresa Knorr

Theresa Jimmie Francine Knorr (née Cross; born March During the argument, Sanders informed Theresa that he was
14, 1946) is an American woman convicted of torturing and leaving her. Theresa became enraged and shot Sanders in
murdering two of her six children while using the others to the back with a rifle as he was walking out the door.* [2]* [3]
facilitate and cover up her crimes. She is currently serving Theresa was arrested and charged with Sanders' murder to
two consecutive life sentences at the California Institution which she pleaded not guilty claiming she was acting in
for Women in Chino, California. self-defense.* [3] During her trial, Theresa, who was preg-
nant with her second child, claimed that she shot Sanders
because he was a violent alcoholic who physically abused
83.1 Early life and first marriage her. Several of Sanders' relatives testified that Sanders was
not violent or abusive while the prosecution claimed that
Theresa killed Sanders“maliciously”and“without provo-
Knorr was born Theresa Jimmie Francine Cross in cation.”* [4] Theresa's older sister also testified stating that
Sacramento, California. She was the youngest of two Theresa was possessive and jealous and “would kill him
daughters born to Swannie Gay (née Myers) and James [Sanders] before any other woman could have him.”* [5]
“Jim”Cross. Swannie Cross had two children, a son and She was acquitted of Sanders' murder on September 22,
a daughter, from a previous marriage. Theresa's father Jim 1964.* [4] Theresa gave birth to her second child, Sheila
worked as an assistant cheese maker at a local dairy and was Gay Sanders, on March 16, 1965.* [6]
eventually able to buy a nice home in Rio Linda, California.
In the late 1950s, Jim Cross was diagnosed with Parkinson's
disease which forced him to quit his job. He developed de-
pression and reportedly took his frustrations and anger out 83.2 Subsequent marriages and
on his family. Swannie Cross kept the family afloat finan-
cially. Theresa was reportedly very close to Swannie and child abuse
was devastated when she died of congestive heart failure in
March 1961. Thereafter, Jim Cross was unable to afford After the birth of Sheila, Theresa began drinking heav-
to keep the family home and sold it soon after Swannie's ily. She regularly drank at the local American Legion
death.* [1] Hall where she met Estelle Lee Thornsberry, a disabled
On September 29, 1962, Theresa married Clifford Clyde United States Army veteran. The two began a relation-
Sanders, a man five years her senior whom she had met a ship and eventually moved in together. During the rela-
few months prior. After the marriage, Theresa dropped out tionship, Theresa would routinely leave her children with
of school and became pregnant. On July 16, 1963, she gave Thornsberry while she went out drinking. Thornsberry be-
birth to her first child, Howard Clyde Sanders.* [1] Sanders' gan to question Theresa when she stayed out for days at
and Theresa's marriage was rocky as Theresa was posses- a time and ended the relationship a few months later af-
sive and repeatedly accused Sanders of infidelity.* [2] The ter he discovered that she was having an affair with his
couple argued frequently and, on June 22, 1964, Sanders, best friend. Shortly after the relationship with Thornsberry
allegedly, punched Theresa in the face during one such ar- ended, Theresa met and began a relationship with a United
gument. Theresa reported the incident to police but re- States Marine private named Robert Knorr. She soon*be-
fused to press charges against Sanders. The assault charges came pregnant and the couple married on July 9, 1966. [6]
were subsequently dropped. On July 6, 1964, the day after Knorr's third child, Suesan Marline Knorr, was born on
Sanders' birthday, the couple were arguing because Sanders September 27, 1966. The couple had three more chil-
had spent his birthday out with friends instead of at home. dren: William Robert Knorr (born September 15, 1967),

294
83.3. SUESAN'S DEATH 295

Robert Wallace Knorr, Jr. (born December 31, 1968) and atric hospital where she told staff of the abuse at the hands
Theresa Marie “Terry”Knorr (born August 5, 1970,* [7] of her mother. Knorr denied the abuse claims and told the
died December 8, 2011* [8]), whom Theresa named after hospital staff that Suesan had mental issues. Authorities did
herself.* [6]* [9] Theresa and Robert Knorr's marriage be- not investigate the matter further and released Suesan back
gan to deteriorate after Theresa began accusing her husband into her mother's custody. Knorr punished Suesan for run-
of having affairs. Fed up with Theresa's constant accusa- ning away by beating her while wearing a pair of leather
tions, Robert Knorr left her in June 1969 and was granted a gloves. She also forced her other children to take turns
divorce in 1970. After the divorce, Robert Knorr attempted beating Suesan. In the subsequent weeks, Knorr handcuffed
to see his children but Theresa prevented him from doing Suesan to her bed and ordered her other children to stand
so. Theresa Knorr would go on to marry two more times; watch over her. Knorr refused to let Suesan leave the house
in 1971, she married railroad worker Ronald Pulliam. That and forced her to drop out of school.* [10] Knorr also pulled
marriage began to fall apart when Knorr began leaving her her other children out of school, most of whom never ad-
children with Pulliam while she stayed out all night drink- vanced past the eighth grade.* [11]
ing and partying. Pulliam divorced Knorr in 1972 after he
became convinced that Knorr was having an extra-marital
affair. Her fourth and final marriage was to Sacramento 83.3 Suesan's death
Union copy editor Chester“Chet”Harris, whom she mar-
ried in August 1976. Knorr's daughter Suesan grew close
In 1982, Knorr became convinced that Suesan was casting
to Harris which made Knorr jealous. She filed for divorce
spells on her to cause her to gain weight. Suesan denied
from Harris in November 1976 after she reportedly found
doing so but Knorr became angry and shot Suesan in the
out that Harris enjoyed taking consensual nude photographs
chest with a 22-caliber pistol. The bullet became lodged in
of women.* [9]
her back, but Knorr refused to allow Suesan to seek medical
In addition to her volatile marriages, Knorr was physically, attention and left her for dead in the family bathtub. Suesan
verbally, and psychologically abusive towards her children. survived so Knorr began to nurse her back to health and
After her fourth divorce, Knorr's abusive behavior escalated allowed her other daughters to aid Suesan as well. Suesan
as did her alcoholism. Around this time, Knorr gained a eventually recovered without receiving professional medical
tremendous amount of weight and became quick tempered treatment.* [12]
and reclusive. She disconnected the home phone and would
In July 1984, Knorr and Suesan got into another argument
not allow the children to have visitors.* [10] Knorr and her
during which Knorr stabbed her daughter in the back with a
children lived in Orangevale, California for many years be-
pair of scissors. Knorr again refused to allow Suesan med-
fore moving into a two-bedroom apartment in Sacramento
ical treatment. A few weeks after the stabbing, Suesan, fed
(Knorr's eldest son Howard reportedly left the home before
up with the abuse, decided to move to Alaska. Knorr agreed
the family moved to Sacramento). According to neighbors,
to let her go under the condition that Suesan allow her to re-
the apartment was filthy and smelled of urine. Neighbors
move the bullet from her back so it could not be used as ev-
also noticed that Knorr never allowed her children go out-
idence in the event that Suesan reported the abuse. Suesan
side and that the children seemed fearful, nervous and high
reluctantly agreed.* [13] Knorr gave Suesan Mellaril cap-
strung.* [11]
sules and liquor as an anesthetic which caused Suesan to
For years, Knorr abused and tortured her children in vari- pass out. While Suesan was unconscious, Knorr ordered
ous ways including burning them with cigarettes, throwing her then 15-year-old son Robert to remove the bullet with an
knives at them, forced feedings and beatings. She made her X-Acto knife. Suesan awoke the following day in immense
children hold each other down while she beat and tortured pain. Over the following days, she developed septicemia
them. In one instance, she held a pistol to her youngest and became delirious. Knorr attempted to treat her with
daughter Terry's head and threatened to kill her. Knorr pri- ibuprofen and antibiotics. The treatments were ineffective
marily focused her anger and abuse on her two eldest daugh- and Suesan's condition continued to decline.* [12]* [14]
ters, Suesan and Sheila. In an interview with Knorr's surviv-
On July 16, 1984, Knorr packed all of Suesan's belongings
ing daughter Terry, she said her mother resented that Sue-
in trash bags and, after binding Suesan's arms and legs and
san and Sheila were maturing and blossoming into attractive
placing duct tape over her mouth, ordered her sons Robert
young women while she faced the prospect of growing old
and William to put Suesan in their car.* [12] They drove her
and losing her looks. Knorr also believed that her fourth
to Squaw Valley where Robert and William placed her on
husband, Chet Harris, had turned Suesan into a witch. Be-
the side of the road on top of the bags containing her belong-
cause of this belief, Suesan received the worst of Knorr's
ings. Knorr then doused Suesan and the bags in gasoline and
abuse. After one severe beating, Suesan ran away from
lit the girl on fire.* [12] Suesan's still smoldering body was
home. She was picked up by police and placed in a psychi-
found the following day. An autopsy determined that she
296 CHAPTER 83. THERESA KNORR

was still alive when she was lit on fire. Due to the state of surviving children, who were by then of legal age, severed
the remains, a positive identification was never made and their ties with their mother. Knorr's youngest child, 16-
Suesan was classified as Jane Doe #4873/84.* [13]* [15] year-old Terry, also left her mother's care and used Sheila's
identification card to pass herself off as a legal adult. The
only child to remain with Knorr was Robert, Jr. who was
then 19 years old. Knorr and Robert, Jr. moved to Las Ve-
83.4 Sheila's death gas and attempted to keep a low profile. In November 1991,
Robert Knorr, Jr. was arrested after he fatally shot a bar-
Following Suesan's death, Theresa Knorr began directing tender in a Las Vegas bar during an attempted robbery. He
the majority of her anger and abuse towards her daughter was sentenced to 16 years in prison. Shortly after Robert,
Sheila. In May 1985, Knorr forced Sheila into prostitution Jr.'s arrest, Knorr left Las Vegas and relocated to Salt Lake
to support the family (Knorr did not work and received City.* [19]
money from the state of California). Knorr was initially
pleased with this arrangement due to the large amounts
of money Sheila was earning and allowed Sheila to leave
the house whenever she pleased.* [16] After a few weeks, 83.5 Arrests and convictions
Knorr became angry and accused Sheila of being pregnant
and contracting a sexually transmitted disease which Knorr After escaping from her mother, Terry Knorr attempted
claimed she caught from Sheila via a toilet seat. Sheila ini- to report her sisters' murders to the Utah police but they
tially denied the accusations so Knorr beat her, hog tied her dismissed her stories as fiction as did a therapist she vis-
and locked her in a hot closet with no ventilation. Knorr for- ited.* [18]
bade her other children to give Sheila food or water (Terry
Knorr disobeyed her mother and gave Sheila a beer) or to On October 28, 1993, Terry Knorr contacted detectives in
open the door to the closet. Terry Knorr later said, “She Placer County, California (the county in which Suesan's
[Theresa] wanted Sheila to confess. That was mother's way. body was found) who took her claims seriously and fol-
Beat them until they confess.”* [17] To end the punishment, lowed up with an investigation. The detectives linked the
Sheila confessed to being pregnant and having an STD but two Jane Does found in the area in 1984 and 1985 to Terry
Knorr would not let her out of the closet claiming that Sheila Knorr's detailed stories of her *
sisters' deaths and concluded
*
was lying. Sheila died three days later, on June 21, 1985, that she was telling the truth. [13] [20] Knorr's son William
of dehydration and starvation.* [17] Knorr left Sheila's body was arrested on November 4, 1993 in Woodland, California
*
in the closet for an additional three days before discovering where he had been living and working. [18] Robert Knorr,
that Sheila was dead. Once again, Knorr ordered her sons Jr. was charged with his sisters' murders while he was serv-
William and Robert to dispose of Sheila's body which had ing a 16-year sentence in an Ely, Nevada prison for the 1991
murder of a Las Vegas bartender.* [20] On November 10,
begun to decompose causing an odorous smell that filled the
apartment. The boys placed Sheila's body in a cardboard 1993, Theresa Knorr was arrested at her home in Salt Lake
City. At the time of her arrest, Knorr was using her maiden
box which they disposed of near the airport in Truckee, Cal-
ifornia.* [18] Sheila's body was discovered a few hours after name of “Cross”and was working as a caretaker for her
landlord's 86-year-old mother.* [21]
it had been disposed of but was never positively identified
and was classified as Jane Doe #6607-85.* [16]* [17] On November 15, 1993, Knorr was charged with two counts
Even though Sheila's body had been removed from the of murder, two counts of conspiracy to commit murder, and
closet, the smell of decomposition still lingered in the apart- two special circumstances charges: multiple murder and
ment.* [18] Knorr became concerned that the smell and murder by torture. Knorr initially pled not guilty but then
physical evidence in the closet could implicate her in She- made a deal with the prosecution after learning that her son
lia's death. On September 29, 1986, Knorr moved the fam- Robert, Jr. agreed to testify against her in exchange for a re-
ily's belongings out of the home and ordered her youngest duced sentence. She pleaded guilty on the condition that she
daughter Terry to burn down the apartment in an effort to be spared the death penalty. On October 17, 1995, Knorr
destroy any physical evidence.* [17] During the night, Terry was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. She is in-
Knorr dumped three containers of lighter fluid on the apart- carcerated at California Institution for Women in *Corona,
ment floor and set it on fire. The fire did little damage as California. She will be eligible for parole in 2027. [22]
neighbors quickly reported the fire before it spread. The William Knorr was sentenced to probation and ordered to
closet in which Sheila died was not damaged (After Knorr's undergo therapy for participating in his sister Sheila's mur-
arrest, investigators were able to remove the subfloor from der. In exchange for his testimony, the prosecution dropped
the closet to test it for physical evidence).* [18] After leav- all charges against Robert Knorr, Jr. save for one count of
ing the Sacramento apartment, Knorr went into hiding. Her being an accessory-after-the-fact in relation to Sheila's mur-
83.8. REFERENCES 297

der. Robert Knorr, Jr. pleaded guilty to the charge and was [6] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
sentenced to three years in prison which was served con- Jimmie Cross: Moving On”. p. 5.
currently with his 16-year sentence for the unrelated 1991
[7] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&
murder of a Las Vegas bartender.* [22]* [23]
GRid=51584257

[8] https://www.facebook.com/pages/
Theresa-Walker-Terry-Knorr/123967934344335
83.6 Aftermath
[9] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
Following Knorr's arrest, police decided to reopen the mur- Jimmie Cross: Desperate”. trutv.com. p. 6.
der case of her sister, Rosemary Norris. Norris was found [10] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
strangled at the end of a dead end road in Placer County in Jimmie Cross: The Edge of Sanity”. p. 7.
1983 after she went grocery shopping in Sacramento.* [5]
Police later determined that Knorr was not involved in Nor- [11] Foster, David (November 15, 1993). “Girl begged police
ris' death.* [24] to believe her”. Lakeland Ledger. p. 4A.

After moving out of her mother's home, Terry Knorr mar- [12] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
ried twice and eventually moved to Sandy, Utah, where she Jimmie Cross: Bartering Freedoms”. trutv.com. p. 8.
lived with her second husband. She worked as a grocery
[13] Paddock, Richard C. (November 14, 1993). "'Unbelievable'
store cashier in the same neighborhood where her mother
Tale Reveals Grisly Crimes”. latimes.com. p. 1.
also lived and worked before her arrest. Theresa and Terry
apparently did not know they lived in close proximity and [14] Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik; Birket-Smith, Morten;
had no contact.* [18] Davis, Roger D., ed. (2002). Psychopathy: Antisocial, Crim-
inal, and Violent Behavior. Guilford Press. p. 352. ISBN
1-572-30864-8.

83.7 In popular culture [15] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
Jimmie Cross: Unforeseen Discovery”. trutv.com. p. 1.
The 2010 horror film The Afflicted (also titled Another [16] Stone, Michael H. (2007). Personality-Disordered Patients:
American Crime) is loosely based on the Theresa Knorr Treatable and Untreatable. American Psychiatric Pub. p.
case. The film follows the real-life events through a 246. ISBN 1-585-62705-4.
substantially-compressed timeline. Unlike the real case, the
movie ends with the youngest daughter killing her mother [17] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
Jimmie Cross: Jane Doe #6607-85”. trutv.com. p. 9.
and one of her brothers before committing suicide.* [25]
The murders were profiled on the A&E series Cold Case [18] Paddock, Richard C. (November 15, 1993). “Police finally
Files, featuring an exclusive interview with Terry Knorr believe tale of depravity and murder”. The Spokesman-
Review. p. A12.
Walker. The case was also profiled on Most Evil, Wicked
Attraction* [23] and Deadly Women. [19] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
Jimmie Cross: Last Stop”. trutv.com. p. 10.

[20] “Mom Who's Sought In Slayings of Daughters Is Arrested


83.8 References In S.L.”. deseretnews.com. November 11, 1993.

[21] Carter, Mike (November 12, 1993). “Woman accused of


[1] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
killing children arrest in Utah”. Moscow-Pullman Daily
Jimmie Cross: Theresa”. trutv.com. p. 2.
News. p. 7A.
[2] Stone, Michael H. The Anatomy of Evil. Prometheus Books.
[22] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa
p. 248. ISBN 1-615-92205-9.
Jimmie Cross: Epilogue”. trutv.com. p. 11.
[3] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa [23] Gee, Jennifer (December 19, 2008). "'Wicked' local crime
Jimmie Cross: Defending Dignity”. trutv.com. p. 3. documented”. auburnjournal.com.
[4] Lohr, David. “Mother Knows Best: The Story of Theresa [24] Clarkson, Wensley (1995). Whatever Mother Says...: A True
Jimmie Cross: Unexpected Outcome”. trutv.com. p. 4. Story of a Mother, Madness and Murder. Macmillan. p. 142.
ISBN 0-312-95542-1.
[5] “Murder Suspect Killed Husband”. Lodi News-Sentinel.
November 8, 1993. p. 8. [25] The Afflicted IMDb
298 CHAPTER 83. THERESA KNORR

83.9 Further reading


• Clarkson, Wensley (1995). Whatever Mother Says: A
True Story of a Mother, Madness and Murder. St.
Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-95542-7.

• McDougal, Dennis (1995). Mother's Day. Fawcett


Books. ISBN 978-0-449-14930-0.
Chapter 84

Thomas Dillon

For other people named Thomas Dillon, see Thomas lon's wife to sell Dillon's story to Hollywood, Jean Paxton,
Dillon (disambiguation). Jamie Paxton's mother, and Ohio Senator Bob Ney passed
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with the Paxton Bill, which barred killers or their relatives from
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown profiting from their crimes. In 1998, his crimes were fea-
only in preview). tured in the episode "Human Prey" of the Discovery Chan-
nel's The FBI Files.
Thomas Lee Dillon (July 9, 1950* [1]* [2] – October 21,
2011) was an American serial killer who shot and killed
five men in southeastern Ohio, beginning April 1, 1989 and
continuing until April 1992.* [3]
84.2 Victims

Dillonʼs shooting victims were:* [4]


84.1 Life and crimes
• Donald Welling, 35, of Strasburg, Ohio on April 1,
Dillon was born in Canton, Ohio and was a resident of 1989, while walking or jogging on Tuscarawas County
Magnolia, Ohio. Dillon had a wife and son and was em- Road 94.
ployed for twelve years as a draftsman at the Canton Ohio
Waterworks. Between the period of April 1, 1989 to April • Jamie Paxton, 21, of Bannock, Ohio while deer hunt-
5, 1992, Dillon shot and killed five people in Ohio. His ing Nov. 10, 1990, in Belmont County.
fourth victim, Claude Hawkins, was shot on federal prop-
erty and was the reason the FBI stepped in to join the in-
• Kevin Loring, 30, of Duxbury, Mass., on Nov. 28,
vestigation along with officers from the other three counties
1990, while deer hunting in Muskingum County.
and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. It was af-
ter this that the death of Kevin Loring was changed from an
accident to a homicide. • Claude Hawkins, 48, of Mansfield, Ohio on March 14,
1992, while fishing at Wills Creek dam in Coshocton
Ten days after the task force meeting, Dillon would shoot County.
his fifth victim, Gary Bradley, in Noble County, Ohio. Dil-
lon was placed under surveillance in 1992 when a friend
reported him after hearing the task force's initial press re- • Gary Bradley, 44, of Williamstown, W.Va., on April
lease concerning the murders. Larry Oller of Barnhill, Ohio 5, 1992, while fishing in Caldwell, Ohio in Noble
was later shot at by Dillon while out hunting in Tuscarawas County.
county, but he escaped uninjured. Dillon was arrested on a
weapons charge on November 27, 1992, and he was placed
under probation for owning a suppressor. After the death
penalty was removed as an option for punishment, Dillon 84.3 Death
admitted to the killings. On July 12, 1993 at the Noble
County Courthouse, Dillon pleaded guilty to the five mur- On October 21, 2011, Dillon died in the prison wing at Cor-
ders. Dillon was incarcerated at the Southern Ohio Correc- rections Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio, aged 61, after
tional Facility for five consecutive sentences of thirty years being ill for nearly three weeks due to an unspecified ill-
to life for aggravated murder.* [1] After an attempt by Dil- ness.* [5]

299
300 CHAPTER 84. THOMAS DILLON

84.4 References
[1] Dillon profile at the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction

[2] Willis, James A., Andrew Henderson and Loren Coleman.


Weird Ohio: Your Travel Guide to Ohio's Local Legends and
Best Kept Secrets, “Ohio's Unsportsmanlike Sniper”, pp.
108-110. Sterling Publishing Co., Ltd. 2005.

[3] Kohn, David (11 February 2009). “A Sniper's Mind”.


CBSNEWS.com. CBS News.

[4] Morrison, Lee (23 October 2011). “Hunter murderer


Thomas Lee Dillon dies at 61”. TimesReporter.com. The
Times Reporter.

[5] Ludlow, Randy (22 October 2011). “Killer Dillon, who


hunted outdoorsmen, is dead”. The Columbus Dispatch.
Chapter 85

Thomas Neill Cream

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with He then returned to Canada to practise in London, Ontario.
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown In August 1879 Kate Gardener, a woman with whom he
only in preview). was alleged to have had an affair, was found dead in an al-
leyway behind Cream's office, pregnant and poisoned by
Dr. Thomas Neill Cream (27 May 1850 – 15 Novem- chloroform. Cream claimed that she had been made preg-
nant by a prominent local businessman but then, after being
ber 1892), also known as the Lambeth Poisoner, was a
Scottish-Canadian serial killer, who claimed his first proven accused of both murder and blackmail, fled to the United
States.* [2]
victims in the United States and the rest in England, and
possibly others in Canada and Scotland. Cream, who poi-
soned his victims, was executed after his attempts to frame
others for his crimes brought him to the attention of London 85.3 Murder in Chicago
police.
Unsubstantiated rumours suggested his last words as he was Cream established a medical practice not far from the
being hanged were a confession that he was Jack the Ripper red-light district in Chicago, offering illegal abortions to
̶even though he was in prison at the time of the Ripper prostitutes. He was investigated in August 1880 after the
murders. death of Mary Anne Faulkner, a woman on whom he had
allegedly operated, but he escaped prosecution due to lack
of evidence.* [3]
85.1 Early life In December 1880 another patient, Miss Stack, died af-
ter treatment by Cream, and he subsequently attempted to
Born in Glasgow, Cream was raised outside Quebec City, blackmail a pharmacist who had made up the prescription.
Canada, after his family moved there in 1854. He at- In April 1881, a woman named Alice Montgomery died
tended McGill University in Montreal and graduated with of strychnine poisoning following an abortion in a rooming
an MDCM degree in 1876 (his thesis topic was chloroform) house barely a block from Cream's office. The case was
and he then went for post-graduate training at St Thomas's ruled a murder but never solved. The location, time period,
Hospital Medical School, London; he had an added in- and method make Cream a likely suspect.* [4]
centive for crossing the Atlantic to England, since he had
just married Flora Brooks, whom he had impregnated and On 14 July 1881, Daniel Stott died of strychnine poisoning
almost killed while aborting the baby: the bride's family at his home in Boone County, Illinois, after Cream sup-
forced him to the church at gunpoint.* [1] Flora died, appar- plied him with an alleged remedy for epilepsy. The death
ently of consumption, in 1877, a death for which he would was attributed to natural causes, but Cream wrote to the
later be blamed. coroner blaming the pharmacist for the death after again at-
tempting blackmail. Cream was arrested, along with Mrs.
Julia A. (Abbey) Stott, who had become Cream's mistress
and procured poison from Cream to do away with her hus-
85.2 Murder in Ontario band. She turned state's evidence to avoid jail, laying the
blame on Cream, which left Cream to face a murder con-
Cream went to London in 1876 for post-graduate study at viction on his own. He was sentenced to life imprisonment
St. Thomas' Hospital and later obtained additional quali- in Joliet Prison.* [5] One night unknown persons erected a
fications as a physician and surgeon in Edinburgh in 1878. tombstone at Mr. Stott's grave which read,

301
302 CHAPTER 85. THOMAS NEILL CREAM

Daniel Stott Died June 12, 1881 Aged 61 There are only three people whom he is known to have at-
Years, poisoned by his wife and Dr. Cream. tempted to blackmail, although there may have been others
who were approached. First was Frederick Smith, the son
of the former First Lord of the Admiralty and member of
Cream was released in July 1891 when Governor Joseph W.
the House of Commons, William Henry Smith. Fred Smith
Fifer commuted his sentence after Cream's brother pleaded
had just been elected to the seat in the House of Commons
for leniency, allegedly also bribing the authorities.
his father had held for decades, and he received a letter ac-
cusing him of poisoning Ellen Donworth. There was a de-
mand for the hiring of an “attorney”in order to prevent
85.4 London Smith being ruined by release of the evidence. Smith sent
the letter to Scotland Yard. Next Mabel, Countess Rus-
sell, in the middle of a messy series of civil actions against
Using money inherited from his father, who had died in the Earl Russell that would culminate in a controversial di-
1887, Cream sailed for England, arriving in Liverpool on vorce in 1900, received a letter that her estranged husband
1 October 1891. He returned to London and took lodgings was responsible for the poisoning and evidence of this could
at 103 Lambeth Palace Road. Lambeth was ridden with be purchased. This was a variant on the normal blackmail
poverty, petty crime and prostitution. notes, for if it had been true the Countess would have been
On 13 October 1891, Ellen “Nellie”Donworth, a 19- overjoyed to have had such information in her hands. She
year-old prostitute, accepted a drink from Cream. She claimed she showed the letter to her solicitor Sir George
was severely ill the next day and died on 16 October from Henry Lewis but after he returned it she lost it. There may
strychnine poisoning. During her inquest Cream wrote to be a chance she actually met Cream and had to return the
the coroner offering to name the murderer in return for a letter to him, but nothing came of his“evidence”against the
£300,000 reward. He also wrote to W. F. D. Smith, owner Earl. Finally Cream wrote a note to the prominent physi-
of the W H Smith bookstalls, accusing him of the murder cian Dr. (later Sir) William Broadbent. The note accused
and demanding money for his silence.* [6] Broadbent of poisoning Matilda Clover. Broadbent sent his
letter to Scotland Yard.
On 20 October, Cream met with a 27-year-old prostitute
named Matilda Clover. She became ill and died the next Cream's downfall came through an attempt to frame two
morning; her death was at first attributed to her alcoholism. respectable and innocent doctors. He wrote to the police
accusing these fellow doctors of killing several women, in-
On 2 April 1892, after a vacation in Canada, Cream was
cluding Matilda Clover. Not only did the police quickly
back in London where he attempted to poison Lou Har-
determine the innocence of those accused, but they also re-
vey (née Louise Harris) who, being suspicious of him, pre-
alised that there was something significant within the ac-
tended to swallow the pills he had given her. She secretly
cusations made by the anonymous letter-writer: He had re-
disposed of them by throwing them off a bridge into the
ferred to the murder of Matilda Clover. In fact, Clover's
River Thames.
death had been registered under natural causes, related to
On 11 April, Cream met two prostitutes, Alice Marsh, 21, her drinking. The police quickly realised that the false ac-
and Emma Shrivell, 18, and talked his way into their flat cuser who had written the letter was the serial killer now
where he offered them bottles of Guinness. Cream left be- referred to in the newspapers as the 'Lambeth Poisoner'.
fore the strychnine he had added to the drinks took effect.
Not long afterwards, Cream met a policeman from New
Both women died in agony.
York City who was visiting London. The policeman had
heard of the Lambeth Poisoner, and Cream gave him a brief
tour of where the various victims had lived. The American
85.5 Capture happened to mention it to a British policeman who found
Cream's detailed knowledge of the case suspicious.
The motivation for the series of poisonings has never been The police at Scotland Yard put Cream under surveillance,
settled. It has generally been assumed that Cream was a soon discovering his habit of visiting prostitutes. They also
sadist who enjoyed the thought of the agonies of his vic- contacted police in the United States and learned of their
tims (even if he was not physically present to witness these). suspect's conviction for a murder by poison in 1881.
However, Cream was always greedy: from the start of the On 13 July 1892, Cream was charged with murdering
series of crimes Cream wrote blackmail notes to prominent Matilda Clover. From the start he insisted he was only Dr.
people; and the poisoning of his one known male victim, Thomas Neill, not Dr. Thomas Neill Cream, and the news-
Daniel Stott, was in the hopes that Stott's wealthy widow papers usually referred to him as Dr. Neill in their coverage
would now share the deceased's estate with him.
85.8. FURTHER READING 303

of the proceedings. His trial lasted from 17 to 21 October [5] Shore (1955) pp.17–18
that year. He was convicted and sentenced to death.
[6] Shore (1955) p.22
Less than a month after his conviction, on 15 November,
Cream was hanged on the gallows at Newgate Prison by [7] Laurence, John (1932). A history of capital punishment: with
special reference to capital punishment in Great Britain. S.
James Billington.* [7] As was customary with all executed
Low, Marston & Co. p. 125.
criminals, his body was buried the same day in an unmarked
grave within the prison walls. His name does not appear in [8] Norder, Dan; Vanderlinden, Wolf; Evans, Stewart P. (2005).
later McGill graduate directories. Ripper Notes: Suspects & Witnesses. Ripper notes 23.
Inklings Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-9759129-4-1.

[9] Bell, Donald (1974), “Jack the Ripper – The Final Solu-
85.6 “I am Jack The...” tion?", The Criminologist vol. 9, no. 33, quoted in Evans
and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 212 and
Rumbelow, pp. 206–207
Further information: Jack the Ripper suspects
[10] Marjoribanks, Edward, The Life of Sir Edward Marshall
Billington claimed that Cream's last words on the scaffold Hall, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 208
were “I am Jack The...”* [8] Billington promoted this al- [11] Rumbelow, pp. 206–208
leged incident as proof that he was responsible for executing
the notorious Victorian serial killer Jack the Ripper. These [12] Jonathan Goodman with Bill Waddell (Curator):, The Black
Museum: Scotland Yard's Chamber of Crime (London:
claims remain unsubstantiated, as police officials and others
Harrap, Ltd, 1987)
who attended the execution made no mention of any such
event. Records show Cream was in prison at the time of the [13]“Farmer in spring, award-winning writer in winter”. Ottawa
Ripper murders in 1888, so it would have been impossible Citizen. 15 June 1989.
for him to be the culprit. However, Donald Bell suggested
that he could have bribed officials and left the prison be- Bibliography
fore his official release,* [9] and Sir Edward Marshall-Hall
suspected that his prison term may have been served by a • McLaren, Angus (1995), A Prescription For Murder:
look-alike in his place.* [10] Such notions are unlikely and The Victorian Serial Killings of Dr. Thomas Neill
contradict evidence given by the Illinois authorities, news- Cream, Chicago series on sexuality, history, and so-
papers of the time, Cream's solicitors, Cream's family and ciety, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-
Cream himself.* [11] 56068-6
One of Cream's biographers suggested that Cream, on the • Shore, W. Teignmouth (1955), “Thomas Neill
scaffold and about to be hanged, was so frightened that he Cream”, in Hodge, James H., Famous Trials 5, Pen-
lost control of his bodily functions and stammered “I am guin
ejaculating”, which could have been mistaken for “I am
Jack”.* [12]
English-Canadian writer Chris Scott won an Arthur Ellis 85.8 Further reading
Award for Best Crime Novel in 1989 for Jack, a novel
based on the premise that Cream actually was Jack the Rip- • Bloomfield, Jeffrey: “Gallows Humor: The Alleged
per.* [13] Ripper Confession of Dr. Cream.”Dan Norder (ed.)
Ripper Notes, July 2005, Issue #23

85.7 References • Bloomfield, Jeffrey: “The Dr Wrote Some Letters.”


R.W.Stone, Q.P.M. (ed.), The Criminologist, Winter
1991, Volume 15, Number 4
Notes
• Jenkins, Elizabeth: “Neill Cream, Poisoner.”Read-
[1] Shore (1955) p.15 ers Digest Association, Great Cases of Scotland Yard,
Readers Digest, 1978
[2] Shore (1955) p.16
• Jesse, F. Tennyson, Murder and Its Motives, Chapter
[3] McLaren (1995) pp.38–39 and note on p.156
V:“Murder for the Lust of Killing: Neill Cream”, p.
[4] http://www.mysteriouschicagoblog.com/2015/09/ 184-215, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc.
did-dr-thomas-neill-cream-kill-alice.html – Dolphin Books, 1924, 1958.
304 CHAPTER 85. THOMAS NEILL CREAM

• Lustgarten, Edgar, The Murder and the Trial,“3. Neill


Cream”, pp. 59–62, New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1958.

• Rumbelow, Donald, The Complete Jack the Ripper


(True Crime), Penguin Books Ltd: 1988. ISBN 0-14-
017395-1
• Shore, W. Teignmouth, ed.: Trial of Thomas Neill
Cream, (Notable British Trials series), London and
Edinburgh: W. Hodge, [1923].

85.9 External links


• Works by or about Thomas Neill Cream in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Chapter 86

Thor Nis Christiansen

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with cate Christiansen's modus operandi was to meet his victims
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown while they were hitchhiking. He would then shoot them in
only in preview). the head with a .22 caliber pistol and sexually assault them
post-mortem. Christiansen shot his fifth intended victim,
Thor Nis Christiansen (December 28, 1957 – March 30, Lydia Preston, in the head, inside his vehicle, on April 18,
1979. She escaped with severe injuries.* [2]
1981) was a serial killer from Solvang, California. He
committed his first three murders in late 1976 and early Although several young women had disappeared from Isla
1977, killing young women of similar appearance from Isla Vista in late 1976, Christiansen's first confirmed victim was
Vista, California. His crimes motivated large demonstra- Patricia Marie Laney, who disappeared January 18, 1977.
tions opposed to violence against women, and in favor of The next day, her body was found on an isolated road in
better transportation for the young people residing in Isla Refugio Canyon, in the Santa Ynez Mountains northwest
Vista.* [1] In 1979, he killed a young African-American of Isla Vista near Rancho del Cielo.* [4] Jacqueline Anne
woman from Los Angeles. A fifth intended victim escaped Rook's body was found the day after that, near Laney's.* [5]
with a bullet in her head, and later identified him in a Los Mary Ann Sarris' body was found on May 22, 1977, near
Angeles bar.* [2] Los Alamos. Laura Sue Benjamin's body was found in a
culvert near Angeles Forest Highway and Big Tujunga Road
in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles.* [6] She
86.1 Early life was reported to have been a prostitute.* [7]

He was born in Denmark, and immigrated to Inglewood


with his parents and on to Solvang when he was five years
old. His father, Nis, ran a restaurant in Solvang. He was a
86.2.1 Victims
good student until his junior year when he began neglect-
ing his schoolwork. He moved out of his parents' house, • Jacqueline Anne Rook (b. Jan. 12, 1955),* [8] Nov.
dropped out of high school, and began working as a gas sta- 20, 1976, aged 21 (Isla Vista, originally from Del Mar,
tion attendant. During this time he gained a great deal of born in Chicago)
weight, at one point weighing 275 pounds.* [3]

• Mary Ann Sarris (b. Jun. 24, 1957),* [9] Dec. 6,


86.2 Murders 1976, aged 19 (Isla Vista, originally from Santa Rosa)

Christiansen was obsessed with fantasies of shooting • Patricia Marie Laney (b. Sep. 15, 1955), * [9] Jan.
women and having sex with their corpses. He stole a .22 18, 1977, aged 21 (Isla Vista, originally from Whittier
caliber pistol from a friend and committed his first three (though her parents had relocated to Huntington Beach
murders. He then moved to Oregon, lost weight, and moved by the time of her death))
back to Santa Barbara County to complete his high school
diploma at a junior college. He moved into an apartment
in Goleta, with a woman in her twenties. They met while • Laura Sue Benjamin (b. May 7, 1956), * [10] May 26,
she was hitchhiking.* [3] While Christiansen was living with 1979, aged 23 (body found, Los Angeles County; born
her he committed another murder. Secondary sources indi- in New York)

305
306 CHAPTER 86. THOR NIS CHRISTIANSEN

86.3 Capture 86.8 References


Lydia Preston met Christiansen again on July 11, 1979 in • Los Angeles Times: Jan. 20, 1977 p. B26; Jan. 21,
the Bottom Line Bar in Hollywood, and reported him to po- 1977 p. 3; Jan. 21, 1977 p. B23; Jan. 26, 1977 p.
lice, who promptly arrested him. Because of Christiansen's A3; May 25, 1977 p. B3;Jul. 28, 1979 p. B1; Aug.
address in Goleta, California and the similarity of Preston's 21, 1979 p. C8; Sep. 12, 1979, p. B2; Dec. 11, 1979,
ordeal to evidence police had collected in the Rook, Sarris, p. C7; Feb. 15, 1980, p. B2; May 15, 1980, p. B25;
and Laney cases, Christiansen became a suspect in the Isla Jun. 8, 1980, p. H2; Mar. 31, 1981, p. C.
Vista murders. After his arrest, Santa Barbara County law
• Santa Barbara News Press: Jan. 20, 1977 p. A1; Jan.
enforcement realized they had investigated him as a suspect
21, 1977 p. A1; Jan. 22, 1977 p. A1; Jan. 23, 1977
(among approximately one hundred others) in 1977. They
p. A1; Jan. 24, 1977 p. A1; Jan. 25, 197 p. A1, p.
noted his possession of a .22 caliber pistol during an earlier
C12; Jul. 27, 1979 p. A1; Jul. 27, 1979 p. A1; Jun.
arrest for minor in possession of alcohol.* [2]
18, 1980 p. B1; Mar. 31, 1981.
• YouTube `The Hitchhiker Slayer'

86.4 Trial • SB Juggler's

Christiansen was first tried in early 1980 in Santa Monica


for the murder of Laura Sue Benjamin. He initially pleaded 86.9 Reference
insanity, but he withdrew the plea.* [11] In June, 1980, he
pleaded guilty to the Isla Vista murders,* [12] and was sen- [1] Dalton, Keith, Santa Barbara News Press, January 25, 1977,
tenced to life in prison.* [13] p. 1.

[2] Hurst, John and Belcher, Jerry, Los Angeles Times, July 28,
1979, p. B1.
86.5 Death [3] Santa Barbara News Press, 18 June 1980.

[4] Santa Barbara News Press, 20 January 1977.


On March 30, 1981, Christiansen died from a single stab
wound in the chest in the exercise yard at Folsom State [5] Santa Barbara News Press, 21 January 1977.
Prison. * [14] His killer was not identified.* [14] Accord-
[6] Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1979 p. C8.
ing to his defense attorney, James Westwick, psychiatrists
had warned that Christiansen would be in danger in prison, [7] • YouTube `The Hitchhiker Slayer'
due to the sexual nature of his murders, and his youthful,
blond appearance.* [14] [8] Social Security Death Index; California Death Index.

[9] Social Security Death Index; California Death Index; Cali-


fornia Birth Index.

86.6 Aftermath [10] California Death Index.

[11] Los Angeles Times, Feb. 15, 1980, p. B2.


Patricia Laney has become a prominent symbol for groups
that advocate against violence to women in the Santa Bar- [12] Manson, Joe, The Daily Nexus, June 4, 1980, p. 1.
bara/Goleta/Isla Vista area. She had been a community vol- [13] Hardy, Dave, Santa Barbara News Press, June 18, 1980, p.
unteer with organizations that advocated against violence B-1.
to women. The Isla Vista Juggling Festival, which had its
38th meeting in 2014, was dedicated to her commencing in [14] Santa Barbara News Press, 31 March 1981.
1977.* [15] [15] Eckstein, Harriet, Santa Barbara Independent, 1996.

86.7 See also

• Incidents of necrophilia
Chapter 87

Tony Costa

Antone Charles “Tony”Costa (August 2, 1944 – May 87.1.1 Costa's account


12, 1974) was a Cape Cod, Massachusetts carpenter who
achieved notoriety for committing serial murders in and Costa described the murders of Walsh and Wysocki in
around the town of Truro in 1969. his unpublished novel, Resurrection, written while Costa
was in prison. In his account, Costa and a friend named
“Carl”were out with the two women consuming LSD
and Dilaudid. Carl then shot Walsh and Wysocki. Costa
87.1 1969 murders claimed he was able to subdue his friend, and upon realiz-
ing that Mary Anne Wysocki was still alive, Costa used a
The case gained international attention when district attor- knife to end her suffering. According to Costa, he and Carl
*
ney Edmund Dinis, in comments to the media, claimed buried the bodies. [5]
“The hearts of each girl had been removed from the bodies The novel also describes the deaths of Susan Perry and Syd-
and were not in the graves…Each body was cut into as many ney Monzon as due to drug overdoses. Costa claims it was
parts as there are joints.”Dinis also claimed that there were Carl who dismembered and buried their bodies and that he
teeth marks found on the bodies. These claims produced a had no knowledge until after their deaths.* [2]
stream of national and international media outlets into local
Provincetown, Massachusetts.* [2] The media attention was
so great that Kurt Vonnegut (whose daughter Edith had met
Costa) compared him to Jack the Ripper in his collection of
87.2 Trial and imprisonment
essays Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons.* [3] Vonnegut
maintained a correspondence with Costa. The author said, On June 12, 1969, Costa was arraigned on charges of mur-
der for three of the deaths.* [6] In May 1970 he was con-
“The message of his letters to me was that a person as intent
on being virtuous as he could not possibly have hurt a fly. victed of the murders of Mary Ann Wysocki and Patri-
He believed it.”* [4] cia Walsh and sentenced to life in prison at Massachusetts'
Walpole Correctional Institution. Four years after his in-
Costa was suspected of killing seven women: Bonnie carceration, Costa committed suicide by hanging himself
Williams, Diane Federoff, Barbara Spaulding, Sydney in his cell.* [7]
Monson, Susan Perry, Patricia Walsh, and Mary Anne
Wysocki but convicted of killing only two: Walsh and
Wysocki. On February 8, 1969, while looking for the bod-
ies of Patricia Walsh and Mary Anne Wysocki, police dis- 87.3 References
covered Susan Perry. Perry had been missing since the pre-
vious Labor Day.* [2] [1] Damore, Leo (1981). In His Garden. Dell. p. 245. ISBN
0-440-20707-X.
Perry's body had been cut into eight pieces. When
Wysocki's body was found about a month later, her torso [2] Albright, EJ.“The Tony Costa Cape Cod murders”. Cape
and head had been buried separately. Not long after, Cod Confidential. CapeCodToday.com 9 November 2007.
Walsh and the rest of Wysocki's bodies were found in
[3] Vonnegut, Kurt (1974). Wampeters, Foma and Granfaloons.
a forest clearing that Costa had used for growing mar-
Dell Publishing, ISBN 0-385-33381-1.
ijuana.* [2] This “garden”of marijuana plants and the
greater case inspired the true crime book In His Garden, [4] Vonnegut, Kurt (1981). Palm Sunday. Delacorte Press,
by Leo Damore.* [2] ISBN 0-440-06593-3.

307
308 CHAPTER 87. TONY COSTA

[5] Costa, Antone. The Apocalypse. Cape Cod Today. 16


March 2015.

[6] Coleman, Jack. “Today in Cape history: Tony Costa


arraigned in Truro murders”. Cape Cod Confidential.
CapeCodToday.com 12 June 2008.

[7] Damore, Leo (1981). In His Garden. Arbor House Publish-


ing, New York.
Chapter 88

Vaughn Greenwood

Vaughn Orrin Greenwood (born 1944) is an Ameri- nid=1314&dat=19761229&id=a-QRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=


can serial killer known by the nickname the “Skid Row q-0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3464,5899411
Slasher.”
[2] “Suspect Booked in L.A. Stabbings”. Spokane Daily Chron-
icle. 8 December 1978. p. 1.

88.1 Crimes [3] Lester, David, PhD (1995). Serial Killers. Philadelphia: The
Charles Press, Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 0-914783-77-7.

The first attacks occurred in 1964 as Greenwood killed two [4] Newton, Michael (1990). Hunting Humans: An Encyclope-
transients in November 1964. A ten-year gap period be- dia of Modern Serial Killers. Loompanics Unlimited. ISBN
tween murders occurred due to Greenwood being convicted 9781559500265.
and sentenced to a knifing assault in Chicago in 1966. He [5] California Inmate Locator
spent five and a half years in jail for this conviction before
returning to California. Greenwood continued his murder
spree in December 1974 and murdered nine victims be-
tween December 1974 and February 1975.
Greenwood was convicted of nine counts of murder, includ-
ing eight of the “Skid Row Slasher”killings in Southern
California.* [1] The“Slasher”victims had their throats cut
from ear to ear.* [2] There was evidence that the killer drank
the blood of the victims.* [1] Greenwood left cups of blood
and rings of salt around the corpses.* [2] * [1] The items left
around the bodies have caused some to believe the murders
to be linked to Satanism. This is disputed by K.V. Lan-
ning.* [3]
On 19 January 1977, Greenwood was sentenced to life im-
prisonment.* [4] He is serving his sentence in the California
Men's Colony at San Luis Obispo.* [5]

88.2 Victims
These are the Skid Row Slasher's known victims in chrono-
logical order of attack:* [4]

88.3 References
[1] "'Slasher' jury finds man guilty”, The Spokesman Review,
December 29, 1976 http://news.google.com/newspapers?

309
Chapter 89

Volker Eckert

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unknown parameter “mo”(this message is shown only in
preview).
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unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown
only in preview).

Volker Eckert (1 July 1959 – 2 July 2007) was a German


truck driver and serial killer who confessed to the murders
of six women, five of whom were prostitutes. He was
accused of committing 19 murders in France, Spain and
Germany between 1974 and 2006.
On 17 November 2006, Eckert was arrested in Cologne,
Germany. The police found tufts of hair and pictures of his
victims subjected to various tortures in Eckert's truck and
in his house.
On 2 July 2007, Eckert was found dead in his cell in Ger-
many, after committing suicide. After his death, the police
found evidence that Eckert had killed nine women across
Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Furthermore, there are
strong indications that he killed another four women.
In December 2007, the German police closed the file.

89.1 References
• In Spanish

• Prostitute killer found dead in his cell in Germany –


July 2, 2007

310
Chapter 90

Walter E. Ellis

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with three other homcides: Jessica Payne, Carron Kilpatrick,
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown and Maryetta Griffin. In each of these cases men other than
only in preview). Ellis were charged with the murders, based on the investi-
gations conducted by the Milwaukee Police Department. In
Walter E. Ellis (June 24, 1960 – December 1, 2013), the Payne case, Chaunte Ott was wrongly convicted of the
also known as the Milwaukee North Side Strangler, was killing and served 12 years in prison before the DNA results
an American serial killer who raped and strangled seven showed his innocence and he was released. In the Grif-
women in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin between 1986 fin case, William Avery was wrongly convicted and served
and 2007.* [1] 6 years before he was able to obtain the DNA evidence
that showed his innocence and he too was released. Cur-
tis McCoy was wrongly charged with the Kilpatrick homi-
cide, but was acquitted by a jury even before the DNA ev-
90.1 Investigation idence linking the crime to Ellis was found. Ott received a
settlement from the City of Milwaukee, while Avery won
a civil rights trial against two Milwaukee Police Depart-
The North Side Strangler victims were all African- ment detectives, Gilbert Hernandez and Daniel Phillips.
American women. Milwaukee Police Department Homi- http://morelaw.com/verdicts/case.asp?s=WI&d=79164
cide Detective Steven Spingola authored an e-magazine ar-
ticle, The Killer in Our Midst: the Case of Milwaukee's North Initially represented by Attorney Russell Jones in defense
Side Strangler, which chronicled his investigation of the of these claims, Ellis pleaded not guilty, and stood prepared
homicides of Sheila Farrior and Florence McCormick.* [2] to defend himself. Jones was withdrawn from the case, and
Trained in criminal background analysis, Spingola provided then on February 18, 2011, Ellis pleaded no contest to seven
a detailed profile of the killer, which Milwaukee talk-radio murders or intentional homicides, and was convicted de-
host and former Assistant U.S. Attorney Jeff Wagner de- spite not admitting his guilt. On February 24, 2011, he was
scribed as “eerily accurate.”* [3] Spingola, however, re- given seven life sentences, to be served consecutively, with-
*
tired before Detectives Gilbert Hernandez and Kathy Hein, out the possibility of parole. [7] After he was convicted,
of the Milwaukee Police Department's cold case homicide he was initially held at the Dodge Correctional Institution
unit, reexamined DNA evidence that linked a suspect to the in Waupun, Wisconsin, for Assessment and Evaluation in
* *
homicides. [4] [5] accordance with the Wisconsin Administrative Code, from
where he was transferred to the Wisconsin Secure Program
On September 7, 2009, Walter E. Ellis (then aged 49), was Facility in Boscobel, Wisconsin. In November 2011, Ellis
arrested on suspicion of being the notorious serial killer. was transferred to the maximum custody unit at the South
Ellis had been arrested 12 times between 1981 and 1998, Dakota State Penitentiary.* [8]
when he was sentenced to five years for reckless endanger-
ment.* [6] Ellis was initially charged with two counts of first
degree intentional homicide and held on $1 million bail. 90.1.1 Name
The Milwaukee County district attorney's office later filed
five new murder charges against him: three of intentional The use of the name “North Side Strangler”in reference
homicide and two under the previous statute of first degree to the case has been limited to one local news organiza-
murder. tion, WTMJ, Channel 4, which is believed to have coined
In addition to the seven cases in which he was formally the nickname,* [9] although it has been picked up by some
charged, Ellis was connected through DNA evidence to bloggers and by British media as well. Use of the nickname,

311
312 CHAPTER 90. WALTER E. ELLIS

however, has also been a subject of criticism in other Mil-


waukee media.* [10]* [11]

90.2 Death
Ellis died at a Sioux Falls, South Dakota hospital on De-
cember 1, 2013 from apparent natural causes, according
to a South Dakota Department of Corrections news re-
lease.* [12]

90.3 Victims

90.4 References
[1] Profile, murderpedia.org; accessed April 21, 2015.

[2] “BWS Books”. Badger Wordsmith. 2001-09-11. Retrieved


2012-08-08.

[3] Wagner, Jeff. “Portrait Of A Milwaukee Serial Killer”.


620 WTMJ. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012.
Retrieved 2012-08-08.

[4] “Amended Criminal Complaint” (PDF). 2009. Retrieved


2013-04-26.

[5] “Five New Charges Filed in North Side Strangler Case”.


Todaystmj4.com. 2012-07-27. Archived from the original
on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-08.

[6] Leamanczyk, Lauren (1986-10-10). “Relief For Families


of Strangler Victims”. Todaystmj4.com. Archived from the
original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-08.

[7] Vielmetti, Bruce (2011-02-24). “Ellis gets life - 7 times


over”. JSOnline. Retrieved 2012-08-08.

[8] Vielmetti, Bruce (2011-11-28). “Serial killer Walter Ellis


staying connected in South Dakota”. JSOnline. Retrieved
2012-08-08.

[9] Milwaukee Magazine, Pressroom column, August 2009

[10] Kane, Eugene (2009-09-09).“Nickname aggravates family


grief”. JSOnline. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved
2012-08-08.

[11] “So We're Calling Him the“North Side Strangler”Now?".


The Chief. Foxtrot-echo.blogspot.com. 2009-05-19. Re-
trieved 2012-08-08.

[12] State Prison Inmate Dies, doc.sd.gov; December 1, 2013;


accessed April 21m 2015. Archived December 3, 2013, at
the Wayback Machine.
Chapter 91

Westley Allan Dodd

Westley Allan Dodd (July 3, 1961 – January 5, 1993) was times, again with no serious action taken. After some neigh-
an American serial killer and child molester. He has been borhood kids moved out of town, he began molesting chil-
called “one of the most evil killers in history”.* [1] His dren he didn't know. In August 1981, Dodd tried to abduct
execution on January 5, 1993, was the first legal hanging two little girls, but they reported him to the police. No ac-
(at his own request) in the United States since 1965. tion was taken. The following month, he enlisted in the
Navy and was assigned to a submarine base in Bangor,
Washington where he started abusing children who lived
on the base. Once, Dodd offered some boys $50 to come
91.1 Early life with him to a motel room for a game of strip poker. This
time, he was arrested. Despite confessing to police that he
Westley Allan Dodd was born in Toppenish, Washington, planned to molest the boys, he was released with no charges
on July 3, 1961, the oldest of Jim and Carol Dodd's three filed. Shortly afterwards, he was arrested again for exposing
children.* [2] Dodd claimed he was never abused or ne- himself to a boy and discharged from the Navy. Dodd spent
glected as a child.* [3] He also reported that he grew up in 19 days in jail and underwent court-ordered counseling. In
a wealthy, happy family.* [4] However, The Seattle Times May 1984, he was arrested for molesting a 10-year-old boy,
reported that Dodd described in a diary written during his but received only a suspended sentence.
imprisonment that his father was physically and emotionally
abusive, that he was often neglected in favour of his younger Dodd planned his entire life around easy access to“targets”
siblings and that he witnessed violent fights between his par- , as he referred to children. He moved into an apartment
ents. On July 3, 1976 ̶Dodd's 15th birthday ̶his father block that housed families with children, and worked at fast
attempted suicide following an argument with his wife.* [5] food restaurants, as a charity truck driver, and other such
jobs. He repeatedly molested the preschool-aged children
of a neighbor, but the woman feared that pressing charges
would be too traumatic for the boys.
91.2 Criminal history
In 1987, Dodd tried to lure a young boy into a vacant build-
ing, but the boy refused to go with him and instead told
91.2.1 Sex offenses police. Once again, Dodd received minimal punishment
because he had not actually touched the boy or exposed
At the age of 13, Dodd began exposing himself to chil- himself. Prosecutors were aware of his history of sexual
dren in his neighborhood. His father eventually told an Ore- offenses and recommended five years in prison, but he only
gon newspaper that he was aware of the boy's behavior, but spent 118 days in jail and probation. After getting out of
largely chose to look the other way, especially since he was jail, he moved to Vancouver, Washington and got a job as
otherwise “a well behaved child who never had problems a shipping clerk.
with drugs, drinking, or smoking”. By the time he entered
high school, Dodd had progressed to molestation, beginning In the early autumn of 1989, Dodd decided that David Dou-
with his younger cousins and then neighborhood kids he of- glas Park in Vancouver was a good place to find potential
fered to babysit and the children of a woman his father was victims.* [5] He was arrested several times over the next few
dating. At the age of 15, Dodd was arrested for indecent years for child molestation, each time serving short jail sen-
exposure, but police let him go with a recommendation of tences and being given court-mandated therapy.* [5] All his
juvenile counseling. victims (over 50 in all) were below the age of 12, some of
them as young as two. Most of them were boys.
As the years passed, he would be arrested several more

313
314 CHAPTER 91. WESTLEY ALLAN DODD

Dodd's sexual fantasies became increasingly violent over released his victim before getting into his car and driving
the years; as a young man, he wrote about wanting to eat away. The boy's mother's boyfriend came out to the theater
the genitals of his victims and perform“experimental surg- lobby and was told that the boy was almost abducted. The
eries”to turn them into obedient zombies. A psychiatrist boyfriend went outside the theater in the direction where
who evaluated Dodd following one of his convictions said Dodd was last seen. Dodd's car broke down a short dis-
that he fit the legal criteria for a “sexual psychopath".* [5] tance away from the theater. In order not to raise Dodd's
suspicion and to stall for time, the boyfriend offered to help
him. The boyfriend immediately got Dodd into a headlock
91.2.2 Murders and brought him back to the theater where the Camas police
were called. Camas police contacted the task force investi-
On September 4, 1989, Dodd lured two brothers, 11 and gating the kidnapping and murder of Lee Iseli. Dodd was
10-year old Cole and William Neer, to a secluded area, brought to the Camas PD Headquarters, where task force
where he forced them to undress, tied them to a tree and lead detectives CW Jensen and Dave Trimble interviewed
performed sex acts on them both. When he was done, he him for about two hours. Eventually, Dodd confessed to all
stabbed them repeatedly with a knife and fled the scene. three murders. Jensen and Trimble then served the search
The boys were soon discovered in the park. Cole was dead warrant at a home in Vancouver where Dodd rented a room.
at the scene, while William died en route to the hospital. During the search of Dodd's room, police discovered a
Soon afterward, Dodd moved to Portland, Oregon, where homemade torture rack, along with newspaper clippings
he made several unsuccessful attempts at luring children. about his crimes, a briefcase containing Lee Iseli's under-
On October 29, Dodd encountered four-year-old Lee Iseli wear, a photo album containing pictures of Lee Iseli, and
and his six-year-old brother Justin at a local park. The latter assorted photographs of children in underwear advertise-
was playing alone on a slide, and Dodd succeeded in con- ments. They also discovered Dodd's diary, in which he de-
vincing the boy to come with him. Justin had gone home, so tailed the murders.
Dodd told Lee that“he would drive him back to his house” Dodd was charged with first-degree murder in the deaths
. He managed to bring Lee to his apartment in Vancouver of the Neer brothers and Lee Iseli, plus attempted kidnap-
apparently unnoticed, and he ordered the boy to undress. ping of another child. He initially pleaded not guilty to all
Dodd then tied Lee to his bed and molested him, taking charges, but later changed his plea to guilty.
photographs of the abuse. Dodd kept Lee overnight while
he continued to molest him, all the while jotting down ev-
ery detail in his diary. The next morning, he strangled Iseli
to death with a rope and hung his body in the closet, pho-
91.4 Trial
tographing it as a macabre“trophy”. He would later con-
fess to police that he had not originally intended to kill the During his trial in Clark County Superior Court, the prose-
boy, but eventually decided that it was necessary to keep cution read aloud excerpts of Dodd's diary and displayed
him telling anyone. Dodd stuffed Iseli's nude body in trash the photographs of Lee Iseli. The defense did not call
bags and threw it in some bushes near Vancouver Lake. any witnesses or present any evidence, suggesting only that
He burned Lee's clothing in a trash barrel except for the Dodd must be legally insane. Prosecutors requested the
boy's underwear, which he kept as a souvenir of the crime. death penalty, and the jury agreed. Dodd would claim that
Three days later, Lee's body was discovered, which sparked speaking in his own defense was pointless, and ultimately
a manhunt for the killer. Dodd kept a low profile and mostly “the system had failed repeatedly”. He stated that he would
stayed in his apartment, writing down future plans for child like to die by hanging, and that he was willing to die if “it
abduction and also constructing a homemade torture rack brought peace to the victims' families”.
for the next victim.* [6] Dodd was sentenced to death in 1990 for stabbing to death
Cole Neer and his brother William near a Vancouver, Wash-
ington park in 1989, as well as for the separate rape and
91.3 Arrest murder of Lee Iseli.

On November 6, Dodd snatched a 6-year-old boy from the


bathroom of the New Liberty Theater in Camas, Washing- 91.5 Execution
ton, but the child began fighting and crying as Dodd was
leaving the theater through the lobby carrying the boy in Less than four years elapsed between the murders and
his arms. Despite Dodd's attempts to calm the boy, the- Dodd's execution. He refused to appeal his case or the
ater employees became suspicious. Once outside, Dodd capital sentence. Dodd stated that hanging was the ideal
91.7. SEE ALSO 315

method of death. During his trial, he attempted to make 91.7 See also
himself into a celebrity, writing a pamphlet on how parents
could protect children from monsters such as himself, and • Sergey Golovkin
enjoyed giving interviews and reliving his crimes any op-
portunity he could get. Eventually, the judge ordered the
incessant media coverage to cease. Dodd was executed by 91.8 References
hanging at 12:05 a.m. on January 5, 1993 at Washington
State Penitentiary in Walla Walla. By Washington State
[1] Montaldo, Charles. “Westley Allen Dodd - Child Serial
law, Dodd had to choose the method of his execution, and
Killer and Child Molester; One of the Most Evil Killers In
state law gave Dodd two options: lethal injection or hang- History” About.com.
ing. Dodd chose hanging, later stating in interviews that
he chose that method “because that's the way Lee Iseli [2] Egan, Timothy (29 December 1992). “Illusions Are Also
[his final victim] died.”He also requested that his hang- Left Dead As Child-Killer Awaits Noose”. The New York
ing be televised, but that request was denied. His hang- Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Re-
ing was the first use of hanging for an execution in the trieved 7 April 2012.
United States since George York and James Latham were [3] Griffiths, Richard (producer and director). “Murder by
hanged by Kansas in 1965. His execution was witnessed Number”(video). Atlanta, Georgia: CNN
by 12 members of local and regional media (Kerry Brock,
KOMO TV; Mary Clayton, KNSN Radio; Marcia Coffey, [4] Tithecott, R. (1997). pp. 43. Of men and monsters: Jeffrey
KOIN-TV; Carl Dombek, KING Radio; Joe Hart, KNDU- Dahmer and the construction of the serial killer. Madison,
Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press
TV; Julie Havel, Columbia Cable Television; Terry McC-
ahn, Walla Walla Union-Bulletin; Michael Rollins, the Ore- [5] Ostrom, Cindy. “Westley Dodd: A Long, Steady Slide Into
gonian; Eric Sorensen, the Spokane Spokesman-Review; Dark Desperation”. Seattle Times.
Bruce Westfal, The Columbian; John Wiley, The associ-
ated Press; Laurie Williams, Tri-City Herald),* [7] prison [6] Scott, Shirley Lynn. “Westley Allan Dodd”. TruTV Crime
Library. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
officials, and representatives of the families of the three vic-
tims. He ate salmon and potatoes for his last meal. His last [7] Associated Press Bulletin, Jan 4 1993, 23:26
words, spoken from the second floor of the indoor gallows,
were recorded by the media witnesses as: [8] Westley Allen Dodd - Child Serial Killer and Child Molester

Dodd was pronounced dead by the prison doctor and his [9] “Dodd strangled, autopsy finds”. The Bulletin. The (Bend,
body transported to Seattle for autopsy. The King County Oregon) Bulletin. 7 January 1993. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Medical Examiner, Dr. Donald Reay, found that Dodd [10] Dodd Died Quickly, Autopsy Finds; Body Returned For
had died quickly and probably with little pain.* [9] He was Cremation
cremated following the autopsy, and his ashes turned over
to his family.* [10] [11] “Driven to Kill”. The True Crime Website of Author Gary
C. King. Retrieved 7 April 2012.

[12] Ronald Turco Archived February 6, 2008, at the Wayback


91.6 In popular culture Machine.

Dodd was the basis for an unseen character, a child killer


named“Dobbs”, in the 2002 film Insomnia, starring Al Pa- 91.9 Further reading
cino. He was fictionalized as a man who murdered a young
boy in a way similar to Dodd's murder of Lee Iseli. Dodd • Carol M. Ostrom, Jack Broom, Westley Dodd: A Long,
was also mentioned in Michael Connelly's novel The Con- Steady Slide Into Dark Desperation, The Seattle Times
crete Blonde. (1993-01-03), Retrieved on 2007-11-10
Several books have been written about the case, includ- • Gary C. King (October 2000), Driven to Kill, Pinnacle
ing: When The Monster Comes Out Of The Closet by Lori Books, ISBN 978-0786013470, Retrieved on 2009-
Steinhorst, who communicated with Dodd in writing and 08-16
by phone almost daily for 18 months prior to his execu-
tion; Driven to Kill by true crime author Gary C. King;* [11] • Westley Allan Dodd, John Rose, Lori Steinhorst
and Dr. Ron Turco's book about his experience during the (November 1994), When the Monster Comes Out of
initial investigation to assist in developing a profile of the the Closet, Rose Publishing, ISBN 978-1881170068,
killer.* [12] Retrieved on 2014-05-19
316 CHAPTER 91. WESTLEY ALLAN DODD

91.10 External links


• Wesley Allan Dodd at Find A Grave
Chapter 92

Willem van Eijk

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox criminal with road inside a cornfield. She had suffered multiple stab
unknown parameter “birthname”(this message is shown wounds, her belly was ripped open, and her left nip-
only in preview). ple was cut off. Willem van Eijk lived in a houseboat
named De Vrijheid (The Freedom) at the end of the
Willem van Eijk (born in Korteraar, 13 August 1941) is road. Several witnesses had seen Van Eijk ride his
a convicted Dutch serial killer known as “Het Beest van moped on the evening the body was found, near the
Harkstede” (The Beast of Harkstede). He was convicted area where the body was found. The police arrested
twice for a total of five murders. Van Eijk and he immediately confessed to the mur-
ders of Cora and Aaltje.

In 1975, Van Eijk was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment


92.1 Youth and TBS. The details of the murders, as revealed during the
trial, were so horrifying that several judiciary guards vom-
Willem van Eijk was born in 1941 in the small village of ited. Psychiatric reports explained that Van Eijk had se-
Korteraar, South Holland. During his time at an elemen- vere childhood trauma as a result of bullying and rejection
tary school in Ter Aar he was an outcast and referred to as by women. During his therapy at the Van Mesdagkliniek,
“Gekke Willempie” (Crazy little William), something he psychiatrists speculated that his deviant behavior was the
later used to justify his actions. During this time of extreme result of brain damage sustained during his birth. In 1980,
bullying, Van Eijk started to collect morbid items, such as while still in committed, he married his penfriend Adri. In
dead bugs and frogs. He soon gained notoriety in his home 1990 he was released and together they moved into a house
village for his cruelty towards animals; especially dogs, cats, in Harkstede. Psychiatrists believed that his relationship
and ducks. Still a loner when attending high school, Van with Adri would prevent him from reoffending, but warned
Eijk committed petty crimes. During this time he started that subsequent female rejections could trigger a relapse.
to dream about raping and killing women. The relationship turned out to be a downward spiral for Van
Eijk.

92.2 Victims • Antoanella Bertholda (Michelle) Fatol - In Novem-


ber 1993 in a ditch near the village Enumatil the corpse
• Cora Mantel - In 1971 he picked up the 15-year- of a 23-year-old prostitute was found. It turned out to
old Cora Mantel from Uithoorn. Having missed her be Michelle Fatol. During sex Van Eijk strangled her
bus ride home after meeting with her boyfriend in with his bare hands.
Amsterdam, Van Eijk found her hitchhiking. He
• Annelies Reinders - On 21 January 1995 the body of
raped and strangled her with her own shawl, before
the 31-year-old prostitute Annelies Reinder was found
dumping her body in a ditch near Uithoorn. Her body
in the Eemskanaal near Appingedam.
was found on 22 June 1971. Because on the morning
of the murder she was to start her new job at a jewelry
store in Aalsmeer, the jeweler was, for a short period Between his release and his second arrest there were eight
of time, a suspect. prostitutes, and several other young women murdered in
and around the area of Van Eijk's residence. In 1997, Van
• Aaltje van der Plaat - On 19 August 1974 the life- Eijk was a suspect for the murder of Anne de Ruyter de
less body of Aaltje van der Plaat was found near a Wildt, and in 2000 for the murder of Marianne Vaatstra;

317
318 CHAPTER 92. WILLEM VAN EIJK

however, DNA tests proved his innocence in these cases. 92.4 References
Several years later both murderers of these two women were
caught. • van der Zee, Sytze (2006). Anatomie van een seriemo-
ordenaar: een portret. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
ISBN 90-234-1894-8.
• Sasja Schenker - On 17 July 2001 the lifeless, naked
body of the 34-year-old prostitute Sasja Schenker was
found in the Slochterdiep near Harkstede. Her clothes
were found several months later near Van Eijk's house.
They were found to have been thrown into the canal in
a plastic bag weighted with stones.

Because Schenker's clothes were found near Van Eijk's


house, he became a prime suspect and on 12 November
2001, police arrested Van Eijk. He soon confessed to the
murders of Michelle Fatol, Annelies Reinders, and Sasja
Schenker. Police also suspected him of the murders of
Shirley Hereijgers, Antoinnette Bont, and Jolanda Meijer;
however, Van Eijk did not confess to those, and there was no
concrete evidence for his involvement. The ground around
his house was excavated; however, there were no bodies
found. As of 2013, Jolanda Meijer is still missing.

92.2.1 Possible victims

Between 1993 and 2001, several other bodies were found.


In 1995, the torso of 24-year-old prostitute Antoinette Bont
was found in the Winschoterdiep. Other body parts were
later found in a sports bag. Two years later, in 1997,
the body of 19-year-old prostitute Shirley Hereijgers was
found. Around the same time, Jolanda Meijer (35), Herei-
jger's friend and colleague also disappeared. Several other
men were suspected these killings, but all turned out to be
innocent. Willem van Eijk never confessed to killing these
women; however, it is publicly believed he is responsible .

92.3 Trial and sentence

At the start of the trial Van Eijk was represented by lawyer


Willem Anker, much to the astonishment of the relatives
of Shirley Hereijgers, as Willem Anker also represented
them. When Van Eijk officially declared a suspect in mur-
dering Shirley, Willem Anker dropped his client. After go-
ing through a series of other lawyers, Van Eijk was sen-
tenced, on 7 November 2002, to life imprisonment for the
murder of the last three victims. Van Eijk appealed, but the
Supreme Court of the Netherlands upheld the ruling. Van
Eijk several times requested clemency, which in the Nether-
lands can only be given by the head of state, and all of the
requests were denied.
Chapter 93

William Henry Hance

William Henry Hance (circa 1952* [1] – March 31, 1994) FBI profiler Robert K. Ressler created a profile which
was a U.S. soldier who is believed to have murdered four asserted that the killer was one man, not seven; black,
women in and around military bases before his arrest in not white; single, not well-educated, and probably a low-
1978. He was convicted of murdering three of them, and ranking military man at the fort in his late twenties.* [2]
not brought to trial on the fourth. He was executed by the Using the profile and aware that both Jackson and Thirkield
state of Georgia in the electric chair.
were prostitutes, Georgia Bureau of Investigation officers
searched near the fort for bars which had generally black
patrons. They were quickly able to identify William Hance
93.1 Investigation and arrest him. He was a Specialist Four attached to an
artillery unit at the fort* [2] as a truck driver.* [1] Hance had
In 1978, Columbus, Georgia was undergoing a wave of begun *his military career as a Marine before joining the
murders of women. Several elderly white women had been Army. [4]
killed by a perpetrator nicknamed the Stocking Strangler. When confronted with evidence including his handwriting,
In addition, the bodies of two young black prostitutes had voice recordings, and shoe prints from the crime scenes,
been found outside of Fort Benning nearby.* [2] Hance confessed to killing both women and to the killing
*
The disparate groups of victims were linked by a letter to the of a third woman at Fort Benning in September 1977. [2]
local police chief written on United States Army stationery. Karen Hickman, 24, was a white Army private* known to
The handwritten note purported to be from a gang of seven date black soldiers and socialize in black pubs. [3] Hance
white men who were holding a black woman hostage and was not charged with Hickman's murder in the civilian sys-
would kill her if the Stocking Strangler were not appre- tem, but was tried, charged, and convicted by a court martial
hended. The Stocking Strangler was believed to be a black for her death.
man, and this had been widely reported at the time.* [2] Eventually, Hance was also identified as the killer of a
The seven white vigilantes wished to be known as the young *
black woman at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indi-
“Forces of Evil,”and wanted the police chief to communi- ana. [2] Hance was not charged with this murder.
cate with them via messages on radio or television. The first However, despite his four known femicides, he was in-
letter was followed by others; eventually, a ransom demand nocent of the Stocking Strangler murders, eventually at-
of $10,000 was also made to keep the alleged hostage, Gail tributed to another black man, Carlton Gary.* [2]
Jackson, alive. (Jackson was also known as Brenda Gail
Faison and other aliases.)* [3] The letters were followed by
phone calls.* [2]
The letters and calls were a hoax intended to divert attention 93.2 Legal cases
from the real killer. Gail Jackson, the supposed hostage,
had been murdered five weeks before she was found, and
before the first letter was sent. Her body was discovered Hance's convictions resulted in several legal cases in three
in early April, 1978. She was 21 years old.* [1]* [4] Soon different court systems ̶courts martial, Georgia state
afterward, following instructions in yet another call from courts, and the federal court system̶of which these are
the “Forces of Evil,”a second black woman's corpse was a partial list. The flurry of last-minute attempts to secure a
found at a rifle range at Fort Benning. Her name was Irene stay of execution are not included in this section. See“Con-
Thirkield.* [2] She was 32.* [1] troversy”below.

319
320 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

93.2.1 Military courts another death sentence for the murder of Jackson, the
Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence.
• Hance was convicted in a military court, but not
tried in civilian courts, for the murder of Irene • Hance filed another petition for habeas corpus in the
Thirkield.* [5] Superior Court of Butts County, which is a Georgia
state trial court. That court denied his petition after
• Hance was also tried and convicted in a court martial, holding an evidentiary hearing.
but not a civilian court, for the murder of Karen Hick-
man.* [4] • Hance v. Kemp, 258 Ga. 649, 373 S.E.2d 184 (1988),
cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1012, 109 S.Ct. 1658, 104
• During his court martial for the murder of Irene L.Ed.2d 172 (1989) The Georgia Supreme Court af-
Thirkield, Hance received a life sentence which was firmed the denial of habeas corpus by the Superior
reversed when jurors decided he lacked the mental ca- Court of Butts County, and in 1989, the U.S. Supreme
pacity for premeditation.* [6] Court refused to hear his appeal of the 1988 Georgia
• For the deaths of both Hickman and Thirkield, Supreme Court ruling.
Hance's final court martial sentence was life at hard
• After the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the de-
labor. The convictions were set aside in 1980 and he
nial of habeas corpus by the Superior Court of Butts
was not retried by the military court system.* [4]
County in 1988, Hance then filed a new petition for
habeas corpus in the federal District Court for the
93.2.2 Civilian courts Middle District of Georgia; that court denied the pe-
tition without holding an evidentiary hearing. Hance
• Hance v. State, 245 Ga. 856, 268 S.E.2d 339, cert. then appealed to the federal appellate court for the
denied, 449 U.S. 1067, 101 S.Ct. 796, 66 L.Ed.2d 611 11th Circuit, which decided the case in January, 1993.
(1980). In this case, Hance's conviction and sentence
• William Henry Hance, Petitioner-appellant, v. Wal-
of death in the Jackson murder were affirmed by the
ter Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic & Classifica-
Georgia Supreme Court. The Thirkield murder is also
tion Center, Respondent-appellee United States Court
included in the Court's summation of the facts.
of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. 981 F.2d 1180 (Jan.
• Hance v. Zant, 456 U.S. 965, 102 S.Ct. 2046, 72 6, 1993). Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied
L.Ed.2d 491 (1982). The United States Supreme March 11, 1993. In a relatively brief order, a panel of
Court denied certiorari in Hance's habeas corpus ap- the federal appellate court in the 11th Circuit denied
peal in the Jackson murder. Hance's habeas appeal in the Jackson murder, and de-
nied him the opportunity to present his case to the full
• William Henry Hance, Petitioner, v. Walter D. appellate bench (instead of the panel).
Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic And Classification
Center, Respondent United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit. 696 F.2d 940, cert. denied, 463 U.S.
1210, 103 S.Ct. 3544, 77 L.Ed.2d 1393 (1983). Af- 93.3 Execution
ter the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear his first
habeas petition in the Jackson case in 1982, the federal Hance was sentenced to death in civilian court for the mur-
appellate court for the 11th Circuit, which includes der of Gail Jackson and in military court for the death of
Georgia, affirmed Hance's conviction but ordered a Irene Thirkield. His military death sentence for Thirkield
retrial of the sentencing stage because the prosecutor's was overturned.* [6] His civilian death sentence for Jackson
closing argument rendered the sentencing proceeding was not. He was executed by the state of Georgia on March
fundamentally unfair, and because two jurors were im- 31, 1994, via the electric chair. He was the 231st inmate
properly excluded in violation of Witherspoon v. Illi- executed nationwide since the U.S. Supreme Court restored
nois, a case about unjust challenges to jury members the death penalty in 1976* [5] and the 18th in Georgia.* [4]
regarding their death penalty beliefs.* [7] The federal In the hours before his death, the Supreme Court voted,
appellate court therefore ordered the state court sys- 6-3, not to consider his appeal. In dissent, Justice Harry
tem to provide a new, more fair, sentencing phase trial Blackmun said that that even if he had not recently
for the murder of Jackson.
• Hance v. State, 254 Ga. 575, 332 S.E.2d 287, cert. ...reached the conclusion that the death
denied, 474 U.S. 1038, 106 S.Ct. 606, 88 L.Ed.2d penalty cannot be imposed fairly within the con-
584 (1985). After a second sentencing trial resulted in straints of our Constitution . . . I could not
93.5. REFERENCES 321

support its imposition in this case. ... There is Ronald J. Tabak stated at some length his opinion that
substantial evidence that William Henry Hance Hance's race contributed to the sentence.* [12]
is mentally retarded as well as mentally ill. There
is reason to believe that his trial and sentencing
proceedings were infected with racial prejudice. 93.5 References
One of his sentencers has come forward to say
that she did not vote for the death penalty because [1] GI Held In Murders, United Press International April 6,
of his mental impairments.* [8] 1978. Retrieved fromNewport Daily News (Rhode Island)
via NewspaperArchive.Com November 30, 2008.
Hance had an IQ of 75-79 points, which classifies him as
[2] Robert Ressler and Tom Schactman,Whoever Fights Mon-
“borderline intellectual functioning”on modern medical
sters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI. St
scales of mental retardation.* [4] Martin's Press, 1992. See pp. 157-161. ISBN 0-312-95044-
6

93.4 Controversy [3] Hance, William Henry: Forces of Evil, Serial Killer Crime
Index at Crimezzz.Net. Retrieved November 30, 2008.

Other issues besides Hance's mental and psychiatric status [4] Georgia Inmate Executed for Murdering Prostitute,
had created controversy prior to the day of his electrocu- Associated Press report April 4, 1994. Retrieved from
tion, and one̶the question of racial bias in the state sen- Logansport Pharos-Tribune at NewspaperArchive.Com
tencing jury̶veritably exploded afterwards. The Georgia November 30, 2008.
State Board of Pardons and Paroles had not even proofread [5] Georgia Executes Murderer After Brief Stay From Court,
its order denying his stay of execution, and conflated it with April 1, 1994, New York Times.
another document about some other prisoner. The Georgia
Supreme Court denied his appeal by only one vote, 4-3.* [8] [6] Doubts on Death Row, April 11, 1994, TIME Magazine.

One of his jurors at his second sentencing (after the first was [7] Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20
reversed for prosecutorial misconduct),* [9] a white woman L.Ed.2d 776 (1968).
named Patricia Lemay, came forward to report that other [8] In America, Judicial Coin Toss by Bob Herbert, April 3,
jurors made racial remarks about Hance such as “just one 1994. New York Times.
more sorry nigger that no one would miss”* [8] and, if ex-
ecuted, he would be “one less nigger to breed.”* [9] [9] In America, Jury Room Injustice by Bob Herbert, March 30,
1994. New York Times.
There was only one black juror, a 26-year-old woman
named Gayle Lewis Daniels. According to Lemay, Daniels [10] In America; Mr. Hance's “Perfect Punishment”, by Bob
was subjected to racial invective in the jury room.* [10] Ac- Herbert, March 27, 1994. New York Times.
cording to both Lemay and Daniels herself, Daniels refused
[11] Questions linger after execution: pungent aroma of jus-
to vote for the death penalty. The other jurors ignored her tice denied, unsigned editorial, Syracuse Herald American
and reported to the judge that they were unanimous. When (New York), April 3, 1994. Retrieved from NewspaperAr-
the jury was polled in the presence of the court, Daniels chive.Com November 30, 2008.
was by then too frightened to speak up. The other jurors
had told her that she could be convicted of perjury if she [12] Conference Proceedings: The Death Penalty in the Twenty-
continued to hold out, since she had testified, during jury First Century, December 1995, American University Law
*
selection, that she could vote for the death penalty. [10] Review.

The evidence of Lemay and Daniels outraged many press


outlets. Said one newspaper afterwards,

Hance might as well have been lynched, for


he was denied due process of law. ... There
is compelling evidence that the law was not fol-
lowed, that Hance's civil rights were violated, that
he was a victim of racism and political expedi-
ency.* [11]

At a law school conference the following year, attorney


322 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

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of the Wizards, Jmm6f488, Piercetheorganist, Eliz81, Sam195, Ian.thomson, MartinSFSA, Gzkn, Andy5421, Being blunt, Skullketon, Broken-
Sphere, Muffinsmomusa, SchirmerPower, SCOCSOOCSOSC, NewEnglandYankee, MariahCast, Aatomic1, Heyitspeter, Gredsen, Cmichael,
Dagon368, King Toadsworth, Everlast1910, Seagull-pie, Ja 62, Useight, WLRoss, Varnent, ACSE, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag,
Sylviaa, Sincitysaint, Tesscass, Bovineboy2008, Soliloquial, ThrowingStick, TXiKiBoT, Jkeene, Doceirias, Burpen, Assassinoc714, Arielemc,
Rito Revolto, Melsaran, Jibbajaba, JhsBot, Broadbot, Abdullais4u, LeaveSleaves, SGT141, BoolaBoola2, Mannafredo, Fsucover, LuGiADude,
Ceranthor, Nieg, HiDrNick, Qworty, Logan, Struway, Ponyo, K. Annoyomous, Moonriddengirl, Jack Merridew, Caltas, Ravensfire, France3470,
Milch78, Enti342, Topher385, Earisu, Oxymoron83, SpellingGuru, Lightmouse, Alex.muller, Kumioko (renamed), Diego Grez-Cañete, Rj-
fost, CallMeHenry, Denisarona, WikipedianMarlith, Soporaeternus, ClueBot, LAX, Fyyer, Allen1221, The Thing That Should Not Be, All
Hallow's Wraith, Amandahoward, Mild Bill Hiccup, CounterVandalismBot, Markstuart44, Neverquick, Jamesdpatteson, Excirial, Jusdafax,
AuthorAuthor, NuclearWarfare, Lillbudha, Jumanji656, Mikiballs, Nimar342, Levent, Kakofonous, Thingg, Connap22, Vanished User 1004,
Dmacewen, BarretB, Bridies, Zadduel86, AgnosticPreachersKid, Spitfire, Gerhardvalentin, Ost316, WikHead, Npnunda, Doc9871, NellieBly,
Noctibus, Good Olfactory, Duttler, Addbot, ERK, Willking1979, Palming, Ronhjones, TutterMouse, Billayy, Fieldday-sunday, ContiAWB,
Epicadam, Glass Sword, 5 albert square, Tyw7, Tassedethe, Peridon, Tide rolls, Jan eissfeldt, Totorotroll, LiteralKa, Marksdaman, Luckas-
bot, Yobot, 2D, JJARichardson, Julia W, Yngvadottir, Wikipedian2, Jack5150, Becky Sayles, Ajh16, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Gamer-
Pro64, Reenem, Whatever404, AnomieBOT, DoctorJoeE, Floquenbeam, ThaddeusB, Riverstepstonegirl, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Adjust-
Shift, Flewis, Bluerasberry, Materialscientist, Thembonesareme, Rtyq2, Williamsburgland, Reeseseatsbabies, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Stewart-
NetAddict, Xqbot, Herlenceemo, Untwirl, Mononomic, GrouchoBot, Limegreenfirebird, Kyng, Moxy, Shadowjams, Chexie, Dynamiteplaya3,
George2001hi, FrescoBot, Lothar von Richthofen, Kalebcole, Americus55, JonnyGrattan, Drew R. Smith, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Shin-
shoryuken, Nikto, Calmer Waters, Haroldcoxley994, Hamtechperson, Hoo man, Bmclaughlin9, Footwarrior, SpongeBobfanforlife1, Bgpaulus,
Wildwind30, Utility Monster, Tralala5505, Christiansmokesweedd, Michael123412, Lotje, Vrenator, Man of Israel, Canuckian89, Suffusion of
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 323

Yellow, Tbhotch, Minimac, Aporio, Stuzzer95, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Fuzzyadams, LexianWolfie, RjwilmsiBot, Corprateamerica, Thatsawe-
someyoureawesome, Bossanoven, Wassabiman, DASHBot, EmausBot, Heracles31, Arcana07, Faceless Enemy, RA0808, GoBeepYourself,
Poop123115, RenamedUser01302013, Bt8257, Unklscrufy, Jim Michael, Wikipelli, K6ka, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Tuxedo junction,
TB272, AvicBot, ZéroBot, BurtAlert, Sundostund, Josve05a, Bollyjeff, AlbertAndrewFish, Vurteafg, L Kensington, Donner60, Vylane, Wiki-
Copter, Mrmatto, Urielseptim132, Sonicyouth86, ClueBot NG, LurkingEmpress, CocuBot, MelbourneStar, BarrelProof, Handcuffed, Hoygiv,
Frietjes, Giggsy1993, Widr, Antiqueight, WikiPuppies, Vincelord, Regulov, Elspamo4, JamesMcGregor1993, Terrea, ElphiBot, Amp71, Mark
Arsten, Sisi9999, Glacialfox, Theboss78, Scottwindcrest, Ccgoring, Anbu121, Pekkatopias, EricEnfermero, Bagelizeme, Riley Huntley, Fhjd-
ksa;fjdkas;, ZappaOMati, Harringtion, Tandrum, Murray114, TehGraphz, Heymister14, HaakonU, Zeeyanwiki, Dominiktesla, Steveoow, Ranze,
The Vintage Feminist, Lugia2453, SFK2, Epicgenius, Red-eyed demon, Swaggingsince97, Peleio Aquiles, Melonkelon, Eyesnore, JoeMeas,
Joseffritzl6456, Assmonger21, ArmbrustBot, Cloudyjbg27512, JohnEmilList, ThaliaPatrinos, Vycl1994, Legoman 86, PaulyB55, Chey editor,
Imrightyerwrong, TuxLibNit, Slenderdan, WikiOriginal-9, Blart versenwald, BigThomas11, Judayyusey, Baileybear123, Jdmblh, Eteethan, Mm-
maaaaxxx, Bronze2018, User000name, Smicjo, Thedonofitaly, 7am in Brooklyn, Drsamuel8984, Mikamikaz, Tropicalkitty, A window cleaner
me, Helloitshere, Lkadjg and Anonymous: 1011
• Alexander Bychkov Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bychkov?oldid=682651005 Contributors: Wavelength, Nonexyst, Clue-
Bot NG, OccultZone, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, WikiOriginal-9, Lovewillsave and Anonymous: 2
• Alfred Gaynor Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gaynor?oldid=717142999 Contributors: Cydebot, Sarahj2107, Good Olfactory,
Bossanoven, The Vintage Feminist, Jamesmcmahon0, Flat Out, WikiOriginal-9, Downwiththesyndrome and Anonymous: 2
• Alphabet murders Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_murders?oldid=695349796 Contributors: Dimadick, Nufy8, Xanzzibar,
Suzanne Astorino, Antandrus, SpeedyGonsales, Hooperbloob, Mandarax, Sareini, JIP, Nightscream, Maurog, TexasAndroid, Hydrargyrum, Lu-
sanaherandraton, ONEder Boy, Retired username, Ilmari Karonen, DT29, Hmains, Neo-Jay, Andrew c, YegerMeister, LtPowers, John, A. Parrot,
Doczilla, Eastlaw, Jac16888, Cydebot, Treybien, Mattisse, Epbr123, Ewelch, Lord Crayak, The Timid Crusader, Cpl Syx, J.delanoy, Joebaum,
Smirkster, McSly, Gwen Gale, DorganBot, Thismightbezach, GrahamHardy, Hugo999, WOSlinker, Mercurywoodrose, StillTrill, Y, Haikon,
Kerryf, BDUAres, Sub619, Serpyllum, Wahrmund, Precious Roy, The Thing That Should Not Be, EoGuy, Mild Bill Hiccup, VandalCruncher,
Gayunicorn, DragonBot, Rror, Good Olfactory, Addbot, MrZoolook, Atethnekos, Download, Grubel, Blaylockjam10, Jaydec, Морган, Yobot,
JJARichardson, Pistachio disguisey, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, Tkotc, Dale Chock, Jef4444, Kenilworth Terrace, Trijnstel, RedBot, TheGreatUn-
solved, Kgrad, Trappist the monk, Dustynyfeathers, Dcs002, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, ZéroBot, Bongoramsey, SandorKrasna,
Cheri Farnsworth, Pieces123, Гомицидолог, DakotaFanning1, ClueBot NG, Iiii I I I, ThisLaughingGuyRightHere, ProudIrishAspie, AnonNep,
The Vintage Feminist, Whiskeytango88, KKosiewicz, Benevolenteditor, Chey editor, Fish storm, EurovisionNim and Anonymous: 57
• Andre Crawford Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Crawford?oldid=717154534 Contributors: Mandarax, Briaboru, Htonl, Smack-
Bot, MeiStone, Chris the speller, Downwards, Jetman, Njm05, Cydebot, Treybien, TAnthony, Waacstats, Fadesga, Tnxman307, Good Olfac-
tory, Acaeton, Addbot, Ronhjones, Worldbruce, Hammersbach, Cavila, Tkotc, Bossanoven, AvicBot, Christoskdimou, Hmainsbot1, Greengrilly,
MaybeMaybeMaybe, ArmbrustBot, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, Downwiththesyndrome and Anonymous: 6
• Andrei Chikatilo Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Chikatilo?oldid=715762520 Contributors: Mav, Bryan Derksen, Paul Barlow,
Kaman~enwiki, Cyde, TakuyaMurata, Card~enwiki, Александър, Error, Andres, Evercat, GCarty, Conti, RickK, Andrewman327, Whisper-
ToMe, Palefire, Huangdi, Bearcat, Chris 73, Altenmann, Premeditated Chaos, Auric, JackofOz, DocWatson42, Monedula, NJCrip, AlistairM-
cMillan, Chameleon, Bobblewik, ALargeElk, Chowbok, Formeruser-81, Mzajac, EliZZZa, Kuralyov, Sam Hocevar, Beginning, Ukexpat, Can-
terbury Tail, D6, Milkmandan, Cfailde, Kostja, Bender235, ESkog, Vervin, Robotje, Hooperbloob, Alansohn, Ricky81682, Lektu, Robert
Mercer, DreamGuy, Melaen, Bbsrock, SidP, Anthony Ivanoff, Jguk, FrancisTyers, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Markrobcol,
Professor Ninja, Kelisi, Dolfrog, GregorB, ZephyrAnycon, Sin-man, BD2412, Kbdank71, Schmendrick, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, DeadlyAssassin,
Vary, JHMM13, Smithfarm, Ttwaring, Leo44, FlaBot, Allycat, Ground Zero, Kerowyn, IgorMagic, GagHalfrunt, Phatcat68, Goudzovski, Rus-
savia, Jaraalbe, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Wavelength, LittleSmall~enwiki, RussBot, Nof, Gaius Cornelius, Alex Bakharev, MosheA, Bachrach44,
Irishguy, Bobak, Old64mb, Ad Nauseam, Asarelah, Kewp, Bronks, Nlu, Wknight94, FF2010, Calcwatch, Pinikas, Ikeinthemed, Theda,
Rms125a@hotmail.com, Abune, Shyam, Curpsbot-unicodify, Garion96, Pfistermeister, Groyolo, Tom Morris, Yakudza, KnightRider~enwiki,
SmackBot, Brian1979, Grazon, Frasor, Lexo, Smurg, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Amber388, Orphan-
Bot, Jbhood, ReeseM, Mitrius, Fuhghettaboutit, Шизомби, Sammd, Valenciano, Detruncate, Eran of Arcadia, MBoy, BiggKwell, Will Be-
back, YegerMeister, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Applejuicefool, BillFlis, Davemcarlson, Mason1024, Dr.K., Andreas td, Courcelles, Macca7174,
TwinsMetsFan, Djus, Magpie1892, Legone, Wwdamron, Cydebot, Galassi, Treybien, Pinoy Pride, Konstantin3307, PKT, Mattisse, Thijs!bot,
JAF1970, Biruitorul, TheYmode, SeNeKa, Andyjsmith, Serialkillerbiz, Ufwuct, Dawkeye, 00666, Rexmager, AntiVandalBot, Julia Rossi, Van-
jagenije, Matthew Fennell, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Ling.Nut, Dinosaur puppy, Froid, Theroadislong, Romancer,
Mistshadow2k4, Swordsman04, Rocko b, MartinBot, Crawslpace, Lars69, Anaxial, Cenga, CommonsDelinker, Jmm6f488, Rgoodermote, Alek-
sandr Grigoryev, A Nobody, Gothsavant, LeaLeaLeaLea, Bot-Schafter, Greenwiki, Katharineamy, Hillock65, DeadlyStench, Themoodyblue,
Botx, Thismightbezach, WWGB, Glossologist, ACSE, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Jeff G., Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Crohnie, Lvivske, Anna Lin-
coln, Broadbot, Chaan, ^demonBot2, Zorah~enwiki, MacFodder, StillTrill, Morales.vias, Eve Teschlemacher, Joseph A. Spadaro, The Devil's
Advocate, Laval, DVoit, PeterPredator, Mungo Kitsch, Maca2kx, Keilana, Flyer22 Reborn, Nuttycoconut, Aspects, BeeTea, Sanya3, COBot,
Escape Orbit, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Stephoswalk, Ideal gas equation, Dezaz, Freonfreakone, Nsk92, Mild Bill Hiccup, Keppx0r, Vikramr, Su-
pergodzilla2090, Needmurphy, NuclearWarfare, Millionsandbillions, SchreiberBike, Kikos, Berean Hunter, Gargantu, XLinkBot, Hotcrocodile,
DanielAgorander, Serpentnight, Werdnawerdna, Rror, Touchmybeard, Good Olfactory, Zgraves, CalumH93, Addbot, Mr0t1633, Opus88888,
LaaknorBot, Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog, Greyhood, Marksdaman, Legobot, JoshuaD1991, Luckas-bot, Yobot, JJARichardson,
Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, Evans1982, Nallimbot, Reenem, Dragonchilde, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Ulric1313, Materi-
alscientist, ラッツ, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Kieronoldham, Lenitha, Moxy, WebCiteBOT, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Konaowen, Nonexyst,
Chenopodiaceous, I dream of horses, Haroldcoxley994, MastiBot, My very best wishes, Fartherred, Bedivere.cs, Dupont och Dupond, Tobe-
Bot, Comnenus, C4K3, Derild4921, Peter Crean, RjwilmsiBot, Ripchip Bot, Givenchy de Paris, Bossanoven, EmausBot, Fiddlingwill, Dee
Fraser, RA0808, Maturion, Jim Michael, Don't go, Jourell, AvicBot, ZéroBot, John Cline, Ὁ οἶστρος, ZomgPancakes, Zloyvolsheb, Unreal7,
TheAngryAmoeba, Гомицидолог, ChuispastonBot, Mcc1789, Oglesbym12, Mjbmrbot, Petrb, ClueBot NG, FesCityRaver, Widr, Night Ranger,
Md.altaf.rahman, Ryan Vesey, 6Anesthesia, Helpful Pixie Bot, OAnimosity, Plutosdogscat, Newyork1501, Wilde152, Regulov, Originalamar,
BG19bot, Wertec, Rudi argento, City of Tragedy, Chichodidu, Harizotoh9, Achowat, Pekkatopias, Bigfaceassley, Cracker.please88, Mogism,
324 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

Inayity, The grand dragon, BezosibnyjUA, VIAFbot, Bertonsa, TahitiBlue, DendroNaja, Iluvumerijaan, Optat, WikiOriginal-9, Tullyvallin,
Hetman vitko, Sgjo23, KasparBot, Kait2382, FirstMistake, Baking Soda and Anonymous: 504
• Anthony Hardy Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hardy?oldid=714929389 Contributors: SimonP, Sannse, GCarty, Varlaam,
Bobblewik, Ukexpat, D6, Noisy, Robert Mercer, Velella, Woohookitty, Pol098, Rjwilmsi, Zzuuzz, SmackBot, RobStreatham, Ephraim33, Blue-
bot, Snowbound, Fuhghettaboutit, Michael David, Regan123, Joshua Scott, Yugyug, GiantSnowman, Khallster, W guice, Cydebot, Treybien,
Chris Henniker, Thijs!bot, Widefox, Darklilac, Magioladitis, Waacstats, One Night In Hackney, Sesamevoila, CelestialSpore, Petebutt, Nedrut-
land, K10wnsta, Monty845, Dick Shane, Mr.Z-bot, Fratrep, Martarius, DumZiBoT, Skarebo, WikHead, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Fredd the
Redd, TutterMouse, Lightbot, Yobot, EchetusXe, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Quebec99, Grim23, Sir Stanley, RedBot, Full-date unlinking
bot, RjwilmsiBot, Orphan Wiki, Dee Fraser, Jim Michael, Cymbelmineer, ClueBot NG, Edmedford, Shylocksboy, Equivamp, MadGuy7023,
The Vintage Feminist, Nilsatisnisioptimum, Isaac Mayne, CobaltRose96, WikiOriginal-9, BeansMeans, KasparBot, Chelb and Anonymous: 65
• Belle Gunness Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Gunness?oldid=716724419 Contributors: Espen, Shsilver, Frecklefoot, GCarty, Do-
radus, Robbot, Klemen Kocjancic, Ulflarsen, Kostja, Alpheus, Thanos6, Pearle, Nsaa, Geschichte, Guy Harris, Ricky81682, DreamGuy, SidP,
Brookie, Havermayer, Lunar Jesters, Hailey C. Shannon, Pufferfish101, Kbdank71, Jivecat, FlaBot, Nivix, Preslethe, Dreuters, Poorsod, Russ-
Bot, Icarus3, Trondtr, Tresckow, Hydrargyrum, Rsrikanth05, ExRat, Andaman23, Retired username, N. Harmonik, SmackBot, Xkoalax, Od
Mishehu, Verne Equinox, Kintetsubuffalo, Portillo, Hmains, OrangeDog, Monacat, Шизомби, Lisasmall, Lord Mrakainus, Kjetilho, Nishkid64,
BrownHairedGirl, Ian Spackman, Eivind F Øyangen, BillFlis, Michael Snyder, Catherineyronwode, Inahet, GiantSnowman, Planktonbot,
BugsyAbsolute, Deallus, Ken Gallager, Cydebot, Treybien, WikiCou, Kayobee, Chris4682, Kingstowngalway, Thijs!bot, Moulder, Jofishtrick,
Juveduke, JustAGal, Philippe, Sosobra, Tjmayerinsf, SkagitRiverQueen, Roundhouse0, ARTEST4ECHO, Chicagoboy3, Cgingold, Edward321,
Rettetast, Charles Edward, Nono64, Minotaur029, Jmm6f488, Eliz81, Clegs, Omegastar, Magnet For Knowledge, RPlunk2853, Thmazing,
Imasleepviking, Pepve, Entirelybs, Gmarclambert, Jahnx, JediRogue, Monegasque, PianoKeys, Aspects, Polbot, MBoudet, Landithy, Sfan00
IMG, ClueBot, GarryMann, Eglantyne2, Drawn-faced, Sir Tobek, BTBlomberg, Canihaveacookie, DumZiBoT, Romanov1918, Maxliberty,
XLinkBot, Prayer for the wild at heart, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Tustin2121, Addbot, Freakmighty, Jim10701, West.andrew.g, Blaylock-
jam10, Craigsjones, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Wndpwr, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Piano non troppo, Materialscientist, Onesius, LilHelpa, StewartNetAddict,
Omar77, Hushpuckena, FrescoBot, Americus55, Kianica, Dferg47, Alphalurion, PBradley83, Yawaraey, RichNick, Cowlibob, RjwilmsiBot,
Bossanoven, Carnival Honey, Phlegat, Csmithpurduenc, Alorentz, DASHBot, Superk1a, Underte, Whywhenwhohow, Djoepo, WikitanvirBot,
Aaweisen, A930913, Kakasprincess, KristieCornett, Mcc1789, Birlanady, 28bot, ClueBot NG, Michaelt13, EnglishTea4me, Widr, Helpful
Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Scotstout, VIAFbot, SteenthIWbot, Mutley1989, SarahRMadden, TigerPoke, Bali88, WikiOriginal-9, DrNibby, Kaspar-
Bot, Arnegard, Jcnini69, Isinerevive, Jessicaperez1900 and Anonymous: 196
• Benjamin Atkins Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Atkins?oldid=714215821 Contributors: Azazello, Alan Liefting, Apoc2400,
Natalya, Rjwilmsi, GeorgeC, Hmains, LtPowers, GiantSnowman, Cydebot, Skomorokh, Wildhartlivie, Waacstats, Johnpacklambert, WWGB,
McM.bot, Wahrmund, 7&6=thirteen, Good Olfactory, Addbot, AttoRenato, Zorrobot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, GrouchoBot, Tkotc, Mys 721tx,
RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, ClueBot NG, BattyBot, The Vintage Feminist, Greengrilly, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 11
• Bertha Gifford Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Gifford?oldid=715826675 Contributors: Who, DragonHawk, Closedmouth,
SmackBot, Cydebot, Treybien, Thijs!bot, Waacstats, UnCatBot, Addbot, Rednellie, Rklear, Debresser, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Mechla, Tkotc,
Neecey44, Yawaraey, Mishae, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Satellizer, Helpful Pixie Bot, ProudIrishAspie, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, Kurukodark,
1angryscot, Jackson Gumprecht, KasparBot and Anonymous: 14
• Briley Brothers Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briley_Brothers?oldid=712114980 Contributors: Darkwind, Dimadick, Oobopshark,
Vuac, Klemen Kocjancic, Rich Farmbrough, Pearle, Dysepsion, Fabricationary, Plumbob78, Nlu, Avalon, SmackBot, Bluebot, Only, FlyHigh,
YegerMeister, Ben Jos, Aleenf1, Pseudo-Richard, Ken Gallager, Heatsketch, Cydebot, Lugnuts, Nabokov, Mojo Hand, Itsmejudith, Lady-
birdintheuk, Dsp13, Lee Gregz, The Timid Crusader, JaGa, Paris1127, Themoodyblue, Brendan19, Dashiellx, Hugo999, Redfiona99, Flyer22
Reborn, Steven Crossin, Rjfost, Serpyllum, Anyeverybody, Millionsandbillions, Bilsonius, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Shadowsill, Random31908,
Marksdaman, Pistachio disguisey, Banjohunter, Alexlange, Tkotc, Vadoug, Trappist the monk, Nickyus, Mayerli28, Bossanoven, AbbaIkea2010,
RA0808, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, AvicBot, ZéroBot, ClueBot NG, ProudIrishAspie, .gs8, Khazar2, Imandingowarrior, The Vintage Feminist, Green-
grilly, ToniA5555, ArmbrustBot, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, SecondhandSonder and Anonymous: 53
• Carl Großmann Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gro%C3%9Fmann?oldid=704020613 Contributors: Magnus Manske, GCarty,
Lode Runner, Beta m, Bender235, Spearhead, Robert Mercer, Shadowolf, Sin-man, Olessi, EamonnPKeane, RussBot, Manxruler, SmackBot,
C.Fred, Verne Equinox, PeterPartyOn, YegerMeister, GiantSnowman, CmdrObot, KattBon, Treybien, Tec15, Thijs!bot, Waacstats, Fabric-
tramp, DrKay, Ragemanchoo, Belmontian, Meters, Altzinn, NuclearWarfare, Hlamerz, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Xqbot, J04n,
FrescoBot, Haroldcoxley994, Matthias Blazek, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Ebrambot, Helpful Pixie Bot, The Vintage Feminist, Caroline Rada-
cynski, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 34
• Carlton Gary Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Gary?oldid=710750793 Contributors: Gareth Owen, DJ Clayworth, Alansohn, Lt-
NOWIS, Echuck215, Apoc2400, Dave.Dunford, Czolgolz, CJLL Wright, Wavelength, RussBot, Closedmouth, SmackBot, WikiRN, Lisasmall,
Doczilla, Bryanw03, RaiderTarheel, GiantSnowman, Cydebot, Treybien, Mato, PamD, Steevo714, T@nn, Waacstats, SquidSK, Jmm6f488,
Tombo7791, U tu51, Malick78, Dirkbb, JohnHistory, WRK, Vivgeorge, Aspects, ImageRemovalBot, DumZiBoT, Good Olfactory, Ad-
dbot, Lightbot, Random31908, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Tkotc, SouthAmerican, Rassmusen, Full-date unlinking bot, Ellisondra, Rjwilmsi-
Bot, Bossanoven, EmausBot, AvicBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, BattyBot, Andrew.john.phillipson, Greengrilly, Dgiguere89, ArmbrustBot, Jackson
Gumprecht, Bali88, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, CSG1972, KasparBot, Sadlittlemonk and Anonymous: 36
• Charles Cullen Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cullen?oldid=710799221 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Edward, Sannse, GCarty,
Postdlf, Bobblewik, Chowbok, Jesster79, Neutrality, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Timl, HasharBot~enwiki, Alansohn, T-1000, Ransack, Zshzn,
Stuartyeates, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Exeunt, DVdm, Ori Livneh, THB, Alister Namarra, Aremisasling, Snpoj,
TBadger, Rathfelder, Tim1965, Groyolo, SmackBot, Reedy, Aardvark92, Substatique, Hmains, Betacommand, Bluebot, Ghettobrown, Will Be-
back, Nyarkni, Ace0rz, Jetman, Njm05, Asc85, Cydebot, Treybien, PAWiki, Chris Henniker, JamesAM, Spyboy7, Austinenator, Ilion2, Kyle-
AndMelissa22, QuizzicalBee, WallyFromColumbia, Jmm6f488, DandyDan2007, Acalamari, Bbourgeois, Mokgen, GcSwRhIc, Littlealien182,
SGT141, Malick78, Euryalus, Yintan, Mr.Z-bot, Aspects, Kumioko (renamed), Fontana69, Shaliya waya, Ottawahitech, Slulek, NuclearWar-
fare, DarthTaper, Another Believer, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Good Olfactory, Bridgetfox, Addbot, Offenbach, R3dmag3, Tassedethe, Lightbot,
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 325

Marksdaman, Yobot, Catleeu1, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, DoctorJoeE, Jim1138, J04n, Tkotc, FrescoBot, DefaultsortBot, Full-date unlinking
bot, Vrenator, Blind cyclist, JV Smithy, Sideways713, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, John of Reading, Werieth, TyA, Yesitsraining, Tkbraun, Clue-
Bot NG, Moneya, Widr, Oh.mykaye15, BG19bot, CityOfSilver, Charlesgraeber, Kendall-K1, BattyBot, Abbyjjj96, Khazar2, Lugia2453, Frosty,
Didigodot, Ross2075, Froglich, Poisonivy75, Xajjia, Northorsouth, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, SundayRequiem, Lulu91233 and Anonymous:
100
• Cynthia Coffman Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Coffman?oldid=717146467 Contributors: D6, Rich Farmbrough, Cmdrjame-
son, Jake Wartenberg, SmackBot, Muboshgu, Cesium 133, Michael Snyder, Victoriagirl, Treybien, JustAGal, MarshBot, Mcm101172, Phil
Bridger, Good Olfactory, Lightbot, Yobot, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, MsGrizabella, Helpful Pixie Bot, EricEnfermero, Mogism, Arildnordby,
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• Dagmar Overbye Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Overbye?oldid=712415962 Contributors: Fnielsen, Topbanana, Rpyle731,
Apalsola, Penguin, ExRat, Nikkimaria, Closedmouth, SmackBot, OrphanBot, Jetman, Treybien, Alaibot, Thijs!bot, Geniac, WarthogDe-
mon, Ryan Postlethwaite, Atheuz, Gungner, TXiKiBoT, Alfader, Myotis, CallMeCaito, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Alliebobz, PigFlu Oink, Tim1357, RjwilmsiBot, ZéroBot, ClueBot NG, The Vintage Feminist, KasparBot and Anonymous: 16
• Daniel Camargo Barbosa Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Camargo_Barbosa?oldid=717156732 Contributors: GCarty, Alan
Liefting, Rich Farmbrough, Grutness, Robert Mercer, Fourthords, Pmann79, DanielVonEhren, Andrea.gf, GregorB, Kbdank71, Bgwhite,
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Bot, BG19bot, Dutchldy, ChrisGualtieri, 069952497a, JaconaFrere, WikiOriginal-9, Yountmy7, KasparBot, Downwiththesyndrome, Mari-
anna251 and Anonymous: 51
• Darkey Kelly Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkey_Kelly?oldid=702024834 Contributors: EamonnPKeane, GoodDay, Mickey Feath-
erstone and Anonymous: 1
• Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darya_Nikolayevna_Saltykova?oldid=711391664 Contributors: Mmg,
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KasparBot, AnnaRedko89 and Anonymous: 28
• David Alan Gore Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alan_Gore?oldid=717159214 Contributors: Bender235, GSK, Postcard Cathy,
Cmr08, Yobot, Fixer88, Aarp65, BG19bot, Cyberbot II, Comatmebro, Superboy 1989, Flat Out, WikiOriginal-9, Diazas, Downwiththesyn-
drome, AMERIXANPSYCHO, Kdiangelo90 and Anonymous: 7
• David Carpenter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carpenter?oldid=714546907 Contributors: GTBacchus, Skysmith, Elvey,
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• Dean Corll Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Corll?oldid=711137393 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Deb, DavidWBrooks, GCarty,
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pects, COBot, Kumioko (renamed), Rjfost, ImageRemovalBot, Sfan00 IMG, Bubbatex, Rodhullandemu, Chalmers Stanley, Rockfang, Alexbot,
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tain Screebo, Wayne Slam, StasMalyga, CatFiggy, Mjbmrbot, ClueBot NG, Gene2010, Outnumbered422, Kikichugirl, Shylocksboy, Jamo58,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Txcrimenews, Newyork1501, ElphiBot, Exercisephys, Nickeldorf, Dmanrock29, Lemmmma, Toccata quarta, Harizotoh9,
ProudIrishAspie, MisterMorton, BattyBot, BLMedley, Joemcphilly1960, 6955beniegn, VIAFbot, Etheriemma, Melonkelon, Jerry Pepsi, Ugog
Nizdast, Kbabej, Bossboy31, Enderunlu, Tripleahg, Monkbot, BoboMeowCat, WikiOriginal-9, 1joeyman, Pokypoppy67, Emivam, Master-
faster2, Ellie Oxnard87, KasparBot, Claire4high5 and Anonymous: 218
• Delphine LaLaurie Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_LaLaurie?oldid=714541426 Contributors: Infrogmation, Delirium,
Mikedash, Auric, Graeme Bartlett, Kuralyov, Mare-Silverus, Barista, Bender235, Jpgordon, Pearle, Tetromino, RJFJR, Redvers, Firsfron,
ZephyrAnycon, Koavf, Lawrencegold, Kerowyn, Donnald, RussBot, Jaxl, ExRat, ONEder Boy, Rmky87, Asarelah, Javajunkiewa, Drcwright,
SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Yamaguchi 先⽣, Tulane97, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Bluebot, Jprg1966, Muboshgu, Liontooth, Pax85, Wiz-
ardman, Morobrany, Deadwildcat, Martian.knight, Bedens67, Brecluse, Dr.K., Reverie98, Iridescent, Clarityfiend, Igoldste, GiantSnowman,
326 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

Fyrius, Cydebot, Treybien, Malleus Fatuorum, Noneofyourbusiness, Headbomb, Nick Number, Floridasand, Ilion2, Obiwankenobi, Lucky-
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Arjun G. Menon, Jim1138, Flopsy Mopsy and Cottonmouth, Citation bot, Lgc2008, Raven1977, Jlpavich, DustFormsWords, Heslopian, Sho-
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boyz, Poodley, Gehayi, Sitzman75, Wooeyparks, Anonflower, Andrea aguilard, Spartan - 117, Boottybounce, Voodookingma, Yeetgirl, Kaspar-
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• Dnepropetrovsk maniacs Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_maniacs?oldid=716077907 Contributors: Jimbo Wales,
Bueller 007, WhisperToMe, Dimadick, JackofOz, HaeB, Dainamo, Discospinster, Phiwum, Pablo X, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, SlimVir-
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Bandurist, TheQuaker, Ikip, Anastrophe, Master Deusoma, Gilliam, Portillo, Chris the speller, Flyboy Will, Ianmacm, Yulia Romero, DMacks,
Robofish, Hvn0413, Dr.K., Iridescent, Courcelles, J Milburn, JForget, W guice, Nunquam Dormio, Gogo Dodo, Doug Weller, Christian75,
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Akronym, Tgeairn, Zedmelon, Hillock65, Atheuz, Wikimandia, Rpeh, Zakuragi, Jeff G., Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, JayC, Lvivske, Anna
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ange Suede Sofa, I, Englishman, ChuispastonBot, Chikyū-hendō, ElizabethGStone, DASHBotAV, E. Fokker, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar,
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WikiOriginal-9, Morel505, YeOldeGentleman, MurderByDeadcopy, Equinox, Pashko, Tinpudima343, Marianna251 and Anonymous: 375
• Donald Henry Gaskins Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Henry_Gaskins?oldid=716480250 Contributors: Rmhermen, Ijon, Anu-
pamsr, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Xezbeth, Bender235, Spearhead, C1k3, Thanos6, Gargaj, Ghirlandajo, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, KevinO-
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KasparBot, Graveshow, SmartyBootz and Anonymous: 134
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der235, Gary, Rjwilmsi, Rathfelder, Hmains, Cydebot, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, TXiKiBoT, Bedwyr, Malick78, Ottawahitech, Auntof6, Bruno
Leonard, UrsoBR, Good Olfactory, Addbot, RjwilmsiBot, RotlinkBot, Jamesmcmahon0, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, WikiOriginal-9, Kas-
parBot and Anonymous: 1
• Edward Edwards (serial killer) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(serial_killer)?oldid=716808377 Contributors: Paul
Barlow, Stevietheman, LindsayH, Avalyn, Hydrargyrum, Rsrikanth05, Chris the speller, Rrburke, Cydebot, Jmg38, Connormah, Adavidb,
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and Anonymous: 45
• Elmer Wayne Henley Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Wayne_Henley?oldid=711138164 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Dimadick,
Tom harrison, Klemen Kocjancic, Bender235, Naraht, SmackBot, Gamahucheur, Valenciano, RJN, Cydebot, Treybien, Wildhartlivie, Waac-
stats, Rezd, CommonsDelinker, Hugo999, GeneralBelly, Synthebot, Mapjc, Rontrigger, Yintan, Veldin963, ImageRemovalBot, Bubbatex,
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 327

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Anonymous: 41
• Erwin Hagedorn Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Hagedorn?oldid=701684861 Contributors: DagosNavy, Good Olfactory, Yobot,
Wgolf, BG19bot, The Vintage Feminist, WikiOriginal-9, Petro1811, KasparBot and Anonymous: 1
• Francisco Garcia Escalero Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Garcia_Escalero?oldid=713230072 Contributors: Delirium,
Stephen G. Brown, SmackBot, PrimeHunter, Colonies Chris, E-Kartoffel, Khallster, Thijs!bot, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, R'n'B, Nono64, Light-
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WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 10
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Coolkid05, Thingg, Cpt.schoener, Londonclanger, Bridies, XLinkBot, Werdnawerdna, Digibob, Nightrider 83, PhoenixMourning, Tezza UK,
Good Olfactory, Addbot, Echoedmyron, E718, Frank Longford, Chenzsar, Merkin69, Elrond99, McPhelim 4 Lyfe, Lightbot, Fred Huntley,
Sky83, Matty332, Bartledan, Windward1, Ariadne123, Yobot, Fizz-bitch, Painstaker, AnomieBOT, Judo112, 1exec1, Jim1138, Flewis, Danno
uk, Lolliapaulina51, Henwalia, Capricorn42, Androcoles, Kieronoldham, Tyrol5, J JMesserly, Heslopian, Sir Stanley, J04n, Eric Blatant, Claret-
fan, MilfordBoy991, Nietzsche 2, Antoniamillicent, Motsjo, Sidneyandrewsmancini, FrescoBot, Girlwithgreeneyes, Americus55, 10metreh,
Full-date unlinking bot, Spingilling, Vrenator, Seahorseruler, AaronCarlin, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Tubepigeonvictim, DRAGON BOOSTER,
Whywhenwhohow, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Exok, Solarra, Jim Michael, Don't go, Wikipelli, Reproduction, Fæ, Josve05a, H3llBot, Un-
real7, JackHeslop91, David J Johnson, Bobsanderson555, L Kensington, CatFiggy, ChuispastonBot, Brad78, Targaryen, Manytexts, LM2000,
ClueBot NG, LittleJerry, Barri Williams, Pullan2, Jordieee, Frietjes, Muon, Rezabot, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lowercase sigmabot, Ym-
blanter, ChukkaBukkaWur, MusikAnimal, Glevum, Karma842w, Tombo671, Alishalishax, Simonetylee, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Dreamwiva,
Tvasq6, Pearl2525, MilfordBoy1991, Mogism, AK2563, Shars Burns, The Vintage Feminist, Z105space, TwoTwoHello, VIAFbot, Hillbilly-
holiday, Conorkearney, Melonkelon, Sensorsweep, ElHef, Larrywyse, Oakey Zass, SAN Ragnaros, Magdasari, Ordessa, Happy Attack Dog,
WikiOriginal-9, Biblioworm, E'Sherido, Marygrrrl, Zppix, Yountmy7, Rubbish computer, Batalopeatthebanterhole, Amccann421, KasparBot,
GaryW26081905, InterPersonalAutomaton, Dungheap Dan the mushroom man, 9millimeter, Kusharoosh, Chypre71 and Anonymous: 464
• Fritz Haarmann Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haarmann?oldid=713234058 Contributors: Eloquence, Bryan Derksen, Koyaa-
nis Qatsi, GCarty, BRG, Conti, Mw66, Bjh21, WhisperToMe, SatyrTN, Foodman, Robbot, Meelar, Auric, DocWatson42, Subsolar, BigHaz,
ALargeElk, Neilc, EliZZZa, Sam Hocevar, Picapica, D6, Gobnuts, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Bender235, Technomad, Spear-
head, Thanos6, Jumbuck, Philip Cross, Woohookitty, Pogue, WBardwin, BD2412, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Kh80, Olessi, FlaBot, Nivix, Fritz9000,
Str1977, Mbouldin, YurikBot, Chris Capoccia, CambridgeBayWeather, Marcus Cyron, MadMax, Irishguy, Nantko, Asarelah, Nlu, Flipjar-
gendy, BorgQueen, SmackBot, Jokl, Grazon, Arniep, Gilliam, Hmains, Chris the speller, G.dallorto, The Invisible Man, OrphanBot, Skribb,
Will Beback, YegerMeister, JanderVK, Geb11, Paweł ze Szczecina, E-Kartoffel, Blinder Seher~enwiki, Eastlaw, CmdrObot, Wooyi, Cydebot,
Treybien, Odie5533, Chris Henniker, JodyB, Biruitorul, Znkp, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, Connormah, Bakilas, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker,
Jmm6f488, Sam195, Aviad2001, Eivindgh, Plasticup, MisterBee1966, Angus, Swatopluk~enwiki, WWGB, ACSE, Sam Blacketer, Rageman-
choo, Melsaran, Entirelybs, Iahklu, Cyfal, Brand35, EoGuy, AlphaHero21, Alexbot, Asmaybe, Lantzy, Arjayay, Cmr08, Good Olfactory, Ad-
dbot, Blaylockjam10, Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog, Lightbot, Yobot, BlueSalo, Momoricks, Raven1977, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Sir-
iusv, Kieronoldham, Omnipaedista, Americus55, Citation bot 1, Orenburg1, Againstentropie, Matthias Blazek, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, John
of Reading, GoingBatty, Naushi, Speedmaeuschen, Western John, ClueBot NG, Danny41294, Diomedes78, BG19bot, Harizotoh9, YFdyh-bot,
Bigfaceassley, Mogism, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, 1angryscot, OccultZone, WikiOriginal-9, StevieB5175, BarrackOswagga, KasparBot,
Claire4high5 and Anonymous: 123
• Futoshi Matsunaga Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futoshi_Matsunaga?oldid=706236029 Contributors: Ed Poor, Jpatokal, Sanxiyn,
Gobeirne, Everyking, Pmj, Rjwilmsi, Iruka~enwiki, ExRat, Timtak, Closedmouth, Neier, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Andy M. Wang, Chris
328 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

the speller, Iflwlou, Ben Jos, JHunterJ, InedibleHulk, Iridescent, Nekohakase, Cydebot, Treybien, Waacstats, Yym1997, ACSE, Boneyard90,
Alexbot, Good Olfactory, Grammarpro, Addbot, Despayre, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Gilo1969, Full-date unlinking bot, EmausBot, Bal-
dugaras, H3llBot, Tijfo098, Md.altaf.rahman, Helpful Pixie Bot, M.Sokolow, TheHappiestCritic, Minsbot, Whodoneit22, MeanMotherJr, Cy-
berbot II, New questions, Darkbluekoala, Jackson Gumprecht, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, Mandarks and Anonymous: 17
• Harrison Graham Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Graham?oldid=713351521 Contributors: Racklever, Postcard Cathy, Zep-
poShemp and Anonymous: 1
• Hermann Duft and Hans Wilhelm Bassenauer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Duft_and_Hans_Wilhelm_Bassenauer?
oldid=714570668 Contributors: JackofOz, The Gnome, Hugo999, Good Olfactory, E.stegentritt, Yobot, Cnwilliams, Hmainsbot1, The Vin-
tage Feminist, WikiOriginal-9 and Allyson Legg
• Irina Gaidamachuk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Gaidamachuk?oldid=673429730 Contributors: Andrewman327, Bgwhite,
Addbot, Rubinbot, Nonexyst, Fixer88, Гомицидолог, Meltdown627, The Vintage Feminist, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Rosario Berganza,
WikiOriginal-9 and Anonymous: 5
• Jane Toppan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Toppan?oldid=714555940 Contributors: Dimadick, UtherSRG, Varlaam, Gscshoyru,
Rich Farmbrough, Sahasrahla, Hajenso, DreamGuy, Rjwilmsi, TeaDrinker, THB, T. Anthony, Garion96, SmackBot, Victrix, Kintetsubuffalo,
IstvanWolf, JGarrick, Hmains, Oscarthecat, PDD, Fuzzform, Nakon, Michael Snyder, Twas Now, Namiba, Cydebot, Treybien, Synergy, Diar-
mada, Nick Number, Atticus2020, Tjmayerinsf, DagosNavy, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, FisherQueen, Kronnang Dunn, Kiore, HOT L Baltimore,
Jmm6f488, AVX, Titus Yorick, Broadbot, ScienceKnowledge, Malick78, Flyer22 Reborn, ClueBot, Shir-El too, Ktr101, Nobody of Conse-
quence, DumZiBoT, Jkmagaw, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Reenem, Viking59, AnomieBOT, Mike Hayes,
MikeWattHCP, Alexlange, FrescoBot, Зейнал, Americus55, TT983, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Cdpink11, Donner60, ClueBot NG, TheAu-
tomaton, Koningb7, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ayleslana, CitationCleanerBot, ProudIrishAspie, TBrandley, David.moreno72, Cyberbot II, VIAFbot,
Skatoulaki, Helloerica, Tracy Wonka, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, Thomas Hendrickson, Fatzjr and Anonymous: 51
• Janie Lou Gibbs Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Lou_Gibbs?oldid=706944386 Contributors: Dimadick, Bearcat, Marklemagne,
Rjwilmsi, Koavf, SmackBot, Scwlong, Kittybrewster, Michael Snyder, Cydebot, Treybien, Khatru2, LarryQ, Edwardx, MarshBot, RobotG,
VoABot II, Waacstats, BlueLotusLK, Wikimandia, GrahamHardy, Hugo999, JediRogue, Lightmouse, Altzinn, ImageRemovalBot, Pigeonfuzz,
Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, TheTruth3, Зейнал, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven,
Luvcamo7, Newyork1501, Lonesome rhodes, ChrisGualtieri, Hmainsbot1, Arildnordby, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 21
• Jeanne Weber Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Weber?oldid=706938984 Contributors: Aude, Gene Nygaard, Rjwilmsi, Lockley,
RussBot, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Bluebot, LeoNomis, Michael Snyder, Muzilon, Cydebot, Treybien, Timchik, Tec15, Ed-
wardx, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, Tiyoringo, STBotD, UnicornTapestry, Drmies, Troete, Good Olfactory, Segrel, Addbot, Jeanne boleyn,
Taketa, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Zakke, Cantons-de-l'Est, Jun Nijo, Thinking of England, RjwilmsiBot, We hope, ClueBot NG, ProudIrishAspie,
The Vintage Feminist, ChrisCalvertUS, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, WikiOriginal-9, K1619253815, KasparBot and Anonymous: 14
• Joseph Christopher Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Christopher?oldid=717147966 Contributors: Rjwilmsi, Malcolma,
Rms125a@hotmail.com, Sokolesq, SMasters, Cydebot, Epbr123, Vitamint10, TheBoyWonder248, DuncanHill, Waacstats, Cozinsky, Avoided,
Good Olfactory, Addbot, Yobot, Rubin16, AnomieBOT, Erik9bot, Зейнал, Cannolis, Lilyj13, Bossanoven, Zubrowka74, ClueBot NG, Runner4,
BattyBot, Hlmni, Christoskdimou, The Vintage Feminist, Kevin12xd, Scriptkilla, Vycl1994, Jim Carter, WikiOriginal-9, Pishcal, Angelux1488,
Downwiththesyndrome and Anonymous: 16
• José Luis Calva Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Calva?oldid=712795592 Contributors: Beowabbit, Toytoy, Gargaj,
Rjwilmsi, Damac, Closedmouth, BorgQueen, Garion96, SmackBot, Konczewski, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Lancini87, Treybien, Tec15, Lugnuts,
Squishy Vic, Yellowdesk, Aille, Waacstats, Lorraine LeBeau, MetsBot, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, ACSE, Gothbag, SieBot, ClueBot, Alderre,
Paladin R.T., Writerjlb, DumZiBoT, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, H3llBot, ClueBot NG,
Dutchldy, The Vintage Feminist, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 19
• José Miculax Bux Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miculax_Bux?oldid=690044196 Contributors: TutterMouse, BG19bot,
WikiOriginal-9 and Anonymous: 2
• Juan Corona Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Corona?oldid=711867354 Contributors: GCarty, Carlossuarez46, FredR, Sfjpk30,
D6, Grenavitar, RyanGerbil10, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Macaddct1984, Wayward, BD2412, Phoenix-forgotten, Rjwilmsi, MZMcBride,
FlaBot, Ground Zero, Redwolf24, Phatcat68, Muchness, Bobak, Rockero, X3210, Tim1965, D Monack, SmackBot, Anastrophe, Kintetsub-
uffalo, Gilliam, Schwagmyre, JonHarder, Rrburke, Badbilltucker, Will Beback, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Vanished188, Doczilla, Lancini87,
Caiaffa, Jetman, CapitalR, GiantSnowman, ShelfSkewed, Treybien, Satori Son, Mattisse, GentlemanGhost, Barek, Wildhartlivie, Seanette,
VoABot II, Waacstats, Allstarecho, Jmm6f488, Jesant13, George415, Paris1127, WWGB, Iamaelephant, Fastplanet, Ponyo, Meltonkt, King-
bird1, Aspects, Sfan00 IMG, AperfectHell, ClueBot, Longhornem, Nobaddude, Alrokrrr, Doc9871, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Some jerk on the
Internet, Download, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Yobot, DoctorJoeE, GennadyL, LilHelpa, StewartNetAddict, Belasted, SassoBot, Shadowjams, The
Truth Avenger, Americus55, Chenopodiaceous, Fixer88, RjwilmsiBot, Ripchip Bot, VernoWhitney, Dee Fraser, ZéroBot, Lateg, ClueBot NG,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Indianprincess2012, Loveslibraries, Comfr, Khazar2, The Vintage Feminist, WikiOriginal-9, Oluwa2Chainz and Anonymous:
69
• Juana Barraza Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Barraza?oldid=707610301 Contributors: Mikedash, Ukexpat, Rich Farmbrough,
TheProject, Vizcarra, Pauli133, Woohookitty, Kbdank71, Jivecat, Rune.welsh, Abögarp, ExRat, ONEder Boy, Howcheng, Asarelah, Crisco
1492, Andyluciano~enwiki, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Jeff5102, Monacat, Radagast83, Joseph Solis in Australia, Wjejskenewr, Treybien,
JamesAM, Prolog, RobJ1981, Alphachimpbot, David Shankbone, VoABot II, Waacstats, S3000, R'n'B, Jackjackjackjackjack, Jmm6f488,
Paris1127, Dashiellx, Nikki311, WereSpielChequers, GaryColemanFan, ClueBot, Dpmuk, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet,
Scott MacDonald, Yobot, Gongshow, AnomieBOT, Aloist, Lionelt, Telepatty900, Jhfortier, HHH Pedrigree, MastiBot, Fixer88, Full-date un-
linking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Germán E. Macías, Countess of Landsfield, AdryJM, Hello one, Susanisima, Sahnsey, Thisbites, Michaelt13, BattyBot,
Cyberbot II, Khazar2, The Vintage Feminist, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, PortugeeStud82 and Anonymous: 46
• Junko Ogata Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Ogata?oldid=706234760 Contributors: Grafen, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Trey-
bien, Waacstats, Yym1997, ACSE, ClueBot, Good Olfactory, Snapesgirl34, Grammarpro, John Doe 1346, Firenelson36, Full-date unlinking
bot, RjwilmsiBot, Md.altaf.rahman, The Vintage Feminist and Anonymous: 2
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 329

• Karl Denke Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Denke?oldid=710148593 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Ellywa, GCarty, DO'Neil,
Sca, Kevin Rector, Yorg, D6, Bender235, Dalf, Kelisi, Graham87, FlaBot, Gaius Cornelius, Apokryltaros, Mike Selinker, SmackBot, FloNight,
Andy M. Wang, Timbouctou, Colonies Chris, Michael David, YegerMeister, Jetman, Cydebot, Don.Rumata~enwiki, Treybien, Tec15, PamD,
JamesAM, Donkeyhunter13, DagosNavy, Waacstats, Metal moe, Oshwah, ClueBot, Goethicus, GarryMann, AlphaHero21, Panyd, Millionsand-
billions, DumZiBoT, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Full-date unlinking bot, Matthias Blazek, RjwilmsiBot, Ebrambot, Donner60,
ElphiBot, Mdann52, The Vintage Feminist, Frosty, Jdylanparker, Dfrost1971, Thegamerguy720, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, WikiOriginal-
9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 41
• Kendall Francois Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Francois?oldid=717148978 Contributors: Auric, LindsayH, Nsaa, Alansohn,
Arthena, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, DoubleBlue, Tommyt, RussBot, Dahveed76, Cffrost, SmackBot, Gilliam, PrimeHunter, Racklever, RFD, Pough-
keepsieNative, Minna Sora no Shita, IronGargoyle, Noah Salzman, Doczilla, ZColeSmith, GiantSnowman, JForget, CmdrObot, Nczempin, Cy-
debot, Treybien, Chasingsol, Alaibot, Jmg38, Folantin, Kathovo, Mentifisto, Connormah, VoABot II, Waacstats, Cander0000, Anaxial, R'n'B,
SoCalSuperEagle, GrahamHardy, Nhfd147, Jigawattica, Room429, Atypicaloracle, Joseph A. Spadaro, Enviroboy, Instantsunshine, Aspects,
ClueBot, Vivio Testarossa, Thingg, Xasnrkz, DumZiBoT, Jlcoving, Good Olfactory, Proofreader77, Guoguo12, Grubel, Temptedbyevil, Tide
rolls, Lightbot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Fraggle81, QueenCake, Tempodivalse, Materialscientist, StewartNetAddict, Ched, Inferno, Lord of Pen-
guins, Logitech13, Erik9, Serols, Thisisnotawall, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Jim Michael, AvicBot, Surajt88, Damir-
graffiti, HandsomeFella, Cgt, Est.r, ClueBot NG, Feedintm, Jorgenev, Imperial Orion, Bob305, Mdy66, ZeFlyingOatmeal, RockNWrite82,
Mophista, Webclient101, The Vintage Feminist, Greengrilly, Wywin, Epicgenius, ArmbrustBot, Savvyjack23, WikiOriginal-9, YoralRoyal,
Kristynbull, KasparBot, Downwiththesyndrome, CAPTAIN RAJU and Anonymous: 127
• Kenneth Bianchi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Bianchi?oldid=712613880 Contributors: Jdlh, GCarty, Robertkeller, Finlay
McWalter, Dimadick, Hadal, Tonusperegrinus, Everyking, Gamaliel, Mboverload, DragonflySixtyseven, Anirvan, D6, Dcfleck, Aranel, Canis-
Rufus, Shanes, Spearhead, Tritium6, Jguk, Alai, MamaGeek, OCNative, Stefanomione, Graham87, Kbdank71, Mayumashu, FlaBot, Phatcat68,
Rs09985, Red Slash, Jaxl, Irishguy, JPMcGrath, Caerwine, SmackBot, FloNight, SavvyCat, ReeseM, Mwelch, YegerMeister, Penguinonice4,
Ben Jos, Publicus, Nehrams2020, Clarityfiend, Njm05, Daniel5127, LessHeard vanU, Kerimparrot, Cydebot, Treybien, Mojo Hand, RobotG,
Wildhartlivie, Jdlankin, Nyttend, Saber12, Jmm6f488, MartinSFSA, Aboutmovies, Donmike10, WWGB, Hugo999, Martinevans123, Crohnie,
Hiro Suri, Aspects, Lightmouse, Joshii, Wahrmund, RhiannonSMC, ImageRemovalBot, All Hallow's Wraith, Sonic Craze, LeatherEngine,
Werdnawerdna, Doc9871, Good Olfactory, EEng, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Speedpro84, Roaring Siren, Pugilist DK, Tobit2, GC8124~enwiki, Tide
rolls, Marksdaman, Yobot, DoctorJoeE, Materialscientist, Kieronoldham, Foreverprovence, Thehelpfulbot, Paisiello2, RedBot, Full-date unlink-
ing bot, Ian Dury, Ripchip Bot, Bossanoven, Bongoramsey, Cheri Farnsworth, Donner60, Gary Dee, ClueBot NG, Pattycakeslynn, BG19bot,
Johnny Squeaky, ProudIrishAspie, Amwhitesell, AllbinoAl, Mauro.petrolo, Xajjia, Laurenthian, WikiOriginal-9, Delilah Grams, KasparBot,
Jframda and Anonymous: 100
• Kristen Gilbert Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Gilbert?oldid=707824159 Contributors: GCarty, Jay, WhisperToMe,
0x0077BE, Utcursch, Quadell, EliZZZa, Joyous!, D6, Ricky81682, Gene Nygaard, Alai, Torqueing, Who, TexasAndroid, RussBot, ExRat,
Inhighspeed, RattBoy, Asarelah, Nlu, Carabinieri, NielsenGW, Marco Passarani, Rathfelder, Olounou, SmackBot, Mdd4696, Kintetsubuffalo,
Hmains, Derek R Bullamore, Iridescent, Jetman, Twas Now, Njm05, J Milburn, W guice, Cydebot, Treybien, Kayobee, Knifeboy3, Fear-
boy3, Chicagoboy3, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, TexasBear, CommonsDelinker, BlueLotusLK, Jmm6f488, Skier Dude, Squids and Chips, Gra-
hamHardy, TXiKiBoT, Bleaney, Malick78, Tfolkman, Struway, JediRogue, Michellegray, Snickerduudle, Shaliya waya, Excirial, Brianb824,
Avoided, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Djc5486, Lightbot, Moproducer, Yobot, JFrancis-American, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Tkotc, Hush-
puckena, FrescoBot, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, ClueBot NG, Peter James, Wdchk, Snotbot, MrBill3, Glacialfox, EricEnfermero, BattyBot,
VIAFbot, Majmunčina, Joelosei, WikiOriginal-9, Turit7, Kev8927, KasparBot and Anonymous: 38
• Lainz Angels of Death Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainz_Angels_of_Death?oldid=691298468 Contributors: JackofOz, Ruperts-
lander, Dagonet, Orlady, A2Kafir, Cecil, Computerjoe, Tabletop, Rjwilmsi, Deodar~enwiki, Rathfelder, Aelfthrytha, Hmains, Ultraexactzz,
Michael Snyder, Cydebot, Treybien, Epbr123, Ironass, Fayenatic london, P64, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, Ben MacDui, Shoessss, Malick78,
Dpmuk, Drmies, Shaliya waya, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Grubel, Lightbot, Pistachio disguisey, Ivanab80, SerialKillerWiki, 11 Arlington,
Adam3mars, RonaldPlate, EricEnfermero, Dereistic, The Vintage Feminist, Liz, WikiOriginal-9 and Anonymous: 9
• Larry Eyler Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Eyler?oldid=716311867 Contributors: Bearcat, Zenohockey, Wavelength, SluggoOne,
Rsrikanth05, Rlevse, GiantSnowman, Cydebot, Waacstats, Paris1127, Varnent, Hellno2, VolkovBot, HughD, MenoBot, Parkwells, Good Olfac-
tory, Addbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, DSisyphBot, Kieronoldham, Lionelt, FrescoBot, Wifione, Gourami Watcher, TheGreatUnsolved, Vrenator,
RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Mahensingha, The Vintage Feminist, Peadar Ó Croidheáin, VIAFbot, Kennethaw88, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9,
Bali88, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 9
• Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bittaker_and_Roy_Norris?oldid=717354606 Contribu-
tors: Bearcat, Davidcannon, David Gerard, Pretzelpaws, Rich Farmbrough, Mduvekot, Rjwilmsi, Nihiltres, Who, ExRat, Asarelah, NorVegan,
SmackBot, Herostratus, Ck4829, Ohnoitsjamie, Chris the speller, French user, YegerMeister, Doczilla, BranStark, Ithakiboy, GiantSnowman,
Njm05, Khallster, Eastlaw, Bahati, Wafulz, Cydebot, Treybien, MER-C, TTerri, The Timid Crusader, Waacstats, R'n'B, Jonay81687, Dashiellx,
Vkt183, Satani, Rockandrolldeath, Joseph A. Spadaro, Alcmaeonid, Logan, TJRC, SpellingGuru, Drmies, Ryleth777, OfficeBoy, Peachypoh,
Good Olfactory, Addbot, Jburnum, LaaknorBot, Grubel, SpBot, Getmoreatp, Jaydec, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot, Ulric1313, Kieronoldham,
J04n, MephYazata, Grammarspellchecker, Full-date unlinking bot, Orenburg1, Nickyus, Yappy2bhere, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, John of Read-
ing, Absurdist1968, JoeSperrazza, Polisher of Cobwebs, Whoop whoop pull up, Helpful Pixie Bot, AOCJedi, BG19bot, Girflet, PhnomPencil,
ProudIrishAspie, Lariston, Mogism, MeFleury, Valetude, Marenost, 7Sidz, Ethically Yours, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Bali88, Monkbot,
Augbog, Soyrizo619, Funkyshooter, WikiOriginal-9, EoRdE6, KasparBot, WhyWon'tSheHaveIntercourseWithMe, A window cleaner me and
Anonymous: 111
• Leonard Fraser Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Fraser?oldid=710087132 Contributors: Camerong, JackofOz, Neko-chan,
Szyslak, Longhair, Canadian Paul, Wavelength, RussBot, NawlinWiki, Duran, Garion96, SmackBot, Haverpopper, Weatherman90, Down-
wards, Mgiganteus1, Nick37, Dl2000, Paukrus, Namiba, LessHeard vanU, Cydebot, Grahamec, Lugnuts, Ksbrown, Biruitorul, Smjc, Mcoop06,
Shelbypark, Format, AtticusX, Ksanyi, BlueLotusLK, Salih, WWGB, AnnGlX, AlleborgoBot, John Nevard, Muro Bot, RogDel, Good Olfac-
tory, Bridgetfox, Addbot, DOI bot, Tide rolls, Yobot, Momoricks, Citation bot, Full-date unlinking bot, Joe La Truite, RjwilmsiBot, Wombat24,
H3llBot, Makecat, Radionactive, Helpful Pixie Bot, ChrisGualtieri, Melonkelon, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 29
330 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

• Leonarda Cianciulli Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonarda_Cianciulli?oldid=716488300 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel, Di-


madick, Jason Quinn, RTucker, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, TeaDrinker, Ahpook, Inhighspeed, Asarelah, Attilios, SmackBot, Hmains, Betacom-
mand, Socrates200X, DMacks, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Iridescent, Eastlaw, Drinibot, Neelix, Cydebot, Treybien, Mikenorton, DuncanHill,
Henning M, Appraiser, GQSmoos, Lucifero4, Oshwah, SteveStrummer, Monegasque, PipepBot, Lartoven, DarkSora21, DumZiBoT, MystBot,
Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Ulric1313, Tiller54, J04n, Nonexyst, EmausBot, Mz7, SunOfErat, Ὁ οἶστρος, ClueBot
NG, Rudi argento, MusikAnimal, Harizotoh9, MSUGRA, Karin Anker, Bigfaceassley, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, ‫حبروك‬, WikiOriginal-9,
KasparBot, StjJackson and Anonymous: 44
• Lizzie Halliday Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Halliday?oldid=688761405 Contributors: Roisterer, Daniel Case, Nikkimaria,
Dalliance, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Akld guy, AnomieBOT, Josve05a, BeowulfBrower, BabbaQ, Rtucker913, BlueMoonset, PrairieCat,
WikiOriginal-9, Belle and Anonymous: 6
• Lorenzo Gilyard Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Gilyard?oldid=710545230 Contributors: Woohookitty, Frankie1969, Who,
Hatch68, SmackBot, Xeryus, OrphanBot, Daviddaniel37, WilliamJE, Njm05, Cydebot, Treybien, Loyd415, Waacstats, Korn1128, Sarah-
preisinger, COBot, ImageRemovalBot, Adrianwn, Good Olfactory, Yobot, Ched, Yawaraey, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, AvicBot, BG19bot,
Davidiad, Cyberbot II, Appleforme831, Greengrilly, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, ArmbrustBot, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 9
• Lydia Sherman Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Sherman?oldid=704684327 Contributors: Superp, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Gob-
onobo, PamD, Sue Rangell, Yobot, Geraldo Perez, ProudIrishAspie, EricEnfermero, Sander.v.Ginkel, I am One of Many, WikiOriginal-9 and
Anonymous: 4
• Mack Ray Edwards Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Ray_Edwards?oldid=710728747 Contributors: Warmfuzzygrrl, RussBot,
ExRat, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Hmains, Chris the speller, HuskyBro, YegerMeister, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Cydebot, Treybien, Tec15,
Bluetooth954, Numero4, Jmm6f488, Raymondwinn, Gorgeous Ferns, Aspects, Fratrep, Niceguyedc, Alrokrrr, DumZiBoT, MystBot, Good
Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Maddie!, Stuckin2008, Tkotc, TheToch, Yawaraey, Bossanoven, Cyberbot II,
Joemcphilly1960, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Bali88, Jim Carter, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 12
• Magdalena Solís Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Sol%C3%ADs?oldid=714719249 Contributors: Icairns, Ucucha, Wave-
length, RussBot, Asarelah, SmackBot, Synergy, DagosNavy, Aille, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Paris1127, Damnal, Miniapolis, A21sauce, Good
Olfactory, Addbot, Grayfell, Tassedethe, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LittleWink, Molm., ClueBot NG, Armogamer13, Helpful Pixie Bot, Altaïr, Bat-
tyBot, Christoskdimou, Gamble2Win, EagerToddler39, Mogism, The Vintage Feminist, Ekips39, Brionygolden, Dogmatic dog, Ste11aeres,
Xabratin, TheWizardOfEditing, KasparBot and Anonymous: 15
• Manuel Delgado Villegas Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Delgado_Villegas?oldid=713226523 Contributors: EliZZZa, D6,
Kwamikagami, Dolfrog, Ecelan, Menah the Great, Chris the speller, Amadís, Adam.J.W.C., Asocall, EoGuy, Ahmed987147, DumZiBoT,
PL290, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Kman543210, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot, TaoistPhoenix, LilHelpa, Az88, Full-date unlinking bot, Joe La Tru-
ite, 777sms, Diannaa, MegaSloth, RjwilmsiBot, ZéroBot, Mogism, VIAFbot, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Hillbillyholiday, Lemnaminor, WikiOriginal-
9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 15
• Manuel Octavio Bermúdez Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Octavio_Berm%C3%BAdez?oldid=717151436 Contributors:
Wavelength, Waacstats, Yobot, John of Reading, Josvebot, Dreambeaver, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Andy12332199, WikiOriginal-9,
Downwiththesyndrome and Anonymous: 1
• Marc Dutroux Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Dutroux?oldid=713161476 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Eloquence, AntonioMartin,
Patrick, Dhum Dhum, Stephen C. Carlson, Ixfd64, Delirium, Arwel Parry, Jpatokal, BRG, Schneelocke, Bemoeial, Viajero, Colin Marquardt,
Jason M, David.Monniaux, Aliekens, Factfinder, Astronautics~enwiki, Nilmerg, David Edgar, Puffy jacket, Kent Wang, Cyrius, MikeCapone,
Matthew Stannard, Exploding Boy, Sj, Nunh-huh, Jfdwolff, Beta m, Matt Crypto, Edcolins, Wildt~enwiki, Gunnar Larsson, Zerbey, Michael L.
Kaufman, J d noonan, D6, Ta bu shi da yu, Rich Farmbrough, Marxmax~enwiki, Spearhead, C1k3, Sietse Snel, Adambro, HasharBot~enwiki,
Hektor, Arthena, Philip Cross, Marklemagne, SidP, Areia, Fourthords, ProhibitOnions, Birdmessenger, Fdewaele, Flyingcheese, Dr Gangrene,
Angr, Bo, Joe Beaudoin Jr., Phlebas, RichardWeiss, Graham87, BD2412, Kbdank71, Angusmclellan, Isaac Rabinovitch, Cassowary, Allycat,
IIVQ, Chobot, Whosasking, The Rambling Man, DE, LaszloWalrus, ExRat, Hoborocks, Asarelah, FF2010, Evilbu, Fram, Shyam, Das44, Sailo-
rAlphaCentauri, SmackBot, John Lunney, Slashme, Ze miguel, Grandmaster, Bwithh, Eskimbot, Harald88, Sebesta, Robth, MaartenVidal,
OrphanBot, LucVerhelst, Avb, Kittybrewster, Grover cleveland, Makemi, Detruncate, Ryan Roos, BullRangifer, Quatloo, Skinnyweed, Son of
Yoda, Thibaultviaene~enwiki, Clicketyclack, Will Beback, Tazmaniacs, Breno, Sijo Ripa, Iridescent, Harry Stoteles, Lucy-marie, Njm05, Seide,
Dia^, CmdrObot, Banedon, Cydebot, Treybien, Travelbird, Chris Henniker, Tlatosmd, Gaijin42, Oreo Priest, AaronY, Julia Rossi, Richiez, Ma-
gioladitis, Saavik256, Ksanyi, Somearemoreequal, WLU, CommonsDelinker, JoDonHo, Paris1127, Lebob, WLRoss, VolkovBot, One Night In
Hackney, Toddy1, Magnet For Knowledge, Philip Trueman, Korporaal1, Fredrick day, Artsunlimited, Wiae, Dick Kimball, Eve Teschlemacher,
Truthanado, Dick Shane, LingoCensored, JabbaTheBot, Monegasque, Tryckfelsnisse, Techman224, Starflam2003, COBot, JohnSawyer, Tkreuz,
ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, ResearchEditor, Drmies, Malikbek, Mezigue, DragonBot, YellowOnline, Slowclap, DerBorg, Good Olfactory, Ad-
dbot, Yoenit, PetraSchelm, Eivindbot, Chamal N, AndersBot, ComtedeMonteCristo, Shadowsill, Lightbot, Sospeter, Jarble, Legobot, Luckas-
bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Kjell Knudde, Sunofnothing, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, Lionelt, FrescoBot, Mikeyboysan,
Girlwithgreeneyes, Americus55, Purpleturple, Ncocacola, Fixer88, Japanchildren, Noud Willemse, Angelicapple, Lotje, MegaSloth, Rjwilm-
siBot, Parklinklaters, Aircorn, Jim Michael, K6ka, We hope, ZéroBot, Kruppashark, SandorKrasna, L Kensington, Brigade Piron, BabbaQ,
ClueBot NG, Editør, Kim Traynor, Mtking, Flekkie, Aerach, Saere, Ballerboss, GUnited1818, Reyalbernique, Oleg-ch, BattyBot, Djinni74,
Jack Rabbit Slim's, Z105space, Pipton, DERPRI, Loose eel, SkateTier, WikiOriginal-9, Loldg123, Mrbean4200, KasparBot, InterPersonalAu-
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ing, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Andy12332199, WikiOriginal-9, Wamiondolf, Downwiththesyndrome and Anonymous: 1
• Mark Goudeau Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goudeau?oldid=708278083 Contributors: Catbar, D6, Rich Farmbrough,
Adambro, Jhfrontz, Lectonar, Echuck215, Titanium Dragon, BDD, Dismas, Nightscream, Manufracture, Albrozdude, TexasAndroid,
Bachrach44, BlackAndy, TommyC, Mordacil, SmackBot, Jonyyeh, Timotheus Canens, Hmains, Betacommand, Daysleeper47, Chris the speller,
Kevintsx, Sgt Pinback, OrphanBot, Rrburke, Alcuin, Adsllc, Doczilla, Cbreitel, Gnome (Bot), Az1568, Audiosmurf, FairuseBot, Njm05, Cy-
debot, Blackmissionary, Treybien, Jerryw wiki, Gimmetrow, Bseeingu, Skb8721, Kinglink, The Legendary Ranger, MetalGrand, Frattytown10,
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Bot, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Stephoswalk, Mild Bill Hiccup, PMDrive1061, AuthorAuthor, Elizium23, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Good Olfactory,
Kbdankbot, Blindsman, Download, Ccacsmss, Debresser, Najhoant, Yobot, Shannahogan, AnomieBOT, Albatross48, DrFausty, Tkotc, Bvsdc,
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Δ, Ramesh Ramaiah, FreedomAttorney, BearMan998, Appleforme831, Greengrilly, ArmbrustBot, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Bali88,
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Spiel, Waacstats, Iahklu, Good Olfactory, RRRRRYYYYYAAAAANNNNN, BG19bot, ArticlesForCreationBot, Graphium, Techatology, Ash
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guy, Quercusrobur, Paul A, Arwel Parry, Andrewa, Kwekubo, John K, Richard Avery, WhisperToMe, Morwen, Kenatipo, Dimadick, Wereon,
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EliZZZa, Tothebarricades.tk, SimonLyall, Curtsurly, Ukexpat, Kevin Rector, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, FT2, Bender235, Jgrosch,
Nabla, Aecis, Cherry blossom tree, C1k3, Causa sui, Smalljim, Hooverbag, DCEdwards1966, Richard Harvey, Calton, SlimVirgin, Bat-
manand, SidP, Dave.Dunford, Akuchling, Daveydweeb, ScottDavis, PatGallacher, Eolsson, BillC, Hailey C. Shannon, RichardWeiss, Graham87,
Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Amire80, Captain Disdain, Johnrpenner, Oliver Chettle, Doc glasgow, Elmer Clark, Axver, Vilcxjo, ViriiK, David H Braun
(1964), Physchim62, Sharkface217, Jared Preston, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, Jpfagerback, The Rambling Man, Equal, Icarus3, Grubber, Guy Hatton,
Reynolmd, Czyrko, ExRat, Dureo, Seegoon, Retired username, BOT-Superzerocool, Haemo, Shakehandsman, Nikkimaria, Tevildo, Bobble2,
Mais oui!, Amberrock, AndrewWTaylor, SmackBot, TomGreen, Kellen, Hux, Djheart, Asa01, Kilo-Lima, AndreasJS, Anastrophe, Zonder,
Eaglizard, Brossow, Kintetsubuffalo, ComaDivine, HeartofaDog, Marktreut, Gilliam, Portillo, Alivealiveoh, Alligators1974, Basalisk, Wildsoda,
Chancemichaels, Modest Genius, Sgt Pinback, Lenin and McCarthy, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Onorem, Benjamin Mako Hill, Bentley Ba-
nana, Ianmacm, AlexWilkes, Neo-Anubis, Parrot of Doom, Luke C, Rockpocket, Ceoil, Ohconfucius, Jimmy87~enwiki, BrownHairedGirl, John,
General Ization, CPMcE, James.S, Lisapollison, Spiel, Dr Greg, Jaiwills, Slakr, Burynew, Mr Stephen, Jhamez84, Midnightblueowl, Jkaharper,
Johnrxx99, Iridescent, Roadhockey, StuHarris, LeyteWolfer, Roydosan, DafadGoch, Courcelles, J Milburn, ScumMania1979, CmdrObot, Alex
Shih, Ruslik0, Roaming27, WeggeBot, Tex, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, Jackyd101, Slp1, Treybien, Travelbird, Coolguy22468, Skittleys, Robertlon-
don, DumbBOT, Taschenrechner~enwiki, Leather Tuscadero, Viridae, Garik, Numen, Malleus Fatuorum, Figureground, Albicus, Afitillidie13,
Mdb1370, Christopherjfoster, JustAGal, Davidhorman, Cinemaniac86, DuchessofNewTown, Lunamaria, Blathnaid, The Legendary Ranger,
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II, Think outside the box, Nyttend, Froid, Catgut, Theroadislong, Torchiest, Japo, Yukonruby, Claretohere, Dreammaker, Crawslpace, Nehwyn,
Rettetast, Keith D, Jonathan Hall, LittleOldMe old, J.delanoy, Nev1, Nathan-82, DrKay, Marlinspike, Arrivisto, Interplanet Janet, Neon white,
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Blacketer, One Night In Hackney, The Duke of Waltham, Bennyooc, Alfietucker, Dom Kaos, Grrrlatrix, Martinevans123, TXiKiBoT, Gimme-
Bot, Imasleepviking, Cosmo7, Joseph A. Spadaro, Falcon8765, Drutt, Ceranthor, EmxBot, AndyHuston, Hmwith, Perifex, Wjl2, Tobermory6,
Graham Beards, Malcolmxl5, Goose-62, Mialynneb, Srushe, PolarBot, Oxymoron83, Csloomis, Thirdeyeopen33, Albireo223, Ealdgyth, Joshii,
Moletrouser, IdreamofJeanie, StaticGull, Mtaylor848, Dabomb87, Florentyna, Jza84, Escape Orbit, AdrianRO, ImageRemovalBot, Delighted
eyes, ClueBot, Stephoswalk, Dobermanji, ArdClose, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Uncle Milty, Richerman, Parkwells, ErichWeber, Boneyard90,
Misterwik7, Hello Control, Abrech, Lartoven, Slagface, CowboySpartan, QASIMARA, VoterBoy, Thingg, Buzz1963, Londonclanger, Bri-
dies, XLinkBot, Dthomsen8, WikHead, Good Olfactory, Ariane5, Brilliantine, Addbot, Fredd the Redd, Movingboxes, Livededge23, Proxima
Centauri, LaaknorBot, Frank Longford, NailPuppy, Glane23, Rafwuk, Sky83, Scrivener-uki, Digby scallops, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
JJARichardson, Robber Red, Greg Holden 08, Magog the Ogre, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Francodamned, Williamb4, Jim1138, By Skill
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Kieronoldham, Tiller54, NocturneNoir, Sir Stanley, Harmonybunny114, MilfordBoy991, Abolibibelot, Bad bad bad Steve Wright, Eisfbnore,
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nal, KaleidoWaterMachine, Tbhotch, Andrea105, RjwilmsiBot, Sbrianhicks, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, Faceless Enemy, Mcdermg, Minimac's
Clone, Prenigmamann, Finn Bjørklid, Slightsmile, Jim Michael, HarDNox, AsceticRose, Everything Else Is Taken, Sagaciousphil, Ὁ οἶστρος,
Medeis, David J Johnson, Demiurge1000, Cymbelmineer, JingleJim, Ihardlythinkso, Fifty3, Brad78, Ed Dadoo, BabbaQ, Teapeat, ClueBot NG,
-sche, Primergrey, HazelAB, Kim Traynor, Widr, Jrobin08, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Novusuna, AOCJedi, Spongebob987, Moonhippy3,
Ferma, And Adoil Descended, Ymblanter, CityOfSilver, Mmp1888, OldSquiffyBat, Daviesbr, Harizotoh9, ProudIrishAspie, Verbcatcher, Batty-
Bot, JoshuSasori, Cyberbot II, Rednix20, Dexbot, MilfordBoy1991, Mogism, Will Sandberg, C1793Sc006y, Coyle98, MasterPauly, Z105space,
ScouseScholar, Drdaffmeister, Pincrete, Altered Walter, Epicgenius, Nonsenseferret, Jameslovesavril, Sighola, Eric Corbett, Valetude, Mralan-
titchmarsh, Kbabej, Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi, Chey editor, DR BAIN, Fish storm, Yogurtmuller, UglowT, The CorrecterInWigan, Cielo-
drive100, TeaLover1996, Kethrus, Youtryandyoutry, AusLondonder, Tomaswilson15, Nashers00, CodeRed2, Chemoconnor3 and Anonymous:
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Dimadick, Naddy, Michael Devore, Falcon Kirtaran, Curtsurly, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Marklemagne, Rjwilmsi, Nihiltres, MosheZadka,
TexasAndroid, Thane, MadMax, ExRat, ONEder Boy, Asarelah, Nlu, Zachary K Brown, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Badbilltucker, Brown-
HairedGirl, Doczilla, Babymarine69, Cydebot, MC10, Knifeboy3, Thijs!bot, Wildhartlivie, Penubag, Waacstats, Hgdanico, Padillah, Com-
monsDelinker, Jmm6f488, Tom Carey, WWGB, TXiKiBoT, Zidonuke, ChÿnaDragön, AlleborgoBot, Matthew Yeager, Monegasque, As-
pects, Fratrep, ClueBot, Boing! said Zebedee, AuthorAuthor, Draggleduck, Rvn1966, Teraldthecat, Redrocketboy, DumZiBoT, Skunkboy74,
XLinkBot, Jovianeye, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Willondon, Gail, Yobot, Gongshow, Synchronism, Momoricks, Piano non troppo, Ma-
terialscientist, Tkotc, Hushpuckena, Americus55, SpaceFlight89, TheStrayCat, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, VernoWhitney, EmausBot, Dcirovic,
Slimepot636, ClueBot NG, Widr, Abbyb123, Jakebarrington, Insignificant Revisions, VIAFbot, Vycl1994, ColRad85, American Starkiller,
WikiOriginal-9, Aeneasaquinas, KasparBot, Downwiththesyndrome, Sscrowe246, Marine1971, Joyyapril78 and Anonymous: 98
• Paul Durousseau Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Durousseau?oldid=714752719 Contributors: Woohookitty, FlaBot, SmackBot,
332 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

Chris the speller, Njm05, Cydebot, Otto4711, Skomorokh, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Numero4, Zmartguy10136, Moonriddengirl, Mgreason,
Pointillist, Millionsandbillions, Karppinen, Good Olfactory, Addbot, CactusWriter, Yobot, Tkotc, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Ostrap-
erlera~enwiki, Bossanoven, AvicBot, Aarp65, ClueBot NG, Bstephens393, Cerabot~enwiki, Appleforme831, The Vintage Feminist, Greengrilly,
ArmbrustBot, Sandrola123, Bali88, WikiOriginal-9, Martha Careful, A big shitbag and Anonymous: 15
• Peter Dupas Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dupas?oldid=709238468 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Seth ze, Academic Challenger,
JackofOz, Antandrus, PDH, D6, Bender235, Bobo192, Longhair, Smalljim, Alansohn, Arthena, Plange, Peter McGinley, Rjwilmsi, TheRingess,
Ligulem, Graibeard, Imnotminkus, Wavelength, Thallium, WAS 4.250, Garion96, Sarah, SmackBot, The Gnome, Xasf, Grusl, OrphanBot,
ReeseM, Whpq, MichaelBillington, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Cuddy Wifter, Breno, Dl2000, Tomwood0, Travyola, Planktonbot, Orderinchaos,
KattBon, Cydebot, Samuell, AniMate, Slp1, Treybien, Cedra, Tawkerbot4, Epbr123, Mojo Hand, Bobblehead, Format, Darklilac, Yellowdesk,
JAnDbot, DuncanHill, Magioladitis, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, MartinBot, Jmm6f488, Andy5421, Belovedfreak, SBKT, WLRoss, Shaidar cuebi-
yar, Deconstructhis, Felix r felix, Lightmouse, ImageRemovalBot, Niceguyedc, Bugsplatter, Versus22, PK2, NellieBly, Good Olfactory, Addbot,
Ronhjones, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Gail, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Arjoccolenty, Momoricks, 1exec1, TooHuge, Materialscientist, Pinkmiff, J04n,
FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Silent Billy, Diannaa, Terrip.t1, The Utahraptor, John of Reading, CTaylor1968, Kokoweaver, Manytexts, ClueBot NG,
MoondyneAWB, PhnomPencil, Cyberbot II, YoshiKong, Khazar2, Mogism, RotlinkBot, JaconaFrere, WikiOriginal-9, TheBlinkster, KasparBot
and Anonymous: 81
• Peterborough ditch murders Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_ditch_murders?oldid=709916717 Contributors: Paul Bar-
low, Philip Cross, TigerShark, PatGallacher, Tim!, Shakehandsman, Caballero1967, Ohconfucius, John, Robofish, WilliamJE, Khallster,
Cydebot, Lugnuts, Obiwankenobi, Nthep, Rothorpe, Martin451, Unknown Unknowns, Solar-Wind, DerBorg, Proxima Centauri, Taopman,
AnomieBOT, Keri, Jim Michael, Peterboroughet, LM2000, Baseball Watcher, MilfordBoy1991, Faizan, Epicgenius, DavidLeighEllis, Den-
droNaja, Liz, Ordessa, Equivocasmannus and Anonymous: 23
• Ray and Faye Copeland Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_and_Faye_Copeland?oldid=711663669 Contributors: The Anome,
Bearcat, Wjhonson, HangingCurve, Polarscribe, Rjwilmsi, GünniX, Chanlyn, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Ck4829, Jwillbur, Michael Snyder, Cm-
drObot, Cydebot, Treybien, Edwardx, Rothorpe, QuizzicalBee, Waacstats, Shannyn, BlueLotusLK, Squids and Chips, WOSlinker, BOTijo,
Monegasque, Aspects, Macy, The Thing That Should Not Be, Lonerdottiearebel, CowboySpartan, Hlamerz, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Ad-
dbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Pistachio disguisey, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Tkotc, Craig Pemberton, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot,
Bossanoven, Vwanweb, GoingBatty, Allan P Vance, ClueBot NG, Spatzdomino, AOCJedi, M3theatrix, ProudIrishAspie, ChrisGualtieri,
SD5bot, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, Dgiguere89, Comp.arch, Elaqueate, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, Busybusymom and Anonymous:
37
• Richard Biegenwald Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Biegenwald?oldid=713228448 Contributors: YUL89YYZ, Theshowme-
canuck, Alansohn, Canadian Paul, RichardWeiss, Korg, Tachs, SmackBot, Pwcollins, Egsan Bacon, Cydebot, Treybien, Breffni Whelan, Magi-
oladitis, Waacstats, Stusutcliffe, FANSTARbot, Halfabeet, GrahamHardy, WWGB, Puhleezman, Aspects, LarRan, Mild Bill Hiccup, PixelBot,
Tulsa90, Rror, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, The Interior, Tkotc, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven,
Meatwagon23, Retiredpd, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Bali88, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 31
• Richard Chase Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chase?oldid=715253286 Contributors: GCarty, Dimadick, Robbot, Altenmann,
Rorro, Auric, Alan Liefting, DocWatson42, Gtrmp, Ryguillian, Ilikeverin, Antandrus, Gscshoyru, Aramgutang, Kmccoy, D6, Discospinster,
Paul August, Bender235, ESkog, Cmdrjameson, Vanished user 19794758563875, Maxl, Sherurcij, Bbsrock, Uucp, Gene Nygaard, Kay Dekker,
Ormy, Logophile, KevinOKeeffe, Wayward, Stefanomione, Mistergrind, Stevey7788, FlaBot, Ud terrorist, Doc glasgow, Nihiltres, Nivix, Ne-
oFreak, Phatcat68, YurikBot, Tomkeene, RussBot, No Account, Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki, NickBush24, Welsh, Howcheng, Journalist,
24ip, Irishguy, Annulla, Charron, Htonl, Kyle Barbour, DeadEyeArrow, CLW, Deville, Bhumiya, Waterspyder, NickJones, Garion96, Viciarg,
Migcrown, Snottily, Jsnx, SmackBot, Brian1979, Indrema, CelticJobber, CRKingston, Od Mishehu, Cool3, Gilliam, Portillo, Hmains, Tytrain,
Rediahs, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Wine Guy, MichaelBillington, Shadow1, Weregerbil, MetalHeadBanger, Zombie Jeff, Fyver528, Will
Beback, YegerMeister, Timrod, Scientizzle, Ocee, Accurizer, Ben Jos, Slakr, MBob, Wysdom, Tawkerbot2, Daniel5127, Signinstranger, An-
dreas Willow, Charlam 00, Jkazoo, Chris83, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Hydraton31, DCAnderson, Treybien, Pinoy Pride, Gogo Dodo, Tec15,
Bwmcmaste, Mattisse, Thijs!bot, Marek69, John254, Afabbro, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, AAHoug, Jj137, HeyYouWithTheHair, LibLord,
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Dcooper1985, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow's Wraith, Jan1nad, DesertAngel, Niceguyedc, Excirial, Wmlschlotterer, Pumasg,
Butthead002, LeatherEngine, Katanada, DumZiBoT, Oskar71, XLinkBot, Roxy the dog, Jonxwood, Doc9871, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Sec
1971, Addbot, Cxz111, Mr0t1633, Tcncv, Rbbloom, Ronhjones, Download, Darkwishster, Cvetan20, Sepulwiki, Jasper Deng, Tide rolls, Light-
bot, Zorrobot, MuZemike, Luckas-bot, Yobot, DamoclesLives, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Danielbaer, DemocraticLuntz, Quispiam, Materialsci-
entist, Quebec99, GrouchoBot, ProtectionTaggingBot, FU.CK sh.it CU.NTs NA.ZI fags, Charamel, Grammarspellchecker, Monkeymanman,
Jeffrd10, Reach Out to the Truth, Minimac, Keegscee, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, ImaLefty, Bossanoven, Mukogodo, Alagos, Dewritech, Going-
Batty, Wikipelli, K6ka, Sundostund, L Kensington, Study serial killers, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, This lousy T-shirt, Joefromrandb, GuzzyG,
Hadabadday, Helpful Pixie Bot, Fraqtive42, Kastth, Mothdust79, ProudIrishAspie, Simonetylee, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Bobbyxxx, Do-
bie80, I call the big one bitey, Tsukikwon, Cerabot~enwiki, The Vintage Feminist, Lugia2453, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Dwilli3330, Ciospo, Ruby
Murray, UnderwaterMoose, OccultZone, DudeWithAFeud, Llama.ms, Maximillianpuzzle, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, KBH96, Wikiwakko123,
La prufrock, Sarahcatee, V3nom0us1234567 and Anonymous: 354
• Robert Berdella Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Berdella?oldid=716131244 Contributors: Kpjas, Mdebets, GCarty, Whisper-
ToMe, SatyrTN, Flauto Dolce, LLarson, Discospinster, Wolfman, Spearhead, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, GregorB, Rjwilmsi, RussBot,
Iicatsii, SmackBot, Raym0ndh0lmes, Sectryan, LorD, Auspx, Njm05, Americasroof, CmdrObot, W guice, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Trey-
bien, Tec15, Lugnuts, Thijs!bot, Serial sean, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, Bakilas, Waacstats, Tholly, Numero4, R'n'B, Jmm6f488, Cyanolin-
guophile, Paris1127, Dooms247, WWGB, Psouth100, Zingostar, Murderbike, MurderMetal, Broadbot, Tal Marak, Winchelsea, Monegasque,
SpellingGuru, Avnjay, Aspects, ImageRemovalBot, Binksternet, Geronimocrowe, DumZiBoT, Erroneuz1, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Download,
Blaylockjam10, Stinkyandthebrain, Lightbot, Krano, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Vague, Luminaether, Pipdubya, Kieronoldham, Tkotc, HRoestBot,
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 333

Tinizene, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, ZéroBot, Peadar237, Blackmane, ClueBot NG, Snowmaniiii, Helpful Pixie Bot, CrunchySkies, MDun-
can1960, Ilisxo, Mogism, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, Mike Mounier, Melonkelon, Tucson Brown, Vanished user ihjufhweu3, Monkbot,
WikiOriginal-9, Nonkje, Bob.us30691, Andrewbode, Shellrhodes, Fasteddy95, KasparBot and Anonymous: 91
• Robert Hansen Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hansen?oldid=717654091 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Naddy, Capitalistroad-
ster, Gzuckier, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Smalljim, Philip Cross, Katana, DreamGuy, SidP, NAshbery, Uucp, Grenavitar, Dis-
mas, Woohookitty, DePiep, Josh Parris, Ground Zero, Harmil, Bgwhite, Pleonic, Chensiyuan, Complainer, ExRat, Bobak, Bdmcmahon,
Rms125a@hotmail.com, GIR, GMan552, Jeff Silvers, SmackBot, Od Mishehu, Stifle, Eaglizard, Kintetsubuffalo, Timwarner, IstvanWolf,
Zozoulia, Ohnoitsjamie, Ephraim33, Chris the speller, Namangwari, Darth Panda, Oatmeal batman, GoodDay, H Bruthzoo, Yaf, ReeseM,
Ppilot737, Downwards, Surrealchereal, Rustypup49, Lisasmall, Runcorn, Mitchumch, BrownHairedGirl, Fuzzy510, AEMoreira042281, Keith-
264, Richard75, Michaelh2001, Rwflammang, Cydebot, Treybien, Michael C Price, Akcarver, Chris Henniker, Lo2u, Kingstowngalway, Pstan-
ton, Weathermandan, Sam Lowry, Coulraphobic123, Obiwankenobi, SkagitRiverQueen, Alphabet55, Rothorpe, RadioKAOS, Wildhartlivie,
Connormah, Erinfish, QuizzicalBee, Xb2u7Zjzc32, Waacstats, Froid, Catgut, Jessicapierce, FisherQueen, Panc1974, Akronym, Trusilver,
Jmm6f488, TomCat4680, Aia94, GrahamHardy, WWGB, Roaring phoenix, HughGRex, Paranoid600, Elsonlau, Holme053, Naysie, Crohnie,
Sean D Martin, Steven J. Anderson, Allislost6666, StillTrill, Joseph A. Spadaro, Entirelybs, Brianga, Quantpole, Dlfreem, Jack Merridew, Unreg-
istered.coward, Yintan, Aspects, Thirdeyeopen33, Denisarona, Sfan00 IMG, Beeblebrox, All Hallow's Wraith, Marshallbenton, Torqtorqtorq,
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cookie, DumZiBoT, AncientToaster, Spoonkymonkey, Good Olfactory, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Dk pdx, JoeConrad, Tassedethe, Jeanie5901,
Gizmo508, Lightbot, RentaCenta, Marksdaman, Yobot, Fraggle81, AnomieBOT, EHRice, Materialscientist, StewartNetAddict, MarkusBJoke,
Tkotc, Yohannesb, White whirlwind, Americus55, Gourami Watcher, Citation bot 1, Akasanof, Dutchmonkey9000, CovenantWord, Oren-
burg1, TheAnkopinko15, Andreldritch, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Troywhigham, VernoWhitney, Dee Fraser, GoingBatty, Jim Michael, Pisca-
tor47, Ὁ οἶστρος, RaqiwasSushi, BabbaQ, Mavenp, ClueBot NG, RifeIdeas, Flowerdoodle, Seasider7, Jamo58, Widr, Karl 334, Helpful Pixie
Bot, BG19bot, Sortfacts, Mark Arsten, Satelliteskin, Harizotoh9, Achowat, Gypsy18, Cyberbot II, XXX4ME, MaryLiz82, Myxomatosis57,
Mattfermi, Tow, IsraphelMac, Mogism, TDKR Chicago 101, VIAFbot, Lord Obvious, Noyster, Smyoung1, KarbuncleX1974, Godwin1996,
WikiOriginal-9, JJHk2000, Garrettwilliamgraff, Robertchristianhansen, YoralRoyal, AnTho-aR, Cpt Wise, Fbksdan, Ktaylorbond, Darkveil,
Matiia, Fireworks7, KasparBot, Zlcatc12, Admcdc, Abiswas25, Brettyount, Stardxm- and Anonymous: 177
• Ronald Dominique Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dominique?oldid=714770837 Contributors: Bearcat, D6, Larrybob, Dis-
cospinster, Rye1967, Geo Swan, Rjwilmsi, Bgwhite, Garion96, SmackBot, VerruckteDan, Jetman, Njm05, Rezin8, Cydebot, Treybien, Waac-
stats, Jmm6f488, Paris1127, Youngvariety, ImageRemovalBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Judo112,
Ulric1313, Tkotc, Lionelt, Clown cannibal, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, John of Reading, ClueBot NG, Cyberbot II, Spatms, Jackson Gumprecht,
JoanSwart, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot, Layna504 and Anonymous: 15
• Rosemary West Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_West?oldid=715517196 Contributors: Deb, William Avery, Zadcat, Paul
Barlow, Dominus, GCarty, Cabalamat, Shantavira, Dimadick, Bearcat, Wjhonson, Academic Challenger, Timrollpickering, Ddstretch, Explod-
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Fremsley, Jguk 2, A2Kafir, Philip Cross, Sade, Hattrem, Tony Sidaway, Ade myers, Woohookitty, JeremyA, SDC, Stefanomione, Richard-
Weiss, Ashmoo, BD2412, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Chrisjackson, John Maynard Friedman, Gwernol, TexasAndroid, Lusanaherandraton, MadMax,
ExRat, Gadget850, Asarelah, Haemo, Logan1138, Nezperci, Shakehandsman, Bobble2, NiTenIchiRyu, Tom Morris, SmackBot, YellowMon-
key, McGeddon, Well, girl, look at you!, Y control, Kilo-Lima, DWaterson, Jab843, LuciferMorgan, Brossow, Kintetsubuffalo, Cool3, Mike
hayes, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Frap, Snowbound, Ritchie333, AlexWilkes, Hogtied, Ohconfucius, BrownHairedGirl, JzG, John, Wtwil-
son3, Jaiwills, Therealhazel, BranStark, Iridescent, JoeBot, Saturday, GiantSnowman, Khallster, JeffJ, Porterjoh, Benbristol, Lost4eva, Penbat,
Mike 7, Cydebot, Treybien, Johngribben, Nuwewsco, Sem120, PlushHoney, Edwardx, AgentPeppermint, AntiVandalBot, Format, Widefox,
Yonmei, Nelliebellie, Dr. Blofeld, Fayenatic london, IslaySolomon, Alphachimpbot, DuncanHill, Rothorpe, Clearstream, QuizzicalBee, Gaz-
Man7, Theroadislong, Somearemoreequal, DerHexer, Philg88, CliffC, Arrivisto, Eliz81, Victuallers, Sockfc, Kevinasp, Hugo999, One Night In
Hackney, Magnet For Knowledge, DevAlt, BlueSte78, 2livepedro75, Olly150, Lradrama, LeaveSleaves, David in DC, Plutonium27, Cj1340, Jb-
murray, Yintan, Brian R Hunter, Hello71, Poindexter Propellerhead, Freedom76192m, Sitush, Tripod86, ImageRemovalBot, User59, Delighted
eyes, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, Liuzhou, Parkwells, Solar-Wind, Puchiko, Hairspray Qeen en, 7, BlueDevil,
DumZiBoT, Bridies, Werdnawerdna, Nightrider 83, PhoenixMourning, Tezza UK, Good Olfactory, CrackDragon, Nickwright5656, Addbot,
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AnomieBOT, Judo112, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Lolliapaulina51, Bihco, GazzaThaDude, Heslopian, Sir Stanley, MilfordBoy991, RG72,
Nietzsche 2, HaloHoney, Bethlewissmile, Tearful Regret, Jan Slimkop, Deanoy, Cannolis, JIK1975, WQUlrich, Jonesey95, Meaghan, Lines-
large, Keri, FatHanna, January, Canuckian89, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, DRAGON BOOSTER, John of Reading, Absurdist1968, Jim Michael, The
wee guy's blue hair, Choice words for Stacey, Doonstairs, Alpha Quadrant (alt), H3llBot, LM2000, ClueBot NG, LittleJerry, 123Hedgehog456,
Theopolisme, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Nirame, Andrew Gwilliam, Blackberry Sorbet, Karma842w, Tombo671, BattyBot, Cyberbot II,
GoShow, Decathlete, Dreamwiva, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, Graphium, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Abcmaxx, WikiOriginal-9, Thenextprez,
KasparBot, Paulwoods830, InterPersonalAutomaton, KSFT, Hermionedidallthework, Beeperpad, DanBCDanBC and Anonymous: 183
• Satarō Fukiage Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satar%C5%8D_Fukiage?oldid=706441024 Contributors: TakuyaMurata, Whisper-
ToMe, Klemen Kocjancic, Hijiri88, Rjwilmsi, Who, Pigman, Nlu, Delphii, Juhachi, Cydebot, Treybien, FisherQueen, ACSE, Fibo1123581321,
Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Grammarpro, Lightbot, WikiDreamer Bot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Materialscientist,
Xqbot, Zipotur, D'ohBot, Nonexyst, H3llBot, Md.altaf.rahman, KLBot2, Gabriel Yuji, Marcocapelle, Cyberbot II, MeNoLike123, OccultZone,
Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9 and Anonymous: 7
• Sean Vincent Gillis Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Vincent_Gillis?oldid=715226686 Contributors: Skatoolaki, Bgwhite, Wave-
length, Moe Epsilon, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Njm05, Cydebot, Paris1127, Wikimandia, ImageRemovalBot, Good
Olfactory, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Cavarrone, GorgeCustersSabre, Tkotc, FrescoBot, Bossanoven, Nima1024, Aarp65, Technopop.tattoo, Frietjes,
Crystal Linux, Griot-de, DjChain, Ajshaw77, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, WikiOriginal-9, Daddyman1962 and Anonymous: 23
• Süleyman Aktaş Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Akta%C5%9F?oldid=651606152 Contributors: CeeGee, Yobot,
Cyphoidbomb, Dreambeaver, WikiOriginal-9 and Anonymous: 1
334 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

• Theresa Knorr Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Knorr?oldid=717643684 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Wjhonson, David Ger-


ard, Jayjg, Rich Farmbrough, YUL89YYZ, Longhair, Smalljim, Njyoder, Gene Nygaard, Y0u, Hailey C. Shannon, Hbdragon88, Akira625,
RichardWeiss, Wavelength, Asarelah, Garion96, Theroachman, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Bonni, Nonky, Akendall, Iridescent, Twas Now,
LadyofShalott, Njm05, CBM, Harej bot, Wooyi, Cydebot, Chiyocide, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, The Legendary Ranger, Miltopia, Ajhmom,
Wildhartlivie, Warz65, DrKay, Paris1127, WLRoss, Smb2a, Happyleo123, Synthebot, Seedbot, Pinkadelica, ImageRemovalBot, Foxj, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Hafspajen, Trivialist, Lartoven, Millionsandbillions, Badmachine, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, OmegaXmutantX, Tide rolls,
Zorrobot, David0811, Marc87, Yobot, Feldkurat Katz, Arjoccolenty, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Materialscientist, Alexlange, Tkotc, Moxy,
Elemesh, FrescoBot, EarwigBot, RedBot, Reconsider the static, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Magsthecat, Dcirovic, Lithistman, We
hope, L Kensington, ClueBot NG, Widr, Chillllls, Sharpe31765, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, AvocatoBot, Cyberbot II, Mogism, VIAFbot,
Mike Mounier, Kesmenda, Rontaler, DR BAIN, Pinoy Pride 2013, Gronk Oz, KasparBot, Cyndygail and Anonymous: 96
• Thomas Dillon Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dillon?oldid=708187890 Contributors: Deb, Defrenrokorit, Ahoerstemeier,
Klemen Kocjancic, Rich Farmbrough, Xezbeth, Bender235, Jnestorius, TommyBoy, Marklemagne, Daniel Case, Rms125a@hotmail.com,
SmackBot, Hmains, Bluebot, VegaDark, Pontificake, Pseudo-Richard, CME46, Cydebot, MarshBot, Dsp13, Wildhartlivie, Balloonguy, Mets-
Bot, Adamdaley, Vkt183, Hellno2, Anyeverybody, RogDel, Good Olfactory, Purpleraiderfan, Lightbot, Yobot, DoctorJoeE, Materialscientist,
JimVC3, Tkotc, TL36, Stupidprep69, Masterknighted, Americus55, Plasticspork, RjwilmsiBot, AssociateAffiliate, Bossanoven, CMAH, Jim
Michael, Akerans, RaqiwasSushi, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, TacfuJecan, BG19bot, Jond122480, ProudIrishAspie, ChrisGualtieri, Mer-
cionelly, WikiOriginal-9, Daddyman1962, KasparBot, JewJewNo and Anonymous: 32
• Thomas Neill Cream Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Neill_Cream?oldid=716907836 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig,
Card~enwiki, GCarty, Charles Matthews, Francs2000, Dimadick, Bearcat, Delta G, Sam Hocevar, Ukexpat, Wrp103, Flapdragon, Cunning-
ham, Philip Cross, Robert Mercer, DreamGuy, Uucp, DavidReilly, Alvis, Woohookitty, Wayward, BD2412, Schmendrick, YurikBot, Alexmor-
gan, NawlinWiki, DarkFireTaker, Dmnapolitano, Nlu, Flexiblefine, SmackBot, McGeddon, Gilliam, Happywaffle, Wikipediatrix, JCFTaylor,
JFrawley032759, Snowbound, Doooook, Michael David, YegerMeister, BrownHairedGirl, JzG, Dl2000, Gegnome, Iridescent, Arnoldlayne,
Ewulp, Victoriagirl, Chicheley, Cydebot, Treybien, Nabokov, Malleus Fatuorum, Basilo, Dsp13, Bodragon, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, Van-
ish2, JamesBWatson, Sarahj2107, Waacstats, Talon Artaine, DrKay, Sugarbat, Aatomic1, Hugo999, Malick78, Revmagpie, K8tmoon, -The
Bold Guy-, The Thing That Should Not Be, Colonel111, Sifuentav, Todsrod, Berean Hunter, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Echoedmyron, Fluffer-
nutter, Tassedethe, Setwisohi, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Librsh, LilHelpa, Tuesdaily, JesseLeiman, MilfordBoy991, Ajpralston1, LuckyYou,
Groomtech, Pinethicket, Full-date unlinking bot, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, GoingBatty, Bt8257, David J Johnson, Hazard-Bot,
Bigcheese01, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Helpful Pixie Bot, Calabe1992, Cyberbot II, Arcandam, The Vintage Feminist, VI-
AFbot, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, MatthewPatrikeyev, Goblinshark17, Crystallizedcarbon, KasparBot, Natashawilliams123, Hollyford2
and Anonymous: 93
• Thor Nis Christiansen Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Nis_Christiansen?oldid=711284030 Contributors: GCarty, Ed g2s,
Mboverload, EliZZZa, Mike Rosoft, Rjwilmsi, Htonl, Garion96, SmackBot, Gilliam, Bluebot, YegerMeister, Ben Jos, Interlingua, Snugspout,
GiantSnowman, Cydebot, Treybien, Kingstowngalway, Athanatos, Obiwankenobi, DagosNavy, Wildhartlivie, Steve Bob, Waacstats, Jmm6f488,
Mealey, Vkt183, ACSE, Broadbot, Joseph A. Spadaro, Greatrobo76, Markobigo, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Ronhjones, Lightbot, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Full-date unlinking bot, Dutchmonkey9000, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, Jim Michael, Widr, Harizotoh9, MaybeMaybeMaybe,
Zetanak40, OccultZone, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 28
• Tony Costa Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Costa?oldid=683778011 Contributors: Bearcat, Rjwilmsi, RussBot, Hmains, RFD,
Cydebot, Tec15, Wildhartlivie, Waacstats, Katharineamy, Flyer22 Reborn, Tearaway, All Hallow's Wraith, DeltaQuad, Good Olfactory, Ad-
dbot, Yobot, PotomacNorth, StopRepublicanFBIharassment, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, JaeDyWolf, DaHealuh, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Mtkahn, Setpehn, Jackson Gumprecht, WikiOriginal-9, Stacie Croquet and Anonymous: 13
• Vaughn Greenwood Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn_Greenwood?oldid=716876826 Contributors: Racklever, Cybercobra,
Njm05, Cydebot, J. Cheever Loophole, Esq., Magioladitis, Waacstats, Udar55, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Yobot, Rubinbot, Materialscien-
tist, StewartNetAddict, Sophus Bie, Xekseq, RjwilmsiBot, Bossanoven, AvicBot, Laxskinn, Helpful Pixie Bot, AOCJedi, BG19bot, Greengrilly,
ArmbrustBot, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 10
• Volker Eckert Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Eckert?oldid=712515729 Contributors: TexasAndroid, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki,
AniMate, Treybien, Tec15, Thijs!bot, Waacstats, Avicennasis, Anonymous Dissident, Maru-Spanish, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Yobot, Almabot,
Full-date unlinking bot, Callanecc, RjwilmsiBot, BattyBot, The Vintage Feminist, Bwrthorn, WikiOriginal-9, KasparBot and Anonymous: 10
• Walter E. Ellis Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Ellis?oldid=717187534 Contributors: Deb, Dimadick, Smalljim, Valentine-
joesmith, Bgwhite, Rms125a@hotmail.com, SmackBot, Cdogsimmons, Gilliam, Racklever, Derek R Bullamore, Ser Amantio di Nicolao,
Njm05, Cydebot, Stainthorp, Andyjsmith, Yellowdesk, Connormah, Hugo999, Tuoder, Excirial, Nymf, Good Olfactory, Yobot, Pistachio dis-
guisey, AnomieBOT, Judo112, Tkotc, FrescoBot, B-Machine, Corporateriot, Bossanoven, AvicBot, ÅlandÖland, Bwslivia, BabbaQ, ClueBot
NG, Wingtipvortex, Cntras, Dutchldy, Mdy66, CAWylie, Cyberbot II, Hmainsbot1, Greengrilly, Mburnz, ArmbrustBot, Jackson Gumprecht,
Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9, Monkbot, WikiOriginal-9, WorldEnd14, KasparBot, A window cleaner me and Anonymous: 19
• Westley Allan Dodd Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westley_Allan_Dodd?oldid=712708765 Contributors: GCarty, Lukobe, Neal Finne,
Dimadick, Vespristiano, Kairos, Vaoverland, Christopher Parham, Everyking, Michael Devore, Beta m, Stevietheman, DragonflySixtyseven,
DanielCD, Brianhe, Guanabot, Aecis, Jguk, Dismas, Moth Lor, Wayward, Prashanthns, RichardWeiss, Kbdank71, The wub, Phatcat68, Rando-
musername331, M.C. Brown Shoes, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Nicke L, ExRat, Nlu, WAS 4.250, FF2010, Mike Selinker, Shyam, SmackBot,
Ex0pos, Ck4829, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, BiggKwell, YegerMeister, Scott1153, BrownHairedGirl, Metaphoria, Ben Jos,
Iridescent, Jetman, Funnyfarmofdoom, Cydebot, Treybien, Kpedsea, Skoolh8tr, After Midnight, JamesAM, James086, RobotG, Agentdemon,
IACoolPerson, Gabe1972, Catgut, Lord Love a Duck, Glen, Jmm6f488, SubwayEater, Aboutmovies, SCOCSOOCSOSC, Aatomic1, Bcostley,
Logicwiki, ACSE, Hugo999, Dwightthepug, Geeky Randy, Jjputz, Mannafredo, Joseph A. Spadaro, Burntsauce, Aspects, COBot, Sfan00 IMG,
MBK004, ClueBot, Hockey2793, DumZiBoT, CSOCSOCSO, Bigmack1004, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Firedrop, Stinkyandthe-
brain, Shadowsill, Lightbot, LiteralKa, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EchetusXe, Carldombek, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Jim1138, Ulric1313, Ute in DC,
Tkotc, Grand-Duc, BenzolBot, Full-date unlinking bot, FlameHorse, Bossanoven, VernoWhitney, Mikeyakouba, John Cline, Fæ, Moshep13,
93.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 335

Medeis, SporkBot, Abbaa, Bgbcoach, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, Titodutta, ClaraRinker, BG19bot, Johnny Squeaky, Nienk, Writ Keeper, Cyber-
bot II, FoCuSandLeArN, Myrtleview, The Vintage Feminist, MattSucci, VIAFbot, Japanesehelper, Jbley, WikiOriginal-9, WordSeventeen,
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• Willem van Eijk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Eijk?oldid=715439652 Contributors: Gabbe, Andrewman327, Qwertyus,
Husky, Wavelength, Chris the speller, Magioladitis, Scarafax, Addbot, Velocitas, AnomieBOT, Karin Anker, WikiOriginal-9, Peter238 and
Anonymous: 3
• William Henry Hance Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Hance?oldid=715587105 Contributors: Jerzy, LtNOWIS,
BD2412, Nlu, SmackBot, Hmains, Lisasmall, Cydebot, Paste, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Kumioko (renamed), Niceguyedc, Good Olfac-
tory, Adrian 1001, Yobot, Srich32977, Bossanoven, AvicBot, BG19bot, The Vintage Feminist, Greengrilly, Vanished user 437dsfj27sk83a9,
WikiOriginal-9, Kethrus, KasparBot and Anonymous: 9

93.6.2 Images
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Street_entranceway_-_Cable_1888.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 1888 book by George Washington Cable “Strange True Stories
of Louisiana”, published by The Century Co, New York, 1888 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12577/12577-h/12577-h.htm#pg192 Original
artist: George Washington Cable
• File:12-04-21-wildparkstrasze-ebw-by-RalfR-36.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/
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• File:Andre_Crawford_mugshot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/Andre_Crawford_mugshot.jpg License: Fair
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• File:Andrei_Romanovich_Chikatilo_Trial_1992.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Andrei_Romanovich_
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• File:Ashworth_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_90341.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Ashworth_
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• File:Beppu_Gulf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Beppu_Gulf.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
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cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches
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data-file-height='590' /></a>
336 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

• File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00882,_Hannover,_Prozeß_gegen_Friedrich_Haarmann.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/


wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00882%2C_Hannover%2C_Proze%C3%9F_gegen_Friedrich_Haarmann.jpg Li-
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cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches
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• File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00922,_Hannover,_Prozeß_gegen_Friedrich_Haarmann.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
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cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches
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ing the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
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src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
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Rostov Police Department photographic records.
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Rostov Police Department
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Rehabilitation
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338 CHAPTER 93. WILLIAM HENRY HANCE

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