There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two Nations.

1.Religious Differences; The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches Tawheed and believes in
equality of man before law.Muslims are the believers of God,The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold
a cohesive approach towards life.Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.Their society
follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and have a very narrow approach towards life.
2.Hindu Nationalism: A number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time .The Hindu nationalist leaders
totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the indian society by way of promoting education and other
social activities.Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute
the political condition.
3.Cultural Differences; Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture.The Hindus burnt
their dead bodies while Muslims burred them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it
while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not
intermarry nor they inter-dine.
4.Social Differences: The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well.The clothes,the foods,the
household utensils,the layout of homes,the words of salutation,the gestures and every thing about them was different and
immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
5.Economics Differences; After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way
so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were thrown out of Government services and the their estates and
properties were confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.
6.Educational Differences: The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took the
english education.While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
7.Political Differences: The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the
developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy: In 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian
script.This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) Congress Attitude: The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India
but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
(iii) Partition of Bengal: In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims,but the
Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being
concinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to
make the Muslims realize their differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language national and
international identity and for this purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of "Two Nation"
or "Two entities."After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress
as a single nation.He said:" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion
and way of life was quite distinct from each other."
TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation
theory.He firmly believed in the separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be no
possibility of peace in the country unless and untill they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of Muslim
League at Allahabad in 1930,he said:"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and
professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the
Muslims of India and Islam."
QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY

The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement and speeches.He expounded the two nation theory
in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth.He declared:
" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the word nation.By all canons of international law
we are a nation." Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was on idle
dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in
regards to their ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub Continent which consist of many nations of
which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations."
CONCLUSION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.They also came to
realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded separate electorate on the
ground that they were different nation from Hindus.
Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as
a base,Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August ,1947,and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of
Pakistan.
Fall of Dacca and TNT
Since the partition, the theory has been subjected to animated debates and different interpretations on several grounds. In
his memoirs entitled Pathway to Pakistan (1961). According to him In his August 11, 1947 speech, Jinnah had spoken of
composite Pakistani nationalism, effectively negating faith-based nationalism that he had advocated in his speech of
March 22, 1940. In his August 11 speech, he said that non-Muslims would be equal citizens of Pakistan and that there
would be no discrimination against them. "You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with
the business of the state."
The theory has been facing scepticism because Muslims did not entirely separate from Hindus and about one-third of all
Muslims continued to live in post-partition. The subsequent partition of Pakistan itself into the present-day nations of
Pakistan and Bangladesh was cited as proof both that Muslims did not constitute one nation and that religion was not a
defining factor for nationhood.
The Two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that Bangladesh did not merge into India after
separating from Pakistan supports the two nation theory. Dacca fall is not the negation of two nation theory had it been
negation of TNT then Bengladesh would have been merged into India. Bangladesh maintain it's separate muslim entity.
Fall of Dacca was the failure of statesmanship, the people of east Pakistan were denied their rightful share so they
revolted. during entire revolt Sheikh Mujeeb never negated TNT. Same is the case with secessionists movements of
Baluch or other ethnic groups because they have been denied their due share. These movements are similar to
secessionists movements in india, Khalistan and Naxli movements are striking example in this regard
Prominent political commentator Irfan Husain, in his column in Dawn, observed that it has now become an impossible
and exceedingly boring task of defending a defunct theory".However some Pakistanis, including a retired Pakistani
brigadier, Shaukat Qadir, believe that the theory could only be disproved with the reunification of
independent Bangladesh, and Republic of India. According to Prof. Sharif al Mujahid, arguably the preeminent authority
on Jinnah in Pakistan, the two-nation theory was relevant only to the pre-1947 subcontinental context. He is of the opinion
that the creation of Pakistan rendered it obsolete because the two nations had transformed themselves into Indian and
Pakistani nations the theory is still valid despite the still-extant Muslim minority in India, and asserted variously that
Indian Muslims have been "Hinduised" (i.e., lost much of their Muslim identity due to assimilation into Hindu culture), or
that they are treated as an excluded or alien group by an allegedly Hindu-dominated India. Factors such as lower literacy
and education levels among Indian Muslims as compared to Indian Hindus, longstanding cultural differences, and
outbreaks of religious violence such as those occurring during the 2002 Gujarat riots in India . Several ethnic and
provincial leaders in Pakistan also began to use the term "nation" to describe their provinces and argued that their very
existence was threatened by the concept of amalgamation into a Pakistani nation on the basis that Muslims were one
nation. It has also been alleged that the idea that Islam is the basis of nationhood embroils Pakistan too deeply in the
affairs of other predominantly Muslim states and regions, prevents the emergence of a unique sense of Pakistani
nationhood that is independent of reference to India, and encourages the growth of a fundamentalist culture in the country.
Pakistani politician Altaf Hussainof Muttahida Qaumi Movement believes history has proved the two-nation theory
wrong. He contended, "The idea of Pakistan was dead at its inception, when the majority of Muslims (in Muslim-minority

areas of India) chose to stay back after partition, a truism reiterated in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971". Dr. Farooq
Sattar, a prominent leader of the MQM, as saying that his party did not accept the two-nation theory. "Even if there was
such a theory, it has sunk in the Bay of Bengal.The emergence of a sense of identity that is pan-Islamic rather than
Pakistani has been defended as consistent with the founding ideology of Pakistan and the concept that "Islam itself is a
nationality," while the commonly-held notion of "nationality, to Muslims, is like idol worship." While some have
emphasized that promoting the primacy of a pan-Islamic identity (over all other identities) is essential to maintaining a
distinctiveness from India and preventing national "collapse", others have argued that the Two Nation Theory has served
its purpose in "midwifing" Pakistan into existence and should now be discarded to allow Pakistan to emerge as a normal
nation-state.
Land and People of Pakistan:
Pakistan's estimated population in 2015 is over 191.71 million making it the world's sixth-most-populous country. During
19502011, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold.
In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has been changed by moderate birth rates. In
2014, the population growth rate stands at 1.49%.Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the
emergence of megacities... The rank of Pakistan's HDI for 2011 based on data available in 2012 and methods used in 2012
was 146 out of 187 countries. In the 2011 HDR, Pakistan was ranked 145 out of 177 countries. Population size, growth
rate, and its composition play an important role in the social and economic development of a country. Demographic
statistics of a country is essential for drafting the plans, frame work of economic policies and judging the growth and
development. Pakistan is among those developing countries where population growth is fairly high.. The population
growth rate in Pakistan is 1.95 percent which is higher than average growth rate of South Asian countries. The major
cause behind higher growth rate is high fertility rate. various governments have been trying to tackle the issues of high
population growth rate through introducing different programmes like Family Welfare Centers (FWC), Reproductive
Health Services Centers ,Regional Training Institutes and Mobile Services Unit. However, these programmes could not
achieve the desired results mainly due to low literacy level particularly among women in rural areas, cultural and religious
constraints, and lack of skills in promoting family planning. female education has a significant effect on fertility. Women
having higher education have a fewer children as compared to women with less education. Therefore, each year the
number of inhabitants is increasing whereas the resources available in the country are limited due to which demographic
imbalance is increasing. But this demographic imbalance can be improved with the help of youth population of the
country. Pakistan is one of the worlds largest youth bulge country with 48 percent population aged 15-49 and 56 percent
(age 15-64) is in productive age group.Major demographic indicators are changes in the size, structure, and population
composition and population growth.Crude Birth Rate: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the annual number of live births per one
thousand persons. CBR of more than 30 per thousand is considered high and a rate of less than 18 per thousand is
considered low. CBR in Pakistan has been marginally improved from 26.8 percent in 2013 to 26.4 percent in 2014. Crude
Death Rate: Crude Death Rate (CDR) is defined as total death per one thousand persons in a year. Pakistan's population
explosion may become a threat to the very existence of the nation.The fact that there will be 342 million people in
Pakistan by 2050 is giving many people sleepless nights. For years now, demographers have been trying to get the
attention of the policy makers, showing them that Pakistan needs to slow population growth.Today, the signs are all over
perpetual power outages, current petrol imbroglio, 25 million out of school kids, and polio cases through the roof.
Pakistan's population is growing by around two per cent a year but the economy has failed to keep pace with the
population growth.Demographic dividend is defined as a one-time window of opportunity of accelerated economic
growth; it begins with changes in the age structure of a country's population as it transitions from high-to-low birth and
death rates, which are called the demographic dividend.
Causes of High population rate in Pakistan:

Low use of contraception: problem is the low awareness and availability of birth control.The contraceptive prevalence
rate is only 27 percent, and only 19 percent employ modern methods, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).
Lack of awareness of family planning techniques
Population growth increasing poverty
A demographic dividend:Pakistans failure to adequately manage its population growth and reduce its fertility rate has
meant that over the last few decades, the country has become younger.Today, two-thirds of Pakistanis are under the age of
30, and it is one of the largest youth populations in the world. a demographic dividend, this young population can spark
growth and bring prosperity to Pakistan."The prerequisite for a demographic dividend is a decline in the fertility rate. With
a fertility rate decline, the ratio of the dependent population to the population that is working gets smaller, so more can be
invested into generating growth. Reaping a demographic dividend requires significant investments in education, health
and infrastructure. Without these efforts, such a population increase can have the opposite effect, with growing frustration
and resentment in the segments of the population deprived of basic services and opportunities.There are very serious,
adverse consequences of unplanned, rapid population growth. The resources of the state are limited, and already under
pressure; with unplanned growth, demands will be enormous. There will be economic consequences, as resources are
stretched beyond realistic limits, for housing, food, education, health, jobs and all the infrastructure that goes with it.
Risk of extremism
Pakistans population issues echoes this concern, highlighting the countrys failures in education and rising economic
disparities as two major factors that contribute to a rise in extremist activity.Stretched resources, increasing demand, a
rising population and the instability that comes with it are forcing Pakistan into a vicious circle.
The countrys population growth rate is the key determinant of progress in achieving the goals envisaged in every sector
of national life. With the population currently growing at a rate of 1.9 per cent per annum, the government is faced with
the challenge of a huge backlog and higher targets in the provision of education,healthcare, housing and every other basic
right while the economy remains under pressure.
The National Population Policy 2010 focuses on timely completion of fertility transition and actualization of the emerging
demographic realities. The Policy is consistent with poverty reduction strategies of the government, besides it intends to
reduce rising pressures on available resources in the long run. The Population Policy ultimately targets to pave way for
benefits of demographic dividend to be realized for Pakistan. The National Population Policy, envisages population
stabilisation by 2020 through expeditious completion of programmes aimed at bringing down fertility and mortality rates
to 2.1 and 1.3 per cent, respectively. The 2010 policy speaks of making family planning services more effective,
contraceptives more accessible, the support of religious leaders readily available and of getting male mobilisers to reach
out to men. All these are effective approaches and should be adopted if the fertility rate is to be reduced and ultimately
brought down to replacement level.
One is the need to move away from the static approach that expects users to contact the contraceptive delivery facilities
that have been increased over the years but can never be as accessible as health visitors and mobilisers. It would also
make greater sense to integrate the population sector more closely with the health sector because health providers have
greater access to the population at large. Secondly, it is important to make population imperatives the underpinning of
every policy education, economic, housing that is formulated. All this, of course, has to be linked to a proactive strategy
to raise the status of women in Pakistan.
Lady Health Workers were provided limited number of oral pills and condoms to be dispensed due to limited availability
of these methods. For effective management of provision of all supplies at all levels, an operationally useful Logistic
Management System is required. In this regard, Ministry of Population Welfare need to develop partnership with rural
support programmes to provide tremendous boost to access to family planning services and an effective mechanism for
social mobilization and to share accurate information on family planning methods and removing existing misperceptions.
Ministry of Population Welfare should build this partnership and work to enhance their capacity to manage this initiative
and connect with contraceptive logistics system for supply of family planning commodities and accurate information.
Joint monitoring mechanism could be used to assess performance and outcomes of this initiative.
There is a need to ensure service standards protocols are adhered to and client satisfaction monitored; take measures to

decrease various barriers to access to family planning; strengthen training institutes to address management improvement
training needs and adopt/encourage interactive training methodologies; quality of service and client centered trainings to
become core activities.
Population Summit 2015 concludes with pledges to boost human development in Pakistan through priority investments
in education and health. Population Summit indicates that Pakistan is now moving firmly in a positive direction. The
President pledged that, by 2020, Pakistan will raise its contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) to 50 per cent, which is a
composite goal based on goals set by the respective provincial government.
Population growth is a choice, not an inexorable force of nature.More than 7 billion people currently inhabit the planet,
compared to only 3 billion in 1967. Every year about 135 million people are born and 55 million people die, adding 80
million to our global population.. Almost half of the global population is under the age of 25 and their decisions during
their reproductive years will determine whether we have 6 billion or 14 billion people by 2100.With population global
footprint increases. Population growth is a root cause of many environmental and social problems. ver 1 billion people do
not have enough food and safe drinking water.Global warming is disrupting our ecosystems and threatening billions of
people with dislocation.Energy sources, from wood to oil, are becoming scarcer and harder to reach or extract.Due to
population pressures, people now live in areas that are basically unsafe.
Empower women and families to plan how many children they want. contraceptives and reproductive healthcare.
With modern life-saving medicine has come modern contraception. provide services and accurate information.
Education and job opportunities, especially for women. These are critical components for alleviating poverty, gender
inequality and overpopulation
Awareness of environmental and social cost of overpopulation. Our population is already above a sustainable level,
and in many regions well above a safe and prosperous level.
Social, religious, cultural norms. Refrain from pressuring people to have children if they are not ready or prefer to
remain childless.
Economic forces. Most people take their economic situation into consideration when planning their families. If they do
not have housing and jobs they delay starting. Our usual measure of economic progress, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
has a built-in tie to population growth. This means GDP can rise with population while median household income (and
well-being) actually declines
spread the word & support the cause Awareness
Education:
Education in Pakistan is in a dire state when seen in terms of vitality for socioeconomic development. Education is aimed
at to develop human capabilities through knowledge, skills and creative strength that, in turn, enhance the socioeconomic
growth. But ironically, in the present-day Pakistan, even the importance of education has not been recognized. Given the
multifarious importance and diverse role of education in building a stable society, it becomes imperative that in Pakistan,
the provision of education is ensured urgently and its uplift is sought through prudent policies with a pragmatic
approach.Education has been accorded great importance in every religion and society. Islam also attached utmost
importance to it. Muslims ushered an era of glory only with education but when they renounced it, they fell into the depths
of despondency and dejection. The West, today, dominates the world only because it realized education's vitality to
development. Article 26 of the UN's 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' reads: Everyone has the right to
education. It is the second objective in UN's Millennium Development Goals (UNMDGs) which requires education for
all (EFA) by year 2015. The World Bank also underscores the positive outcomes of education as reduction in poverty
and inequality, improvement in health status and implementation of socioeconomic policies.
It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of
5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional amendment education transferred to federating units as
a move towards provincial autonomy.Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promote education and literacy in the
country by education policies at domestic level and getting involved into international commitments on education. In this
regard national education policies are the visions which suggest strategies to increase literacy rate, capacity building, and
enhance facilities in the schools and educational institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of
Pakistan for the promotion of literacy.

A review of the education system of Pakistan suggests that there has been little change in Pakistans schools since 2010,
when the 18th Amendment enshrined education as a fundamental human right in the constitution. Problems of access,
quality, infrastructure and inequality of opportunity, remain endemic.
The literacy rate for age 10 years and above in Pakistan, according to World Bank, is 55 per cent (67% for males and 42%
females). This is the lowest rate in the developing nations in Asia. The second indicator means that access to education is
a crucial factor in enhancing literacy. It's obligatory on state to provide all the citizens with equal opportunities to improve
their living standards. For education, it means access to quality education for all, irrespective of family income, gender,
religion and ethnicity, etc. Pakistan's main problems are the paucity of funds and gender discrimination. Moreover, most
villages are without schools and students of many villages share one school. In addition, the parents don't allow girls to
study in coeducation system. Girls schools, particularly at secondary level, are not in sufficient number.
The inequality in education system is a serious concern as well. It has many forms including gender-disparity, rural-urban
divide and class structure. As regards gender-disparity, the literacy rate shows a gap of 25% between male and female. A
gap of more than 10 per cent is internationally considered a serious concern
Rural-urban divide, another serious concern, is caused mainly due to economic disparity and condition of schools. People
living in rural areas are relatively poor and standard of education in those areas is also unsatisfactory. They assume that
opportunity cost of sending children to school is greater than the benefit education is likely to bring. In addition, public
and private sector divide is also there. Most people cannot seek education in private institutions due to high fees and other
expenses. These institutions have their own curriculum and examination system. This further widens the class divide in
society; the rich become highly-educated while the poor remain poorly educated. To bridge this gap, there is neither policy
to ensure a uniform system nor regulations to check the fee structure of private schools.
As regards the third indicator i.e. quality of education, it has been least emphasized in Pakistan. It's basically determined
by curriculum, textbooks, teachers' skills and assessment system that are far below the international standards. These
system flaws undermine the competence level of the students. This factor, in fact, helps students gain a foothold in market.
But an average Pakistani student is unable to compete in the job market even of the national level, let alone the
international competition. How ironic is that not a single Pakistani university is among the World's top universities.
Fifth; the relevance is as much important as quality. What is taught in institutions must be relevant to what is in demand
in the outside world. Currently, there is a disconnection between education and employment sector as there is no system of
consultation between academia and economic managers. Resultantly, the unemployment among the educated people
surges.
Sixth indicator i.e. environment is also a crucial factor in improving access to education. A wide disparity is there in the
environment in schools in rural and urban areas. Approximately, 12737 schools have been reported as non-functional
(Ghost Schools).
The above indicators present a grim picture at every tier from schools to technical and higher education. To improve the
technical education, there is no vocational awareness at middle and secondary levels. At present, there are 1140
government and 382 in private vocational institutions in the country. The output quality is poor owing to the unqualified
and untrained faculty and absence of collaboration with industry.
In the sphere of higher education, unfortunately, only 3.7 per cent of Pakistani youth of 18-23 age group is enrolled.
Government is ought to give special treatment to this sector but ironically, it not only curtailed the funding of HEC but
also attempted to disband it. It may cause the positive enrolment trend to revert and that would be a lethal blow to human
resource development as it is crucial to translate the dream of knowledge economy into reality.
Such neglect of education sector in Pakistan is the result of many factors ranging from historical and societal to
governance-related issues. In past, the education system which the British introduced in the Subcontinent didn't go well
among the religious leaders. Hence, the Muslims eschewed the education. On the other hand, the Madaris were confined
to religious education. Women were not allowed to seek education in public institutions hence a big portion of population
remained illiterate.
Another big reason behind this fiasco is the feudalism. Feudal lords influence the policymaking due to their political
contingencies. They denounce education to ensure cheap labour in their fields and to maintain their political base.

Poverty is another factor which prevents majority of rural population from educating children. More than 30% of
Pakistan's population is living below the poverty line. Pakistan's is an agro-based economy and its 65% population lives in
rural areas. Most people cannot afford the cost of educating their children, that's why they take their children to work with
them in fields at an early age just to increase the family income.
These impediments could have been removed had there been realization, vision, planning and seriousness among our
leaders. Unfortunately, there has always been lack of commitment to education development on part of those at the helm
of affairs. This is evident from the paltry resource allocations in the annual budgets. The funding to education in Pakistan
has always been below or around 2.5% of GDP that is extremely low.
It is further perplexing that even this meagre amount is not spent fully for development of education sector. About 10 to
30 per cent of education budget remains unutilized. Then there is embezzlement of funds as well because corruption is
rampant in the education department. This grave situation is the outcome of two main factor i.e. no accountability system
and undue political interference.
All the areas of education primary, secondary, technical and higher education reflect neglect of education sector.
Though there have been policies formulated and goals set, but when it comes to their implementation, there is a lack of
commitment. So, the education system has failed which has resulted in deteriorated social conditions and a vulnerable
economy.
Pakistan has never had a systematic, nationally coordinated effort to improve female primary education, despite its
poor standing.
This dismal state of education has placed Pakistan at 134th place among 177 countries of the world as education is a
major indicator in human development index. It also exhibits that the education has a serious impact on the image of a
country in the globalized comity of nations.
It's a universal fact that the education develops 'thinking of man' but in our society its failure has led to the widespread
discontent and chaos. World has genuine concerns that poorly-educated people pose serious threat not only to Pakistan but
also to world security. Former VP of the World Bank and a renowned economist Shahid Javed Barki writes:
The education system of Pakistan is deteriorated to the point where it now threatens economic, political and so cial
stability not only within the country but also poses a real danger for the world at large.
Keeping in view the multifaceted role, education has to be the top priority. Our education system requires an overhaul and
in addition to additional resources, there is an urgent need to redesign educational system for promoting productivity in
socioeconomic sector. Following are some recommendations that provide a pragmatic roadmap to reform the education
sector in Pakistan.

Primary education must be made compulsory. The textbooks and uniforms should be provided free of cost to the indigent
children and rewards may be offered to them on passing examinations. Usher, Zakat and Benazir Income Support
Programme (BISP) should also be linked with enrolment of child in school.
2. Technical education should be encouraged
3 due importance should be given to IT..
4. Government must develop a uniform curriculum to eliminate the multi-tier system of education that furthers the class
divide. It should enable the child to compete at national and international levels. The curriculum of private schools may be
adopted with little modifications. It would be convenient as the private schools will be less resistant to such change.
5. Education must be relevant and responsive to national environment, culture, society and economy. The social and
religious values must be embedded in the children to make them good citizens. The education should conform not only to
the local industry but also to international market.
6.

Higher education deserves serious attention in this regard. Steps should be taken to attract youth to higher education.

The investment in this sector should be increased to meet the demands of universities. An effective reform of the higher
education system in Pakistan requires a down to up approach; without the improvement of colleges, it is out of question to
improve the quality of university graduates.
7. A uniform and sound system of national testing should be promoted. The National Education Assessment System
(NEAS) should be entrusted with more such tasks. A federal council to ensure uniformity in all the universities'
examinations can be another prudent step.
8. The importance of teachers in education need not be overemphasized. The remuneration and incentives for teachers
should be increased to attract the intellectual and competent persons. In-service teachers should be required to qualify
some exams to go into the next pay scale.
9. A qualified and motivated teacher also needs training and grooming. Therefore, the capacity of training institutes
should be enhanced with expert trainers. A well thought-out syllabus and policy should be formulated containing modern
teaching techniques.
implementation of national education policy and vision 2030 education goals. It may not be possible for the government at
the moment to implement uniform education system in the country, but a uniform curriculum can be introduced in
educational institutes of the country. This will provide equal opportunity to the students of rural areas to compete with
students of urban areas in the job market.Since education is a provincial subject, the provincial education secretariats need
to be strengthened. Special policy planning units should be established in provinces education departments for
implementation of educational policies and formulation of new policies whenever needed. The provincial education
departments need to work out financial resources required for realising the compliance of Article 25-A.Federal
Government should play a supportive role vis--vis the provinces for the early compliance of the constitutional obligation
laid down in Article 25-A. Special grants can be provided to the provinces where the literacy rate is low.
10. Importance of private sector cannot be undermined as it has saved Pakistan's education system from complete
collapse. It's difficult for government to uplift the education sector single-handedly, so the private sector should be
encouraged to invest more. The establishment of private education foundations on non-profit basis may be a good option.
The private schools should be made to give admissions to poor students.

Local government system is helpful in promoting education and literacy in the country. In local government system the
funds for education would be spent on a need basis by the locality.
Corruption in education departments is one of the factors for the poor literacy in the country. An effective monitoring
system is needed in education departments.
For any system to work it is imperative that relevant structures are developed. Legislation and structure should be framed
to plan for the promotion of education in the country. After the 18th amendment the education has become a provincial
subject, therefore, the provinces should form legislations and design educational policies which ensure quality education.
Unemployment of educated men and women is a major concern for Pakistan. There should be career counselling of the
pupils in schools so that they have an understanding of job market and they can develop their skills accordingly.
Counselling of parents is required, so that they can choose a career for their child which is market friendly.
The reforms required in the education system of Pakistan cannot be done by the government alone, public-private
participation and a mix of formal as well as non-formal education can pull out majority of countrys population from
illiteracy. Similarly, to make the youth of the country an asset, attention should also be paid to vocational and technical
training.
1) Lack of Proper Planning: Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA goals. However it seems that it will not be able
to achieve these international commitments because of financial management issues and constraints to achieve the MDGs
and EFA goals.

2) Social constraints: It is important to realize that the problems which hinder the provision of education are not just
due to issues of management by government but some of them are deeply rooted in the social and cultural orientation of
the people
4) Cost of education and War on Terror,Poverty, law and order situation, natural disasters, budgetary constraints, lack
of access, poor quality, equity, and governance have also contributed in less enrolments.
there is no mechanism which ensures the proper expenditure of those funds on education.The existing infrastructure is not
being properly utilized in several parts of the country.There are various challenges that include expertise, institutional and
capacity issues, forging national cohesion, uniform standards for textbook development, and quality assurance.
implementation of national education policy and vision 2030 education goals. It may not be possible for the government at
the moment to implement uniform education system in the country, but a uniform curriculum can be introduced in
educational institutes of the country. This will provide equal opportunity to the students of rural areas to compete with
students of urban areas in the job market.Since education is a provincial subject, the provincial education secretariats need
to be strengthened. Special policy planning units should be established in provinces education departments for
implementation of educational policies and formulation of new policies whenever needed. The provincial education
departments need to work out financial resources required for realising the compliance of Article 25-A.Federal
Government should play a supportive role vis--vis the provinces for the early compliance of the constitutional obligation
laid down in Article 25-A. Special grants can be provided to the provinces where the literacy rate is low.

Disarmament and Nonproliferation Policies

Pakistan is not a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and is the sole country
blocking the negotiations of the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT). Pakistanis argue that in the face of India's
increasing conventional capability, it is unreasonable to expect Pakistan to cap its fissile materials production.
Furthermore, they argue that the FMCT legitimizes India's fissile material stocksAt the Conference on Disarmament (CD)
in January 2011, Pakistan reiterated its opposition to the commencement of negotiations towards an FMCT. While
declaring its opposition to the FMCT in its current format at the CD in January 2010, Islamabad called for the CD's
agenda to be enlarged to consider aspects of regional conventional arms control and a regime on missile-related issues,
while also maintaining its opposition to a treaty that did not cover fissile stocks retroactively. In general, Pakistan's
position on nuclear disarmament is that it will only give up nuclear weapons if India gives up its own nuclear arsenal, and
in 2011 the National Command Authority "reiterated Pakistan's desire to constructively contribute to the realization of a
world free of nuclear weapons." However, given Islamabad's objective of balancing India's conventional military and
nuclear superiority, Pakistan is unlikely to consent to a denuclearization agreement. Islamabad has also consistently
refused to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and from 2009 to 2010 official Pakistani statements
indicated that even if India signed the treaty, Islamabad would not necessarily follow suit.
Pakistan is a member of some multilateral programs, including the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.
Islamabad has also put into place more stringent export control mechanisms, including the 2004 Export Control Act and
the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Strategic Export Control Division (SECDIV) to regulate exports of
nuclear, biological, and missile-related products. The Export Control (Licensing and Enforcement) Rules were published
in 2009, and in July 2011 Islamabad issued an updated control list including nuclear and missile-related dual-use goods to
bring its restrictions in line with those of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the Missile Technology Control Regime
(MTCR), and the Australia Group (AG). Pakistan acceded to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
Material (CPPNM) in 2000.
Nuclear Weapons Security
The security of Pakistan's nuclear weapons has been of significant concern to the international community in recent years,
with increased terrorist and insurgent violence and expanded geographical and nuclear program. The National Command
Authority (NCA), composed of key civilian and military leaders, is the main supervisory and policy-making body
controlling Pakistan's nuclear weapons, and maintains ultimate authority on their use.The Strategic Plans Division (SPD)
is the secretariat of the NCA, and is responsible for operationalizing nuclear doctrine and strategy, managing nuclear
safety and security, and implementing the command and control system. Pakistan has also strengthened its personnel

reliability program (PRP) to prevent radicalized individuals from infiltrating the nuclear program, although various
experts believe that potential gaps still exist.
Pakistani analysts and officials state that they have developed their own version of "permissive action links" or PALs to
safeguard their warheads, and have not relied on U.S. assistance for this technology. In recent years, the United States has
provided various levels of assistance to Pakistan to strengthen the security of its nuclear program.. At the Nuclear Security
Summit in The Hague in 2014, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced that Pakistan is considering ratification of the
2005 Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM).
Civilian Nuclear Cooperation:Pakistan has been critical of the U.S.-India nuclear cooperation agreement, but at the same
time has periodically sought a similar arrangement for itself, a demand Washington has so far turned down. In 2008
Islamabad pushed for a criteria-based exemption to the rules of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), which unlike the
country-based exception benefiting only India could have made Pakistan eligible for nuclear cooperation with NSG
members. Despite its reservations about the India special exception, Islamabad joined other members of the Board of
Governors in approving India's safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in August
2008. At the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington in April 2010, Islamabad again sought "non-discriminatory access"
to civilian nuclear technology, while also offering nuclear fuel cycle services covered by IAEA safeguards to the
international community. At the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague in 2014, Pakistan called for its inclusion in
international export control regimes.
Recent Development and Current Status
In response to the U.S.-India deal, Pakistan has sought to increase its civilian nuclear cooperation with China. Under a
previous cooperation framework China had supplied Pakistan with two pressurized water reactors, CHASNUPP-1 and
CHASNUPP-2, which entered into commercial operation in 2000 and 2011 respectively. In April 2010, reports confirmed
long-standing rumors that the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) had agreed to supply two additional 650-MW
power reactors to Pakistan, CHASNUPP-3 and CHASNUPP-4. These reactors are currently under construction at the
Chashma Nuclear Complex and will also be placed under IAEA safeguards. CHASNUPP-3 and CHASNUPP-4 are
expected to be completed by 2016 and 2017, respectively. China, a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group since 2004,
did not pursue an exemption to NSG guidelines for Pakistan, instead arguing that Chashma 3 and 4 are "grandfathered in"
under the pre-2004 Sino-Pakistan nuclear framework. While the United States has consistently rejected this argument, the
deal has been accepted as a "fait accompli" in international fora such as the NSG and the IAEA. In November 2013,
Pakistan announced the construction of two additional Chinese-supplied 1,100 MW reactors, KANUPP-2 and KANUPP3, under a $9 billion agreement. As of early 2014, the Pakistani government has begun a bid for three additional nuclear
power plants, reportedly to be built in the Muzaffargarh district, Punjab province. At a cost of approximately USD 13
billion, this bid could enable Pakistan to meet its 2030 goal of generating 8,800 MW of nuclear energy to solve its chronic
power shortages