Professional Documents
Culture Documents
* This article stems from support I received from the Past and Present Society as a
Past and Present postdoctoral fellow from 2014 to 2015. I was inspired to explore this
theme further owing to interactions with Allegra Giovine, Jennifer Keating and
William Pooley while fellows at the Institute of Historical Research. Patricia Strong
of the L. Zenobia Coleman Library at Tougaloo College also assisted me in finding the
sources necessary to complete the article. I am grateful to each of these people and
institutions.
1 Nigel Thrift, Space: The Fundamental Stuff of Geography, in Sarah L.
Holloway, Stephen P. Rice and Gill Valentine (eds.), Key Concepts in Geography
(London, 2003). For example, according to Peter Gould and Ulf Strohmayer,
Geography and space appear to be taking their rightful place alongside history and
time after a century of neglect: Peter Gould and Ulf Strohmayer, Geographical
Visions: The Evolution of Human Geographic Thought in the Twentieth Century,
in Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer (eds.), Human Geography: A History for the
Twenty-First Century (London, 2004), 17.
2 Henri LeFebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith
(Oxford, 1991); Jane Wills, Scale, in Linda McDowell and Joanne P. Sharp (eds.),
A Feminist Glossary of Human Geography (London, 2014).
2 of 23
3 of 23
4 Barney Warf and Santa Arias, Introduction: The Reinsertion of Space in the
Humanities and Social Sciences, in Barney Warf and Santa Arias (eds.), The
Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (London, 2009), 1.
5 Gould and Strohmayer, Geographical Visions, 34; Richard Hartshorne, The
Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past,
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, xxix, 3 (1939). Felix Driver, for
example, argued that the voyages of travellers like Henry Morton Stanley,
Livingstone, Richard Burton and Samuel Baker, often with the support of
geographical societies, helped to chart out distant territories. Yet they did not
simply overcome distance; they also created imaginative geographies producing
particular ways of reading unknown landscapes. Felix Driver, Henry Morton
Stanley and his Critics: Geography, Exploration and Empire, Past and Present, no.
133 (Nov. 1991), 1356.
6 Gould and Strohmayer, Geographical Visions, 1015.
7 Hubbard, Space/Place, 41.
4 of 23
Ibid., 42.
Edward W. Soja, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined
Places (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 567.
10 Hubbard, Space/Place, 456. See also David Harvey, The Condition of
Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford, 1990).
11 Ibid., 43.
12 Cited ibid., 42. See also Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience
(Minneapolis, 1977), esp. ch. 2.
13 Tuan, Space and Place, 4; Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: Humanistic
Perspective, in Stephen Gale and Gunnar Olsson (eds.), Philosophy in Geography
(Dordrecht, 1979), 38890.
14 Cited in Hubbard, Space/Place, 423. See also Edward Relph, Place and
Placelessness (London, 1976).
9
5 of 23
15
6 of 23
21
7 of 23
Past and Present, no. 1 (Feb. 1952), pp. iii (editors intro.).
Ibid., p. iii.
28 Ibid., p. iv.
27
8 of 23
29 See, for example, E. J. Hobsbawm, The Machine Breakers, Past and Present, no.
1 (Feb. 1952); E. J. Hobsbawm, The General Crisis of the European Economy in the
Seventeenth Century, Past and Present, no. 5 (Nov. 1954); E. J. Hobsbawm, The
Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, II, Past and Present, no. 6 (Nov. 1954).
30 G. Barraclough, Metropolis and Macrocosm: Europe and the Wider World,
14921939, Past and Present, no. 5 (Nov. 1954).
31 Ibid., 78.
9 of 23
10 of 23
36 This tendency is not limited, however, to the early years. See also James and
Elizabeth Fentress, The Hole in the Doughnut, Past and Present, no. 173 (Nov.
2001); Molly Greene, Beyond the Northern Invasion: The Mediterranean in the
Seventeenth Century, Past and Present, no. 174 (Feb. 2002). Nonetheless, in these
later articles the tendency is to criticize or revise Braudels arguments. For more on
Braudel, see E.J.H., Notes, Past and Present, no. 39 (Apr. 1968); Olwen Hufton,
Fernand Braudel, Past and Present, no. 112 (Aug. 1986).
37 A. Soboul, The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries, Past and Present, no. 10 (Nov. 1956); Marc Bloch, Les Caracte`res originaux
de lhistoire rurale francaise, 2 vols. (Paris, 19556), ii.
38 Soboul, French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries, 78.
39 Ibid., 82.
40 Ibid., 80.
41 Ibid., 83.
42 Ibid., 85.
43 Ibid., 889.
11 of 23
12 of 23
52
Ibid., 103.
Ibid., 107.
54 Robin Okey, Central Europe/Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions, Past and
Present, no. 137 (Nov. 1992), 102.
55 Ibid., 1035.
56 He states, for example, that It was an idea used by different groups for their own
purposes, whether in their various searches for identity or, as in Konrads phrase, for
an anti-politics, a symbolic challenge to the power bloc system that knew only an
east and a west: ibid., 1289.
53
13 of 23
57
14 of 23
63
Ibid., 132.
Ibid., 1334.
65 Ibid., 134.
66 Ibid., 135.
67 Ibid., 138.
68 Ibid., 13941.
64
15 of 23
As such,
it is not just a chronology or an understanding of the past which is at stake
here, but rather the way it shapes (and is shaped by) the language with which
we perceive and define society and humanity in the present. For it is precisely
the fixation on the European conquest as the ultimate source of historical
explanations of the present that lies at the base of the binary construct which
has denied historicity to Andean peoples, while conceiving of them as
remnants, vestiges, unevolved and, ultimately, ethnic.73
Ibid., 144.
Ibid., 1479.
71 Ibid., 146.
72 Ibid., 157.
73 Ibid., 158.
74 Ibid., 160.
70
16 of 23
17 of 23
80
18 of 23
88
Ibid., 155.
Ibid., 1569.
90 Ibid., 160, 162.
91 Ibid., 163, 168.
92 Ibid., 172.
93 5http://mappingoccupation.org4; 5http://coloredconventions.org4; 5http://
web.stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/index.php4 (all accessed 15 Jan.
2016).
94 David C. Mengel, A Plague on Bohemia? Mapping the Black Death, Past and
Present, no. 211 (May 2011).
89
still claimed glory.88 Nonetheless, for the men in the field, it was a
lack of access to rifles and other arms, physical terrain and the
presence of the Protestants and Unionists that determined the
frequency of violent acts.89 Historians, in turn, have focused on
rurality, with Fitzpatrick claiming that the more rural the area, the
more violent, but, Hart rebukes, nearly half of the British victims
of the revolution were produced in Dublin, Cork and Belfast.90
Further, he does not find a correlation between poverty,
prosperity, voting patterns and violence.91 Instead, agreeing
with Fitzpatrick, he finds that as an organization, the IRA
tended to be more violent where the police and courts were
least effective, which in turn may have been related to a
tradition of resistance inherited from the agrarian rebels of
Victorian Ireland.92
Harts study relies on quantitative data, statistical know-how
and technical map-making skill, all generally related to what
scholars have come to call the spatial turn. Yet, while Harts
article (along with Gregory P. Downs and Scott Nesbits
Mapping Occupation project, the maps provided by the
University of Delawares Colored Conventions project and the
Spatial History project at Stanford University, among many
others)93 demonstrates that historical inquiry can benefit from
the inclusion of datasets and mapping technologies, spatial
history and the study of maps need not intimidate the
technophobe. In the twenty-first century, many studies in
spatial history analyse maps as texts, rather than creating them.
For example, following a method similar to that of Johnson, in
A Plague on Bohemia? Mapping the Black Death David C.
Mengel studies maps that have represented the progression and
geographic reach of the Black Death alongside the texts that
accompanied them.94 Mengel traces how the scholarly
consensus that Bohemia was left unscathed by the Black Death
19 of 23
95
Ibid., 4.
lisabeth Carpentier, Autour de la peste noire: famines et epidemies dans
E
lhistoire du XIV e sie`cle, Annales: economies, societes, civilisations, xvii (1962).
97 Mengel, Plague on Bohemia?, 5.
98 Ibid., 56.
99 Ibid., 9.
100 Ibid., 10.
101 Ibid., 11.
102 Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (London, 1969); Mengel, A Plague on
Bohemia?, 12.
96
20 of 23
103
21 of 23
110
22 of 23
118
Ibid., 234.
Ibid., 263.
120 Ibid., 267.
121 Richard White, What Is Spatial History? (Stanford, 2010), 6, at 5https://web.
stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/pub.php?id294(accessed 15 Jan. 2016).
119
23 of 23
122
Courtney J. Campbell
Tougaloo College