Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps)

The centrifugal or roto-dynamic pump produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity of the
liquid through the machine with the help of the rotating vane impeller. Centrifugal pumps include
radial, axial and mixed flow units.
Centrifugal pumps can be classified further as

end suction pumps

in-line pumps

double suction pumps

vertical multistage pumps

horizontal multistage pumps

submersible pumps

self-priming pumps

axial-flow pumps

regenerative pumps

End Suction Water Pumps

An end suction water pump would probably have the lowest initial cost for most
applications, with reasonable efficiency. However, these pumps do not follow any
standards, especially with regard to bearing life, shaft seal housings and
dimensional interchangeability. They are also typically constructed with the
lowest cost materials, such as cast iron casings with bronze or brass impellers.
The impellers are typically of closed construction, without replaceable casing or
impeller wearing rings.

a pump whose suction and discharge branches are arranged in line for direct installation into
the pipework; special foundations are unnecessary, and the absence of shaft couplings
eliminates alignmentproblems

Normally, what is understood as a "double-suction pump" is a horizontal, split-casing, centrifugal

pump that receives suction liquid in both sides of the rotating impeller. This is a much desired type of
mechanical design because it effectively balances the thrust effect of the rotating impeller and
reduces the thrust bearing need and wear.
A small capacity centrifugal pump is usually of a single-suction design: it receives liquid through the
out-board side of the rotating impeller. This type of design imposes an unbalanced thrust of the shaft
thrust bearing that has to be taken into account. It also, through inherent configuration, imposes
unbalanced forces on the pump and may cause vibrations.
A double-suction centrifugal pump is what everyone should have in their applications. However, that
statement is easier said than done. This design is among the most expensive and can only be
justified on an engineering application when rather large capacities (or critical applications) are
involved. Because of the design and configuration, two shaft seals are required - as opposed to only
one used on the single-suction models. Also, an outboard support bearing is also employed which
keeps the pump shaft aligned and true. This is still another important mechanical feature that gives
this type of design a dependable and long-term successful pumping reputation. Its poorer cousin, the
single-suction model has to suffer with a cantilever design for its shaft.

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The
impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts.
For higher pressures at the outlet, impellers can be connected in series. For higher flow output,
impellers can be connected parallel.
A common application of the multistage centrifugal pump is the boiler feedwater pump. For example,
a 350 MW unit would require two feedpumps in parallel. Each feedpump is a multistage centrifugal
pump producing 150 l/s at 21 MPa.
All energy transferred to the fluid is derived from the mechanical energy driving the impeller. This
can be measured at isentropic compression, resulting in a slight temperature increase (in addition to
the pressure increase).

A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has
a hermetically sealedmotor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in
the fluid to be pumped.[4] The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump
cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid
surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids.
Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps.

A "self-priming" centrifugal pump overcomes the problem of air

binding by mixing air with water to create a fluid with pumping
properties much like those of regular water. The pump then gets rid
of the air and moves water only, just like a standard centrifugal
pump.

An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially consists of a propeller (an
axial impeller) in a pipe. The propeller can be driven directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or by
electric motor or petrol/diesel engines mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right-angle drive
shaft that pierces the pipe.
Fluid particles, in course of their flow through the pump, do not change their radial locations since
the change in radius at the entry (called 'suction') and the exit (called 'discharge') of the pump is very
small. Hence the name "axial" pump.

Regenerative Turbine Principles

The primary difference between a centrifugal and a regenerative turbine pump is that fluid only travels through a
centrifugal impeller once, while in a turbine, it takes many trips through the vanes. Referring to the cross-section
diagram, the impeller vanes move within the flow-through area of the water channel passageway. Once the liquid
enters the pump, it is directed into the vanes, which push the fluid forward and impart a centrifugal force outward to
the impeller periphery. An orderly circulatory flow is therefore imposed by the impeller vane, which creates fluid
velocity. Fluid velocity (or kinetic energy) is then available for conversion to flow and pressure depending on the
external systems flow resistance as diagrammed
by a system curve.
It is useful to note at this point, that in order to
prevent the internal loss of the pressure building
capability of an MTH regenerative turbine, close
internal clearances are required. In many cases,
depending on the size of the pump, impeller to
casing clearances may be as little as onethousandth of an inch on each side. Therefore,
these pumps are suitable for use only on
applications with clean fluids and systems. In
some cases, a suction strainer can be used
successfully to
protect the pump.
Next, as the
circulatory flow is
imposed on the
fluid and it
reaches the fluid
channel
periphery, it is then redirected by the specially shaped fluid channels, around the
side of the impeller, and back into the I.D. of the turbine impeller vanes, where the
process begins again. This cycle occurs many times as the fluid passes through the
pump. Each trip through the vanes generates more fluid velocity, which can then be
converted into more pressure. The multiple cycles through the turbine vanes are called regeneration, hence the
name regenerative turbine. The overall result of this process is a pump with pressure building capability ten or more
times that of a centrifugal pump with the same impeller diameter and speed.
In some competitive designs, you will find that only a single-sided impeller is used. That design suffers from a thrust
load in the direction of the motor that must be carried by the motor bearings. MTH turbines use a two-sided floating
impeller design that builds pressure equally on both sides. This has the advantage of allowing the pump pressure to
hydraulically self-center the impeller in the close clearance impeller cavity, while not burdening the motor bearings
with excessive thrust loads.
The regenerative pump produces large head at comparatively small flows. The design of the pump includes
for a special impeller with a large number of radial blades. As the fluid is discharge from one blade it is
transferred to the root of the next blade and given additional energy. The fluid heads developed in this type
of pump can be very high and the pump should not be used without a close coupled relief valve in the
system.
In a regenerative pump, liquid enters and exits the pump during several revolutions of the impeller. The
velocity and pressure increases of the liquid are therefore gradual compared to the centrifugal pump. Liquid

entering the pump near its vapor pressure is less likely to experience the pressure change that can cause
cavitation due to the smaller pressure gradient. Therefore, regenerative pumps, typically, require lower net
positive suction heads than centrifugal pumps.
This pump is generally made from special materials to combat the corrosive conditions resulting from the
high degree of turbulence experienced within the casing. The figure below shows in outline the operating
principles of the peripheral pump.
1) The regenerative pump can handle liquids with 20% entrained gases.
Under the same conditions a centrifugal pump would experience vortexing
or cavitation.
2) If the fluid supply source runs dry the regenerative pump cavity remains
filled with liquid, unlike centrifugal pumps. This allow the pump to operate
under dry suction conditions in this event.
3) The regenerative pump is capable of reversible impeller rotation, with an
accompanying reversal of the suction and discharge porting.
4) The head capacity curve of a regenerative turbine pump has a different
shape compared to a centrifugal pump. It is nearly linear sloping downward.
At lower heads, the flow is typically much smaller than for a centrifugal
pump. The slope never approaches a horizontal plane. Therefore, throttling
a valve for a regenerative pump will permit more precise changes in flow,
without major overshooting or undershooting of the duty point.

Non positive displacement pumps are basically used for low pressure applications as such
types of pumps are not capable to work against higher pressure and that is the basic reason

that non positive displacement pumps are not designed for application in hydraulic system. Non
positive displacement pumps are designed to work maximum pressure of 18 to 20 bar only.

Non positive displacement pumps are considerably used in chemical and oil industries where
liquids are required to transport from one location to other.

We can summarize non positive displacement e.g. centrifugal pumps are used for low pressure
and higher volume flow applications.

Advantage of Non Positive displacement pump

1. Initial cost is less due to less moving elements.

2. Operation and maintenance cost is less.
3. Continuous flow with simple and reliable in operation
4. Normally all types of liquids could be transported

Disadvantage of Non Positive displacement pump

1. Flow of pump will be dependent on the system output resistance.

2. Volumetric efficiency will be less.

3. Not suitable for higher pressure application.

4. Such type of pumps are not self priming, hence we will require positive suction for
smooth operation of such type of pumps.

Positive displacement pump

Positive displacement pumps are self priming because there will be very close clearance
between rotary and stationary components of pump. Such types of pumps are basically
designed for higher pressure application for example hydraulic fluid power application.

- See more at: http://www.hkdivedi.com/2015/05/difference-betweenpositive-and-non.html#sthash.d62edGxx.dpuf

Positive displacement pumps will never generate the pressure but also they will produce
the flow, pressure will be produced due to resistance in output fluid flow. If output
section of pump will be opened completely then in that situation there will not be any
resistance for fluid flow and hence pressure generated will be zero beyond atmospheric
pressure or pressure gauge will show zero reading. If output port of pump is closed
partially then pressure will be produced due to presence of resistance of fluid flow,
suppose if output port of pump is blocked completely then pressure will be increased
significantly and may damage the component of hydraulic system. In order to avoid
damaging of hydraulic elements of system due to such high pressure, pressure relief
valves are used in hydraulic system.
Such types of pumps deliver definite quantity of fluid to the hydraulic system for each
cycle or for each revolution of shaft. Output fluid flow will be constant and will not
depend on pressure of system or load on system.
We know three important and commonly used Positive displacement pumps and these
are as displayed here.

Piston Pump
Vane Pump
Gear Pump

- See more at: http://www.hkdivedi.com/2015/05/difference-betweenpositive-and-non.html#sthash.d62edGxx.dpuf