Sociology is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development,

organization, networks, and institutions.[1][2][3][4][5] It is a social science that uses various methods
of empirical investigation[6] and critical analysis[7] to develop a body of knowledge about social
order, disorder, and change. Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied
directly to social policy andwelfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical
understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from themicro level of
individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure.[8]

The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social
mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality anddeviance. As all spheres of human activity are
affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually
expanded its focus to further subjects, such
as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, education, and the role of social
activity in the development of scientific knowledge.
The range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a
variety of qualitative and quantitativetechniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the midtwentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, andphilosophic approaches
towards the analysis of society. Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s
have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques,
such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis.[9][10]
Social research informs politicians and policy
makers, educators, planners, lawmakers, administrators, developers, business magnates,
managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and people
interested in resolvingsocial issues in general. There is often a great deal of crossover between
social research, market research, and other statisticalfields.[11]
Sociology subject has been developing over centuries and still continues so. Sociology
investigate individual and social groups behavior (micro-level), but also takes in consideration
humans evolution due to external fact such as technology how the internet has changed many of
us the way we think and how this behavior have changed the way we communicate now with
friends vs the way we did two decades ago (Facebook).
Sociology has different research methods. To mention one is the scientific method, which
has a list of steps to follow like for instance, ask questions, look for current sources, create an
assumption or reason why you like to investigate a subject, do the research, create a conclusion,
and then present a report (33).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology#Methods

Social sciences concern peoples relationships and interactions with one another. Sociology,
with its emphasis on social life, falls into this category. A multidisciplinary field, sociology draws
from a variety of other social sciences, including anthropology, political science, psychology, and
economics.
Anthropology
Anthropology concerns individual cultures in a society, rather than the society as a whole.
Traditionally, it focuses on what might be termed primitive cultures, such as the Yanomamo
people of the South American jungle, who live much the same way they did hundreds of years
ago. Anthropologists place special emphasis on language, kinship patterns, and cultural artifacts.
Political Science
Political science concerns the governments of various societies. It considers what kind of
government a society has, how it formed, and how individuals attain positions of power within a
particular government. Political science also concerns the relation of people in a society to
whatever form of government they have.
Psychology
Psychology takes the individual out of his or her social circumstances and examines the
mental processes that occur within that person. Psychologists study the human brain and how it
functions, considering issues such as memory, dreams, learning, and perception.
Economics
Economics focuses on the production and distribution of societys goods and services.
Economists study why a society chooses to produce what it does, how money is exchanged, and
how people interact and cooperate to produce goods.

http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/introduction-to-sociology/section3.rhtml

Sociology is the mother of all social sciences. Hence it has close and intimate relationship
with Anthropology. The relationship is so close that Anthropologists like A.L. Kroeber consider
Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters. They often appear as two names for the same
subject. R. Reddfield recognizes the closeness between these two social sciences.

Sociology is a science of society. It studies behavior of man in groups. The term Sociology
has been derived from the Latin word Socius means society, companion or association and the
Greek word logos means study or science. Hence Sociology is concerned with the association of
human beings. It is a science that deals with social groups.

Similarly the term Anthropology is derived from two Greek words anthropos meaning man
and logos meaning study or science. Accordingly anthropology means study of man. As a science
of man it deals with man, his works and behavior. Anthropology studies the biological and cultural
development of man. Anthropology has a wide field of study which can be broadly divided into
three main divisions such as physical anthropology. Archeology cultural anthropology and social
anthropology. Physical anthropology studies bodily characteristics of early man and thereby try
to understand both primitive and modern cultures.

Archeology studies cultures of pre-historic period. This study facilitates sociologists to

make a comparative study of present social structure. It is concerned with the early periods of

human existence. It reconstructs the origin, spread and evolution of culture by examining the
remains of the past societies. Social anthropology deals with the behaviour of man in social
institutions. Social anthropology and sociology are one and the same. Evan Pritchard considers
social anthropology as a branch of Sociology.

Mutual Help:

However there exists a very close and intimate relationship between Sociology and
Anthropology. Both contribute to the growth of others. Both are mutually related to each other.
Of course Sociology studies society whereas anthropology studies man. But as man and society
are mutually interrelated hence it is very difficult to distinguish two. However their close
relationship can be known from the following.

Anthropology contributes to the growth of Sociology. Without the help of anthropology

the study of Sociology cant be complete. It is a part of Sociology. Anthropology provides
knowledge about ancient societies. To have a comprehensive understanding of present society
Sociology takes the help of anthropology. Contributions of many Anthropologists like R. Brown,
Linton, Mead and Pritchard enriches sociological knowledges. The origin of family, marriage,
religion etc. can be better understood through anthropological knowledge. The concepts like
cultural area, cultural traits, and cultural lag etc. sociology accept from anthropology.

Sociology accepts the anthropological conclusion that racial superiority is not responsible
for mental development. Thus Sociology is greatly benefited by anthropological studies.

Similarly, Sociology contributes richly towards the growth of anthropology. Anthropology

accepts many concepts of Sociology. Research and contributions of many Sociologists like Emile
Durkheim, Herbert Spencer is of great help to anthropology. Anthropologists greatly benefited
by the Sociological researches. Ideas and conclusions of Sociology contributes to the research in
anthropology.

Thus there exists a great deal of relationship between Sociology and Anthropology. Both
study human society and both are concerned with all kinds of social groups like families, friends,
tribes etc. Many of the ideas and concepts are used in both the discipline. Hence both are
interrelated and interdependent. But in spite of the inter-relationship both differ from each
other.

Differences:

(1) Sociology is a science of society whereas anthropology is a science of man and his
behavior.

(2) The scope of Sociology is very wide whereas the scope of Anthropology is very limited.
Because anthropology is a part of Sociology.

(3) Sociology studies society as a whole whereas anthropology studies man as a part of
society.

(4) Sociology studies civilizations which are vast and dynamic on the other hand
Anthropology studies cultures which are small and static.

(5) Sociology studies modern, civilized and complex societies whereas Anthropology
studies ancient and non-literate societies.

(6) Sociology is concerned with social planning whereas anthropology is not concerned with
social planning. On the basis of social planning sociology make suggestion for future but
anthropology do not make any suggestion for future.

(7)In the words of Kluckhon, The Sociological attitude has tended towards the Practical
and Present, the anthropological towards pure understanding of the past.

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-relationship-of-sociology-with-othersocial-sciences/6248/

Development of Sociology

Sociology is the youngest of the recognized social sciences.Auguste Comte in France coined the word
'sociology' in his Positive Philosophy published in 1838.He believed that a science of sociology should
be based on systematic observation and classification not on authority and speculation. This was a
relatively new idea at that time. Herbert Spencer in England published his Principles of Sociology in
1876. He applied the theory of organic evolution to human society and developed a grand theory of
social evolution.

Lester F Ward an American published his Dynamic Sociology in 1883 calling for social progress
through intelligent social action which sociologists should guide. All these founders of sociology were
basically social philosophers. They proclaimed that sociologists should collect, organize and classify
factual data and derive sound social theories from these facts. While they called for scientific
investigation they did relatively little of it themselves.

Emile Durkheim gave the most notable early demonstration of scientific methodology in sociology. In
his Rules of sociological Method published in 1895,he outlined the methodology which he pursued in
his study 'Suicide' published in 1897.Instead of speculating upon the causes of suicide ,he first
planned his research design and then collected a large mass of data on the characteristics of people
who commit suicide and then derived a theory of suicide from these data.

Courses in sociology appeared in many universities in the 1890s.The American Journal of Sociology
began publication in 1895 and the American Sociological Society was organized in 1905.Whereas most
of the early European sociologists came from the fields of history, political economy or philosophy
many of the early American sociologists had been social workers, ministers and nearly all were from
rural backgrounds.

Urbanization and industrialization were creating grave social problems and these early sociologists
were looking for scientific solutions. They saw sociology as a scientific guide to social progress. The
early volumes of the American Journal of Sociology contained relatively few articles devoted to
scientific description or research but carried many sermons filled with advice etc.

By 1930s the several sociological journals were well filled with research articles and scientific
descriptions. Sociology was becoming a body of scientific knowledge with its theories based upon
scientific observation rather than upon impressionistic observation.

http://www.sociologyguide.com/introduction-to-sociology/development-of-sociology.php

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

AUTHOR(S)Catapusan, Benicio T.
PUB. DATEJuly 1957
SOURCEPhilippine Sociological Review;Jul-Oct57, Vol. 5 Issue 3/4, p53
SOURCE TYPEAcademic Journal
DOC. TYPEArticle
ABSTRACT
This article focuses on the development of sociology in the Philippines. It examines early and
contemporary sociological offerings in colleges and universities. It provides an interpretation of the
emphasis given to sociology since 1899. The first course in Sociology was recorded in the University
of Philippines. A few years later, a section devoted to Sociology was organized under the department
of Anthropology. This arrangement continued until 1946. By 1919, the interest in Sociology had
spread to the Visayan Islands but the textbooks used throughout the archipelago were of Occidental
origin. These textbooks met the immediate needs of the time due to lack of local materials on the
subject. The importance of Sociology to national planning was first noted in 1951, when the
Homemakers and Mother's Cooperative Inc. was formed. The emphasis on Sociology and Social Work
continued to be recognized with the founding of the Philippine School of Social Work. The
development of Sociology in the Philippines is marked by four distinct stages of development, namely:
1. The stage where considerable effort was made in defining and determining the field of Sociology.
2. The period of considerable specialization in subject matter. Sociological principles were being

employed as means of understanding local social conditions. 3. The stage when the problems of
teaching Sociology were met with all available techniques, although greater emphasis was still needed
in the discovery and analysis of social data; and on the developing, refining and perfecting of new
methods of sociological investigation. Thus, the search for solutions to all these may give rise to the
fourth phase of sociological development, namely; 4. The stage of research, experimental and dynamic
Sociology. A fifth stage should be devoted to the formulation of sound social philosophical thinking
which will serve as the basis of future planning, a condition quite necessary in nation-building.

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9866250/development-sociology-philippines