KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Accredited By NBA, AICTE, New Delhi)

S.P.G.Chidambara Nadar C.Nagammal Campus,

S.P.G.C.Nagar, Virudhunagar 626 001.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS
LABORATORY MANUAL
CE 6461 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

INDEX
Ex.
No.

Title of the Experiment

Page
No.

Orifice meter

Venturimeter

Rotameter

10

Friction Factor

13

Centrifugal Pump

16

Reciprocating Pump

19

Gear Pump

22

Pelton Wheel

25

Francis Turbine

28

10

Kaplan Turbine

31

SUBJECT CODE: CE 6461

2

SUBJECT NAME: FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

SYLLABUS
1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given
Orifice meter.
2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given
Venturimeter.
3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rotometer.
4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes.
5. To determine the characteristics curves of
Centrifugal pump / submergible pump.
6. To determine the characteristics curves of Reciprocating
pump.
7. To determine the the characteristics curves of Gear pump.
8. To determine the the characteristics curves of Pelton
wheel.
9. To determine the the characteristics curves of

Francis

turbine.
10. To determine the the characteristics curves of Kaplan
turbine.

EX. NO : 1
TO DETERMINE THE CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE USING ORIFICE
METER

AIM:
To determine the co efficient of discharge using Orifice meter apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Closed circuit orifice meter.
2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:
1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Pump set.
4. Pipe lines.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS
SUMP TANK :
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is idle. The sump
tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK :
The suitable capacity measuring tank is made of mild steel with FRP lining
and drain valve, piezometer, glass tube, scale arrangement.
PUMP SET:
HP, single phase mono block pump set of size 1 1 suitable to pump
the water throughout the unit for independent circulation.

PIPE LINES:
Two G.I. pipe lines of size 25mm and 20mm with fittings and control
valves and pressure tapping, PVC hoses to connect manometer.
MANOMETER:
A 1m differential u-tube manometer with mercury provided to measure the
differential head from orifice meter. A common unit having separate valves for
taking reading either by 25mm or 20mm pipe line.
SPECIFICATION FOR ORIFICE METER

Pipe Diameter =

25 mm

Pipe Diameter =

20 mm

Orifice dia d1 =

17.20 mm

Orifice dia d1 =

13.80 mm

TABULATION
Sl.
No

Manometer
readings mm of
Hg
h1
h2

Theoretical
discharge m3 / sec
Qt

Time taken
for 10 cm
raise of
water sec

Actual
discharge
m3 / s
Qa

Cd =Qa/Qt

FORMULA:
1. Theoretical discharge =

Qt = (a1 - a2) 2gh

(a1 - a2)

in m3/sec

Where h = (h1-h2)10.3 in mm
760
2. Actual discharge Qa = AH / T m/s
Where A = Area of measuring tank.
H= Raise of water level (10cm)
T = Time taken for H raise of water.
3. Co- efficient of discharge Cd = Qa / Qt.
PROCEDURE
1. Before starting the experiment check the initial inspections before doing the
experiments.
2. Switch on the power supply and gradually open the gate valve of the orifice
meter pipe line and manometer cocks. Fill the water in the manometer glass to
remove the air.
3. Note down the manometer readings h1 &h2. Take the differential value while
tabulating.
4. Close the drain valve of the measuring tank .Take the time taken for 10 cm
raise of water in the piezometer by means of stop clock.
5. Adjust the 25mm gate valve for next readings .Repeat the same procedure for
20mm valve too.
6. By using manometer reading we find out the theoretical discharge and by
measuring tank find out the actual discharge.
7. Draw the graph between Qact Vs h , and find the coefficient of discharge from the
graph.
RESULT:

EX. NO: 2
TO DETERMINE THE CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE USING VENTURI
METER
AIM:

To determine the co efficient of discharge using Venturimeter apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Closed circuit Venturi meter.

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Pump set.
4. Pipe lines.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS
SUMP TANK:
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK:
The suitable capacity measuring tank made of mild steel with FRP lining
and drain valve, piezometer, glass tube, scale arrangement.
PUMP SET:
HP, single phase mono block pump set of size 1 1 suitable to pump
the water throughout the unit for independent circulation.

PIPE LINES:
7

Two G.I. pipe lines of size 25mm and 20mm with fittings and control
valves and pressure tappings, PVC hoses to connect manometer.
MANOMETER:
A 1m differential u-tube manometer with mercury provided to measure the
differential head from Venturi meter. A common unit having separate valves for
taking reading either by 25mm or 20mm pipe line.
SPECIFICATION FOR VENTURI METER

Venturi meter size

: 25mm

Throat size

: 14.79mm
TABULATION

Sl.
No

Manometer
readings mm of
Hg
h1

Theoretical
discharge m3 / sec
Qt

h2

Time taken
for 10 cm
raise of
water sec

Actual
discharge
m3 / sec
Qa

Qt = a1-a2 2gh

in m3/sec

Cd =Qa/Qt

FORMULA:
1.

Theoretical discharge =

2.

a1 - a2
Where h = (h1-h2) 10.3 in mm
760
Actual discharge Qa = AH / T m/s
Where A = Area of measuring tank.
H= Raise of water level (10cm)
T = Time taken for H raise of water.

3.

Co- efficient of discharge Cd = Qa / Qt.

PROCEDURE
1. Before starting the experiment check the initial inspections before doing the
experiments.
2. Switch on the power supply and gradually open the gate valve of the Venturi
meter pipe line and manometer cocks. Fill the water in the manometer glass to
remove the air.
3. Note down the manometer readings h1 &h2. Take the differential value while
tabulating.
4. Close the drain valve of the measuring tank .Take the time taken for 10 cm
raise of water in the piezo meter by means of stop clock.
5. Adjust the 25mm gate valve for next readings .Repeat the same procedure for
20mm valve too.
6. By using manometer reading we find out the theoretical discharge and by
measuring tank find out the actual discharge.
7. Draw the graph between Qact Vs h , and find the coefficient of discharge from the
graph.
RESULT :
EX. NO: 3

TO DETERMINE THE CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE USING ROTAMETER

APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the co efficient of discharge using Rotameter apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Closed circuit orifice meter.

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Pump set.
4 Pipe lines.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS
SUMP TANK:
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK:
The suitable capacity measuring tank made of mild steel with FRP lining
and drain valve, piezometer, glass tube, scale arrangement.
PUMP SET:
HP, single phase mono block pump set of size 1 1 suitable to pump
the water throughout the unit for independent circulation.

PIPE LINES:
10

Two G.I. pipe lines of size 25mm and 20mm with fittings and control
valves and pressure tappings, PVC hoses to connect manometer.
MANOMETER:
A 1m differential u-tube manometer with mercury provided to measure the
differential head from orifice meter. A common unit having separate valves for
taking reading either by 25mm or 20mm pipe line.
SPECIFICATION FOR ROTA METER

Rotameter size

: 25mm

Range

: 5000LPH.

TABULATION
Sl.
No

Theoretical discharge
m3 / sec Qth
lpm

m/ sec

Time taken for 10

cm raise of water in
the collecting tank,t
sec

Actual discharge
Qac m3 / s

Co-efficient of
discharge, Cd

FORMULA:
11

1. Theoretical (indicated) discharge of the rotameter = q X lpm.

2. Theoretical discharge Qth = q / 60,000 m /sec
3. Actual discharge , Qac = Ah / t m/s
4.
5.

Co- efficient of discharge Cd = Qact / Qt.

% of error = (Qt.- Qact)/ Qact *100

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Qthe Vs percentage error of the Rotometer

RESULT:

12

EX NO: 4
TO DETERMINE THE FRICTION FACTOR FOR THE GIVEN SET OF PIPES
AIM:

To determine the friction factor for the given set of pipes.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Closed circuit orifice meter.

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Pump set.
4. Pipe lines.
5. Manometer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS
SUMP TANK:
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient
water circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP.
It is having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK:
The suitable capacity measuring tank made by mild steel to measure the
quality of water pump by the submersible pump at various delivery heads. It
having the arrangement to provide the gauge glass and scale arrangement. It also
has a arrangement to drain the water to the sump tank. The whole arrangement is
placed on the sump tank.
PUMP SET:
HP, single phase mono block pump set of size 1 1 suitable to pump
the water throughout the unit for independent circulation.
PIPE LINES:
Two G.I. pipe lines of size 25mm and 20mm with fittings and control
valves and pressure tappings, PVC hoses to connect manometer.
13

MANOMETER:
A 1/2m differential manometer with mercury provided to measure the
differential head.
TABULATION
Sl.
No

Differential
Manometer readings
mm of Hg
h1

h2

Loss of
head H

X=(h1-h2)

Time
taken for
10 cm
raise of
water sec

Discharge
of water
Q

Velocity
of water
v

Velocity
head hf

Darcy s
constant

FORMULA:
1. Hf

= flv/ 2gd.

Where

hf = Manometer difference in (m) of water.

F = Friction factor
L = length of the pipe. (Distances between two
pressures
tapping in m)
V= Velocity of flow (m/s)
G= Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/ s)
D= Diameter of the pipe (m)
Manometer head h = h1-h2 m (mm of Hg.)
Manometer head in m of water h10.3
760
2. Actual discharge Q = Ah / T m/s
14

Where A = Area of measuring tank.

H = Raise of water level (10cm)
T = Time taken for H raise of water.
3. Area of the pipe (a) = d m
4
Where d= diameter of pipe in m
4. Velocity v= Q/ a m/s
Q= discharge
A= area of pipe.
PROCEDURE :
1. Before starting the pump check all the joints are tight and leak proof.
2. Switch on the power supply and gradually open the 25mm gate value
fully. Open the manometer cocks and remove the air from the glass tube
by filling water.
3. Note down the readings in the manometer gauge.
4. Close the drain valve of the measuring tank. Take the time taken for
10 cm raise of water level in the piezometer and note down the readings
by using stop clock.
5. Adjust the 25 mm gate value for next reading the same procedure
repeated for 20mm valve also.
6. plot the graph for V2 Vs hf m of Hg

RESULT:

EX. NO: 5
15

TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP
AIM:

To determine the characteristics curves of centrifugal pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1. Closed circuit centrifugal pump.

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Centrifugal pump.
4. Electric motor.
5. Panel board.
6. Pipe fitting.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS
SUMP TANK:
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK:
The suitable capacity measuring tank made of mild steel to measure at the
various delivery heads. It having the arrangement to provide the gauge glass and
scale arrangement. The measuring tank placed on a stand.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
A pump of size 25 25 mm to discharge about 60 LPM at 5m head,
pipeline with gun metal foot valve &gate valve.
16

PIPE FITTING:
1 delivery pipe fittings, pressure gauge with cocks and a control valve. 1
suction pipe consist of suction pipe and fittings, vaccum gauge with cocks and
PVC strainer foot valve. All fittings connected with the centrifugal pump.
PANEL BOARD ARRANGEMENT:
It consist of a single phase double pole on /off switch to start the motor. An
energy meter provided to measure the input power to the motor by number of
thickening of light which is provided with the energy meter.

SPECIFICATION

ENERGY METER CONSTANT

= 3200 lpm/ kw.hr.

TABULATION
SL
NO

Pressure gauge
reading kg/ cm

Vaccum
gauge reading
mm of Hg

Total
head m

Time for 10
cm raise of
oil sec

Discharge
m/sec

Time
taken for
5 flicking
of light
sec.

Input
power
kw

17

Out put
power
kw

Efficiency
%

FORMULA:
1. Total head H= (Pressure gauge reading x 10) +(vaccum gauge
reading x 10.3/760) + Datum head (m)
2. Discharge Q = Ah / T m/s
Where A = Area of measuring tank.
H = Raise of water level (10cm)
T = Time taken for H raise of water.
3. Output power =

QH Kw

4. Input power =

X /t 3600/ EMC 0.8 Kw

Where X
T

where ( = 9.81)

= Number of illuminated of light.

= Time taken for X illumination.

EMC = Energy meter constant 3200lmp/kw hr.

0.8

= Efficiency of motor (80 %)

5. Efficiency of the pump = output power / input power 100

PROCEDURE:

1. Before starting the pump check all the joints are tight and leak proof.
2. After all initial steps where taken start the pump and open the gauge cocks.
3. Close the delivery valve and take the readings on the pressure gauge.
4. Now close the delivery valve of the measuring tank , the water level increases
in the gauge glass. Now start the stop clock and note down the time taken for
10 cm raise of the water level.

5. Time taken for 5 flickering of light on the energy meter also noted by the stop
clock.

6. The whole procedure is repeated for different delivery heads.

7. plot the graphs on the same axis
(i)

Hm of H2o Vs Q

(ii)

H Vs Q (iii) Input power Vs Q

RESULT:
18

EX NO: 6
TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING
PUMP
AIM:

To determine the characteristics curves of Reciprocating pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Closed circuit reciprocating pump

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Centrifugal pump.
4. Electric motor.
5. Panel board.
6. Pipe fitting.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS

SUMP TANK:
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK:
The suitable capacity measuring tank made of mild steel to measure at the
various delivery heads. It having the arrangement to provide the gauge glass and
scale arrangement. The measuring tank placed on a stand.

RECIPROCATING PUMP:
A pump of size 25 20 mm to discharge about 20 LPM at 40m head,
pipeline with gun metal foot valve &gate valve.
PIPE FITTING:
19

3/4 delivery pipe fittings, pressure gauge with cocks and a control valve.
1 suction pipe consist of suction pipe and fittings, vaccum gauge with cocks and
PVC strainer foot valve. All fittings connected with the reciprocating pump.
PANEL BOARD ARRANGEMENT:
It consist of a single phase double pole on /off switch to start the motor. An
energy meter provided to measure the input power to the motor by number of
thickening of light which is provided with the energy meter.
SPECIFICATION
ENERGY METER CONSTANT

= 3200 lpm/ kw.hr.

TABULATION
SL
NO

Pressure
gauge reading
kg/ cm

Vacuum
gauge
reading mm
of Hg

Total
head

Time for 10
cm raise of
water sec

Discharge
m/sec

Time
taken
for 5
flicking
of light
sec.

Input
power
KW

Out put
power
KW

Efficiency
(%)

FORMULA:
1. Total head H= (Pressure gauge reading10) + (vacuum gauge
reading 10. 3/760) + Datum head (m)
2. Discharge Q = Ah / T m/s
Where A = Area of measuring tank.
H = Raise of water level (10cm)
T = Time taken for H raise of water.
3. Output power = QH Kw where (= 9.81)
20

4. Input power = X /t 3600/ EMC 0.8 Kw

Where X = Number of illuminated of light.
T = Time taken for X illumination.
EMC = Energy meter constant 3200lmp/kw hr.
0.8 = Efficiency of motor (80 %)
5. Efficiency of the pump = output power / input power 100

PROCEDURE:
1. Before starting the pump check all the joints are tight and leak proof.
2. After all initial steps where taken start the pump and open the gauge cocks.
3. Close the delivery valve and take the readings on the pressure gauge.
4. Now close the delivery valve of the measuring tank , the water level increases in the
gauge glass. Now start the stop clock and note down the time taken for 10 cm raise
of the water level.
5. Time taken for 5 flickering of light on the energy meter also noted by the stop clock.
6. The whole procedure is repeated for different delivery heads.
7. Plot the graph on same axis (i) Hm Vs Q (ii) o Vs Q (iii) Input power Vs Q

RESULT:

21

EX NO: 7
TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCES CHARATERISTICS CURVES OF
GEAR PUMP
AIM:

To determine the performances characteristics curves of gear pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Closed circuit gear oil pump test rig.

2. Stop watch.
MAIN PARTS:

1. Sump tank.
2. Measuring tank
3. Gear pump.
4. Electric motor.
5. Panel board.
6. Pipe fitting.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PARTS

SUMP TANK :
The suitable capacity sump tank made by mild steel to store sufficient water
circulates independently through the unit. Inside of the tank is lined by FRP. It is
having a drain arrangement to drain the water whenever the unit is in idle. The
sump tank is placed on an iron stand.
MEASURING TANK :
The suitable capacity measuring tank made of mild steel to measure at the various
delivery heads. It having the arrangement to provide the gauge glass and scale
arrangement. The measuring tank placed on a stand.
GEAR PUMP:
Gear pump is a devices to compress the oil for a particular pressure
(delivery head) and discharge particular quantity of oil. It is a positive
displacement of pump so we increase the delivery head it continuously supply the
oil. This gear pump is designed for 100m head and 50 lpm discharge. It is directly
coupled to motor by a love joy coupling. The pump runs at 1440 rpm.
22

MOTOR:
An induction motor of 1 HP capacity , 1440 rpm single phase is coupled to
gear pump. The pump and motor placed on a sturdy iron stand.
PIPE FITTING:
1 delivery pipe fittings, pressure gauge with cocks and a control valve. 1
suction pipe consist of suction pipe and fittings, vaccum gauge with cocks and
PVC strainer foot valve. All fittings connected with the gear oil pump.
FORMULAE:
1. Discharge of oil Q = Ah / t m/sec.
Where A = Area of measuring tank in m.
H = Raise of oil level (10cm)
T = Time taken for h raise of water
2. Head = P+ V+ x m
Where p = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm 10
V= vacuum gauge reading in mm of Hg 10.33/760 m
X= Distance between the gauge m
3. Input power pi= x/t 3600/EMC 0.8
Where x = No.of flickering of light in the energy meter (say 5)
T= time taken for x flickering in sec.
Emc= energy meter constant 3200lmp/kw hr.
0.8 = Efficiency of motor (80 %)
4. Output power (po) = QH
Where = sp.wt of oil.
Q= discharge m/sec.
H= Head.
5. Efficiency of the pump = output power / input power 100 %
PROCEDURE:

1. Before starting the pump check all the joints are tight and leak proof.
2. After all initial steps were taken start the pump and open the gauge cocks .
3. Close the delivery valve and take the readings on the pressure gauge.
4. Now close the delivery valve of the measuring tank , the water level increases
in the gauge glass. Now start the stop clock and note down the time taken for
23

10 cm raise of the water level

5. Time taken for 5 flickering of light on the energy meter also noted by the stop
Clock

6. The whole procedure has been repeated for different delivery heads.
TABULATION
Delivery
Head hd
Kg/cm m
2
of
Sl.
h2
No
o
.

Suction
Head hs
m
m
m
of
of h2
Hg o

Tim
e
Time
take taken
Tota
n for for x
Input
l
Discharg
x cm rev.
powe
Hea
eQ
rise
in
r
dh
in
energ
m of
m3/s
wate
y
kW
h2o
r
meter
level t s
t s

Outp
ut
Powe
r

Efficienc
y
%

kW

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GRAPH:
Discharge vs. head
Discharge vs. output power.
Discharge vs. efficiency
RESULT

24

Ex No: 8
TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCES CHARATERISTICS CURVES OF
PELTON WHEEL
AIM:
To conduct load test on Pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of
Pelton wheel turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
FORMULAE:
1. VENTURIMETER READING:
h = (P1 ~ P2) X 10
(m of water)
Where,
P1, P2 - venturimeter reading in Kg /cm2
2. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.0055 x h
(m3 / s)
3. BRAKE HORSE POWER:
BHP = (3.14 x D x N x T) / (60 x75)
(hp)
Where,
N = Speed of the turbine in
(rpm)
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315 m
T = Torsion in To + T1 T2

(Kg)

4. INDICATED HORSE POWER:

IHP = (1000 X Q X H) / 75
(hp)
Where, H = Total head
(m)
5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency = (B.H.P / I.H.P x 100) (%)

25

DESCRIPTION:
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads
and for generating electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy
by means of spear and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of
the buckets with least relative resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets
the velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups
which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated.
PROCEDURE:
1.

The Pelton wheel turbine is started.

2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.

3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained
constant for different loads.
4.

The venturimeter readings are noted down.

5.

The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down.

6.

A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings
are noted down.

7.

The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are
tabulated.
TABULATION

Sl.
no

Differential
Manometer readings
mm of Hg

h1

h2

X=(h1
-h2)

h=x(S
m/Sn
1) m of
H2O

Pressure Gauge
Reading

Kg/Cm
2

m of
H20

Speed in
RPM

Discharge
(m3/s)

Input
Power
(KW)

Output
Power
(KW)

GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
26

Efficiency
(%)

(i)BHP Vs IHP
(ii)BHP Vs speed
(iii)BHP Vs Efficiency
RESULT:

27

Ex. No: 9
TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCES CHARATERISTICS CURVES OF
FRANCIS TURBINE
AIM:
To conduct load test on Francis turbine and to study the characteristics of Francis
turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
FORMULAE:
1. VENTURIMETER READING:
h = (p1 - p2) x 10

(m)

Where
P1, p2- Venturimeter readings in kg / cm2
2. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.011 x h

(m3 / s)

3. BRAKE HORSEPOWER:
BHP = 3.14 x D x N x T / 60 x 75

(h p)

Where
N = Speed of turbine in (rpm)
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315m
T = torsion in [kg]
4. INDICATED HORSEPOWER:
HP = 1000 x Q x H / 75

(hp)

Where
H total head in (m)
5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency = B.H.P x 100 / I.H.P

( %)

28

DESCRIPTION:
Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium
head turbine. Hence it required medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from
the penstock enters the squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of
fixed vanes. The guides vanes direct the water on to the runner. The water enters the
runner of the turbine in the dial direction at outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the
inlet of the runner. Thus it is a mixed flow turbine.
PROCEDURE:
1.The Francis turbine is started
2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3.The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be maintained constant
for different loads
4. Pressure gauge reading is noted down
5. The venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
6.The experiment is repeated for different loads and the reading are tabulated.
TABULATION
Delivery head Hg
S.
No

Kg/
cm2

m
of
H2
O

X=(h1h2)

h=x(Sm/
Sn 1)
m of
H2O

Monometer
Reading

h1 cm

h2 cm

Speed
in RPM

Break
Torque

Input
Power
(KW)

Output
Power
(KW)

GRAPHS :
29

Efficiency

The following graphs are drawn

(i)BHP (vs.) IHP
(ii)BHP (vs.) speed
(iii)BHP (vs.) % efficiency
RESULT :

Ex No: 10
TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCES CHARATERISTICS CURVES OF
KAPLAN TURBINE
AIM:
30

To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine

DESCRIPTION:
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of
low height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are
best suited for low heads say from 10m to 5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to
1000
The turbine test rig consists of a 3.72 KW (5 Hp) turbine supplied with water
from a suitable 20 Hp mixed flow pump through pipelines, sluice valve, and a flow
measuring orifice meter. The turbine consists of a cast-iron body with a volute casing,
and axial flow gunmetal runner with adjustable pitch vanes, a ring of adjustable guide
vanes and draft tube. The runner consists of four numbers of adjustable vanes of aerofoil
section. These vanes can be adjusted by means of a regulator, which changes the inlet and
outlet angles of the runner vanes to suit the operating conditions. The marking at the
outer end of the shaft indicates the amount of opening the vanes. The guide van can be
rotated about their axis by means of hand wheel and the position indicated by a pair of
dummy guide vanes fixed outside the turbine casing. A rope brake drum is mounted on
the turbine shaft to absorb the power developed. Suitable dead weights and a hanger
arrangement, a spring balance and cooling water arrangement is provided for the brake
drum.
Water under pressure from pump enters through the volute casing and the guiding
vanes into the runner while passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes a part of
the pressure energy(potential energy) is converted into velocity energy(kinetic energy).
Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes,
the remaining potential energy is converted into kinetic energy due to curvature of the
vanes the kinetic energy is transformed in to mechanical energy, i.e., the water head is
converted into mechanical energy and hence the number rotates. The water from the
runner is then discharged into the tailrace. Operating guide vane also can regulate the
discharge through the runner.
The flow through the pipelines into the turbine is measured with the office meter
fitted in the pipeline. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference
across the orifice meter. The net pressure difference across the turbine output torque is
31

measured with a pressure gauge and vacuum gauge. The turbine output torque is
determined with the rope brake drum. A tachometer is used to measure the rpm.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1.Keep the runner vane at require opening
2.Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3.Prime the pump if necessary
4.Close the main sluice valve and them start the pump.
5.Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches from
star to delta mode.
6.Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling
water gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings.
TABULATION
Monometer Reading
S.
No

h2 cm
h1 cm of Hg of Hg

Spring balance
Speed
RPM

Load
Weight
(w1)Kg

Spring
Weight
(w2) Kg

Discharge
Q

Torque
Nm

Input
Power
(KW)

Output
Power
(KW)

Efficiency

Formula used
X= h1-h2
H= x [(Sm/Sw)-1] meter
Q= [Cd a1 a2 2gh] / [a12-a22]
m3/Sec
Input power = g Q H/1000
KW
Output power = [2NT]/[60x1000] KW
Efficiency = Input /output x100
32

Graph:
1) Speed Vs Efficiency
2) Speed Vs Output
3) Discharge Vs Output
Result:

33