Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani redirects here. For other persons with this

surname, see Rafsanjani (surname).
Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian:
) ,[3] or Hashemi Bahramani (
), born 23 August 1934) is an inuential Iranian
politician and writer, who was the fourth president of
Iran. He was the head of the Assembly of Experts from
2007 until 2011 when he decided not to nominate himself for the post.[4][5] He is also the chairman of the
Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
During the IranIraq War Rafsanjani was the de facto
commander-in-chief of the Iranian military. Rafsanjani
was elected chairman of the Iranian parliament in 1980
and served until 1989. Rafsanjani also served as president of Iran from 1989 to 1997. He played an important
role in the choice of Ali Khamenei as Supreme Leader.[6]
In 2005 he ran for a third term in oce, placing rst in
the rst round of elections but ultimately losing to rival
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the run-o round of the 2005
election.
Rafsanjani has been described as a pragmatic conservative, while The Economist has described him as a veteran
kingmaker.[7] He supports a free market position domesThe young Rafsanjani in 1949
tically, favoring privatization of state-owned industries,
and a moderate position internationally, seeking to avoid
conict with the United States and the West.[8]
Khomeini, whose close follower he became.[16]
In 1997 during the Mykonos trial in Germany, it was
declared that Hashemi Rafsanjani (the then president
of Iran) alongside of Ayatollah Ali Khameni (supreme
leader), Ali-Akbar Velayati (the then foreign minister)
and Ali Fallahian (Intelligence Minister) has had role in
assassination of Irans opposition activists in Europe.[9]
He is considered to be the richest person in Iran.[10]

2 Speaker of the Parliament

On 11 May 2013, Rafsanjani entered the race for the June

2013 presidential election,[11] but on 21 May he was disqualied by the Guardian Council.

Early life and education

Rafsanjani was born in the village of Ghahraman near the

city of Rafsanjan in Kerman Province to a wealthy family
of pistachio farmers.[12][13] He has eight siblings.[14] His
Rafsanjani and Hassan Rouhani, Karbala 5 Operation
mother, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, died at the age
of 90 on 21 December 1995.[15]
Ayatollah Rafsanjani was the Speaker of Parliament of
He studied theology in the city of Qom with Ayatollah Iran for 9 years. He was elected as the speaker in 1980
1

3 PRESIDENCY

in the rst season of Parliament after the Iranian Revolution. He was also chairman in the second season. After
the death of Ruhollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic
Republic, he joined the 1989 presidential race and became the President, leaving Parliament.

described by western media sources as having been the

most powerful gure in Iran, people ordered executed by
the judicial system of Iran included political dissidents,
drug oenders, Communists, Kurds, Bahais, and even Islamic clerics.[28]

The Iranian Mojahedin were recognized as a terrorist organization by both the Iranian government as well as the
United States CIA. Regarding the Mojahedin, Rafsanjani
said (Ettela'at, 31 October 1981):

Presidency

Rafsanjani adopted an economy-rst policy, supporting a privatization policy against more state owned economic tendencies in the Islamic Republic.[17] Another
source describes his administration as "economically liberal, politically authoritarian, and philosophically traditional which put him in confrontation with more radical
deputies in the majority in the Majles of Iran.[18]
As president, Rafsanjani was credited with spurring
Irans reconstruction following the 1980-88 war with
Iraq.[19] Rafsanjani is known to be popular with the upper
and middle classes, partially due to his economic reforms
during his tenure and support for human rights (in comparison to the Khomeini years), which have been widely
perceived as successful for the most part. However, his
reconstruction eorts failed to reach the rural or war
zones where they needed them the most, leaving him unpopular with the majority of the rural, veteran, and working class population. His reforms, despite attempting to
curb the powers of the ultra-conservatives, failed to do so
and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards would get increasing powers from Khamenei during his presidency. He
was also accused of corruption by both conservatives[20]
and reformists,[21] and known for tough crackdowns on
dissent.

3.1

Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated a free market economy. With the

states coers full, Rafsanjani pursued an economic liberalisation policy.[22] Rafsanjanis support for a deal with
the United States over Irans nuclear program and his
free-market economic policies contrasted with Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad and his allies, who advocate maintaining
a hard line against Western intervention in the Middle
East while pursuing a policy of economic redistribution
to Irans poor.[23] By espousing World Bank inspired
structural adjustment policies, Rafsanjani desired a modern industrial-based economy integrated into the global
economy.[24]
Rafsanjani urged universities to cooperate with industries. Turning to the quick pace of developments in
todays world, he said that with the world constantly
changing, we should adjust ourselves to the conditions
of our lifetime and make decisions according to present
circumstances.[25] Among the projects he initiated are
Islamic Azad University.[26][27]
During his presidency, a period in which Rafsanjani is

3.2 Foreign policy

Following years of deterioration in foreign relations under
Khomeini during the Iran-Iraq war, Rafsanjani sought to
rebuild ties with Arab states[29] as well as with countries
in Central Asia and the Caucasus, including Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.[30] However, relations
with European countries and the United States remained
poor, even though Rafsanjani had a track record of handling dicult situations and defusing crises.[31]
He condemned both the United States and Iraq during
the Persian Gulf War in 1991. After the war he strove
to renew close ties with the West, although he refused to
lift Khomeini's fatwa against the British author Salman
Rushdie.[32]
Rafsanjani has said that Iran is ready to assist Iraq, expecting nothing in return. On the other hand, he has said
that peace and stability is a function of the evacuation
of the occupiers.[33]
Iran gave humanitarian help to the victims of the conict. Iran sent truckloads of food and medicine to Iraq,
and thousands of Kuwaiti refugees were given shelter in
Iran.[34]
Rafsanjani voiced support to Prince Abdullahs peace initiative and to everything the Palestinians agree to. He
also stated that what he called Irans international interests must take precedence over those of Iranian allies in
Syria and Lebanon.[31]
Ayatollah Rafsanjani is a supporter of Irans nuclear program. In 2007 Rafsanjani reiterated that the use of
weapons of mass destruction was not part of the Islamic
Republic culture. Rafsanjani said: You [US and allies]
are saying that you cannot trust Iran would not use its nuclear achievements in the military industries, but we are
ready to give you full assurances in this respect.[35] According to The Economist, he is regarded by many Iranians as the only person with the guile and clout to strike a
deal with the West to end economic sanctions imposed
upon the country due to its nuclear program.[36]

3
the chairmanship with 41 votes of the 76 cast. His ultraconservative opponent, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, received 31 votes.[37] He was running against Ahmad Jannati. Rafsanjani was re-elected to the position on 10
March 2009, running against Mohammad Yazdi. He
received 51 votes compared to Yazdis 26.[38][39] On 8
March 2011 he withdrew from the election. Ayatollah
Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani is the new Chairman.[40]
In more recent years, Rafsanjani has advocated freedom
of expression, tolerance and civil society. In a speech
on 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani criticized restriction of media and suppression of activists, and put emphasis on
the role and vote of people in the Islamic Republic
constitution.[41][42][43] The event has been considered by
analysts as the most important and most turbulent Friday
prayer in the history of contemporary Iran.[44] Nearly 1.52.5 million people attended the speech in Tehran.[45]

5 Crisis following 2009 election

5.1 2009 election protests
Main articles: Iranian presidential election, 2009 and
2009 Iranian election protests
Rafsanjani as the chairman of the parliament and Mohammad
Khatami

During the 2009 Presidential election, Rafsanjanis former rival and incumbent president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, won a (disputed) landslide victory over challenger Mir-Hossein Mousavi. His daughter was arrested
4 After presidency
on 21 June by plain clothes Basij during the subsequent protest[46] and later sentenced to six months in jail
Post-presidency, Rafsanjani delivered a sermon at Tehran on charges of spreading propaganda against the Islamic
University in the summer of 1999 praising government Republic.[47]
use of force to suppress student demonstrations.[28]
Rafsanjani was chairman of the Assembly of Experts,
In 2000, in the rst election after the end of his presi- which is responsible for appointing or removing the
dency, Rafsanjani ran again for Parliament. In the Tehran Supreme Leader, who has been rumored to not be in the
contest, Rafsanjani came in 30th, or last, place. At rst he best of health.[48] After the disputed results of the election
was not among the 30 representatives of Tehran elected, were certied by the Supreme Leader, Rafsanjani was reas announced by the Iranian Ministry of the Interior, but ported to have called a meeting of the Assembly of Exthe Council of Guardians then ruled numerous ballots perts, but it is unknown what the outcome or disposition
void, leading to accusations of ballot fraud in Rafsanjanis of this meeting actually was.[49] During this time Rafsanfavor.[28] Rafsanjani thus became a Majlis representative, jani relocated from Tehran to Qom, where the countrys
but resigned before being sworn in. He explained that he religious leaders sit. However, for the most part, Rafsanfelt he was able to serve the people better in other posts. jani was silent about the controversial 12 June election
[50]
Rafsanjani is the current Chairman of the Expediency and its aftermath.
Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues be- On 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani publicly addressed the electween the Majlis and the Council of Guardians.
tion crisis, mass arrests and the issue of freedom of exIn December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to the pression during Friday prayers. The prayers witnessed an
Assembly of Experts representing Tehran with more than extremely large crowd that resembled the Friday prayers
1.5 million votes, which was more than any other can- early after the revolution. Supporters of both reformist
didate. Ahmadinejad opponents won majority of local and conservative parties took part in the event. During
[51]
election seats. On 4 September 2007 he was elected prayers, Rafsanjani argued the following:
Chairman of the Assembly of Experts, the body that seAll of us the establishment, the security
lects Irans supreme leader, in what was considered a blow
to the supporters of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He won
forces, police, parliament and even protestors

POLITICAL PARTIES

should move within the framework of law...

We should open the doors to debates. We
should not keep so many people in prison. We
should free them to take care of their families. ... It is impossible to restore public condence overnight, but we have to let everyone speak out. ... We should have logical and
brotherly discussions and our people will make
their judgments. ... We should let our media
write within the framework of the law and we
should not impose restrictions on them. ... We
should let our media even criticize us. Our security forces, our police and other organs have
to guarantee such a climate for criticism.[52]

5.2

Assembly of Experts election

On 8 March 2011 Rafsanjani lost his post as chairman of the powerful Assembly of Experts, replaced by
Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. Rafsanjani
stated that he withdrew from the election for chairman
to avoid division. The loss was said to be the result
of intensive lobbying in recent weeks by hardliners
and supporters of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,
and part of Rafsanjanis gradual loss of power over the
years.[53] It was said that Rafsanjani would be dismissed
as head of Expediency Discernment Council but he was
re-appointed for another ve years term on 14 March
2012 by Ali Khamenei.

5.3

2013 Presidential elections

Main article: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani presidential

campaign, 2013

The names of the victims appear in the commemorative plaque

in front of Mykonos restaurant in Berlin

Rafsanjani, then president, Ali Fallahian, then intelligence minister, and Ali Akbar Velayati, then foreign
minister.[59]
In 1997 during the Mykonos trial in Germany, it was declared that Rafsanjani, the then president of Iran, alongside of Ayatollah Khamenei, Velayati and Fallahian had
role in assassination of Irans opposition activists in Europe.

6.2 Tension with Ahmadinejad

After his loss at the presidential elections in 2005, a
growing tension between him and President Ahmadinejad arose. Rafsanjani has criticized Ahmadinejads administration several times for conducting a purge of government ocials,[60] slow move towards privatization[61]
and recently hostile foreign policy in particular the atomic
energy policy.[62] In return Ahmadinejad fought back that
Rafsanjani failed to dierentiate privatization with the
corrupt takeover of government-owned companies and
of foreign policies which led to sanctions against Iran in
1995 and 1996.[63][64] He also implicitly denounced Rafsanjani and his followers by calling those who criticize
his nuclear program as traitors.[65]

On 11 May 2013 Rafsanjani registered for the 14 June

presidential election with just minutes to spare.[54] Former reformist president Mohammad Khatami endorsed
him.[55] However, on 21 May 2013, Irans electoral
watchdog disqualied him from standing in the presidential election.[56] On 11 June 2013, Rafsanjani endorsed
moderate Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Irans presidency saying the candidate was more suitable than oth- During a debate with Mirhossein Moussavi in 2009 presidential election, Ahmadinejad accused Hashemi of corers for presidency.[57]
ruption. Hashemi released an open letter in which he
complained about what he called the presidents insults,
lies and false allegations and asked the countrys supreme
6 Controversies
leader, Ali Khamenei, to intervene.[66]

6.1

Accusations

Rafsanjani is currently sought by the Argentinian government for ordering the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos
Aires.[58] It is based on the allegation that senior Iranian
ocials planned the attack in an August 1993 meeting,
including Khamanei, the Supreme Leader, Mohammad
Hejazi, Khamaneis intelligence and security advisor,

7 Political parties
Although Rafsanjani has been a member of the
pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association,
he has a close bond to the reformist Kargozaran party.
He has been seen as ip-opping between conservative

9.1

Family tree

and reformist camps since the election of Mohammad

Khatami, supporting reformers in that election, but going back to the conservative camp in the 2000 parliamentary elections as a result of the reformist party severely
criticizing and refusing to accept him as their candidate.
Reformists, including Akbar Ganji, accused him of involvement in murdering dissidents and writers during his
presidency. In the end, the major dierences between the
Kargozaran and the reformists party weakened both and
eventually resulted in their loss at the presidential elections in 2005. However, Rafsanjani has regained close
ties with the reformers since he lost the 2005 presidential
elections to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[22]

5
From his marriage to Eat Mar'ashi in 1962, Rafsanjani has three sons: Mohsen, Mehdi, and Yasser, as well
as two daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh. Only Faezeh
Hashemi chose a political life, which led to her becoming a Majlis representative and then the publisher of the
newspaper Zan (woman), which was closed in February
1999.[67]

9.1 Family tree

[68][69]

10 Books
8

Electoral history

Memories
The Combat Era is the title of his book on the
events before the 1979 revolution. His devotion
to Rouhollah Khomeini, his sympathy with the
national movement including Mohammad Mosaddegh and Mahdi Bazargan is seen in this book.
In this book, he even shows interest in western
democracy.[70]
Amir Kabir: the Hero of Fighting against Imperialism
(1968)[71]
Tafsir Rahnama[72]
Explicit Letters

In addition, the full text of his Friday Prayer sermons

and his congress keynote speeches are also published
Hashemi casting his vote in 2013 presidential election
separately.[73] Based on his diary, viewpoints, speeches
and interviews, several independent books have been
Main article: Electoral history of Akbar Hashemi published so far.
Rafsanjani

11 See also
9

Personal life

Government of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1989

97)

12 References
[1] Sciolino, Elaine (19 April 1992). Rafsanjani Sketches
Vision of a Moderate, Modern Iran. New York Times.
Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 9
June 2009.

Hashemi speaking as his wife, Eat listening

[2] Poursafa, Mahdi (20 January 2014).

[ From Aghdas to Fath": Medals resting
on the chest of Iranian Serdars] (in Persian). Fars News.
Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[3] Transliteration:
pronunciation

12

Akbar

Hshem

Rafsanjn

REFERENCES

[25] Rafsanjani urges universities to cooperate with industries,

IRNA

[4] In Rafsanjanis election to key post, Iran moderates see

victory Indian Express, 6 September 2007

[26] Rafsanjani to Ahmadinejad: We Will Not Back Down,

ROOZ)

[5] Irans Rafsanjani Loses Key Post On Assembly Of Experts

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 8 March 2011

[27] 16 :: RajaNews

[6] Ian Black. Iran election: Rafsanjani defends decision to

stand as his 'national duty'". The Guardian.
[7] Iranian politics after the nuclear deal. The Economist.
28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
[8] RK Ramazani Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East', The Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1987.
[9] Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination
Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, 2009
[10] BBC News Prole: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 19 June
2009
[11] Irans Rafsanjani Registers for presidential race. AP.
Retrieved 11 May 2013.
[12] Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani from Radio Free
Europe
[13] Iran Report:
May 9,
rope/RadioLiberty.

2005.

RadioFreeEu-

[14] Rafsanjanis possible return creates a buzz in Tehran.

Financial Times.
[15] Prole - Hoj. Ali Akbar Rafsanjani. APS Review Gas
Market Trends. 19 April 1999. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
[16] Prole: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. BBC News.
[17] Pasri, Trita, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of
Israel, Iran and the United States, Yale University Press,
2007, p.132
[18] Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for
Reform in Iran, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.153
[19] John Pike. Hojjatoleslam Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.
Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
[20] Is Khameinis Ominous Sermon a Turning Point for
Iran?". Time. 19 June 2009.
[21] It is a quirk of history that Mr. Rafsanjani, the ultimate
insider, nds himself aligned with a reform movement that
once vilied him as deeply corrupt. Slackman, Michael
(21 June 2009). Former President at Center of Fight
Within Political Elite. New York Times.
[22] Rafsanjanis political life reviewed in Persian.

[28] Sciolino, Elaine (19 July 2009). Iranian Critic Quotes

Khomeini Principles. New York Times.
[29] Manezam, Alidad and Aria Mehrabi, Iran and its Place
Among Nations, Greenwood, 2008, p.37
[30] Mohaddessin, Mohammad, Islamic Fundamentalism, Anmol, 2003, pp.7072
[31] Al-Ahram Weekly|Region|Showdown in Tehran
[32] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Biography - Biography.com
[33] Iran ready for comprehensive assistance to Iraqi nation Rafsanjani - Irna
[34] Irans Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami, by
Christin Marschall
[35] John Pike. Rafsanjani reassures West Iran not after Abomb. globalsecurity.org.
[36] A candidacy conundrum. The Economist.
[37] Slackman, Michael (5 September 2007). Ex-President
Back in Spotlight in Iran, as He Wins Leadership of Council. The New York Times.
[38] ( in Persian). March 10,
2009.
[39] ( in Persian).
BBC Persian. 10 March 2009.
[40] Rafsanjani ousted from Iranian post, Al Jazeera English, 8
March 2011
[41] ( 2009-07-17 :) ".
- 2011

." Radiofarda.com. Retrieved 201101-28.
[42] Daragahi, Borzou; Mostaghim, Ramin (18 July 2009).
Iranian protesters galvanized by sermon. Los Angeles
Times.
[43] Clashes as key Iranian cleric warns leaders. CNN. 18
July 2009.
[44] .""
Deutsche Welle. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 28 January
2011.

[23] Voice of ambition. The Guardian (London). 23 June

2006. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

[45] - "
." Fararu. Retrieved 28 January
2011.

[24] Book: Factional politics in post-Khomeini Iran By Mehdi

Moslem

[46] Amir Farshad Ebrahimis video taped confession transcript

[47] Hashemi Rafsanjanis daughter arrested. PressTV. 24

September 2012.

[68] ( "" in
Persian ).fararu.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.

[48] Iran Sources Dismiss Buzz Over Khamenei Health

RFEFL, 15 October 2009

[69] ( "" in Persian ).shafaf.ir.

Retrieved 28 March 2015.

[49] World leaders urged by Irans opposition party to reject Ahmadinejads alleged victory Julian Borger and Ian
Black, The Guardian, 14 June 2009

[70] Moslem, Mehdi. Factional politics in post-Khomeini Iran.

New York: Syracuse University Press, 2002. 371. ISBN
ISBN 0-8156-2978-8.

[50] Rafsanjanis future at stake in Iran turmoil. Reuters. 26

June 2009.

[71] :
,

[51] Rafsanjani backs tolerance, dialogue Los Angeles Times,

2009

[72] ." " .

noormags.com.

[52] Daragahi, Borzou; Mostaghim, Ramin (17 July 2009). In

Iran, tensions build ahead of Rafsanjanis Friday sermon.
The Los Angeles Times.

[73] : - - "
."BBC News.

[53] Iran: Ex-Leader Rafsanjani Loses Role, by AP / Ali Akbar Dareini, 8 March 2011

13 Further reading

[54] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani to stand in Iran presidential

election| The Guardian
[55] Rafsanjanis last-minute entry transforms Iranian race Yahoo! News
[56] Bahmani, Arash (22 May 2013). The Arbiter of State
Expediency is Disqualied. Rooz. Retrieved 16 June
2013.
[57]

."" BBC
Persian.

Pesaran, Evaleila, Irans Struggle for Economic Independence: Reform and Counter-Reform in the PostRevolutionary Era, Editor: Taylor & Francis
Amir Arjomand, Said, After Khomeini: Iran Under
His Successors , Editor: Oxford University Press
Moin, Baqer, (1999) Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah, Editor: I.B.Tauris
Nabavi, Negin,Iran: From Theocracy to the Green
Movement, Editor: Palgrave Macmillan

[58] Iranian terror network in S. America

[59] Barsky, Yehudit (May 2003). Hizballah (Terrorism
Brieng). The American Jewish Committee. Retrieved
5 August 2013.
[60] Rafsanjani slams Iran president. BBC News.
November 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

17

[61] Harrison, Frances (23 January 2007). Criticism of Ahmadinejad mounts. BBC News. Retrieved 23 April
2010.
[62] Rafsanjani, Ahmadinejad Engage in New War of Words
(ROOZ: English)

14 External links
Ocial
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjanis Ocial Website
Other
All News About Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Iranian Economy in Six Snapshots

[63] 9
Raja News

Rafsanjanis response to some allegations (ISNA, in

Persian)

[64]
Raja News

ISNA interview with Mohsen Hashemi Rafsanjani

about the Rafsanjani family (in Persian)

[65] Iran president attacks 'traitors". BBC News. 12 November 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

Friday Sermon at Tehran University: We Will Soon

Join The Nuclear Club For Peaceful Purposes
(video clip from 3 December 2004)

[66] Worth, Robert F. (11 June 2009). In Iran Race, ExLeader Works to Oust President. The New York Times.
[67] Buchta, Wilfried (2000). Who Rules Iran? The Structure
of Power in the Islamic Republic (PDF). Washington, DC:
The Washington Inst. for Near East Policy [u.a.] ISBN
0-944029-39-6.

Video Archive of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

The U.S. and Iran by George Church
Arms for Hostage Deals

15

15
15.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani?oldid=725374848 Contributors: JeLuF,

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DumZiBoT, Kurdo777, Ism schism, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Narayansg, Guoguo12, DrSamba, Rejectwater, LaaknorBot, AndersBot, Favonian, Lightbot, Bricklayer, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Legobot II, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Sadeghol, Scythian77,
Teeninvestor, LilHelpa, Xqbot, NeMiStIeRs, Stylebroadside, SassoBot, Amaury, 78.26, Gerntrash, Keyhan2009, MerlLinkBot, Jsp722,
FrescoBot, LucienBOT, HaireDunya, D'ohBot, Citation bot 1, A818, Vernon Francis Gallagher, MastiBot, Kaiser Phralhelm, Cyruskamali, Saadi2000, Jujutacular, Jauhienij, TobeBot, Cyrus-green, M3a1xx, Lotje, Amir.Hossein.7055, Farhikht, Saltyman1, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Koroosh1986, Np0804, Gfoley4, GoingBatty, GMIAMIR.2010, ZxxZxxZ,
GMIAMIR.20102010, ZroBot, FreedomforIran, WikiReformist, Alivemakess, Sduty, Alborzagros, Mahshidnadimi, DemocraticIranWeneed, 19thPharaoh, Verysomenotes, Nimatehran2010, Mehdi, CharlieEchoTango, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Kazemita1, Jamo58, Alimarashi,
FromEast, Persian.Saeed, Flickeruploaderiran, Yarikata, Soroush90gh, Sematz, Brustopher, Thaistory, Jobin RV, Sn1per, Fotoriety, QSTA,
Specs77, KhabarNegar, Jrcleve, EnzaiBot, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, Egeymi, Charles Essie, Samak, Tabarez, Omid.espero, TheIrishWarden,
Pahlevun, Farmokopole, Abdel214, Donfbreed2, ArmbrustBot, Tabarez2, Hooooooof, GTVM92, Monkbot, Rusty Lugnuts, KasparBot,
Amir hosein RB, The Quixotic Potato, DunkyMatchette and Anonymous: 288

15.2

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File:Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_in_Azad_University_(3).jpg Source:
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File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own algebraic / numeric construction according to the URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html. Original artist: Madden
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File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own algebraic / numeric construction according to the URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html. Original artist: Madden
File:Fath_Medal.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Fath_Medal.jpg License: FAL Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Pahlevun at English Wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Persia_(1910).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Persia_%281910-1925%29.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: FOTW Original artist: SeNeKa
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File:HASHEMI_RAFSANJANI-_01.jpg
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jpg Original artist: sayyed shahab-o- din vajedi
File:Hashemi_Rafsanjani_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/Hashemi_Rafsanjani_1.jpg License: ? Contributors:
http://www.fararu.com/vglh.xnzt23nqmuidt22fy..html Original artist:
?

15.3

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File:Hashemi_Rafsanjani_and_his_wife,_Effat_Marashi.jpg Source:
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File:KhatamiRafsanjani.jpg
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File:State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg
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1964-1980.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: LadyofHats, Oren neu dag
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
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Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
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Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

15.3

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