Stresses From Local Loadings in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels ia given of the possible methods for computing the stresses caused in cylindrical shells by local Toadings. It is concluded that the method of developing, the loads and displacements into double Fourier series leads to formulas which are best suited for numerical evaluation, With this method the pertinent expressions for the displacements caused by radial loads are found by reducing the three partial differential equations of the shell theory ¢o an eighth-order differential equation in the ‘radial displacements, which i similar to, but not identical ‘with, those derived by Donnell and Yuan. Insertion of the Fourier series for the radial displacements and the external loading in this equation leads directly to a double series expression of the radial displacement win terms of the load factors Zay of the radial load. ‘This results in the pertinent expressions for the other displacements and for the bend- ing moments and membrane forces. ‘The cases of radial loading considered here and thoxe which can be reduced to tare (@) a load uniformly distributed wi (6) a point load, (<) a moment in the lon, tion, uniformly distributed over a short reumferential direction, (d) a moment in the circum- ferential direction, uniformly distributed over a short distanee in the longitudinal direction. For all these load- ngs the load factors Zax, which have to be used in the pertinent formulas for the displacements, bending mo- ments, and membrane forees, are computed. For the case of tangential loading an eighth-order differential equa- tion is derived in terms of the radial displacement and the tangential load. Using thisequation, formulas for the dis- placements, bending moments, and membrane forces for tangential loading within a rectangle are found. Nowseuaroms ‘The folowing nomenclature i used in the paper: ‘radiua of eylindrial shell = conficents of Fourier serio in eiroumferentia dire tion cowordinate x of center of loading aurface ‘ouflienta of Fourier series in longitu half-longth of load direction hal-length of loading eurfae in ongitudinal direct Tength of shell a integer numbers ‘equally distributed load eee of Structural Knginoering, Cornell University: Contebutel ty the Pstrolour Division and presented” at the Peirlour-Moshantcal Enginooring Conference, Los Angeles, Cali, Sptenber 20-2, 1904, of Tr Alston Hoc oF McEASS [Norm: Statements and opialons advanced in papers are to be ‘understood ao individual expresione of oir authors and not those Of the Society. Mamuserigt toreived at ASME Tleadquarter, Febmuty 10,1084. Paper No. St—PET-. By P. P. BIJLAARD," ITHACA, N. ¥. ‘Me = maximum normal losd in ease of loadings by lon ‘uudinal or eiruferential moments (Figs. 6 and 7) 4 = internal pressure 7 = numberof rail loads P sa 0g 1 wall thickness of shell 1,951 = digplacementa in the X,Y, and Z-dircetions 2,2 = coordinates D = Bop —) E = modulusof elasticity rat MaMy = moments in shell wall i longitudinal and ‘irguunferential dioctions, respectively No Ng = cireumferental droetions, respostively P ~ concentrated tndial Toad or total distributed radial Toad 4, ¥,% = co-ordinate axes Y= tangential load per unit surface % = radial load por unit surface a= i/o a’ = a2 B= ofa Br = ofa y= aft = cylindrica co-ordinate ax = exarestion given by Equation (17) Vaz = expremion given by Rquation [83] X = nail v= » = Poisson's ratio Xor Xe = inoreases of curvature of shell wall ermonvcrion 1 ezernn to he auliciently agourate to consider the eylindrical part of the presaure vessel to be simply supported at the ends. "This means that the radiol and tangential displaaemonts as well 1s the longitudinal moments and membrane fores in the eylindri= cal shell are sero at the ends, For this eas the effec of external loadings on the shel! can be investigated by several methods. 1 The displacements and Toadings may be represented by double Fourier series. "Those sores are insorted into the three simultaneous diferental equations of the shell, which then re= ‘duce to so of three linear equations in the three displacements for each of the load f4ctort Ze OF Ye for radial oF tangential iteotions, respectively. From these displacements all other effets aro found, all expressed in double Fourier series (1) 2 Vor rail and tangential loadings aa well ae for « moment with respect toa generatrx, that is, acting in the eiroumferential direction, one may frst consider the effect of lie loading along, part of a generatrin, may, at = 0 (Pig. 1). Then the entire shell, fexeapt forthe inGiesimally amall area of the line load, is un= loaded so thst the differential equations become homogeneous ‘Those homogeneous equations may be solved by expressing the 2 Numbers in parentheses efor to th Bibliography’ at the end of the paper. 30500 \isplacements by simple Fouriar sevice in the X-direction, Fig 1. Using A, Aas Jakobsen’ iteration method (2), developed for the n of reinforced-conerate shell rofs, this leads to an eighth. order ordinary diferentisl equation in the radial displacement 1 with reepect to 6, Fig 1, of which the general solution can be ob tained, After dovelopingalso the ine loud at @ = Ointo a Fourier series in the X-direction the constant in this general solution can bbe found from the boundary eonditions at @ = 0. Tlence the displacement w for a ond within a reotangular area is found by. integration over this area, Since all other displacements, bending ‘moments and’membrane forves ean be expressed in term, affects ean be ealeulted, all magnitudes being expressed in sinple Fourier series in the Xedirvetion, 3" Por loeal loading by radial foross or hy force inthe di tion of generatriy and also for external moments in the longi ‘inal direction, the effet of lne load along part of a cireular cross section ean be investigated fist. Th thie ease, too, the differenti] ‘equations become homogeneous. ‘They ean be solved by develop ing the displacements into simple Fourier saree in the eiouni- ferential direction. This leads to an eighth-order ordinary. ‘equation in w with respect to the axial ordinate x, Fig. 1. The constants in the general solution of this equation ean be deter= ‘ined from the boundary conditions at the circular cross section where the line load acta, after developing this line load into Fourier series in the eireuzferential gudieetion, In analogy with plate problems, it would appear as ifthe solu~ tions by simple Fourier series would be simpler to evaluate. In the present case, however, a solution by double Fourier series proved to be the lout Ishorious, ‘Therefore this method was chosen fr all caes ‘The dorivation of the required formulas could be simplified areatly by using, instead of the threo simultaneous partial dite ferential equations as mentioned under (1), am eightivorder pare tial differential equation in the radial displacements This ‘equation is similar to, but somewhat more securate than, that derived by Yuan in referoneo (3) for determining the offeot of ex- ternal radial loads on infinitely loug shells, using Fourier integrate inthe longitudinal direction and Fourier series in the cireunferen ‘ial direction, Since the methods deseribod under (2) and (3) were found to lead to more intrieste formulas, which were not used in this in- ‘vestigation, these mothods will ot be dealt with here, further, DERIVATION OF FORMULAS FOR DEFLECTIONS, BENDING MOMENTS, AND UNIT MEMBRANE FORCES RapiaL Loan (a) Derivation of Bzpressions for Any Load Disribution. ‘The ‘ree partial diferentia! equations of the thin-shell theory, i sae of radial loading Z per unit surface, are? Taference (1), p- #40 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THR ASME, Lty 2% 2a dn08 28 Sa an, aap) + GMa Here and ware the displacements in the X, ¥ (6), and Zeno: tions, respectively, Fig. 2. Further, a and ¢ are the radius gad thioknese of the shel,» is Poisson's ratio, while V* denote the. operation - a #\ a Grate) 1 Jn the second Iquation (1) the lost torm obviously may neglected with respect to the send and third terms, since, sklorng ratios (/a smaller than 0.1, the factor €/122" than 0.001. Equations [1] so modified may be reduced ta single eighti-order differential equation in the radial dele 1 alone by applying to them the same operations as applied roferenots (8) and (4) to somewhat more simplified equstions, ‘The operations 9(024) and 2°/(a°64) are applied to the fst equation (1), after which the remaling equations are solved for (9) /(a22%09) and (2')/a'O20$%), respectively. ‘These ex pressions ate inserted into the recond Equation (1), after ype Ing the operation 2*/(a2z0¢) to tho latter. “This Teads to the ‘equation 3 aun y oe Further the operation 0%/(02*) and 24/(2°2A#) are applied tothe second Equation (1] and the resulting expressions for (24) (ads"06) and (24) (0226) are insorted into the ist Equation [1 after applying the operation 21/(aaz09) to the latter. ‘This velde een tee 2)....6) 1p adstog* 4 ually applying 2/Or to Equation 12) and 2/(a0) to Byuation (3) and inserting the result into the third Equation (1), after sf plying the operation V" to the latter, one obtains, omiting orm containing (4/120?)BIJLAARD—STRESSES FROM LOCAL LOADINGS IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE. VESSELS. S07 “solved by developing the deflection w us well asthe external load where isthe fxural rigidity of the shell wall Z in double Fourier series degen. s a a eee a ee sy ae ‘ ‘The third term of Equation [4] does not appear in Donnell’s o ~ aaa oe Fase ering) ae wr peepee vn which isos than half ofthe present term ad which subsequently where : sy Sa ea ea eee Pie ame en fi ste) ae a +h [ater o(Ay2 ai ee ee ee - Pee ee ae sae ag ere eee ogre eee ean ee eae eT coe Insertion of Kquntions [11 and [12] into Equation {10} yields 1 ~D d Lorraine] [deo tte | ota 2 Since Equation (14) has to be satisfied forall values of 2 and 9 Nea ig Monae (91 the expression within the outer aquare brackets hus to be zor tne all values of \ and m, from which a 2a = Plow A a — name ame ama mL + (we — 1+) Oo st finoo the extra external lond Z, they exert as @ consequence of Without taking secount of the influence of jalesnal presure the changes of eurvatne x ad xg ie Equation (15} may be written as By = Nake + Noes (1 a Xe and xp are given approximately by Equations (254) of ae ~ baaZan (us) reference (1), but for the presnt purposo itis ocecsary to ex ras Xp interme of w alone. ‘Therefore equation (peg 389 Of yherg ‘ars Amted + niet bn Ona RT miatoniat + (OL) — Fm FF Pima ‘eferoce 6) willbe used, from which Pl 2 L(, ua (+S) s 9) “Thone equations redues tothe fourth and fifth of Equation [254] ‘of reference (1) if i asmumed to be tro, a wax done there, 60 that from Bquation (11) Insertion of Equations (6} nd (8) into Eation (7) yields the , xtra (negative) radial load, caused by the internal preeure 4 w= ex pazac con md sin de ay ‘consequence ofthe change of curvature 25 « we (2% #4 Oe po E(B 5 12285) eater dni sy my be men tema Hrnce Huation (4) becomes von by letting ee Seer aree Veg HLH Oe Eig om mp oe a 2H) 1 Py oho ote EA Ip OH Se eee] a [: aw * ” erasogt #7 +” senso 22g in hain 23) Loe co -te[zee ho} fand by inserting thess expressions into Equations (2) and {3} ‘Thisequation, which contains only even derivatives of w, can be Insertion of Equations (11) and (21) into Equation (2) yieldsPm ar tm] ea (23) Inserting of Equations [11] and (22) into Equation (3) gives » rms fe ene "OF a # (2 yar (2 ye SEP pags ms) | tance 28 (Gm Haw +) [me ‘In’ Equations (23} and [24] the terms with the factor (/12a* are timportance ony for very thick sll and fr higher values of Sancm, of which the contrition tothe total values of wand » for not too log sells i ral, ‘Thay wil be negleted here, 90 that from uations [21] and [22 [Ese Ant») Be IN sc mc 2 8) . mI@ + OM +O ngain Ne oe tan in man 2 6) From Baustions [207] of reference (1) the bending roments are Dine + x9) att + NE alm’ My = —Dixe +0) userting x2 and x from Equation (8) ea Co arth ton 7 roar eal w= PSE em) wee SOLE eR]. 00 Insertion of Equations (20), [25], and (26) into Bquations (27) to (20) yields Zn (nPa/08) 1 M, =} eovEZ6, + v(m? — 1)] cos mo sin (31) yo Ea dhatan 1 + (ontat/att)] co8 ma (32) ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME 1 Ng = Or Mab aEBGpadnn Bint FMF LBL — PNA Se TBE CE vA ON ni] Eo + 2D — vA! F(A — DAN mint a (Goat + np OOP Eg OL — Pa Y%aZ2aeZin n! » Gras weap coon ang = ‘The displacements w,#, and w alzo could have been obtained by interting Equations [14], (12), 21], and (22) directly into th ‘three diferential Equationa [1] of tho shel, as wa originally, propoved by H. Reisaer (6). ‘This leads to three linear equation In ny tay Ad Wy By solving these equations fOr tna Sq ‘and Wy, expliit expressions ean be obtained for, » and w. "Aftor this investigstion had been completed, it was found tha thishad been done in reference (7), starting from differential equse. tions which differ somewhat from Equations (1). "This requis fa great deal of derivations nd thereforo the formulas as derived haere direetly from the eighth-order Equation {4} ean be checked ‘much more easily. The present formulas are simpler, but the main terme are in good agreement with thoes of reference (7) For example, from reference (7), with the present notations, for radial oad A 21 — pms + 3h while in the present paper tqy for the aame ease is given by, Equation (15), i init g te equated to zero. ‘The second term in the numerator of Equation [A] ie always relatively amall, since 18/12! is very emall with respect to unity. Tn the denominators the third terms within the brace in Kguatiois {16} and [4] differ, but they are practically equal, ‘Thi term in Equation (16) cor responds tothe third term of Equation [4], which was let out of ‘secaunt in references (8) and (4). ‘The three last terms within the braces ia the denominator of Equation (A are missing in Equation (15), but since theve terms aro ofa smaller degre in than the other terms in the denominator and wil lightly dooresse toqa thelr influence ie very sinall and their negleat will yield slightly conservative results. Tt may be noted here that even the number of trms in the ‘resent equations is somewhat too Tange to obtain rents for d= feetions, bending moments, and membrane forces ats reasonable ‘expense. For example, in evaluating these formulas by TBM ‘machines, the le tern in the denominator of Equation (17) was ‘omitied; subsequently, the realte wore gorrocted by desk ealenlae tion machines for the omitted tarm, which correction is only ine ‘portant for small values of mand. () Deviation af Hzpressions for Load Factor Zu: 1 Rodial Load ») Uniformly Disiibutal Over a. Reclangular ‘Area, Usk the load p por unit eurface be distributed within @ rectangle, bounded by the lines @ = ==8, andr = b> cs(Figa.8 @and #), A line load p along'a circle at 2 = b and between = Bore = ste, (Fig. Se) may be doveloped es an even fune~ tion of «into Fourier soriee with a period = 2ra (Fig. de) 50 thet (8) roe dot 3 anon. (35 “Aa shown in rofernce (1), onuation {C], p44.1055; (33) 34) by the ly y f BISLAARD—STRESSES FROM LOCAL LOADINGS IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE V. is a a Ps}ds. (36) at ams EP tM nt Tnteoducing the line load p into the two latter equations and ingerting the result into Equation [35] yields inc m0 2B In order to obtain a loud within rectangle botween sand 2 = b£ cy the line loud 16), along the czele wt 2 = b, haw to be equally distrinuted over the area betwoon 2 =D — cy and ‘ 1 i ___, cys b Zale 2 =b-+ea(Fig. 4). From Fig 4, developing p(2, ) into an odd funetion of, with's period 21, one obtains we d)= SL tan 10) hare gE be al 760) sin ae Bdy-a L a 7 ot eo that 4 1g PE gy peg) 0S a a LS. 309 Inserting Equation [80] into Equation [42] and observing that plz, #) is equal to Z, which is given by Equation [12], one ob- tains the following expression for Zin Equation [12] aa) 93] 1,2,3, ) n= 1,8, 12, @ = 0, theo loud factors become Pee sin TF Be(m = 0m = 1,8, 5,2.) -- (6s) se eee eee where from Equation (18} = U/a and As = e/a. Vor even Values of 1 Zag = 0 2 Concenteed Radial Load, For a point load Pat 2 = 1/2, o=0 P o = ioe n= 1,35...) BP (m=1,2,3, ral \n = 1,3,5,... terms Zyq for m = On Equations (44] and (46) ean be determined more easily from dizoct expressions, since thove terms refer toa losd gy equally distributed along the tinournferonce of the shell over a length 2cs in the Xedirection, Fig. 5, Further, sinoe from Pquations [35] and (96) the constant term in the Fouvier development is the average loud along the cdreurnference, Fig. 30) (48) a= - (a7) = I i 7 Fe. 60 Ti onder {o caleulate the contribution of this eieular load, for tho dimensions considered (V/a > 3, a/t > 15) itis sufficiently fheeurate to eousidor the shell a infinitely long. In that caso the ‘ontrbutiona tot, My and Ng may bo ealeuated easily from the fenulls for & crear fine load in the way indicated for the de flection in reference (1) One finds that contributions to the defletion, moment M,,and membrane foree N gat x = 1/2, = 0, (Ao)y=0 = 22 p (1 — o° #008 ps): 48 (01 (aNypna= = whe Apa. HO) here - fx" (811 ‘The oosteibution to Ms i nogligible and that to N, is aero, Tn the case ofa point load P at 2 = 1/2, 6 = 0 Pop (Aw)m=0™ omy - (82) 1a) %a) Sera! Radial Loads. If r radial loads are prosent st ‘the same rom avotion and at equal distances in he eiroumfaren ‘ial direction, one obtains insted of Equation [44], for equally Gistributed loads in rectangles with sides Ze and 2, with thelr enters ata circle where 2 = 1/2, formulas for Za which moy be ‘writen in the form re nnd ote a Foes ene tu ee mae emt te lt For r coneentretod loads P equally distributed along a circle at z= 1/2 one obtains, intend of Equation [48] Boe rE (men L809 (6) m= 12,3, ne 1,35. "Reference (1), pp. 997-998, "TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME AUGUST, 1055 Heace comparison with Equations {11}, {13} (44, and (6) iGhe dati fom computations for one lo, ove bas & table of thotermeat w Als Agee form = 0,1)2,8).04% = N3,3.uy She cu enouate’dietly thew vas for several ws by tes tating only the trum fr of = 07 Br == 8 = 13,5 fd, teratng ther, mating the res iy. Moment in he Longitudinal Direction, Uniformly isribat Along Short Distance nthe Cicunfurntial Direction, "The GL were done on desk ealoulatore by computing terms for values of n at intervals of 20 or 40 and drawing curves through the pointe #9 obtained to determine the values of the terms for intermediate values of n. The latter work was done by. Mr. Mobammed Y. Laloo, graduato student. ‘The present and additional results wil be discussed further in another paper which will be published by the Welding Research, Connell (9) Acexownepossen= "This investigation was carried out at Cornell University under wees etau ‘the sponsorship and with the financial assistance of the Design Division of the Prewure Vesela Resoarch Committee of the ‘Welding Research Council, Me. W. R, Burrows and Dr. F Wenls, past and present Chairman, respectively, Mr. BE. Rossi, Exec five Secretary. ‘The advisory committee for this project consists Ot Mr J. J. Murphy, Chairman, and Messrs. HO. 20, H. Licssenberg, and'D.B, Weastrom. ‘The author wishes to express iis appreciation for the valuable co-operation of all concerned, ‘BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 “Theory of Plates and Shell" by 8. Thmostenko, McGraw 1h Book Company, Ine, New York N.Y. 1040, p48 ‘2 "Cber das Tandstvunenprobon sn Kresn lindesshalon,” by AZ hae Sahoten, Bevagentur, wo 20,1989, p. SOA. 4 thin Gylindscal Sulla Subjorted to Concentrated Load,” by 8 W, Yann, Quarterly of Appl Mohematics, wo. 4, 1948, p13 1 Gtabty ot Thin-Walled Tuber Under Torsion.” by B Donnell, NACA Repost No, 478, 15 udcbonteagworke,” by K. Girkrann,Julus Springer, Vienna 10 ormandarungen und Spannongon einer dnnwandigen, an dea ‘Randevn frei sufigondon Zinderechae,” by I. Tokar, Ze pe atgeuente Mathemats sid Rfdhantt, vol. 18, 155, p. 133, 1 ome Hxplet Formulae of Use, in the Calculation of Arbi- ‘Differential and ntegralCalutas," by R. Courant, Ieraienet Pubcon eo. 1, 19, ABS 9 sStrcawa From Radial Louda in Cylindveal Presure Vesela, ty PP. Bilaned, The Welding Foural, vol. 33, 1854, pp 6160-623 Discussion 6.¥, Firnsx.t “The investigation of stresses from local lond- ings in peeanare vessels involves a practical problem which has ‘cause considerable controverey for ® number of years "Time docs not permit a comparison of the methods outlined by the author with some of the approximations used in the past, ‘Whereas there sno doubt regarding the scientific qualities of ‘the calulatioygethods presented, it appears that it willbe neces- fry to simply the formulas to make them more readily ‘usable by the practical vessel designer. It is realized ehat this report is preliminary and not intended as final "Wo would Tike to know if this work was accompanied by tests cor if i is intended to conduct experiments to substantiate the theory, Arciving at final methods without conducting experi tnontsia apt to result in theoretical values not consistent with past practice and experience “One uethod for estimating the eect of bending moments in the longitudinal direction on nozales nd lug attachments is by lanalogy ad consists of treating the problem a a beam on an ‘laste foundation, Tt is recognized that this is “stretching” the hoory somewhat, because the loading is not continuous about the ireuinference aa eneountered ia flanges, but it gives fairly con- sistent results fr this condition ‘Sometimes we aro confronted by eases whercin the radial load imposed at nozale appears very great, but when eonverted into pounds force per inch of nozzle eireumference, the problem be- omos one of minor consideration. It appears to be practical to courage some of the simple checks of this type becwuso of the {tendeney to waste time on lengthy ealculations. "Tho preliminary information eontained in this paper is most ‘welcome and ccrlainly will assist in arviving at, s decision for ‘ificult problems, and we are looking forward to the final results of theeo investigations * Mechanical Consultant, The Fluor Corporation Ltd, Tos Angele, ‘cali "Mam: ASME ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME AUGUST, 1955 NA. Wet! Ac aveny an J.J. Monn? lean coho udu in arta nv Detng ora adi canto erat deseo bla rey lee a va an, Tara enon f of eg Uefa emp ie rwenabiyadoqut Tho are ge rl eft on-sity edn, hod comes ad SMEEDY pear ea ae, eaicorly deter Fe, dart an dlcnnont colton due lade cel by loa ntacinent os, pe conan aa ey aad ann erature ent) stem cee ap nla.” While apeiled spel aaa! sags en tn i he poten tried In part al i ei ener weoreraltestnnt of Ot olen lee eter Wrst, "Therfry chet hari Tha conte for having supe the unr ents of a pate cn and rea undersantabl pe Ft mathe entinen ofthe ob Be Sor appa epi by fhe aur prea Sea Fem rated uf sgl our eros sr cistron compat Un matbnale a Nn roe eld in heron ena ere ay coo tng lhe tos for he epee Saco an doable Fouter ates Soggy (a Whi the weld have unduly eee elena of manna! deat, la ane ee ae tone nd ply bao Foal Seeice ctl of wera wer Fi ant t mn thn is paul to ota enna ii he Tinta of too ied Ser ot ine iphone deena sa srmamek een of coil sl Ung he aoe atta of Euan (an tang Peas tit och Seton a tern, he dein foatnts a bts on Num aan Ht “= = Denom D i) where Num = O84 mi + (a4 222 Fare) Sota : is Denom = (+ mty + ALP ys | UG + 9A + CTF vA Btn i | 1981 EL — WAS (Bt ema + IRR vd AE (1 amid ‘The greatest contebution of the Jast terms in both Num an ‘Denom is 6a! times the ist term, this case oceurring when = 0.. However, observing the generally accepted conditions of the "“hin-shell theory," notably that t/a 0.1, it becomes clear that the contribution of the last terms to. Num and Denom i in al tases less than 0.17 parent, Hence they may saely be neglected. ‘The solution obtained in reference (7) of the paper and pre- sented in the text as Rquation [A], not only contains term dit ferent from those of Equations [95] and (96, herewith, but fe tains a term similar to the last term of Equation (06) while Development Baginecrs, The M. W, Kellogg Companys NOW York NY, “evalopment Setion Head snd Coneultant on Pressure Eauip- ant Tho MW Kellogg Company. Now York, N.¥, Mem. ASME,BIJLAARD—STRESSES FROM LOCAL LOADINGS IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS 815 omitting the last teri of Equation [6]. "This procedure dows not vom to be justified. the lat terms of Equations [95] nnd [96] are neglected, the resulting oxpressions are Num = + me 197) 1 Piety Denom = (AF mi) + ° GE PAE (7 PAS + Bett ROAM + (8 + vm + mi] +108) Further simplifications in the form of Equation [98 must be sgiven a critical aseeement, In ita given form Equation (98) can be shown to have a postive value forall m and n, irrespective of the choiee for the ratios of f/a and a/t. However, i the lst erm. fof Bustion (98) is neglected, which then makes Equations (97) fand {38} equivalent to Equation [17] of the paper, this is no Tonger trae. ‘With the last term of Equetion (98) omitted, the result is Dear = A + wnt + AUP OE NEC DWN + 10 aa y= 7 {As the paper shows, m can attain all positive integer values (as svell as zero) while n can have only odd positive integer values. For m = 0 or for higher values of m and-n, Equation [99] ofthis iceussion will continue to be postive. ‘The critical ease occurs when m= 1, Tn this caso Equation (99] becomes rear g [SH rot) ae —G4m— 1001 However for a given n anda/t rato, iia always posible to ob tain a zero value for Equation [100] by simply solving the follow ing equation forthe ratio I/a (2) 28) 28 () etm Denom — sou (2) —saom(2)\... 00 this equation being valid for y = 0.3, A vanishing value for [Equation [100] then implies an infinite value for the deflection cotfficent ine given by Equation [04]. This, in turn, implies that the defletion 1, es given by Equation [21) of the paper, is ininte for a fnite loud, which is physically imposible, With me Land n ~ I, the combinations of a/tund t/a ratios, for which Equation [00) of this discussion vanishes and any be= cones infinitely large, can be given as follows: ato 1580190300 Ya Wet aS ATO Similarly, wie becomes infinite at shout m times the I/a ratios «von inthe foregoing tabulation. For 4 given a/t ratio, the eurrent solution should not be ured for Ya ratios approaching oF exeoeting those just tabulnted. Tf ‘solutions in theae domains are desired, i i necossary to use the feomplete form as given by- Equation (06) orto revert to the leas ‘curate differential equation usod by Yuan, At 1/a ratios considerably lees than thowe tabulated for giv values of a/t the adverse contribution ofthe let torm in Equation {99} ditnnishes, Sine the numerical results given in this paper are ealeulated for l/a values up to about 50 percent of their criti fal magnitudes, the negleet of the Inst term in Equation (98) doesnot introdive asigifieant error. For amall values of t/a the ‘published values ean be considered asthe extet values for all prar~ tical purposes. Aa the value of Y/a incrouss for any given a/t ratio, the ealoulated values deviato from the exact values. One hhumuerieal example ealeulated for y = 15 and a = 10 chows that the exaet radial deflection of this eylinder under » point load at = Oand = 1/2ia about 5 per cont amaller than thet given by the authoe’s analysis, ‘Tho value of I/a in this ease is about 57 percent of the corresponding critical val Te may be added that, in possesion of the numerical results of current eneulations, i should not be dificult to addin the effect of the last term of Figuation (98), should the calculations be ex- tended to near the eriticalI/a values in the future “The aumerical values shown in Table 1 of the paper are proba- bly obtained using a value of » = 0.3, The writers would ap- presiate ib if the author confirmed this fut, "The development of Fourier series expansions for the various Toading conditions is given quite comprohensively in the paper. "The numerical evalustion of these reaults, if extondod to 0 suf- ficient range of variation in the parameters y and a, and by in cluding goveral eases dealing with the combined effets of loal Toads end internal pressures, will enuble the designer more ade~ quately to cope with the problem of loeal loadings on eylindrial esses Avmnon’s Croseae “The author sincerely approciates the interest given to his poper from industrial quarters, since it was for the need in industry that the present investigation was made, As to Mr. Frotse's Temarks it is sated Ube the present paper mainly gives the derivation of the basi formulas. ‘The nunmerieal rests are given in reference (9) end footnote where they have been reduced to traphs from which the practioul designer ean read the required eta immediately, Alo, in these references, tho rosults have been compared with evalabletast results, from which it eould be concluded that theory and experiment are in good agreement, ‘Additional taste are sponsored by the Pressure Vessels Research Coinmittee at Comell University indeed the analogy with a boam on an elastic foundation pplies only for axielaymmetrcal loading, For lal losding ax tonsidered in the paper a kind of analogy’ exists with a plate on an thutie foundatioo, - For example, in a long shall undor a point Toad the points of sero deflestion of the losded generatrix are of the order of a hundred times farther apart than under an axial symmetrical Tne lad. ‘The discussion by Means. Weil, Lupa, and Murphy is very welcome, Tt alko enables the author to add some informatio that was omitted in the peper ‘This, of course, lvays posible that later other methods of eal- culations may be found that lead to simpler end results, but till now the prawnt method wees to be the most economical one "The author thinks that his eighth-order differential Equation {4 and bis Fqustion [15] for ux, contain just the right aumnber of ‘arms for obtaining reliable daia in tho region that had to be covered by this investigation. He knew that omission of the Tourth-order terme in the differential Fquation [4], which results from negleeting the lat term in the second Equation (1), end 7Sizence From Redisl Loads and Rxtocnl Circumferential and Longitudinal Moments in Cylintieel Presure Ves,” by B.D Biluaed, Tp, fo Presure Veseela Revearch Commitoe of the Welding Reatach Council, March, 1985816 lends to omission of the fourth-degree terms in the discusses quation [08], causes a maximim difference of 6 per cent in his fend results, At that time he checked this by ealoulating the in- fluence of the fourth-order terms in the denominator of wa in Rquation {A}, following Equation (34). Tle found thet by ‘adding auch terms, for = 15, ar = 10 and for y = 100, a = 20, the deflostions would be found 4 por eent and 5 per cent ‘salle, respectively, As tho dissusers point out, these terms ‘mainly influence the deformation for m= 1 that is for bending tsa beam, without distortion of the cross section, However, retaining of thete fourth-dogree torms would not make the solution exkct oF even more accurate and it would in= frease the computation costs. Above Equation {6 the author refers to the fact that Hqustions (2) neglet tho load-carrying ‘apacity of the membrane forces caused by the external load, due to the change of curvature. Since the membrane forces’ (or ‘ero internal pressure) are compressive, this loud-earrying capac ‘ty is mainly negative, that is, the membrane forces exert addi= tional external loading that aro not accounted for in Fquations Li}. Taking them into agcoust- would make the differentia ‘equation nonlinear, “However, from the numerical results for fombined radial loading and internsl pressure? it could be Gerived that actually the membrane forecs from local externsl trial loading, alone, may increase tho dafleations and moments Ain amount ofthe order of § per cant. ‘This makes it more coreat ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, to omit the fourth-degroo torins disoussed above (hish dee the deflection by a maximum of 5 per cent) than to take th sooount. i ‘Por longer shells then considered inthis and subsoquent pap reference (9) and footnote 9, the foregoing fourthvorder ‘would beeomeimportant, Physically this follows from ‘hat here tho beam defostion (m = 1) becomes larger. ‘upper limit a, for a waa choson such thet the distortion of thy cross sections was practically tho sume a8 that for a ‘hell, Hence the excess daformations for shells with a ‘han, are those from bending asa beam (m = 1) only. the data for larger values ean be found by adding to those a, the amount cased by the difference in beam deetion for find aq. For example, for = 100, the maximum ae (ay is found by adding to tho detection 1g for tg this dif fnmbeam deflection. Fora load at z = 6 = 1/2 this gives tone [gt tomtom]