[3 3.1 Water flows steadily through the able area horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P3.1. The velocity is given by V = 10(1 + x)i ft/s, where xis in feet. Viscous effects are neglected. (a) De- termine the pressure gradient, ép/éx, (as a func- tion of x) needed to produce this flow. (b) If the pressure at section (1) is 50 psi, determine the pressure at (2) by: (i) integration of the pressure gradient obtained in (a); (ii) application of the FIGURE P3.1 Bernoulli equation. (a) -%sino-3€ = pVX but 0-0 and V=10(1 +x) ft/s ae = -eViE or He eV =-¢ (10(14x)(00) Thos, 38 = -1.94 $B (10 #)” (+x) , with X in feat = 1944) B pe (oye) -194(14x) sothat (da =-/9% (iid itsensi %no or f= sopsi- 194 (3+ Ih, (hie = $0 -/0./ =39.9 pst i) pte eMrerz, =p theme dz, or with 2) = 2, A= A +2 0(7-W) where Vy = 10(1 40) = 0h Vy = 10 (143) = 4o#t Thus, a= Sopsi + £94 Ses) 10% 40%) ( LE, )3.2 Repeat Problem 3.1 if the pipe is vertical with the flow upw (a) -Bsino -H6 = eVRE wth = 490" ond y-Blronnet BR =-pVE-Y or # =-eV4E-F =-e(iollen) (10) - Thus, 3B = 194 SWBCIOLY (140) ~ 62.4 thy, with X in feet = -/9¢ (IX) = 62.4 #, X2=3 (at) = -194 (14x) - 424 0 te . foren-asias qe5uei X,x on f= Sopsé -194 (343 ) fe ( HE.) - eased, (LfE,) = 50 -/01-1.3 = 38-6 pst wp ttey*stz,= psd pyreras on with 2,=0, 2-434 and \V,=sollto) =f? | ye jolita) 408 Px Bitte lV) ~ 02, = sopsi + (1.94 SHB) (j0*— 40") ~ 624 fa (+3 FE) 38.60503.3 3.3 An incompressible fluid with density p flows steadily past the object shown in Video V3.3 and Fig. P3.3 owing y ‘The fluid velocity along the horizontal dividing streamline Pea G (-00 S x= ~a) is found to be V= Vi(1 + a/x), where a is the radius of curvature of the front of the object and Vp is the upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure gradi- ent along this streamline, (b) Ifthe upstream pressure is pp, integrate the pressure gradient to obtain the pressure p(x) for = = x5 —a, (c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure at the stagnation point (x = ~a) is py + pV4/2, as expected from the Bernoulli equation, (0) m FIGURE P3.3 (a) Ba- eve where V2¥, (144) Thus, qv 2 de. Meg. or a heen $l He) ae (xa + x8) (b) iG [Ba = pat (+8 ts Note: p= fy at xe~00 fo Xe-® peal t EA] Thus, ” prea |x xe] (¢) From part (b), when X= p= ace tesh] = arte! x=a From the Bernoulli equation 4, + Zeh=p +4oy/" where VeV| = Vo(I+e@) <2 xera Thos, P, = fytt PM" as expected.3.4 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp/ds, is required to accelerate water in a horizontal pipe at a rate of 10 m/s"? 26 = — sin ~ OVE where @=0 and Vig = a, = 10% wh = - 04, = -999 (10%) = ~3990(g)/m 3.5 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp/ds, is, required to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe ata rate of 30 fi/s*? What is the answer if the flow is downward? 3 = 8 sind -eVIE where 0 = 90" for up tw @ = -90° for down flow, V# =a, 230 ft Thus, for upthw and Vis =4,° 30% 4g aE - -62.4() 18, — 199 Sligs(s0 fk) = -120.6(4.)/#t =~ 0.890 1 and for down flow Li ; Sb = 62.4 - 19% Sao) = 420 (fy) /e0.0292 43.6 3.6 Water ina container and air in a tornado flow in hor- ‘zontal circular streamlines of radius r and speed Vas shown in Video V3.2 and Fig. P3.6, Determine the radial pressure gradient, ap/8r, needed for the following situations: (a) The fluid is water with r = 3 in, and V = 0.8 fus. (b) The fluid is air with r = 300 ft and V = 200 mph. mW FIGURE P3.6 For curved streamlines, -2 = ene, or with & 20 (horizontal streamlines), R=r, and £ =- dE this becomes - ov" $e oe a With r= iH and V= 0.82 ond water (p=494 =), ae. 1.94 HE (oa BY _ 497 is, is 2 497 Ib 7 (iD) a it (b) With r=300ft and V= ac and air (p= 0.00238 8"), slugs #)? ge 0.00238 SH" (293) Sores! alas, = 0.68] 4 300 ft37 3.7 Water fiows around the vertical two~< mensional bend with circular streamlines anc constant velocity as shown in Fig. P3.7. If the pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the pressures at points (2) and (3). Assume that the velocity profile is uniform as indicated. FIGURE P3.7 2 “UGH = BE with 22) onc Y= lom’s Thus, with R= 6-n 4. re or She = {te fle 20 feO SO that since ¥ and Vare constants P-p, =-tn ~ ev? {oe Thos, P= -tn- eV" In(Zn) With pr, = #0kPa and fq =I m+ p,= or = Koka 9 x10 3 (im) - 99H (oe)? In(#) B= 12.0 kPa and with f= ¥0Kf4 and Ny =2m ' f= or 40 kPa - 9.00110 oe -999 58, (108) In (4 Pa = 220.1 kPa 3-63.9 3.9 Some animals have learned to take ad- vantage of the Bernoulli effect without having read a fluid mechanics book. For example, a typ- ical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances— a fiat front door, and a mounded back door as shown in Fig. P3.9. When the wind blows with velocity Vp across the front door, the average velocity across the back door is greater than Vo because of the mound. Assume the air velocity across the back door is 1.07V». For a wind velocity FIGURE P3.9 of 6 m/s, what pressure differences, p, ~ Pas is generated to provide a fresh air flow within the burrow? fp theyrs tz, = py +hey + tz, Thus, with negligible gravitational effects (cis. 2)*22), fifo = Ee -*) £ (123 8) ((1,07 (8 BY - (6 2) u or Ah = 3.2/43.10 3.10 Water flows from a pop bottle that has holes in it as shown in Video V3.5 and Fig. P3.10. Two streams com- ing from holes located distances f and /y below the free surface intersect at a distance L from the side of the bottle. It viscous effects are negligible and the flow is quasi-steady, show that L = 2(iyha)". Compare this result with experi- mental data measured from the paused video for which the holes are 2 inches apart. mw FIGURE P3.10 For steady inviscid tlow, the velocities of the horizontal jets of water at points (1) and (2) are obtained from the Bernoylli equation as: Pot teordz= 2 +tplyz, =p, tt pit where Po= f= fn79; Vo=O; Zoxhy ; 2, =h,-h,; and 22-0 rave Zz Ths, V,=[29h and \y= 29h. a Me ze h-agt? Once outside the tank, gravity is the only force on the fluid particles. Hence the horizontal component a of velocity remains constant, but the particles accelerate downward with the acceleration of gravity, Thus, for a fluid particle that exited the tank £ seconds ago at zh it follows that X=Vt and 2=h-dglt SAY hee By eliminating t, this gives the particle path (¢,e. the ze heh, V, shape of the waler jet as 2 z=h- 2 x Thus, the shapesof the two water jets are as shown in the figure. — (con't) 3-83.10} (con#) The streams intersect when X-L and 2,222, This, trom gas. (2)and @) (ha-h))- ae = - L? which can be rearranged to give z=] ath bh/ Fe 2) From En. (1), +o, it tft) the-h) Vi UE” 29h, 2ghe 79 fy a] - 2g hha @ Thus, by combining Eqns. (#) and. (s) we obtain Note that although Vy and Ve 4r€ a function of g , the distance L is net, Two tanks, one on Earth, the other on Mars, world drain at ditterent rates, byt the intersection distance, L, of two streams wevld bo the same. 3-93.12 A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of 14 in. According to some fire codes, the nozzle must be capable of delivering at least 300 gal/min. If the nozzle is attached to a 3-in.-diameter hose, what pressure must be maintained just upstream of the nozzle to deliver this flowrate? Aree = Ba Bon with 2,=22 > Aa=9 LHe and @ =(200 get (251 it Ae 1726 in =) BOs Thos, 0.668 = ae lW-v'] where Y= ge iene = %.98 2 pie wo 2 = /3,6f aD p36 "A Fae OS and so thet with =e : £19 | 16.07- 13.67] = 890, = 61.9 psi33 3.13 of a tapered glass tube that contains a float as indicated in Fig. P3.13 and Video V8.6. The scale reading on the rotameter shown i directly proportional tothe volumetric flowrate. With a scale reading of 2.6 the weter bubbles up approximately 3 in, How far will it bubble up if the scale reading is 5.07 | \ fotameter 0) A rotameter is a volumetric flowmeter that consists @ FIGURE P8.115 Mize = = A tate We /h "pope 20, 2,=0, 4-0, s0 as 2 Wa For the rolameter Q=K*SR_ where SR=scale reading and 7am, K is a constant, =o - Hse so thet when combined with £9.(1) K (si (2.8) ‘5. Wa or Kad (a4) and Kees By dividing these two equations, 2 (eae ap or h=0.925 tt = /L/ i.3.14 3.14 A person holds her hand out of an open car window while the car drives through still air at 65 mph. Under standard atmospheric condi- tions, what is the maximum pressure on her hand? ‘What would be the maximum pressure if the “car” were an Indy 500 racer traveling 220 mph? ‘i 2 Sind +2, =BArKiz, with zz, 6" 29 Vj 6simph (6% )=95.9 # 7 Thus. F206, Mer0 OP 2 b yt = £eM or pe d(2.20x16* $M) (953-8)* joe 4 yc ica Y= 220nph( 228 ) =s23ft » then A atlasout? Bi asstbte 0 3-12BUS 3s Video V3.1 and Fig. P3.15. When the ball is not centered in the jet, the air velocity is greater on the side of the ball near the jet center [point (1)] than it is on the other side of the ball [point (2)]. Determine the pressure difference, Px ~ Pi» across the ball if V; = 140 fUs and V, = 110 fis, Neglect gravity and viscous effects. A 100 fs jet of air flows past a ball as shown in The Bernoulli equation from point (3) to (2) and (4) to ()) with = FIGURE P3.15 gravity neglected gives Ps +toly = prt teve and partes But ps= fy 0 and Va= Va Thus, even though points (1) and (2) are not on the same streamline, piste’ = pike or Ap beri) = lo.rase S88) (40 £0- (10 £7] = 8.93 WES = 9.93 1h Arsen” 3-1316 3.16 Water flows into the sink shown in Fig. P3.16 and Video V5.1 at a rate of 2 gal/min, If the drain is closed, the water will eventually flow through the overflow drain holes rather than over the edge of the sink. How many 0.4-in.-diameter drain holes are needed to ensure that the water does not overflow the sink? Neglect viscous effects. 3.16 4+ ea = Be Bre , where 14-0, and =O, p=0 Thus, 2, ¥ or Va \2g2, = [2(sa.a8ty (422 4)]* = 2.5¢f Also, Q=nhah =nG FeV, , where n= number of holes required, d,=0.4in, and C= contraction coet. “20.6! (see Fig.3.8) aan’) (Ut) #4 96x07 ff Thus, wih (Lat min. 250 60s n= —#2 4 (446x107 HYs) We dee = WOM(SEPE (2 5¢fiey ~ 33° Thos, #holes are needed.317 3.]7__ Airis drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing auto- ‘mobiles as shown in Fig. P3.17. (a) Determine the manometer reading, h, when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph. Note that there is a 1-in. column of oil on the water in the manome- ter. (b) Determine the difference between the stagnation pres- ‘sure on the front of the automobile and the pressure in the test section. a m FIGURE F3./7 (a) Hitz, -Hig + fe ag where Z-Z2 , f,-0, 4nd \20 Thus, with Ve = 60 mph= bet , =~ 4 % or fox -zp4 ? =~ 4 (0,00238% sty Ss) (99 Hy 2-922 But Pat hyo ~ Sula) =o where = 0.9.Ny, = 0,9(62.4 #,) Thos, eee B 4 ~ hangs +624 H (hH) -s02 fh 5 (2H) =0, or h=0.223ff “ : () Aigtg = 4 ini where 2.=% and Vy-0 This, Bie g or A fax Eel ed (o.orase Me eel = 9.223.18 Water flows through the pipe contrac- tion shown in Fig. P3,!8. For the given 0.2-m difference in manometer level, determine the flow- rate as a function of the diameter of the small FIGURE P3.18 2 2 Loa M oz, Bren or with 2,222 and Vi-0 but 2th, and pax th, so that py-fa=Oth-he)= 0.28 Thus, Ye ag 23% = 2g 00.2 or 2 Q=A,V, = Bory, = Fo? patgenoay = 1-56 Dt when D~m 3.19 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.19. Determine the difference in manometer level, h, for a flowrate of 0.10 ms, = FIGURE P3.19 ve vs Apa ae, Bt Biz, where 2,722 and V=V.20 Thos, 4 . & which means that h=0 for any @.3.20 3.20 The speed of an airplane through the air is obtained by use of a Pitot-static tube that measures the difference be- tween the stagnation and static pressures. (See Video V3.4.) Rather than indicating this pressure difference (psi or N/m?) directly, the indicator is calibrated in speed (mph or knots), ‘This calibration is done using the density of standard sea level air. Thus, the air speed displayed (termed the indicated air speed) is the actual air speed only at standard sea level conditions. If the aircraft is flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft and the indicated air speed is 220 knots, what is the ac- twal air speed? For the Pitat-static tube shown V= 2(A- p/p . This, PsP = 0V" so that with the same indicated airspeed (f5~-Peetandard = fof 2q000 OF 2 2 ZCtandard Vtandard = 2 Pro.o00 Vagooo - Hence, £ 4 Y - Petandand 7? (0.00238 fs Veajo00 = Vue! | Pao, 000 | = 220 kndls 0.001267 SHE on Vigeoo = 302 knots 3.21 3.2) Carbon tetrachloride flows in a pipe of B the pressure and velocity are 23 psi and 14 variable diameter with negligible viscous effects. ft/s. Which point is at the higher elevation and At point A in the pipe the pressure and velocity by how much? are 20 psi and 30 ft/s, respectively. At location 2 A te , MA = M8 +z, Ge apt? 4 9 Ze or Pate . Ve=Ve . (20-2sy bidity . (30% aye et ag Eg ~Zy= 8 99.58, 2 (32.2) or 2g-Zq SIH, Bis above A 3/73.22 3.22 A loon isa diving bird equally at home “flying” in the air or water. What swimming ve- locity under water will produce a dynamic pres- sure equal to that when it flies in the air at 40 mph? = thiol, eV eal = Oelin om Mo =PRE] Me Thus, ! 7 3 Se Vigo [Hitt [ron = L#emph fe oO 3.23 3.23 Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects, through the pipe shown in Fig, P3.23. Determine the diameter, D, of the pipe at the outlet (@ free jet) if the velocity there is 20 fs. M FIGURE P3.23 1 vi ve Aire th Gate where 2,20, Zl, w= 20! and g,= th sothd Ae isH Thus, a ji _ (20H)? 15 ft *0* aE) =otiot 20220) or y= 8.93 # Bot AM =AV so that £0? (8.83 #) = F0,7(20f) or 4 b, (4:2) tefl) = 0.083/ {= 0.997 in.3.24 The circular stream of water from a faucet is observed to taper from a diameter of 20 mm to 10 mm in a distance of ‘50 em. Determine the flowrate. @ “ ] Zp = 0.030m i Arde tz, Bi Bin a.som where p,=f,=0, 2.=0, Z, 70.50 and (2) D,=0.0/0m y= , 4-9 . h= Ap + Ae Ay @ Thus, £ k OP 2g2,=(4)' or @- [petty] = atm (fi) +248 (4) (Ae mp) 1 CAA or since a = (ef we obtain 1 Cay Q=” a - Zoo. cromy] ae mm = 2.54 x10 3-193.25 3.25 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.25. The water barometer indicates a reading of 30.2 ft. Determine the maximum value of hallowed without cavitation occurring. Note that the pressure of the vapor in the closed end of the barometer equals the vapor pressure. 5 In. diameter mw FIGURE P3.25 ag “4g, “@ BeBe, where 70,1, =, fy Thos, 2,20, 2,=6 ft Proper va 0 = Ase + +b HH but ptso2H Yep or since = Pvapor , Eesper = ~30.2 ff Hence, 2 0 = -302 ft + Hien or # = 2424 on Uyxatraft yonrel] Thus, = sae ft Since Wae=Wh, Ky = or Y=2 it However, a 4 +z, = Bs Ey 2, or ¥ = )2gh Thus, 142 £ = J20228 htt or hess ft3.26 3.26 An inviscid fluid flows steadily through the contraction shown in Fig. P3.26. Derive an expression for the fluid velocity at (2) in terms of D,, Dz, P, Pm, and h if the flow is assumed in- compressible. FIGURE P3.26 a a Ht +z, -# tee where 2,=22 39 and VA= Ay or y= yy Thus, Pi-f _ Ve >t fp [I - (#2) ] a but Aa= hit tl = fy = fat VUL-b) + Ugh APs =th-thtligh th = (Iy- Bh = 9 (fm PUA or af -¢ -Ih o Combine Eqs. (1) and (2) to obtain ye 29 (@-Ih aE 1-8) 3-213.27, 3.27 A plastic ube of $0-mm diameter is used 10 siphon water from the large tank shown in Fig. P3.27 Ifthe pressure on the outside of the tube is more than $0kPa greater than the pressure within the tube, the tube will collapse and the siphon will stop. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the mini- ‘mum value off allowed without the siphon stopping. FIGURE P3.27 At any location within the tube V=V, so that with V=0, f, =o, and z,=0 2 + Area FE Giz gives vw Be-Z- 2g Thos, the lest pressure occurs at the point of maxiaum Z. That is, p, 2-30 kPa and 2,=2m so that 3H, 2 30x10 me 2m-—<4 ox k, ~ “208% or - m V= 456% bot 2 AH +z, Bit +23 where 2,=-(4-h) and p,=0 Thus, = LIS iy, ~ 29.818) an) or h= 2.94m3.28 3.28 A smooth plastic, 10-m-long garden hose with an in- side diameter of 15 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is shown in Fig. P3.26.If viscous effects are neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool? 2 Hee, Gowen where y= fn<0, 2+ 0.2m a Zz, =~ 023m, and V; <0 , 4 4 =29 (2-2) = (2.0281 4)(0.2m—(-0.24m)))* = 2.908 or ae S12 x/0 LE Q = Aa, =F lo0.01sm)* (2.90Carbon dioxide flows at a rate of 1.5 £3/s from a 3 ipe in which the pressure and temperature are 20 psi (gage) 20 °F into a 1.5-in. pipe. If viscous effects are neglected and incompressible conditions are assumed, determine the pres- sure in the smaller pipe. Wiz. Stag thi Fag tt a Mere where 2-2, and 28 2 EE it Yea Zaye = 306 4 ae ye $- HS = /22ft Thus, ey) +t e(V?- M2) where e= £ (2ots¢7)Bs (mf) CU 730. fb HP \(yeor120)'R on =7.62% ie te A= 20%, 4 (vei) +3(162x10" *segslise, 6ft)*- (122 By ] = 280 fh - 5316 = 26278 Ae 19.63 psi gage He or 4.3.30 3.30 flows steadily as shown in Fig. P3.30. Determine h. Water, considered an inviscid, incompressible fluid, o=40es A water t 0.5 taiameter a m FIGURE P3.30 pt oz, +20? = pe tz.ttel? where Z,=0, 2223ff, V,=0, and V, peg HE. 5.09 h Hy us, A +£0.98 BY (5.09 HY = p, + 624d (aft) pops oth 0 But from the mmananeer p -o(L43H) + ohh) =B f- 02.4 (3H) 4624 Heh = fra Hence, fi = fz +187 - 62.4h which when combined with £.U/) gives Prt 87-82-68 ~ p= /82 h= o.400tt3.31 3.31 Water flows steadily downward through the pipe shown in Fig, P3.31. Viscous effects are negligible, and the pres- sure gage indicates the pressure is zero at point (1). Determine the flowrate and the pressure at point (2). fiszG = fiaik where a = 3H, 25-0, f= fyr0 fay, = (ety Zo. aA) @ FIGURE P3.31 = 0698 \ vhs (0,694) Ve _ Ww i 22.24/67) ta ay or GE/Rse so that 2 Q =A = Blow (i9.3 #) Also, 2 a +Z, if = 4 42, sf where p,=0 and since Ay< Ay it follows that Vz-4 This, 22-2, -@ or & or Pax -2tt (62.4) = ~25 fe 2 ft 3-263.32 For the pipe enlargement shown in Fig. P3.32, the pressures at sections (1) and (2) are 56.3 and 58.2 psi, re- spectively. Determine the weight flowrate (Ib/s) of the gaso- line in the pipe. Assume steady, inviscid, incompressible flow. FIGURE P3.32 Ae sfege Bee yt where 2,=22 and A= Ase or bY u(y Thus, 2 2 Ce) dys PaePl _ |_2leraty (saath -s6.9 dh weht) \ = >| EB = 25 B(i-( =a)) 371 in or yr2i4e and =A “FCG (205 V ail) 2 Thos, ¥Q = 42.5H, (0490 #) = 20.08 oO. qo E3.33 Water is pumped from a lake through an 8-in. pipe at a rate of 10 ft'/s. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the pressure in the suction pipe (the pipe between the lake and the pump) at an elevation 6 ft above the lake? 2 ve Beeb ez, Bite where f,=0, 20, 2,<0, 2,760 an 3 uo) a y-& - 4a 2 AS? 2 xecf Ae rae = (EAE s — 62.4 fh (6.0 HH) - £ (19% » (29,6 #)* = -1168 fa = - 8. psi 3-28[3.34] 3.34 Air flows through a Venturi channel of rectangular cross section as shown in Video V3.6 and Fig, P3.34. The constant width of the channel is 0.06 m and the height at the exit is 0.04 m, Compressibility and viscous effects are neg- ligible. (a) Determine the flowrate when water is drawn up 0.10 m in a small tube attached to the static pressure tap at, the throat where the channel height is 0.02 m. (b) Determine the channel height, hp, at section (2) where, for the same flowrate as in part (a), the water is drawn up 0.05 m, (c) De- termine the pressure needed at section (1) to produce this, flow. But since A, = (0.0%mx0.06m) A= fer b= wiath = 0.06 m Free jet tS «mw 0.04 m Water mw FIGURE P3.34 (a) steady, inviscid, incompressible fly: (¥= 12.0 * 0) Bae = 4k YE here Pu=O, Pak Al x ” “A = Ag so tat Ie = ead yer Thus, Fen. (1) pees Me = 980m ” 12.0 Bs ies - maa) or y= 23.18 Hence, 3 Q= Ay Vy = (0.0%mx0.06m) (23.1%) = 0.0554 S a a) & if =f is where py =O, fo =lyyha= rari M (0.05m) = - 490m From part (a), Vg= 23.12 Thus, Eqn. (2) becomes 190 VE 8 Bp yeas 2.02% 2@8%) 204.8%) 6 a But YA, =W Ax so that (36.54) (0.06m)h, = (23.12) (0.06m)(0.0¢m) or h, = 0.0253 2 @ © Also, ho = 4 e where fy,=0 and A,V, = Ay Ve = Ay then Y= Ve and Egn.(a)gives 3-2493.35 3.35 An inviscid fluid flows steadily along the stagna- tion streamline shown in Fig. P3.35 and Video V3.3, star ing with speed Vp far upstream of the object. Upon leaving the stagnation point, point (1), the fluid speed along the sur- face of the object is assumed to be given by V = 2V sin 8, ‘where @ is the angle indicated. At what angular position, 63, should a hole be drilled to give a pressure difference of Pi ~ Pa = pVal2? Gravity is negligible. m FIGURE P3.35 fede sp rte aioe re V, This, P,- fa< Fe(Vi-V)= Few Cae 7 le ff EON then Vee That js? V,=2V, sin@ =Y or sin 8, =F Hence, 0,= 30° 3-303.36 3.36 — Aninviscid, incompressible liquid flows steadily from the large pressurized tank shown in Fig. P:3.36. The velocity at the exit is 40 fis. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid in the tank “ows Aiz +g ae Ss Oe +2n 4 M FIGURE P3.36 where = Ib - Whe a ef x) sisteh ) f°, zis, 2-0, V0, and V2 Holt Thus, L440 lb/ft” _ GoH/sy- ae tT ea He or Y= 146.3 th Hence, 6 WS HA So= ha” 62.41 =3.37 (py FIGURE P3.37 | 005 ene 3.87 Water flows steadily through the large tanks shown in Fig. P3.87. Determine the water depth, hy For steady flow, @,= G% where th Bare ft, wg Qy= Aa Vo wi G tag tBs= Fp tag t% where pa f_=0 and =O TA “Oy [2g (2-24) = [20481 B)(2m) or G= £lo.osmy (6.26 #) = 0. 0/2328 Ako, . : art +z, = Bit +22 where fy=f2=0 and Viz0 so that Y= 2ghq Thos, Ar, = % or F (0.03my /2 (91% )hy = 0.0/3 or hy = 1S.4¢m3.38 3.38 Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects through the pipe shown in Fig. P3.38. It is known that the 4- in, diameter section of thin-walled tubing will collapse if the pressure within it becomes less than 10 psi below atmospheric, pressure. Determine the maximum value that h can have with- ‘out causing collapse of the tubing. @ FIGURE P3.38 2 a Az th = Btnig where £79, V0, 2-0, and p,= -10 $8 (Hee ) = -/¢40 He Thos, with Ze =4H ag — ieee, 62.40/K2 * 2732.24, or h= wi Also, ye fe +z, -& t2y sag here r=, Z=-h, and Vor Thus, , eo 8.545: ae Ae 2(32.241/s*) or h= 131 tt 3-333.39 339 A large open tank contains a layer of oil floating on ‘water as shown in Fig. P3.39. The flow is steady and inviscid. (@) Determine the height, h, to which the water will rise. (b) Determine the water velocity in the pipe. (¢) Determine the pres- sure in the horizontal pipe. 4) f0.2 m diameter 2 a Aezit - Bizif w FIGURE P3.39 W) where 2=0, faro, V,=Va=0, 22h, and p= 4m (Kin) Thus, with by = SC Yq =0.7(980 4h) = 6.26 AY and from £0) ” ine or f= 0h so that _ 4m by 5.86 £4 he fol. 4m 500 ta = 2.80m (8) Vy Ag = Vohy or ye By Srey, But from the Bernoulli eqvatvon, V, =paph = 20tim/e\(2 Bom) = 7.4/2 Thus, Vy 2 glam) Lest 2 2 (c) Etat f = Aint ds where Holm, Wyelas®, <0, 2,180, h-o Thus, 2. (as) AE im Sa BS =2.8m on & = 383m Thos, f= 3:83 (9.80) = 3505 Ky 3-343.40 3.40 Acetain vacuum cleaner can create a vacuum of 2 kPa \ g just inside the hose. What is the velocity of the air inside the hose? a Prt BOM? = pat zee 7 777 77T7 where p,=9, Y#0 so that parte Hence 7 - 2x10, =-£(123 49)" or = sz0% Mm m3! (22in-diameter hose 3.41 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig, P34. Determine the flowrate from the tank and the pressures at points (1), (2), and (3) if viscous effects are negligible. FIGURE P3.41 a - +e, For b= huey S 2 For ¢*5 and avo, =O, fg=0 this becomes 2° jf +2, or : wag (=) = ona Thus =/3.9 4 2 Q=Aa lh = BEM) (3.9 8) = 0.203 From Ent) with é=l. and Y=0, f= o (zo z,) 2 4B)(af)= =499 4 199 $3 From Eg.) with ’=2, 2,= where A, Vy = Ag Ve Since A,= As if follows that Ve =Ve or Thus, vz 2 = 2-22, - 3% = 2-2 - 2g ea = % -Z2 -(Zo-25) ee = Z5- 2. =U (25-22) =62.4 B)(sH) = 327K From £9.() with ¢=3, 2, = where As \e = As Vs 2 ye Since Az=As it follows that V, 2290 34S3.51 Aconical plug is used to regulate the air oS flow from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.51.. The air ness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negligible leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thick- ca ‘ @ = 050 m8 sin and the flowrate is 0.50 m'/s, determine the pres- sure within the pipe. FIGURE P3.5! and ose Ye 4 sor 27 (0,2m)(0.02.m, 2/992 me $e(y-V) = £(1.23-42)(/19% 12.07) Nee x 0.02 m~ \ where 2,=Z2 and f2=0 1554,3.52" 3.52 in Fig. P3.52 varies with the water depth, ht, as shown in the table. At time ¢ = 0a valve is opened and the pond is allowed to drain through a pipe of diameter D. If viscous effects are negligible and quasisteady conditions are assumed, plot the water depth as a function of time from when the valve is opened (r = 0) until the pond is drained for pipe diameters of D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, ‘The surface area, A, of the pond shown FIGURE P3,52 and 3.0 ft. Assume h = 18 ft att = 0. Aa Bez, « - Be fees << Thus, Vy=J29(ht3) which mie ee with AY =A gives -A, 4 = Eo feg(h+D where A, =A,(h) as given. is can be rearranged , and integrated to give (Asie = Fay fe BO =-F 0" fosa.2't je ag “te oust (47th | where tos, Arm? and htt o 4 frre, Zh, 2-5 h Note? It is easier to determine t asa fonction of h rather than h as a function of t Numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule and EXCEL was used to obtain the results shown on the next page. That [EEA NS + Ay Mins 72 inh} Typical results are shown on the next page. Note that t~D*. This, con't.) 3-473,52" ©eronsena— (con'd) HLA, acres A, 112 18 28 121968 18 24 104544 14 1.8 78408 12 15 65340 10 41 47916 8 09 39204 6 08 34848 4 05 21780 2 03 13068 o 0 0 D=05f D=15f D=20f D=25f D=30Tt Ls ts ts ts ts 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.22E+04 3.58E+03 2.01E+03 1.20E+03 8.94E+02 5.95E+04 5,05E+03 3.72E+03 2.38E+03 1.65E+03 8.24E+04 6.26E+03 5.15E+03 3.29E+03 2,20E+03 1.02E+05 7.28E+03 6.35E+03 4.06E+03 2.82E+03 11BE*05 8.12E+03 7.34E+03 4.70E+03 3.26E+03 1.32E+05 9.00E+03 8.28E+03 5.30E+03 3.68E+03 1.A5E+05 9.686+03 9.06E+03 5.80E+03 4.03E+03 1.54E+05 1.016+04 9.62E+03 6.16E+03 4.28E+03, 1.58E+05 1.00E+04 9.86E+03 6.31E+03 4.38E+03, Water Depth vs Time D=05t 0.0+00 1 \ 5.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.5E+05 2.06+05 ts 0.06+00 Water Depth vs Time D 1.06403 206403 3.0E+03 40E+03 5.0E+03 ts 3483.53 Water flows over the spillway shown in Fig. P3.53. If the velocity is uniform at sections (1) and (2) and viscous effects are negligible, de- termine the flowrate per unit width of the spill- way. FIGURE P3.53 2 his £ +z, © Gihin where if points () and (2) are located on the free surface B=9, fn=0, 2, =3.6m,and Also A,V, = Az Ve 2,5 0.5m or Vn B Ve = Sg Ve = 0.139 Me Thus, Eg.) becomes 2 aetirgyl! ~(o.9] =3.6m-0.5m or y= 708% Hence, ge Vaz = (7982) (0.5m) = 3, 94 TE 3-493.54 3.54 Water flows down the sloping ramp shown in Fig. P3.54 with negligible viscous ef- fects, The flow is uniform at sections (1) and (2). For the conditions given show that three solutions for the downstream depth, hs, are obtained by use of the Bernoulii and continuity equations. However, show that only two of these solutions are realistic. Determine these values. +e Brahe £ +B Aso, Aha o ha the b, o beens Uo ag «(a 2 (42.2 8 = “Gaa hs - 2932 +100 =0 equation are found to be: ha = 0,630 ft hy= #4 or 3-50 ey = no ~ 0 2(32. 2032.28) wo Y= 10 tise [ie oe Halt FIGURE P3.54 0) where (79; f2=9, 2) = 3H, and %=hz th, By using a root finding program the three roots to this cubic h,= anegative root Clearly if is not possible (physically) to have hz <0 Thus, h,= 0.6304 orWater flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in 3.55. Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide. FIGURE P3.55 fea Wag = Se Biz where fy =0, fa*?, %= 641, Thus and 2,2 1ft Mast = Main Bot Ab = “AM, or Ke Ave Sy oa we £9.) becomes 26H ey +14 a” es myteawaathyeon o V=s0af Hence, ; Q=A,Y, = 6H (eH)(3.03 Ht) = mes HE 3-513.56 Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m diameter at a rate of 0.2 m’/s and a pressure of 200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine the velocity head and pressure head at elevations of Z,=85m) 20 and 55 m. m3 D=0.15m Q__ 02% A =e = 32=\e Vea z (0.15m)* Baha 425m At point (2): 2004s Me. (ea # a y= 70m 9 “2.481% tbe oh or we fo = 200m Mt kW t a0 kW fa — 200 ms. . vd ooo + (25-55)m3.57 + 3.87 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line FF i. iameter inal ting for the flow of Problem 3.38. m FIGURE P3.38 For inviscid flow with no pumps or turbines, the energy line is is horizontal, a distance h+4# above the outlet. From Problem 3.38 we oblain h= 1.31 ft. The hydravlic grade line is V’/2g below the energy line, starting at the free surface where V,=0 and ending at the pipe exit where ~o,=0 and \y2/29 = h+4#. Al point (2) the pressure head is 2-10 bin? (M44 in? / FH) ity is a= 47 #4 & ee RAR 23,14 , the velocity is a= 44.71%, and the elevation is 2,2 h = /.3/ f1, assuming Z3 =0. In the 6-in. diameter pipe Va =A, /Ay =(D2/D5)” Va “Yin Lbin FGA7H/s) =/8.5 That is Vj2/2g = he4H = 531 ff and 16 Vy22q =(4.7 Hs) /(2)(32.2 fHls)= 22.144 The corresponding EL and H6L are shown (not to scale) below. ao EL Cenergy line) yj —— x a i wt SB) = Vs*/og tea Ze \-aaulft » ps/8=0 A 1 HGL (hydravlic | grade line) 1 ' Lowe ![3.58 3.58 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.41. ELS, 2in-diameter hose HeL~, FIGURE P3.41 For inviscid tlow with ne pumps or turbines, the energy line (EL) is horizontal , af an elevation of the free srtace. The Aydravlic grade Jine (HGL) is ane velocity head lower, even with the pipe collet. Since the foid velocity is constant thronghwot dhe pipe with 3g = 34, the falling is obtained: pipe 7 \ yf 3-542:In.-diameter hose 3.54 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.42. For inviscid flow with no pumps or turbines, the enery line EL) is horizontal, at an elevation of the free surface. The hydravlic grade line (H6L) is one velecily head lwer. Since fé = 3H if follows that the H6L passes through the tip of the nozzle. Als, since Vg = “Gf =(2)'V, if folows thet 2 4 ya my th =(Bt) B= LY CM = 5A. Thrnoghout the pipe the velocity head is constant so that the following is obtained: 3-553.60 3.60 Pressure Distribution between Two Circular Plates Objective: According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change in pressure, Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in ve- locity. The purpose of this experiment isto determine the pressure distribution caused by air flowing radially outward in the gap between two closely spaced flat plates as shown in Fig. P3.60 Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; two circular fat plates with static pressure taps at various radial locations from the center of the plates; spacers to maintain a gap of height & between the plates; manometer; barometer; thermometer, Experimental Procedure: Measure the radius, R, of the plates and the gap width, b, between them, Adjust the air supply to provide the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the inlet pipe and the gap between the flat plates. Attach the manometer to the static pressure tap located a radial distance r from the center of the plates and record the manometer read- ing, h. Repeat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at different radial locations. Record the barometer reading, Hy, in inches of mercury and the air temperature, 7, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Caleulations: Use the manometer readings to obtain the experimentally determined pres- sure distribution, p= p(r), within the gap. That is, p = —ya/t, where Yq is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. Also use the Bernoulli equation (p/y + V*/2g = constant) and the continuity equation (AV = constant, where A = 27rd) to determine the theoretical pressure distribution within the gap between the plates. Note that the flow at the edge of the plates (r = R) is a free jet (p = 0). Also note that an increase in r causes an increase in A, a decrease in V, and an increase in p. Graph: Plot the experimentally measured pressure head, p/'y, in feet of air as ordinates and radial location, r, as abscissa. Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure bead distribution as a function of radial location. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, ular plates — FIGURE P3.60 (con't) 3-563.60 | (con't) Solution for Problem 3.60: Pressure Distribuition between Two Circular Plates Q.3Is Rin bin. Hain. Hg T, deg F ‘tra, NOIRE 0872 500.125 29.09 83 624 Experiment Theory rin, hin iy, ft Vitis phy ft 07 9.05 663.75 2208 © -740.7 10 6.02 441.52 1612-3872 15-202 “148.15 1074 163.1 20 © -0.96 -70.41 08 = 847 25 © 0.48 -35.20 5-484 30 -0.24 “17.60 57-287 350.13 9.53 40 168 40 0.03 -2.20 40.3 94 45 001 073 358 38 50 0.00 0.00 32.2 00 2 = Pa/RT where an = 7e"Haan = 847 Ib/ft*3*(29,09/12f1) = 2053 Ibit’2 R= 1746 ftlb/stug deg R T= 83 + 460 = 543 deg R Thus, p = 0.00220 slugitt"3 and y = p*g = 0.00220"32.2 = 0.0709 Ibift"3 Phy = Yaa" nly V= QU(2nrb) = 0.879 fe's/(2°3.1416"(0.125/12)ftr) Problem 3.60 Pressure Head, ply, vs Radial Position, r ‘@ Experimental Theoretical3.61 3.61 Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter Objective: As shown in Section 3.6.3 of the text, the volumetic flowrate, Q, of a given fluid through a nozzle flow meter is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop across the meter. Thus, @ = Kh'?, where K is the meter calibration constant and f is the ‘manometer reading that measures the pressure drop across the meter (see Fig. P36] ). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of K for a given nozzle flow meter, Equipment: Pipe with a nozzle flow mete, variable speed fan; exit nozzle to produce uniform jet of air; Pitt static tube; manometers; barometer; thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Adjust the fan speed control to give the desired flowrate, Q. Record the flow meter manometer reading, h, and the Pitot tube manometer reading, H. Re- peat the measurements for various fan settings (ic, flowrates). Record the nozzle exit ameter, d. Record the barometer reading, Hy» in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so thatthe air density can be calculated from the perfect gal law. Calculations: For each fan setting determine the flowrate, Q = VA, where V and A are the air velocity at the exit and the nozzle exit area, respectively. The velocity, V, can be de- termined by using the Bernoulli equation and the Pitot tube manometer data, H (see Equa tion 3.13), Graph: Plot flowrate, Q, as ordinates and flow meter manometer reading, h, as abscissas fon a log-log graph. Draw the best-fit straight line with a slope of ¥ through the data, Results: Use your data to determine the calibration constant, K, in the flow meter equa- tion @ = Kh', Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work ihe problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. From mete Pat tube Imeometer rnstoeter Pot tate foe Taio tat ate ‘meter . (con't) 3-583.6! | (con’t) Solution for Problem 3.61 : Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter in. Ham, in HT, deg F 4.169 29.01 75 hin. H, in Ap,Ibiftt2 —V, fs, f*/s 11.6 56 20.1 162 4.20 4 54 28.1 159 1.18 107 52 27.0 156 1.16 10.1 49 255 151 1.13 96 47 24.4 148 1.10 88 43 22.4 142 1.06 79 39 20.3 135 1.00 72 36 187 130 0.97 61 34 16.1 120 0.90 54 27 14.0 112 0.84 45 23 120 104 O77 38 20 10.4 7 072 29 18 78 84 0.62 24 14 57 72 0.53 10 06 34 53 0.39 = Pain/RT where airs = hg" Haun = 847 Ibi/ft*3*(29.01/12 ft) = 2048 Ib/ftY2 R= 1716 ftlbislug deg R T=75 + 460 = 535 deg R Thus, p'= 0.00223 slugitt'3 V= (2"Apip)"? Q=AVwhere A= nd'ld = n*(1,169/12 f'214 = 7456-3 2 nh’? = 0.358 h'? where Q is in f’/s and h is in in. From the graph, Q = Thus, K = 0.358 ft'(s"in,"”) (con't) 3-549361 _| (cont) Problem 3.61 Flow Rate, Q, vs Manometer Reading, h The best fit equation with a slope of 0.5 is Q=0.358n° 100 3-603,62 3.62 Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel Objective: According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change in pressure, Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in ve- locity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pressure distribution caused by air flowing within a two-dimensional, variable area channel as shown in Fig. P3.62 Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; two-dimensional channel with one curved side and one flat side; static pressure taps at various locations along both walls of the channel; ruler; manometer; barometer; thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Measure the constant width, b, ofthe channel and the chan- nel height, y, as a function of distance, x, along the channel, Adjust the air supply to provide the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the channel. Attach tne manometer to the static pressure tap located a distance, x, from the origin and record the manometer reading, h. Re- peat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at various locations on both the flat and the curved sides of the channel. Record the barometer reading, Hugs in inches of mercury and the air temperature, 7, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Calculations: Use the manometer readings, h, to calculate the pressure within the channel, = adh where Yq is the specific weight of the manometer fluid, Convert this pressure into the pressure head, p/y, where = gp is the specific weight of air, Also use the Bernoulli equation (p/y + V*/2g = constant) and the continuity equation (AV = Q, where A = yb) to determine the theoretical pressure distribution within the channel. Note that the air leaves, the end of the channel (x = L) as a free jet (p = 0). Graph: Plot the experimentally determined pressure head, p/y, as ordinates and the dis- tance along the channel, x, as abscissas, There will be two curves—one for the curved side of the channel and another for the flat sid. Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure distibution within the channel Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. Slate pessue tape t u FIGURE P3.62 (cont) 3-613.62 | (con't) ‘Sdlution for Problem 3.62: Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel bin. Q, 3/5 Hain iMG T,deg FL, in, 20 132 28.96 m 21.75 Experimental Theory xin ysin Ain. hin Ph ft ply, ft hy ft flat side curved side flat side curved side 075 2.00 0.28 0.31 2020-223 0.0 250 2.00 021 0.37 151-266 0.0 400 1.28 = -0.42 0.03 3020-23 505 463° 1005-077 1.63 555 117.4 922 538 1.05 -1.01 -1.05 27-786 922 814 129-063, -0.62 454 0-447 49.2 1075 1.84 0.32 031 230-223, 24.4 1325 01.77 0.15 0.15 108 = -108 8.7 1678 200 -0.05 0.00 36 00 Oo 21.75 2.00 0.00 0.00 00 oo Oo Paw/RT where Pawn = YigrHaen = 847 Ib/f*3"(28.96/12 ft) = 2044 Ibi. R= 1716 ftlb/slug deg R 1 + 460 = 531 deg R Thus, p = 0.00224 slug/ft"8 and y = p*g = 0.00224 slug/t3%(32.2 f/s’2) = 0.0722 Ibrft"s Ply = Yr2o"Nly Theoretical Ply = Vex/2g - V2/2g where V=QIA= Qi(b'y) and Vout = QUAge, = (1.32 f1°3/8I)"(2 *2 1144 £2) = 47.5 Hs, Problem 3.62 Pressure Head, ply, vs Distance, x 40 > - Ply, ft ene 2 a -80 | - | _ ~100 WT += siperimental, fat side || “120 a = Experimental, curved side |__| [—— theoretical | -140 ; 0 5 10 15 20 253.63 3.63 Sluice Gate Flowrate Objective: The flowrate of water under a sluice gate as shown in Fig. P3.63 is a func- tion of the water depths upstream and downstream of the gate. The purpose of this expe ‘ment is to compare the theoretical flowrate with the experimentally determined flowrate. Equipment: Flow channel with pump and control valve to provide the desired flowrate in the channel; sluice gate; point gage to measure water depth; float; stop watch. Experimental Procedure: Adjust the vertical position of the sluice gate so that the bottom of the gate is the desired distance, a, above the channel bottom, Measure the width, 4, ofthe channel (which is equal to the width ofthe gate). Turn on the pump and adjust the control valve to produce the desired water depth upstream of the sluice gate, Insert a float into the water upstream of the gate and measure the water velocity, Vi, by recording the time, it takes the float to travel a distance L. That is, V; = L/t. Use a point gage to measure the ‘water depth, 21, upstream of the gate, Adjust the control valve to produce various water depths upstream of the gate and repeat the measurements, Calculations: For each water depth used, determine the flowrate, Q, under the sluice gate by using the continuity equation @ = A,V, = 6 Vj. Use the Bernoulli and continuity equa- tions to determine the theoretical flowrate under the sluice gate (see Equation 3.18). For these calculations assume that the water depth downstream of the gate, ., remains at 61% of the distance between the channel bottom and the bottom of the gate, That is, z. = 0.61a. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined flowrate, Q, as ordinates and the water depth, 2, upstream of the gate as abscissas. Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical flowrate as a function of water depth up- stream of the gate. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work te problem and click to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. FIGURE P3.63 (con’t) 3-633.63 (Cont) Solution for Problem 3.63: Sluice Gate Flowrate ain bin Aft 2a, ft 12 60 40 0.061 Experimental Theoretical zt ts Vy, fs Q, 3% Q, £315 018342 0.952 0.087 0.091 026750 0.800 0.107 014 034352 0769 0.132 0.132 045362 0645 0.146 0.155 ose9 6.4 0625 0.178 0.175 0725 70 0871 0.207 0.200 0877 88 0465 0.204 0.222 Experimental \eUt jb2, Theoretical Q = b°zp74(2%9)"*H((2l2n) - 1) - (2al2,)7? where z= 061" Problem 3.63 Flow Rate, Q, vs Depth, z; 1.00 |