The Multiplexer

Multiplexing is the generic term used to describe the operation of sending one or more analogue
or digital signals over a common transmission line at different times or speeds and as such, the
device we use to do just that is called aMultiplexer.
The multiplexer, shortened to MUX or MPX, is a combinational logic circuit designed to
switch one of several input lines through to a single common output line by the application of a
control signal. Multiplexers operate like very fast acting multiple position rotary switches
connecting or controlling multiple input lines called channels one at a time to the output.
Multiplexers, or MUXs, can be either digital circuits made from high speed logic gates used to
switch digital or binary data or they can be analogue types using transistors, MOSFETs or relays
to switch one of the voltage or current inputs through to a single output.
The most basic type of multiplexer device is that of a one-way rotary switch as shown.

Basic Multiplexing Switch

The rotary switch, also called a wafer switch as each layer of the switch is known as a wafer, is a
mechanical device whose input is selected by rotating a shaft. In other words, the rotary switch is
a manual switch that you can use to select individual data or signal lines simply by turning its
inputs ON or OFF. So how can we select each data input automatically using a digital
device.
In digital electronics, multiplexers are also known as data selectors because they can select
each input line, are constructed from individual Analogue Switches encased in a single IC

package as opposed to the mechanical type selectors such as normal conventional switches and
relays.
They are used as one method of reducing the number of logic gates required in a circuit design or
when a single data line or data bus is required to carry two or more different digital signals. For
example, a single 8-channel multiplexer.
Generally, the selection of each input line in a multiplexer is controlled by an additional set of
inputs called control lines and according to the binary condition of these control inputs, either
HIGH or LOW the appropriate data input is connected directly to the output. Normally, a
multiplexer has an even number of 2N data input lines and a number of control inputs that
correspond with the number of data inputs.
Note that multiplexers are different in operation to Encoders. Encoders are able to switch an nbit input pattern to multiple output lines that represent the binary coded (BCD) output equivalent
of the active input.
We can build a simple 2-line to 1-line (2-to-1) multiplexer from basic logic NAND gates as
shown.

2-input Multiplexer Design

The input A of this simple 2-1 line multiplexer circuit constructed from standard NANDgates acts
to control which input ( I or I ) gets passed to the output at Q.
0

From the truth table above, we can see that when the data select input, A is LOW at logic 0,
input I passes its data through the NAND gate multiplexer circuit to the output, while input I is
1

blocked. When the data select A is HIGH at logic 1, the reverse happens and now input I passes
0

data to the output Q while input I is blocked.

1

So by the application of either a logic 0 or a logic 1 at A we can select the appropriate

input, I or I with the circuit acting a bit like a single pole double throw (SPDT) switch. Then in
0

this simple example, the 2-input multiplexer connects one of two 1-bit sources to a common
output, producing a 2-to-1-line multiplexer and we can confirm this in the following Boolean
expression.
Q = A.I .I + A.I .I + A.I .I + A.I .I
0

and for our 2-input multiplexer circuit above, this can be simplified too:
Q = A.I + A.I
1

We can increase the number of data inputs to be selected further simply by following the same
procedure and larger multiplexer circuits can be implemented using smaller 2-to-1 multiplexers
as their basic building blocks. So for a 4-input multiplexer we would therefore require two data
select lines as 4-inputs represents 2 data control lines give a circuit with four
2

inputs, I , I , I , I and two data select lines A and B as shown.

0

4-to-1 Channel Multiplexer

The Boolean expression for this 4-to-1 Multiplexer above with inputs A to D and data select
lines a, b is given as:
Q = abA + abB + abC + abD

In this example at any one instant in time only ONE of the four analogue switches is closed,
connecting only one of the input lines A to D to the single output at Q. As to which switch is
closed depends upon the addressing input code on lines a and b, so for this example to select
input B to the output at Q, the binary input address would need to be a = logic 1 and b =
logic 0.
Then we can show the selection of the data through the multiplexer as a function of the data
select bits as shown.

Multiplexer Input Line Selection

Adding more control address lines will allow the multiplexer to control more inputs but each
control line configuration will connect only ONE input to the output.
Then the implementation of the Boolean expression above using individual logic gates would
require the use of seven individual gates consisting of AND, OR and NOT gates as shown.

4 Channel Multiplexer using Logic Gates

The symbol used in logic diagrams to identify a multiplexer is as follows.

Multiplexer Symbol

Multiplexers are not limited to just switching a number of different input lines or channels to one
common single output. There are also types that can switch their inputs to multiple outputs and
have arrangements or 4-to-2, 8-to-3 or even 16-to-4 etc configurations and an example of a
simple Dual channel 4 input multiplexer (4-to-2) is given below:

4-to-2 Channel Multiplexer

Here in this example the 4 input channels are switched to 2 individual output lines but larger
arrangements are also possible. This simple 4-to-2 configuration could be used for example, to
switch audio signals for stereo pre-amplifiers or mixers.

Adjustable Amplifier Gain

As well as sending parallel data in a serial format down a single transmission line or connection,
another possible use of multi-channel multiplexers is in digital audio applications as mixers or
where the gain of an analogue amplifier can be controlled digitally, for example.

Digitally Adjustable Amplifier Gain

Here, the voltage gain of the inverting operational amplifier is dependent upon the ratio between
the input resistor, Rin and its feedback resistor, Rf as determined in theOp-amp tutorials.
A single 4-channel (Quad) SPST switch configured as a 4-to-1 channel multiplexer is connected
in series with the resistors to select any feedback resistor to vary the value ofRf. The combination
of these resistors will determine the overall gain of the amplifier, (Av). Then the gain of the
amplifier can be adjusted digitally by simply selecting the appropriate resistor combination.
Digital multiplexers are sometimes also referred to as Data Selectors as they select the data to
be sent to the output line and are commonly used in communications or high speed network
switching circuits such as LANs and Ethernet applications.
Some multiplexer ICs have a single inverting buffer (NOT Gate) connected to the output to give
a positive logic output (logic 1, HIGH) on one terminal and a complimentary negative logic
output (logic 0, LOW) on another different terminal.
It is possible to make simple multiplexer circuits from standard AND and OR gates as we have
seen above, but commonly multiplexers/data selectors are available as standard i.c. packages
such as the common TTL 74LS151 8-input to 1 line multiplexer or the TTL 74LS153 Dual 4input to 1 line multiplexer. Multiplexer circuits with much higher number of inputs can be
obtained by cascading together two or more smaller devices.

Multiplexer Summary
Then we can see that Multiplexers are switching circuits that just switch or route signals through
themselves, and being a combinational circuit they are memoryless as there is no signal feedback
path. The multiplexer is a very useful electronic circuit that has uses in many different
applications such as signal routing, data communications and data bus control applications.
When used with a demultiplexer, parallel data can be transmitted in serial form via a single data
link such as a fibre-optic cable or telephone line and converted back into parallel data once
again. The advantage is that only one serial data line is required instead of multiple parallel data
lines. Therefore, multiplexers are sometimes referred to as data selectors.
Multiplexers can also be used to switch either analogue, digital or video signals, with the
switching current in analogue power circuits limited to below 10mA to 20mA per channel in
order to reduce heat dissipation.
In the next tutorial about combinational logic devices, we will look at the reverse of
theMultiplexer called the Demultiplexer which takes a single input line and connects it to
multiple output lines.