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Q-Q Plot
3) Normal P-P Plots: These are similar to Q-Q plots, but instead of plotting
observed values, these plot cumulative probabilities (values range from 0 to
1), with observed probabilities (cumulative proportion of cases) on the X-axis
and expected probabilities given the normal curve on the Y-axis. Again, if the
sample were exactly normally distributed, the points would lie on a straight
line:
P-P Plot
Try these out using the exam variable in the examanxiety.sav dataset:
1. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Q-Q plots can easily be obtained using
AnalyzeDescriptive StatisticsExplore. Move exam over to the
Dependent List box, click on Plots, and check Normality plots with tests.
Click Continue, then OK.
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Note that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is significant which suggests that the
exam scores do not approximate normality (generate a histograms to think
about why this might be!)
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The normal Q-Q plot confirms this. The dots do not fall right on the line and, in
fact create an S-like pattern (which suggests skew). If you look at the
histogram, you notice some negative skew along with an interesting pattern of
valleys in the data (i.e., just below 20, 40, 60). This is probably
contributing to the non-normality as well.
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In addition to the normal Q-Q plot , SPSS also gives us a detrended Q-Q plot
(see below). Here, the Y-axis is the deviation (difference) between what was
observed and what was expected. This detrended plot sometimes makes the
pattern easier to decipher (note the clear S pattern).
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2. To plot the P-P plots (again, similar to Q-Q, but with cumulative probabilities),
you can use GraphsP-P The defaults in the dialogue box are fine
(including the Test Distribution being Normal), so just move over exam to
the Variables box, and click OK:
The resulting plots will look slightly different, but yield a similar interpretation:
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4. Now open a new data file and enter the birthweight data that we used for the
hand-calculation example (6.4, 7.0, 7.4, 8.0, and 8.2 pounds). Calculate the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and generate P-P and Q-Q plots. Does it look like
the normality assumption has been met?