ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION

Dr. Muhammad Jehanzeb

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial = a human creation that did not occur naturally

Intelligence = the ability to learn and apply knowledge

Artificial Intelligence = man-made device/system that is able to

act with and/or mimic human intelligence

The study in development of intelligent machines and software

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES RELEVANT TO AI

To define AI, let us first try to

understand that what is
Intelligence?

INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence:

the capacity to learn and solve problems

relate to tasks involving higher mental processes

Examples:

creativity, solving problems, pattern recognition,

classification, learning, induction, deduction, building

analogies, optimization, language processing,

knowledge and many more.

INTELLIGENCE BEHAVIOR
In AI, Intelligence is the computational part of the ability

to achieve goals.

Perceiving ones environment,

Acting in complex environments,

Learning and understanding from experience,

Reasoning to solve problems and discover hidden knowledge,

Knowledge applying successfully in new situations,

Thinking abstractly,

INTELLIGENCE

Are the things shown below, Intelligent?

EX-1: SEARCHING A PATH

Different mice might follow different paths based to their intelligence

In other words: The problem can be solved in many ways

Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence

EX-2: NEXT NUMBER IN THE SEQUENCE

Consider the following sequence

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, . . . .

1, 3, 7, 13, 21, . . . .

What is the next number ?

Key: Adding the next EVEN number

1+2 = 3; 3+4 = 7; 7+6 = 13; 13+8 =21; 21+10 = 31
1, 3, 7, 13, 21, 31

Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence 9

SO, INTELLIGENCE IS THE

Ability to solve problems

Ability to plan and schedule

Ability to memorize and process information

Ability to answer fuzzy questions

Ability to learn

Ability to recognize

Ability to understand

Ability to perceive

And many more

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WHAT IF ?

A machine searches through a mesh and finds a path?

A machine solves problems like the next number in the

sequence?

A machine develops plans?

A machine diagnoses and prescribes?

A machine answers ambiguous questions?

A machine recognizes fingerprints?

A machine understands?

A machine perceives?

A machine does MANY MORE SUCH THINGS

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INTELLIGENT MACHINE

We call such a machine an Intelligent Machine.

Is this real or natural intelligence?

NO! This is Artificial Intelligence.

DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The study of how to make
computers do things which, at the
moment, people do better
(Rich and Knight, 1991)
However, the term at the moment has a
significant time element

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Organized into 4 categories

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Some

definitions that have been proposed

1.

Systems that think like humans

2.

Systems that act like humans

3.

Systems that think rationally

4.

Systems that act rationally

THINK LIKE HUMANS

If

we are going to say that a given program

think like a human, we must have some way
of determining how humans thinks;

We

need to get inside the actual working of

human minds.

There

are two ways to do this:

Through introspection
2. Through psychological experiments
1.

THINK LIKE HUMANS (CONT)

Once

we have a sufficiently precise theory of

the mind, it becomes possible to express the

theory as a computer program.

If

the program input/output and time behavior

matches the human behavior, that is evidence

that some of the programs mechanisms may
also be operating in humans.

ACTING LIKE HUMANS

The

art of creating machines that perform

functions requiring intelligence when performed

by people; that it is the study of, how to make
computers do things which at the moment
people do better.
Turing

test (1950) Computing Machinery and

Intelligence"

ACTING LIKE HUMANS (CONT)

Turing

test

3 rooms contain: a person, a computer, and an interrogator.

The interrogator can communicate with the other 2 by teletype.

The interrogator tries to determine which is the person and which is

the machine.

The machine tries to fool the interrogator to believe that it is the

human, and the person also tries to convince the interrogator that it
is the human.

If the machine succeeds in fooling the interrogator, then conclude

that the machine is intelligent.

ACTING LIKE HUMANS (CONT)

Turing

test

THINK RATIONALLY
The

study of mental faculties through the use

of computational models; that it is, the study

of the computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason, and act.
Focus

is on inference mechanisms that are

proven correct and guarantee an optimal

solution.

THINK RATIONALLY (CONT)

Goal

is to formalize the reasoning process as a

system of logical rules and procedures for

inference.
The

issue is, not all problems can be solved

just by reasoning and inferences.

ACT RATIONALLY
Tries

to explain and match intelligent

behavior in terms of computational processes;

that it is concerned with the automation of

intelligence.
Focus

is on systems that act sufficiently if not

optimally in all situations;

Goal

is to develop systems that are rational

and sufficient.

HARD AI
Generally, artificial intelligence research aims to create
AI that can replicate human intelligence completely.

SOFT AI
Weak AI refers to the use of software to study or
accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks

that do not encompass the full range of human

cognitive abilities.

Example : a chess program such as Deep Blue.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

Aims to develop, explore and evaluate theories of how

the mind works through the use of computational
models.

The important is not what is done but how it is done;

means intelligent behavior is not enough, the
program must operate in an intelligent manner.

Example : The Chess programs are successful, but

say little about the ways humans play chess.

GENERAL GOALS OF AI
Replicate

human intelligence: still a distant

goal.
Solve

knowledge intensive tasks.

Make

an intelligent connection between

perception and action.

Enhance

human-computer and computer to

computer Interaction / communication.

AI APPROCHES
Cognitive

Laws

science:
Think human-like

of Thought:
Think Rationally

Turing

Test:
Act Human-like

Rational

Agent:
Act Rationally

TYPES OF AI
Knowledge

representation and Commonsense

knowledge
Automated planning and scheduling
Machine learning
Natural language processing
Machine perception, Computer vision and Speech
recognition
Affective computing
Computational creativity
Artificial general intelligence and AI-complete

AI TECHNIQUES
Various

techniques that have evolved, can be applied

to a variety of AI tasks.
The techniques are concerned with how we represent,
manipulate and reason with knowledge in order to
solve problems.
Example

Techniques, not all "intelligent" but used to behave as intelligent

Describe and match
Goal reduction
Constraint satisfaction Tree Searching
Generate and test
Rule based systems

AI TECHNIQUES
Various

techniques that have evolved, can be applied

to a variety of AI tasks.
The techniques are concerned with how we represent,
manipulate and reason with knowledge in order to
solve problems.
Example

Techniques, not all "intelligent" but used to behave as intelligent

Describe and match
Goal reduction
Constraint satisfaction Tree Searching
Generate and test
Rule based systems

AI TECHNIQUES
Example
Biology-inspired AI techniques are currently popular
Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithms
Reinforcement learning