ECS 06-0024 Earthing Testing and Measurements PDF

Document Number: ECS 06-0024
Date: 27/07/2015
ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION STANDARD
ECS 06-0024
EARTHING TESTING AND MEASUREMENTS

Network(s):
EPN, LPN, SPN
Summary:
This standard provides practical guidance for field staff on earthing testing and
measurements.
Owner:
Allan Boardman
Date:
27/07/2015
Approved By:
Steve Mockford
Approved Date:
29/07/2015
This document forms part of the Companys Integrated Business System and its requirements are mandatory throughout UK
Power Networks. Departure from these requirements may only be taken with the written approval of the Director of Asset
Management. If you have any queries about this document please contact the author or owner of the current issue.
Circulation
UK Power Networks
External
All UK Power Networks
G81 Website
Asset Management
Contractors
Capital Programme
ICPs/IDNOs
Connections
Meter Operators
HSS&TT
Network Operations
UK Power Networks Services
Other
THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT, THE READER SHALL CONFIRM ITS VALIDITY BEFORE USE
Version: 2.0
Earthing Testing and Measurements

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Revision Record
Version
2.0
Review Date
27/07/2019
Date
27/07/2015
Author
Stephen Tucker
Why has the document been updated: Periodic review.

What has changed:
All sections fully revised in line with current earthing measurement practices.
Earth resistance measurements at small substations included (Section 6.3).
Tower measurements added (Section 9).
Measurement certificates added (Appendix C)
Version
1.2
Review Date
Date
28/09/2011
Author
Stephen Tucker
Reclassification and reformatting of document from Earthing Construction Manual Section 4

Version
1.1
Review Date
Date
22/03/2011
Author
CDL
Version
1.0
Review Date
31/03/2013
Date
31/03/2008
Author
Bob Higgins
Rebranded
Original
UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved
2 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Contents
1
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5
Scope ....................................................................................................................... 5
Abbreviations and Glossary ................................................................................... 6
General Safety Requirements ................................................................................. 7
Soil Resistivity Measurement ................................................................................. 8
Earth Resistance/Impedance Measurements ...................................................... 15
Earth Conductor Joint Resistance Measurements ............................................. 26
Earth Connection Resistance Measurements (Equipment Bonding Tests) ...... 28
Terminal Tower Earth Continuity Measurement .................................................. 30
10
Earth Electrode Separation Test .......................................................................... 33
11
Touch, Step and Transfer Voltage Measurement ................................................ 35
12
HOT Zone Plotting ................................................................................................. 37
13
Buried Earth Electrode Location .......................................................................... 39
14
Earthing System Records and Earthing Database .............................................. 40
15
Instrumentation and Equipment ........................................................................... 40
16
References ............................................................................................................. 41
Appendix A Earthing Test and Measurement Equipment ........................................... 42

Appendix B Training ...................................................................................................... 42
Appendix C Measurement Certificate Proforma .......................................................... 43
3 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Figures
Figure 5-1 Typical Soil Resistivity Measurement Routes at an Existing Site ....................... 9
Figure 5-2 The Wenner Soil Resistivity Measurement Array ............................................ 11
Figure 5-3 Example of an Apparent Resistivity against Wenner Rod Spacing Plot with
an Outlier Data Point ........................................................................................ 12
Figure 5-4 Example of a Soil Resistivity Sounding Adversely Affected by a Buried
Metallic Structure ............................................................................................... 13
Figure 6-1 Fall-of-Potential Measurement Equipment Connection.................................... 17
Figure 6-2 Typical Fall-of-Potential Curve ........................................................................ 18
Figure 6-3 Potential Probe Position against Slope Coefficient .......................................... 19
Figure 6-4 Earth Resistance Measurement of a Small Electrode System ......................... 22
Figure 6-5 Earth Resistance Measurement using the Comparative Method and a Clamp
Meter (Electrode under Test Connected) ........................................................... 24
Figure 6-6 Earth Resistance Measurement using the Comparative Method and a Fourterminal Earth Tester (Electrode under Test Disconnected) ............................... 24
Figure 7-1 Connections for Earth Conductor Joint Resistance Measurements ................. 26
Figure 8-1 Connections for Earth Bonding Conductor Resistance Measurements ........... 28
Figure 9-1 Terminal Tower Current Measurement ............................................................ 31
Figure 9-2 Terminal Tower Potential Difference Measurement ......................................... 32
Figure 12-1 HOT Zone Plot Measurement Location Examples ......................................... 38
Figure 12-2 HOT Zone Plot .............................................................................................. 38
Tables
Table 5-1 Soil Resistivity Rod Spacing, Rod Depth and Locations for Different
Substation Types ............................................................................................... 11
Table 6-1 Typical Separation between Substation Earthing System and Remote Current
Probe (C2) ......................................................................................................... 17
Table 7-1 Typical Resistance Values for Various Joints ................................................... 27
Table 8-1 Acceptable Values for Measure Resistance ..................................................... 29
4 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Introduction
This standard provides guidance on earthing measurements and testing and includes the
most common measurements used during the design, commissioning or maintenance of a
substation earthing system. The following measurements are included:
Soil resistivity measurement.

Overall earthing system resistance/impedance measurements.
Individual electrode resistance measurements using the comparative method.
Earth conductor joint resistance measurements.
Equipment and structure bonding testing.
Electrode separation test (fence or independent HV and LV electrodes).
Touch, step and transfer voltage measurements.
Hot zone plotting.
Buried electrode location.
Each measurement is covered in a separate section and includes guidance on safety, test
equipment, application, method, interpretation and sources of error.
The majority of earthing measurements especially those at grid and primary substations are
usually carried out by earthing contractors working for UK Power Networks or third parties.
However earth resistance measurements at secondary substations are carried out by UK
Power Networks and are described in Section 6.3 which builds on the measurements section
in ECS 06-0023.
Appendix A contains a list of instruments approved for carrying out earthing measurements
and also those available from UK Power Networks stores.
Appendix B provides an outline of the training requirements.
Scope
This standard applies to earthing testing and measurements at all substations and overhead
lines at all voltages.
5 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Abbreviations and Glossary
Term
Definition
CDEGS
Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Fields, Grounding and Soil

Structure Analysis. Industry standard earthing software package
COLD Site
A COLD site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the

earth potential rise is less than 430V or 650V (for high reliability
protection with a fault clearance time less than 200ms)
EPR
Earth potential rise. EPR is the potential (voltage) rise that occurs on
any metalwork due to the current that flows through the ground when
an earth fault occurs. Historically this has also been known as rise of
earth potential (ROEP)
Grid Substation
A substation with a primary operating voltage of 132kV or 66kV and

may include transformation to 33kV, 11kV or 6.6kV
HOT Site
A HOT site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the earth

potential rise is greater than 430V or 650V (for high reliability
protection with a fault clearance time less than 200ms)
ITU
International Telecommunication Union. ITU directives prescribe the

limits for induced or impressed voltages derived from HV supply
networks on telecommunication equipment and are used to define the
criteria for COLD and HOT sites see below
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
Primary Substation
A substation with a primary operating voltage of 33kV and may include

transformation to 11kV,6.6kV or 400V
Secondary Substation
A substation with a primary operating voltage of 11kV or 6.6kV and

may include transformation to 400V
Step Voltage
The potential difference between a persons feet assumed to be 1

metre apart
Touch Voltage
The potential difference between a persons hands and feet when

standing up to 1 metre away from any earthed metalwork they are
touching
6 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
General Safety Requirements
The earthing measurements described in this standard are potentially hazardous and the
guidance below is provided to supplement the requirements of the Distribution Safety Rules.
All measurements shall be carried out by competent staff with appropriate training using safe
procedures following a thorough site specific risk assessment. The risk assessment should
include, but not be limited to, consideration of the following aspects and the necessary
control measures implemented as necessary (e.g. personal protective equipment, special
procedures or other operational controls):
1. Potential differences that may occur during earth fault conditions between the substation
earthing system and test leads connected to remote test probes. The likelihood of an
earth fault occurring should be part of this assessment, e.g. not allowing testing to
proceed during lightning conditions or planned switching operations.
2. Potential differences that may occur between different earthing systems or different parts
of the same earthing system. In particular, approved safe methods shall be used when
disconnecting earth electrodes for testing and making or breaking any connections to
earth conductors which have not been proven to be effectively connected to earth.
3. Potential differences occurring as a result of induced voltage across test leads which are
in parallel with a high-voltage overhead line or underground cable.
4. Environmental hazards of working in a live substation or a construction site as governed
by the Distribution Safety Rules or the CDM regulations as applicable.
5. Use of test equipment.
6. Use of long test leads over large distances in surrounding land.
Each individual involved in carrying out earthing related measurements shall wear suitable
personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with UK Power Networks health and
safety policy. Where non-standard PPE is required this is included in the relevant
measurement section.
In addition to the above each individual measurement section contains specific safety control
measures.
7 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Soil Resistivity Measurement
5.1
Application
A site specific soil resistivity measurement is used to determine the resistivity of the
materials (soil, drift, bedrock etc.) that make up the ground where earth electrode is to be
installed. The results are used to design earth electrode systems for new and existing
substations therefore it is essential that the measurements are accurate.
The earthing database (refer to EDS 06-0002) contains all existing soil resistivity
measurements and may be used for design purposes provided the location of the
measurement is applicable.
The earthing maps available in NetMap (refer to EDS 06-0018) also contain soil resistivity
values and may be used for initial earthing assessments or preliminary (feasibility study)
design calculations but site specific measurements are required for detailed earthing design.
5.2
Equipment
A suitable four-terminal composite earth tester with sufficient range.
Four leads to connect the earth tester to each probe. These should be fitted with suitable
connectors and coiled onto a suitable reel/frame for ease of use. To improve site
efficiency and reduce error, leads can be pre-measured and labelled to suit the Wenner
spacings detailed in Table 5-1.
Four copper-clad steel rods (probes) of 0.3 metre length.
Mallets for driving in probes in areas of hard ground.
Note: Where numerous measurements are required further efficiency may be achieved by
using a set of switched multicore leads and series of probes.
5.3
Safety Requirements
No measurements shall be carried out during lightning conditions in the immediate
vicinity.
No measurements shall be taken within 20 metres of a grid/primary substation boundary,
overhead line, underground cable or other metallic buried service. Where near to
overhead lines, test leads should be run at 90 degrees to the line where possible to
avoid induced voltage.
5.4
Method
5.4.1
Overview
Soil resistivity measurements should be taken as early as possible during the

feasibility/design stages as final earthing design calculations cannot be prepared until they
are available.
The measurements should be taken directly on the area of the proposed substation where
practicable or as close to the substation as possible in open areas that are free from
interference from earthing and/or buried metallic services. If there is not sufficient space on
the site to achieve the Wenner array spacing recommended in Table 5-1 the measurements
shall be supplemented by additional measurements at the nearest representative location.
8 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
A typical plan of proposed measurement locations is shown in Figure 5-1 where SR 1 to 4

indicate locations for soil resistivity measurements. For large substations it is important to
take measurements at a number of different locations around the site so that an average
may be used. Sets of orthogonal measurements can help identify the adverse effects of
buried metallic services and should be used where this is suspected. Locations chosen
should have preferably similar properties to the site, i.e. similar elevation and soil
type/structure. If they do not, the equivalent soil model will need to take this into account.
In urban substations where no suitable measurement areas exist in the immediate vicinity of
the substation, traverses should be taken in the nearest open areas, e.g. parks, playing
fields etc., on at least two sides of the substation. An average soil model can then be derived
and applied to the substation earthing calculations. Even if the measurements are taken 500
to 1000 metres away from the substation, they are still representative because it is likely that
the cable network connected to the substation extends over a similar area.
It is also important to ensure that the route is not close or parallel to overhead lines. To avoid
induced voltage, measurement routes should preferably be at right angles to overhead lines
or separated by 20 metres.
SR 2
SR 3
SR 1
PRIMARY
SUBSTATION
SR 4
Figure 5-1 Typical Soil Resistivity Measurement Routes at an Existing Site
There are a number of available measurement techniques which involve passing current
through an array of small probes inserted into the surface of the soil and measuring the
resulting potentials at specified points. Using Ohms law a resistance can be calculated
which is related to the apparent resistivity at a particular depth using suitable formulae.
Varying the positions of the probes, and hence forcing the current to flow along different
paths, allows the apparent resistivity at different depths to be measured. The most
commonly used arrangement for earthing purposes is the Wenner Array and this is
described below.
9 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
5.4.2
Wenner Array Procedure
1. Before starting work check the route is clear of any buried cables, earthing and pipes etc.
using utility records and above ground detection equipment.
2. Drive four earth rods into the ground in a straight line at a distance 'a' metres apart and a
depth of 'd' metres using the required spacing and depth from Table 5-1.
Note: If the position of one of the inner voltage rods coincides with an area covered with
tarmac or concrete then measurements may be obtained using a flat metal plate
(approximately 200mm x 200mm), placed on a cloth soaked with saline water, instead of
the rod. The area should not contain reinforced steel that runs in the same direction as
the measurement traverse as the reading could be adversely affected.
3. Connect the rods to a four-terminal earth tester as shown in Figure 5-2, with the outer
rods connected to the C1 and C2 terminals, and the inner ones to the P1 and P2
terminals.
4. Turn on the earth tester and allow the meter to settle for 30 seconds before recording the
resistance (R). The apparent soil resistivity () is given by 2aR in ohm-metres.
Note: If the reading is varying significantly, this may be due to interference, high contact
resistance at the test rods, a damaged test lead or the reading being at the lower limit
than the instruments measuring capability. If, after investigating the above, the reading is
still changing by more than 5%, record a series of ten consecutive readings over an
interval of few minutes, calculate the average and then proceed with the rest of the
measurements.
5. Repeat the measurement for all relevant spacing and depth from Table 5-1.
6. Repeat the measurements using a second traverse which is perpendicular to the first to
allow interference and small local variation effects to be identified. If any readings are
unstable then additional traverses may be necessary, possibly further away from the site.
Note: It is important to ensure that measurements are symmetrical about point X (Figure
5 2), midway between the voltage rods.
10 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Figure 5-2 The Wenner Soil Resistivity Measurement Array

Table 5-1 Soil Resistivity Rod Spacing, Rod Depth and Locations for Different Substation Types
Minimum Recommended Wenner Array Spacings
Spacing a
(m)
Rod Depth
(mm)
Pole Type
Small
Ground Type
11/6.6kV to
33kV
132kV and
Large Sites
1.0
50
1.5
50
2.0
50
3.0
100
4.5
100
6.0
100
9.0
150
13.5
150
18.0
150
27.0
200
36.0
200
54.0
200
Suggested Number of
Measurement Locations
1 to 2
1 to 2
2 to 3
3 to 4
11 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
5.5
Interpretation of Results
The design of the substation earthing systems is dependent on detailed knowledge of the
soil resistivity and how this varies within the various soil layers, therefore it is important for it
to be as accurate as possible.
It is difficult to interpret measurement results by inspection other than for a uniform or twolayer soil model. A uniform soil resistivity value is suitable for simple earthing design
formulae but more accurate design calculations carried out using software requires a multilayered horizontal soil model.
Detailed resistivity models can also be created using commercially available earthing
modelling software based on a curve-fitting approach. This can be supplemented with geotechnical information such as borehole records where available to reduce the uncertainty in
the model by indicating layer boundary depths, materials, water table height, bedrock depth,
etc. The more detailed analysis is important at grid and primary substations to allow the
earth electrode system to be optimised. For example, vertical rods are better suited to a soil
with a high resistivity surface layer and low resistivity material beneath. Conversely, where
there is low resistivity material at the surface with underlying rock then extended horizontal
electrodes will be more effective.
A curve of apparent resistivity against separation distance ('a') should be drawn during the
measurement exercise so that obvious errors can be identified and measurements repeated
if necessary. Figure 5-3 shows an example where the resistivity value at one particular
spacing (20 metres) seems to be too high and is evident as an outlier on the otherwise
smooth set of data points. This reading is typical of a poor connection on one of the voltage
rods.
Figure 5-3 Example of an Apparent Resistivity against Wenner Rod Spacing Plot with an Outlier
Data Point
12 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
5.6
Sources of Error
There are a number of sources of measurement error which should be considered when
planning and carrying out these measurements. These include, but are not limited to:
1. Influence of buried metallic structures such as bare cable armouring/sheaths, earth
electrodes, pipes, etc. Measurements taken above or near buried metallic services will
indicate lower resistivity values than actually exists. This can lead to under-designed
earthing systems which may be costly to rectify. Measurement locations shall be
carefully planned to avoid interference from metallic structures by consulting service
records and, where there remains uncertainty, the use of scanning methods on site. It is
also important that measurements are taken at a number of different locations (minimum
of two) around the site of interest so that any influenced results become apparent in
comparison to unaffected results. Two orthogonal sets of measurements can also help to
indicate an error. An example is shown in Figure 5-4 where the data sets SR1 and SR3
can be seen to be in close agreement but SR2 exhibits an obvious depression between
the spacings of 3 and 13 metres. All measured values are generally lower than observed
in sets SR1 and SR3.
Figure 5-4 Example of a Soil Resistivity Sounding Adversely Affected by a Buried Metallic Structure
2. Interference from stray voltages in the soil or induction from nearby electrical systems
may adversely affect measurement results, normally evident as an unstable reading on
the instrument or unexpectedly high readings. This may be reduced by avoiding test
leads running in parallel with high voltage power lines/cables or near other potential
sources of interference, e.g. electric traction systems.
3. The Wenner Array spacings used shall be appropriate for the size of the earthing system
and recommended spacings are provided in Table 5-1. If the spacings are too short the
lower layer resistivity layers may not be correctly identified which can introduce large
positive or negative error into design calculations.
4. Low resistivity soils, especially at long Wenner Spacings, require relatively small
resistances to be measured at the surface. Instrumentation with an inadequate lower
range may reach its limit and incorrectly indicate higher resistivity values than exist.
13 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
5. Care shall be taken in interpreting the measurement data. If using computer software
tools, it should be remembered that the result is a model of the soil conditions which is
largely determined by automatic curve-fitting routines or user judgement. To increase
confidence it is good practice to test the model by comparing it to other geological data
available for the site and the expected range of resistivity values for the materials known
to be present. Measured resistances of vertical rods installed at the site can also be
compared to calculated values obtained using the soil model to increase confidence. It
should be recognised that the soil resistivity model may need to be refined throughout
the project as more supporting information becomes available.
6. Adequate test lead insulation is important as inadvertent contact (e.g. where insulation
damage allows bare wires to become in contact with wet ground) will introduce error into
the measurement results.
5.7
Alternative Method
The driven rod method is an alternative to the Wenner Array method and is particularly
useful in built-up urban areas where there is inadequate open land to run out test leads. This
method should be used with caution and precautions are required to avoid the possibility of
damage to buried services, in particular HV cables. Where the absence of buried services
cannot be established, rods shall not be driven. An earth rod is driven vertically into the
ground and its earth resistance measured as each section is installed using either of the
methods from Sections 6. Using the simple equation provided below or computer simulation
(for multi-layer analysis) the soil resistivity may be deduced from the measured rod
resistance and its length in contact with the soil.
=
2R
8
(ln ( ) 1)
where = uniform soil resistivity, R = rod resistance, l = rod length, d = rod diameter.
This method can be cost-effective as the rods can be used as part of the earthing
installation. Where possible the results from driven rods at a number of locations around the
site should be used together with any available Wenner Array method data to improve
confidence in the derived soil resistivity model.
14 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Earth Resistance/Impedance Measurements
6.1
Overview
Earth resistance measurements are used to determine the overall resistance of a substation
earthing system or individual earth electrodes during commissioning of a substation and at
maintenance intervals. The overall substation earth resistance is used with the ground return
current to calculate the earth potential rise (EPR).
There are various ways to measure the earth resistance of individual earth electrodes and
complete substation earthing systems. The method used will depend on the size of the
system and the availability of suitable measurement routes. This section includes the
following measurement methods:
Fall-of-potential method using an earth tester.

Fall-of-potential method for smaller substations and pole-mounted sites.
Comparative method using an earth tester and clamp meter.
6.2
Fall-of-Potential Method
6.2.1
Application
The fall-of-potential method is used to measure the substation earth resistance or

impedance. The measurement will include all earthing components connected at the time of
the test (substation earth grid, power cable sheaths, structural steelwork etc.).
This method may also be used to measure the earth resistance or impedance of individual
electrodes, tower footings or tower line chain impedances.
If there is no immediate adjacent land to run test leads the following options are available:
1. Carry out a fall-of-potential measurement from the nearest secondary substation or
terminal pole (connected via cable sheath/screens) where there is adjacent open ground
and use calculations that account for the sheath impedance to extrapolate the resistance
at the target substation.
2. Measure the resistance of individual electrodes installed at the substation using the
comparative method (Section 6.4) and compare these to calculated values for similar
components. Good agreement will lend greater confidence to overall
resistance/impedance calculations.
6.2.2
Equipment
A four-terminal composite earth tester.

Suitable test leads (up to 2 x 1000 metre in length for large substations refer to Table
6-1) stored on reels for ease of use.
An earth rod cluster (e.g. 4 x 0.5 metre copper-clad-steel earth rods) for the remote
current probe and a single 0.5 metre rod for the voltage probe.
A short lead with suitable earth clamps (ideally with a screw action to allow penetration of
any surface oxidation, dirt or paint) to provide a low resistance connection to the earthing
system under test.
A suitable equipotential mat (where the earth tester is located outside of a known
earthing system and where there is likely to be a high EPR, e.g. a transmission tower).
Communication equipment.
Class 1 HV insulated gloves and dielectric footwear.
15 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
6.2.3
Safety Requirements
A minimum of two people are required to carry out a fall-of-potential test.

Work should not proceed where there is an increased likelihood of an earth fault e.g.
lightning activity (in the vicinity of the substation or the overhead lines connected to it) or
planned switching.
Class 1 HV insulated gloves and dielectric footwear shall be worn for the connection and
disconnection of all test leads and screw clamps to any earth electrode or earthing
system.
The test equipment should be set up within the substation earth grid, as this will reduce
possible touch voltages. If situated outside the earth grid, the equipment should be
positioned on an equipotential mat, large enough for both the equipment and the
operator, which is connected to the substation earthing system.
The test connection point should be part of the above-ground earthing system which
connects directly to the substation electrode/grid as close to the ground as possible
The test route shall be selected to be as straight as practically possible, whilst minimising
any risks. Test leads shall not run in parallel to overhead lines with earthed steel towers.
They should preferably not be run parallel with, wood-pole unearthed construction lines
for any significant length (otherwise a separation of at least 20 metres is required).
The operator shall remain in communication with those who are placing, connecting or
disconnecting test leads remote from the testing point. During the test, remote staff shall
only touch the current or voltage rods or leads when specifically directed to do so by the
person in charge, i.e. after they have safely disconnected and insulated the test lead
connections at the substation end.
The remote leads and probes shall not be left unattended at any time.
6.2.4
Method
The most commonly used method for measuring substation earth resistance or impedance is
the fall-of-potential method. The method injects a small current into the substation earth
system using a standard four-terminal earth tester. The current return is via a test probe
located at a distance from substation as detailed in Table 6-1. A voltage gradient is set up
around the test probe which is measured by a second potential probe connected to the earth
tester. The connections are shown in Figure 6-1.
1. Select a suitable test route free of buried metallic cables and pipes. Measurements may
be taken along any route but traverses that are parallel or orthogonal to the current lead
are most commonly used and are more readily interpreted using standard methods
2. Connect terminals C1 and P1 of a four-terminal earth tester to the earthing system under
test.
3. Place the C2 current probe away from the earthing system under test using the
distances specified in Table 6-1 and connect to the earth tester.
4. Place the P2 probe at a distance of 80% of the defined C2 distance, connect the lead to
the earth tester and record the resistance.
5. Disconnect the P2 lead from the earth tester.
6. Take further resistance measurements at 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 40%, 30% and
20%.
16 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Note: The P2 lead shall be disconnected from the earth tester when moving the P2
probe and the distance between the C2 and P2 leads should be maintained at around
300mm with no crossings.
7. Plot the results as a curve of resistance against distance for each route as shown in
Figure 6-2. The actual value of resistance can then be determined using the 61.8% or
slope method described in Section 6.2.5.
8. Record the test route.
Earth Grid
Figure 6-1 Fall-of-Potential Measurement Equipment Connection
Table 6-1 Typical Separation between Substation Earthing System and Remote Current Probe (C2)
Substation Earth Electrode Type
Remote Current Probe (C2) Distance
20kV, 11kV, or 6.6kV secondary substation or polemounted site local earth rods or horizontal electrode
<10m
50m
20kV, 11kV, or 6.6kV secondary substation or polemounted site horizontal electrode >10m
100m (in opposite direction, or minimum of

90 to the horizontal earth electrode)
33kV or 66kV primary substation
400m
132kV grid substation
600m
Very large earthing system, e.g. shared site with a

large generator or national grid
1000m
17 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
6.2.5
Earth resistance or impedance measurement results are normally in the form of a series of
points on a curve which need to be interpreted mathematically to obtain the actual resistance
value; however care is required in selecting a suitable method and its limitations understood.
1. The most common method is the 61.8% rule. As shown in Figure 6-2, the electrode
resistance theoretically occurs on the resistance curve at a distance from the substation
electrode corresponding to 61.8% of the distance to the current probe. This is an
approximate method but provides reasonable results providing the remote current probe
is located sufficiently far away from the electrode under test. If it is located too close (e.g.
due to limited available land) the interpreted result will generally be higher than the true
value.
P2
C2
Figure 6-2 Typical Fall-of-Potential Curve
2. An alternative method is the Slope method which checks that the measured resistance
curve gradient is valid and provides an indication of when a larger electrode to current
probe separation is required.
The earth resistance measurements at the 20%, 40% and 60% distances are used to
calculate the slope coefficient (), where:
=
R 60% R 40%
R 40% R 20%
The slope coefficient gives a measure of how the measured fall-of-potential curve differs
from the ideal curve and should fall within the range 0.1 to 2. Slope coefficients outside
of this range are invalid, indicating that the assumptions have not been satisfied. If an
invalid slope coefficient is obtained for a set of measurements, the remote current probe
should be positioned further away from the earthing system and the test repeated. If the
slope coefficient is still out of range, then it is likely that the soil structure is highly nonuniform.
18 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
If a valid slope coefficient is obtained it can be used in conjunction with the graph shown
in Figure 6-3 to calculate the required potential probe position for a correct earth
resistance measurement, i.e. the value obtained from Figure 6-3 is used instead of
Percentage Probe Position against Slope Coefficient
61.8% to obtain the earth
resistance from the measured data curve.
2
1.8
Slope Coefficient
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.2,0.4,0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Percentage Probe Position (x100%)
Figure 6-3 Potential Probe Position against Slope Coefficient
3. The final method involves the use of specialist simulation software such as CDEGS to
interpret the measured values.
6.2.6
Sources of Error
There are a number of sources of measurement error which should be considered when
planning and carrying out these measurements. These include, but are not limited to:
1. Influence of buried metallic structures such as bare cable armouring/sheaths, earth
electrodes, pipes, etc. Measurements taken above or near buried metallic services will
generally underestimate the substation resistance. Measurement locations shall be
carefully planned to avoid interference from metallic structures by consulting service
records and, where there remains uncertainty, the use of scanning methods on site.
Measurement results that have been influenced by a parallel buried metallic structure will
typically be lower than expected and the resistance curve will be flat. A metallic structure
crossing the measurement traverse at right-angles will result in a depression in the
resistance curve. If interference is suspected the measurement should be repeated
along a different route or an alternative method used.
2. The distance between the substation and the remote current probe is important to the
accuracy of the measurement. The theoretical recommended distance is between five
and ten times the maximum dimension of the earth electrode with the larger separations
required where there is underlying rock. In practice, where there is insufficient land to
achieve this, the current probe should be located as far away from the substation as
possible. Measurements taken using relatively short distances between the substation
and return electrode may not be accurately interpreted using standard methods and
require analysis using more advanced methods. Typical distances used range from 400
metres for standard 33/11kV primary substations up to 1000 metres or greater for grid
substations, refer to Table 6-1.
19 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
3. Interference caused by standing voltage noise on a substation earthing system may

result in standard earth testers failing to produce satisfactory results. This is normally
evident as fluctuating readings, reduced resolution or via a warning/error message.
Typical environments where this may be experienced include transmission substations
(275kV and 400kV), railway supply substations or substations supplying large industrial
processes such as arc furnaces or smelters. Results shall be interpreted using an
appropriate method and compared to calculations. Where there is significant difference
further investigation is required.
4. Most commercially available earth testers use a switched DC square wave signal. Where
it is possible to select a very low switching frequency (below 5Hz) the measured values
will approach the DC resistance which will be accurate for small earth electrode systems
in medium to high soil resistivity. When higher switching frequencies are used (128Hz is
common) inductive effects may be evident in the results. Where an appreciable inductive
component is expected and long parallel test leads are used it is advisable to use an AC
waveform so that mutual coupling between the test lead may be subtracted and a true
AC impedance obtained. Due to the appreciable standing voltage commonly found on
live substation earth electrodes AC test signals are normally selected to avoid the
fundamental and harmonic frequencies. For the most accurate results, measurements
should be taken using frequencies either side of the power frequency to allow
interpolation. Where it is considered necessary to undertake an AC earth impedance test
further guidance should be sought from an earthing specialist.
5. Use of a three-pole earth tester is acceptable where the resistance of the single lead
connecting the instrument to the electrode is insignificant compared to the electrode
resistance. These instruments are generally suitable only for measuring small electrode
components such as rods or a small group of rods in medium to high soil resistivity soils.
For larger substations or low resistance electrodes a four-terminal instrument is essential
to eliminate the connecting lead resistances which would otherwise introduce a
significant error.
20 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
6.3
Fall-of-Potential Method for Smaller Sites
6.3.1
Application
The earth resistance measurement of small earth electrode systems associated with
secondary substations and pole-mounted equipment can be carried using only three
measurements.
If the electrode system is extensive the full fall-of-potential test should be used. As a rule the
test leads need to be ten times the length of the buried earth electrode system.
This method is only applicable for earth resistance measurements at sites with a small
electrode system.
6.3.2
A four-terminal composite earth tester.

Two 50 metre test leads (one lead should be marked at 25, 31 and 35 metres).
Short rods for the remote current and voltage probes.
Two short leads and suitable earth clamps to provide low resistance connections to the
earthing system under test.
Communication equipment.
6.3.3
Equipment
Safety Requirements
planned switching.
disconnection of all test leads and screw clamps to any earth electrode or earthing
system.
connects directly to the substation electrode/grid as close to the ground as possible.
person in charge, i.e. after they have safely disconnected and insulated the test lead
connections at the substation end.
6.3.4
Method
1. Connect terminals C1 and P1 to the HV or LV earthing system under test.

2. Place the C2 current probe 50 metres away from the substation or pole.
21 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
3. Take three measurements by placing the P2 potential probe in line with the C2 probe at
25 metres (50%), 31 metres (62%) and 35 metres (70%) away from substation or pole
the as shown below1.
50%
25m
P1
62%
31m
70%
35m
100%
50m
C1
P2
C1
P1
P2
C2
FOUR-TERMINAL
EARTH TESTER
C2
Disconnect P2 terminal
when moving P2 probe
Operator to wear HV
rubber gloves
Figure 6-4 Earth Resistance Measurement of a Small Electrode System
6.3.5
If the measured values are within 5% of the middle (31 metres) value and do not decrease
with distance, the value at 31 metres is the overall earth resistance.
If there is more than 5% difference between the measurements (see examples below) the
test should be repeated using a different transverse, i.e. relocate the C2 probe at 90 degrees
to the first test and measure the potential using P2 along the new transverse. If this does not
provide a satisfactory value the P2 probe spacing should be doubled to 50, 62, 70 metres
and C2 probe placed at 100 metres and the test repeated.
Example 1:
Example 2:
9.6 measured at 25m

10.0 measured at 31m

10 x 0.95 (-5%) = 9.5
12 x 0.95 (-5%) = 11.4
10 x 1.05 (+5%) = 10.5
12 x 1.05 (+5%) = 12.6
The readings are within the range 9.5-10.5, The readings are outside the range 11.4 to
therefore the resistance of 10 ohms is valid.
12.6, therefore the resistance of 12.0 ohms
is not valid and the test should be repeated.
Longer distances may be used provided the percentage distances are maintained.
22 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
6.4
Comparative Method
6.4.1
Application
The comparative method is used to measure the earth resistance of small individual
electrode components within a large interconnected earthing system. This method is most
effective where a relatively high resistance electrode is measured in comparison to a
reference earthing system which has a much lower resistance.
6.4.2
Equipment
A four-terminal composite earth tester, connecting leads and connectors or

a clamp type earth resistance meter.
Insulated tools if opening earth electrode test links via an approved method.
6.4.3
Safety Requirements
disconnection of all test leads and screw clamps to any earth electrode or earthing system.
Note: Disconnection of earth electrodes as required in one of the test methods shall only be
carried out during commissioning of a new or refurbished substation prior to energisation.
6.4.4
Methods
6.4.4.1 Method 1 Clamp Meter

The first method uses a clamp meter and is the preferred method as the earth electrodes
can be tested without disconnection.
1. Place a clamp meter around the connection to the electrode under test as shown in
Figure 6-5.
2. The clamp meter generates and measures the current and voltage in the electrode loop
and displays the loop resistance. If the reference earth resistance is sufficiently low
relative to the electrode resistance the measured value will approach the electrode
resistance.
23 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
R (PARALLEL)
CLAMP TYPE
EARTH TESTER
R1
PARALLEL NETWORK OF
ELECTRODES
(REFERENCE/GLOBAL EARTH)
SUBSTATION
ELECTRODE UNDER
TEST
(CONNECTED)
If R(Parallel) << R1 the

measured earth loop
resistance [R(Parallel)+R1]
approaches R1
Figure 6-5 Earth Resistance Measurement using the Comparative Method and a Clamp Meter
(Electrode under Test Connected)
6.4.4.2 Method 2 Four-terminal Earth Tester

The second method uses a four-terminal earth tester and requires the earth electrode under
test to be disconnected from the remainder of the substation earthing system. Therefore this
method of test shall only be used prior to energisation during commissioning of new or
refurbished substations.
1. Connect terminals C1 and P1 of a four-terminal earth tester to the earth electrode under
test.
2. Connect terminals C2 and P2 to reference earth the as shown in Figure 6-6.
3. A current is circulated around the earth loop containing the electrode and the reference
earth resistances and the voltage developed across them is measured. Ohms Law is
used to calculate the series loop resistance and if the reference earth resistance is
sufficiently low relative to the electrode resistance the measured value will approach the
electrode resistance.
R (PARALLEL)
R1
C1 P1
P2 C2
FOUR-TERMINAL
EARTH TESTER
PARALLEL NETWORK OF
ELECTRODES
(REFERENCE/GLOBAL EARTH)
SUBSTATION
ELECTRODE UNDER
TEST
(DISCONNECTED)
If R(Parallel) << R1 the

measured earth loop
resistance [R(Parallel)+R1]
approaches R1
Figure 6-6 Earth Resistance Measurement using the Comparative Method and a Four-terminal
Earth Tester (Electrode under Test Disconnected)
24 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
6.4.5
Interpretation of Results and Sources of Error
In order to accurately measure an electrode resistance using the comparative method it is

necessary to have a very low reference earth resistance compared to the electrode
resistance (10% or lower is recommended). It is also necessary to have a reasonable
physical separation between the electrode and reference earth to reduce mutual coupling
through the soil.
If the reference earth resistance is too high the measured result will be significantly higher
than the electrode resistance (if it is known it can be subtracted). If the electrode and
reference earths are too close together then a value lower than the electrode resistance may
be measured. These errors may be acceptable if the purpose of the measurement is a
maintenance check where it is only necessary to compare periodic readings with historical
results to identify unexpected increases, e.g. due to corrosion or theft.
If several different electrodes are tested with respect to the same reference earth more
detailed interpretation methods may be developed to increase confidence in the individual
electrode resistances and may also allow the reference earth resistance to be deduced.
Note: This method cannot be directly used to measure the overall substation earth
resistance which requires the use of the fall-of-potential method described in Section 6.2.
25 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Earth Conductor Joint Resistance Measurements
7.1
Application
This measurement is used to measure the resistance across an earth joint to check its
electrical integrity. This test should be carried out across every joint created at a new
substation prior to backfilling and also at a sample of above-ground joints during periodic
maintenance assessments.
The method described here may be used for testing all types (bolted, brazed, welded) of
earth conductor joints at any type of substation.
7.2
7.3
Equipment
A four-terminal micro-ohmmeter.
Connecting leads and suitable earth clamps.
Class 1 HV insulated gloves.
Safety Requirements
7.4
Method
The method uses a micro-ohmmeter to measure electrical resistance across a joint using the
connection arrangement shown in Figure 7-1.
1. Connect terminals C1 and P1 of the micro-ohmmeter to one side of the joint using earth
clamps with sharp pins that can penetrate through paint or surface corrosion to reach the
metal underneath. Connect terminals C2 and P2 of the micro-ohmmeter to the other side
of the joint. Ideally, the connectors should be no more than 25mm either side of the joint.
2. Select a suitable scale on the micro-ohmmeter (normally a minimum current of 10A is
required to measure in the micro-ohm range) and record the average value after the test
polarity has been reversed.
3. Finally give the joint a firm tap with a steel hammer to ensure it is mechanically robust.
JOINT
EARTH
CONDUCTOR
C1 P1
P2 C2
FOUR-TERMINAL
MICRO-OHMMETER
Figure 7-1 Connections for Earth Conductor Joint Resistance Measurements
26 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
7.5
The measured resistance should not significantly exceed that of an equivalent length of
conductor without a joint typical values are given in Table 7-1. Joints which exceed this by
more than 50% shall be remade. Where different sized tapes are involved, the threshold
value used should be that of the smaller tape.
At new installations it is recommended that a few sample joints are made under controlled
conditions (e.g. in a workshop), their resistance measured and the median of these values
used as the benchmark for all other similar joints made at the installation. Alternatively
measure the resistance across 1 metre of sample conductor and use it as the benchmark.
Where sample measurements cast doubt over the quality of the installation additional
measurements shall be carried out. If these also reveal high values the affected joints shall
be replaced.
Table 7-1 Typical Resistance Values for Various Joints
Joint
Resistance ()
Bolted joint copper/copper
Bolted joint aluminium/aluminium
10 to 40
Bolted joint aluminium/copper
10 to 40
Welded or brazed joint copper/copper
Welded joint aluminium
Existing Hepworth type clamp
13 to 20
Tinned copper tape to aluminium structure leg
10
7.6
Sources of Error
It is imperative that four separate test leads are used to connect the four terminals on the
micro-ohmmeter to locations either side of the joint. This will avoid introduction of test lead
resistance into the measured result.
The test points either side of the joint under test shall be free of dirt or grease to ensure good
contact with the instrument probes/connectors.
27 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Earth Connection Resistance Measurements (Equipment Bonding

Tests)
8.1
Application
This measurement is used to measure the resistance between an item of equipment and the
main substation earthing system to check bonding adequacy. This test should be carried out
during commissioning of a new substation to confirm that each item of equipment is
effectively connected to the main earthing system. It is also useful as an on-going
maintenance check and for operational procedures, e.g. during post-theft surveys.
The method described here may be used for testing equipment connections at any type of
substation. Refer to Section 9 for terminal tower testing.
8.2
8.3
Equipment
A four-terminal micro-ohmmeter.
Four connecting leads and suitable earth clamps.
Class 1 HV insulated gloves.
Safety Requirements
The probable path of the injected current shall be considered and where the substation uses
a bus-zone protection scheme care shall be taken to ensure that any test current does not
produce enough current to operate protection systems.
8.4
Method
The method is based upon the principle of measuring the resistance between a set point (or
points) on the main electrode system and individual items of earthed equipment. A microohmmeter is used and the connection arrangement is illustrated in Figure 8-1.
Measurements can be taken from one central point (such as the switchgear earth bar) or, to
avoid the use of unduly long leads, once a point is confirmed as being adequately
connected, it can be used as a reference point for the next test and so on.
EARTH
CONNECTION 2
EARTH
CONNECTION 1
C1 P1
P2 C2
FOUR-TERMINAL
MICRO-OHMMETER
Figure 8-1 Connections for Earth Bonding Conductor Resistance Measurements
28 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
1. Connect terminals C1 and P1 of the micro-ohmmeter to the substation earth grid using
suitable earth clamps.
2. Connect terminals C2 and P2 of the micro-ohmmeter to the earth terminal or structure of
the equipment under test.
3. Select a suitable scale on the micro-ohmmeter (an injection current of at least 100mA is
recommended).
8.5
The measured resistance between the two connection points will depend on the length,
cross-sectional area, material and number of earth conductors between them typical
values are given in Table 8-1. Based on a maximum distance of 50 metres between
connection points a threshold value of 20m will provide a good indication of whether further
investigation is required.
If the measured value is near or above the acceptable limit, then the most likely reason is a
badly made or corroded joint. If so, this will need to be shorted out.
Table 8-1 Acceptable Values for Measure Resistance
Equipment
Acceptable Upper Limit Between Equipment and

Switchgear Earth Bar ()
Transformers and switchgear
50
Bus bar supports, operating mats and

cable glands
100
Metal outer cubicle
200
Metal doors and ancillary equipment
300
8.6
Sources of Error
The measured resistance between the two connection points will depend on the length of
earth tape between them. If an unacceptably high resistance is measured further
measurements should be taken using a different reference point (closer to the suspect item
of plant) to confirm (or otherwise) the poor connection.
When relatively long test leads are used, e.g. 10, 20 metres or more, the resistance
introduced into the test current circuit may limit the available current and reduce the
accuracy available on the instrumentation. Furthermore, induced voltages in longer test
leads can also interfere with the micro-ohmmeter.
29 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Terminal Tower Earth Continuity Measurement
9.1
Application
This measurement is used to determine the resistance between a tower and the main
substation earthing system. This test should be carried out during commissioning of a new
substation and during maintenance or site assessment to determine if the tower is effectively
bonded to the substation earthing system.
9.2
Equipment
Multi-meter rated to 1000V (e.g. Fluke 177)
LEM-Flex box.
AC flexible current probe (e.g. LEM-Flex RR3030).
HV probe with 1000:1 ratio (e.g. Tenma 72-3040).
A four-terminal earth tester.
Four long connecting leads and suitable earth clamps.
9.3
Safety Requirements
Note: Special procedures are required when checking the connection between the
substation earthing system and a terminal tower. If the bond is ineffective or missing a
potential difference may exist and may pose a shock hazard to the test operator or damage
to a test instrument. The additional procedure involves checking the current flow in the
terminal tower legs and checking the voltage using insulated probes before the continuity
measurement is carried out.
9.4
Method
This method first uses an insulated current (Part 1) and voltage probe (Part 2) to safely
determine whether the tower is connected to the substation earthing system before
measuring the tower resistance (Part 3).
9.4.1
Part 1 Terminal Tower Current Measurement
Where the earth connection point to the terminal tower is not visible, it is necessary to
determine which leg is bonded to earth. The following procedure allows safe measurement
of the current flowing through each leg of the tower (the leg with the greatest current flow is
assumed to be bonded to earth).
1. Connect the current probe test box leads to a multi-meter, ensuring polarity is observed.
2. Set multi-meter to measure AC volts.
3. Place the current probe around the base of tower leg.
4. Set the current probe range to 3000A (1mV/A) and observe reading displayed on multimeter. If the value is in range the tower is connected, note reading and proceed to Part 2
(Section 9.4.2). If multi-meter is out of range, proceed to Step 5.
30 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
5. Set the current probe range to 300A (10mV/A) and observe reading displayed on multimeter. If the value is in range the tower is connected, note reading and proceed to Part 2
(Section 9.4.2). If multi-meter is out of range, proceed to Step 6.
6. Set the current probe range to 30A (100mV/A) and note reading displayed on multimeter.
7. Repeat test for next tower leg.
8. If the results from all four of the tower legs are similar, it can be assumed that there is no
connection to the substation earth grid and parts 2 and 3 of this procedure shall not be
carried out. The tower should be reported so that it can be safely connected to the
substation earthing system.
LEM- Flex
Hz
~
V
OFF
3000A
Off
3000A (1mV/A)
300A (10mV/A)
30A (100mV/A)
Low Battery
RR3030
Figure 9-1 Terminal Tower Current Measurement
9.4.2
Part 2 Terminal Tower Potential Difference Measurement
1. Determine a suitable connection point on the substation earthing system by testing to

another point to check continuity.
2. Run out the test leads from the substation earthing system towards the terminal tower,
but do not connect to the earth grid or terminal tower.
3. Connect the red and black HV probe leads to the multi-meter and the remaining lead to
the test leads.
4. Connect the test leads to the substation earthing system.
5. Set multi-meter to read AC volts, touch the tower leg with the HV probe and observe the
reading on multi-meter. If the reading is greater than 1V (indicating greater than 1000V at
the tip of the probe), further testing shall not be carried out, otherwise proceed to Step 6
6. Disconnect the test lead from the substation earthing system and disconnect the HV
probe from the multi-meter.
7. Connect the standard multi-meter test probe to the positive (red) terminal of the multimeter.
31 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
8. Re-connect the test leads to the substation earthing system.

9. Set multi-meter to read AC Volts, touch the tower leg with the test probe and observe the
reading on multi-meter. If the reading is greater than 25V, further testing shall not be
carried out, otherwise proceed to Part 3 (Section 9.4.3).
0.0V
Hz
~
V
OFF
Figure 9-2 Terminal Tower Potential Difference Measurement
9.4.3
Part 3 Terminal Tower Earth Resistance Measurement
Providing the reading at the end of Part 2 is less than 25V, proceed with the tower earth
resistance measurement as follows.
1. Disconnect the test lead from the substation earthing system and multi-meter.
2. Connect two earth clamps to a suitable point on the terminal tower.
3. Connect one test lead to terminals C1 and P1 on the four-terminal earth tester.
4. Connect another test lead to terminals C2 and P2 on the four-terminal earth tester.
5. Connect one test lead to the substation earthing system and the other to the terminal
tower.
6. Carry out a test and record the value.
9.5
The measured resistance should be below 20m. If the measured value is near or slightly
above the acceptable limit, then the most likely reason is a bad connection or a corroded
joint.
9.6
Sources of Error
The measured resistance between the two connection points will depend on the length of
earth tape between them. If an unacceptably high resistance is measured further
measurements should be taken using a different reference point (closer to the terminal
tower) to confirm (or otherwise) the poor connection.
32 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
10
Earth Electrode Separation Test
10.1
Application
This test is used to assess the electrical separation of two electrodes in the soil by
measurement, e.g. segregated HV and LV electrodes at an 11kV secondary distribution
substation or a separately earthed fence at a grid or primary substation.
10.2
Equipment
A four-terminal earth tester.

Four connecting leads and suitable connectors.
10.3
Safety Requirements
Class 1 HV insulated gloves shall be worn when carrying out these measurements at a live
site to protect against potential differences across open-circuit or high resistance
connections.
10.4
Method
1. Independently measure the earth resistance of each electrode (R1 and R2) using the fallof-potential method described in Section 6.
2. Measure the earth loop resistance (R3) of the two electrodes via the ground using a
similar test to the earth connection resistance measurements detailed in Section 8 and
Figure 8-1.
10.5
If two electrodes R1 and R2 are separated by a large distance then the R3 will approach the
series resistance of R1 + R2. Lower measured values of R3 indicate a degree of conductive
coupling through the soil.
10.5.1
Separate HV/LV Earths
Generally, for the purposes of checking satisfactory segregation of an HV and LV earth

electrode at a secondary or pole-mounted substation the following test is used:
RS > 0.9 (RHV+RLV)
where:
RHV = measured HV earth resistance.
RLV = measured LV earth resistance.
RS = measured resistance between HV and LV earth.
A value lower than 0.9(RHV+RLV) may indicate inadequate separation and further
investigation is required.
33 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
10.5.2
Separately Earthed Fence
The segregation between the fence and the electrode system can be verified as acceptable
if:
RSeparation > 0.8 (RGrid + RFence).
where:
RGrid = measured earth grid resistance.
RFence = measured fence earth resistance.
RSeparation = measured resistance between HV earth and fence.
Note: The value of 0.8 is based on assumption and experience but it could be measured for
a number of substations to check that 0.8 works in practice.
Generally a separate fence will measure greater than 1 and a connected fence will give a
measurement in the order of milli-ohms. If the system is not satisfactorily segregated, this
will normally be due to one or more of the following:
Hessian served cables not being insulated 2 metres either side of the fence.
Fence earth rods being installed too far inside, i.e. close to the HV electrode system.
Unintentional connection between the fence and earthed equipment inside the
substation.
Main HV earth grid electrode being within 2 metres of the fence.
The reason for the unsatisfactory value should be identified and the cause corrected. If this
is difficult and/or expensive, then the option of bonding the fence to the earth grid and
installing an external perimeter grading electrode should be considered.
10.6
Sources of Error
As a prerequisite of this method adequate measured earth resistances are required for the
two individual electrodes via the fall-of-potential method. The sources of error relating to
these types of measurements are included in Section 6.2.6.
34 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
11
Touch, Step and Transfer Voltage Measurement
11.1
Application
This measurement is used to measure touch, step and transfer voltages for comparison with
calculated values. These measurements may be required to confirm that the installed design
complies with the safety limits. Advanced techniques and equipment are required to perform
these measurements at live substations and should be carried out by an earthing specialist.
These measurements may be carried out at any type of substation but the greater
expense/complexity may only justify them in rare occasions where touch and step voltage
measurements are critical to reduce uncertainty in calculated values.
11.2
A four-terminal composite earth tester can be used but the resistances being measured
are often below the tolerance of standard units. More sophisticated instrumentation is
often necessary which can inject larger test signals or measure smaller voltages, in the
presence of substation electrical noise.
Suitable test leads (up to 2 x 800 metres in length for large substations) stored on reels
for ease of use.
An earth rod cluster (e.g. 4 x 0.5 metre earth rods) for the remote current probe.
A single 0.5 metre rod for the voltage probe.
A suitable equipotential mat where the test meter is located outside of a known earthing
system.
Communication equipment (walkie-talkies or mobile telephones).
A means of providing a low resistance connection to the earthing system to be
measured, normally a two core lead several metres long and suitable connectors, ideally
with a screw action to allow penetration of any surface oxidation, dirt or paint.
11.3
Equipment
Safety Requirements
planned switching.
Class 1 HV insulated gloves and dielectric footwear shall be worn when making and
breaking connections to the earthing system and when in contact with the remote earth
connections.
The test equipment should be set up within the substation earth grid, as this will reduce
possible touch voltages. If situated outside the earth grid, the equipment should be
positioned on an equipotential mat, large enough for both the equipment and the
operator, which is connected to the substation earthing system.
connects directly to the substation electrode/grid as close to the ground as possible.
person in charge, i.e. after they have been safely disconnected.
35 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Care should be taken when inserting test probes inside the substation to measure the
surface potential due to the risk of inadvertent contact with buried structures. Use of a
small plate electrode placed on the surface is an effective and safer alternative.
11.4
Method
These measurements use advanced techniques and instrumentation and should only be
attempted by earthing specialists. An overview of the general method is given below. Further
guidance on the different methods available can be found in IEEE 81.
Earth potentials may be measured by injecting a current into the substation electrode so that
it returns through a remote electrode via a connecting conductor. The return electrode may
be another substation electrode connected via a de-energised power line or a temporary test
lead and set of probes. Providing the return electrode is located at a large enough distance
from the substation (relative to the size of the substation electrode) a potential profile will be
set up around the substation proportional to that which would exist during fault conditions.
The voltage between the substation electrode and different points on the surface can then
be measured and related to touch voltage. Step voltage can also be determined from
measurements of the potential difference between points on the surface which are 1 metre
apart. In both cases the actual voltages can be found by scaling in the ratio of the test
current and fault current. Measurements should be concentrated in the areas where the
highest touch and step voltages would be expected to occur, e.g. around the corners of the
electrode.
Measurements may also be carried out to determine the voltage transferred from a
substation electrode to a nearby metallic structure, e.g. a steel pipe or the earthing system
associated with a different electrical system.
Measurements to determine the actual touch or step voltage that a human would be
exposed to can also be carried out by passing a current through the earthing system and
measuring it at a remote electrode. The prospective touch voltage across the area of the
substation can be measured using a small earth rod as the potential probe to simulate the
human foot.
11.5
The measurement results should be interpreted and compared to calculated values. It is

recommended that a series of measurements are taken at a number of locations around the
substation where high touch or step voltages are expected (normally at the corners or in
areas where the electrode mesh is less dense). This will enable the trends in the voltage
gradients to be assessed to identify spurious data points. Where the return electrode is not
located sufficiently far away from the test electrode large errors may be introduced. These
errors may be corrected using a detailed computer model or by averaging the
measurements obtained using different current return electrode locations.
11.6
Sources of Error
The same errors may be introduced as described in Section 6.2.6.

These measurements use advanced techniques and instrumentation and should only be
attempted by earthing specialists.
36 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
12
HOT Zone Plotting
12.1
Application
This measurement is used to estimate the area where the earth potential rise exceeds the
ITU limits and to determine the HOT zone.
These measurements may be carried out at any type of substation but the greater
expense/complexity may only justify them in rare occasions where HOT zone measurements
are critical to reduce uncertainty in calculated values, e.g. before committing expenditure to
mitigation works.
12.2
Equipment
Refer to Section 6.2.2.

12.3
Safety Requirements
Refer to Section 6.2.3.

12.4
Method
1. Calculate the target contour resistance (ZX) for the required voltage contour level (X)
using the calculated earth potential rise (EPR) and ground return current (Igr) using the
formula:
ZX
EPR X
Igr
For example if the 650V contour is required, the EPR is 2000V and the ground return
current is 1000A then:
Z 650
2000 650
1.35
1000
2. Use the fall-of-potential method described in Section 6 to determine the distance of ZX in

relation to substation fence. The potential probe should be moved in steps (as with a
normal FOP) and the resistance measured until ZX is found.
3. Repeat the measurement in other directions by leaving the current probe (and
connecting lead) in the same place and moving the potential probe along different
routes, normally at 90 degrees (two directions if possible) and at 180 degrees as shown
in Figure 12-1.
4. Once the distance to the contour resistance has been obtained in multiple directions
around the substation they can be joined together using a circle to estimate the contour
as shown in Figure 12-2.
5. If further contours are required repeat the test again for the new contour value.
Note: Results from the measurement in parallel with the current circuit need to be corrected
for mutual coupling, whereas measurements taken at right angles do not.
37 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Figure 12-1 HOT Zone Plot Measurement Location Examples
Figure 12-2 HOT Zone Plot
12.5
Refer to Section 6.2.5 for interpretation of fall-of-potential results.

12.6
Sources of Error
The same errors may be introduced as described in Section 6.2.6.

A more accurate plot can be obtained using earthing modelling software (e.g. CDEGS).
38 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
13
Buried Earth Electrode Location
13.1
Application
Earth electrode location is used to locate buried electrode at existing sites to allow earthing
drawings and records to be updated. The record should include the position of the electrode,
its burial depth, material, size and installation method (e.g. above ground, ducts, buried etc.).
Buried electrode location may be used at any type of substation.
13.2
Radio-frequency signal generator and receiver (ideally with a conductor depth

measurement facility).
13.3
Equipment
Safety Requirements
Care shall be taken when applying a test signal to the earthing system when using an
earth rod as the signal return electrode.
Normal precautions should be taken to avoid inadvertent contact with buried services.
13.4
Method
Underground earth conductors can be located from the service using standard buried
metallic service locators in used for locating cables and pipes etc. The method for using
these devices is well documented elsewhere and operators will be expected to have training
and experience which is outside the scope of this document.
Ground penetrating radar can also be used and the results plotted on a computer. Again a
description of its use is outside the scope of this document.
If these methods cannot give a sufficiently clear plot of the earthing system then it will be
necessary to dig trial holes.
13.5
This procedure should be carried out by a person who has received training in the operation
of the location equipment. It can be difficult to discriminate between buried earth electrodes
and multicore/power cables as the signal will also be injected onto the cable screens. Use of
earth return signal injection modes will result in more current flowing through bare
conductors and can be useful where they run close to cables. Where there remains
uncertainty some trial excavations maybe necessary.
13.6
Sources of Error
A cable screen may be mistaken for an earth electrode (see above).
39 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
14
Earthing System Records and Earthing Database
A copy of the earthing drawing and test results shall be left on-site.
A copy of all drawings, test forms and any earthing reports (design, survey, measurement
etc.) shall be sent to earthingenquiries@ukpowernetworks.co.uk for loading into the earthing
database (refer to EDS 06-0002) and the document management system
15
Instrumentation and Equipment
It is imperative that measurements are taken using the most suitable instrumentation for the
required task, which are in good working order and have a valid calibration certificate. The
instrumentation will be used for field measurements in all weather conditions; it shall
therefore be robust, have a good level of water resistance and be suitably protected from
electrical transients (e.g. by fuses) and shielded for use in high-voltage installations. A list of
recommended equipment is given in Appendix A
UK Power Networks current list of approved test equipment is available in the document
management system.
Instruments shall be calibrated annually as a minimum to a traceable national standard.
However heavily used instruments should be checked more frequently, e.g. against other
calibrated instruments or standard resistors, between formal calibration periods.
Many of the measurements require ancillary equipment such as test leads, earth rods,
connection clamps, etc. and it is equally important that these are also fit-for-purpose and well
maintained.
40 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
16
References
EDS 06-0001
Earthing Standard
EDS 06-0002
HOT Site Requirements
EDS 06-0012
Earthing Design Criteria
EDS 06-0018
NetMap Earthing Information System
ECS 06-0022
Grid and Primary Substation Earthing Construction Standard
ECS 06-0023
Secondary Distribution Network Earthing Construction Standard
ECP 11-0406
Grid and Primary Substation Earthing Test Form
ECP 11-0503
Secondary Substation Earthing Commissioning Procedure
Distribution Safety Rules

IEEE 81
IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth
Surface Potentials of a Ground System Part 1: Normal Measurements
41 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Appendix A Earthing Test and Measurement Equipment

Measurement
Site Type
Instrument
Substation
Earth
Resistance
All Substations
AVO Megger DET 2/2
Material Code
Chauvin Arnoux 6470N/Terca 3

IRIS Syscal Junior
Substation
Earth
Resistance
Small Substations
AVO Megger DET 4TD Series
65346A
Lead Kit with Markings
65306Q
Fluke 1625
Soil Resistivity
All Substations
AVO Megger DET 2/2

Chauvin Arnoux 6470N/Terca 3
Chauvin Arnoux 6460
Chauvin Arnoux 6462
IRIS Syscal Junior
Small Substations
AVO Megger DET 4TD Series
65346A
Fluke 1625
Individual
Electrodes
Resistance
All Substations
Chauvin Arnoux CA6410
65439D

Fluke 1625
AVO Megger DET 10C/20C
AVO Megger DET 14C/24C
Bonding/Joint
Resistance
Railway Installations
Chauvin Arnoux CA6415R
All
AVO Ducter DLRO 10

AVO Ducter DLRO 10X
Chauvin Arnoux 6240 Micro-ohmmeter
Cropico D07 Plus Digital Ohmmeter
Appendix B Training
All of the measurements detailed in this document require specific training and measurement
equipment and are hence carried out by a specialist earthing contractor. However a course
on earth resistance measurements at secondary substations (SEG042) is available via the
UK Power Networks Learning Management System (LMS).
For specific course details refer to the Courses and Training section of the Earthing Intranet
page http://powernet/intranet/asset-management/engineering-standards/earthing/.
UK Power Networks material code.
42 of 43

Version: 2.0
Date: 27/07/2015
Appendix C Measurement Certificate Proforma

Measurements certificates should be succinct (i.e. no more than one or two pages) and
contain the following information:
1. Test certificate number
2. Substation name and address
3. Date of test
4. Test method fall-of-potential, clamp meter, comparative method
Fall-of-potential method test route and test point

Comparative method reference point and reference earth value (if known)
Clamp meter method reference earth value (if known)
5. Earth rod number/position/location, length, type and measured resistance

Electrode
Number /
Reference
Position /
Location
Type
(Rod, Plate,
Nest, Pile)
Length
Measured
Resistance
Measured
Current
6. Overall earth resistance and interpretation method (standard method, computer software
etc.)
7. Test equipment manufacturer, type, calibration date and expiry
8. Test operative company, name and signature
43 of 43

ECS 06-0024 Earthing Testing and Measurements PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECS 06-0024 Earthing Testing and Measurements PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION STANDARD

EARTHING TESTING AND MEASUREMENTS

EPN, LPN, SPN

All UK Power Networks

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

Why has the document been updated: Periodic review.

Reclassification and reformatting of document from Earthing Construction Manual Section 4

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

Abbreviations and Glossary ................................................................................... 6

General Safety Requirements ................................................................................. 7

Soil Resistivity Measurement ................................................................................. 8

Earth Resistance/Impedance Measurements ...................................................... 15

Earth Conductor Joint Resistance Measurements ............................................. 26

Earth Connection Resistance Measurements (Equipment Bonding Tests) ...... 28

Terminal Tower Earth Continuity Measurement .................................................. 30

Earth Electrode Separation Test .......................................................................... 33

Touch, Step and Transfer Voltage Measurement ................................................ 35

HOT Zone Plotting ................................................................................................. 37

Buried Earth Electrode Location .......................................................................... 39

Earthing System Records and Earthing Database .............................................. 40

Instrumentation and Equipment ........................................................................... 40

Appendix A Earthing Test and Measurement Equipment ........................................... 42

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

Soil resistivity measurement.

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

Abbreviations and Glossary

Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Fields, Grounding and Soil

A COLD site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the

A substation with a primary operating voltage of 132kV or 66kV and

A HOT site is a grid, primary or secondary substation where the earth

International Telecommunication Union. ITU directives prescribe the

Personal Protective Equipment

A substation with a primary operating voltage of 33kV and may include

A substation with a primary operating voltage of 11kV or 6.6kV and

The potential difference between a persons feet assumed to be 1

The potential difference between a persons hands and feet when

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

General Safety Requirements

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

Soil Resistivity Measurement

Soil resistivity measurements should be taken as early as possible during the

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements

Document Number: ECS 06-0024

A typical plan of proposed measurement locations is shown in Figure 5-1 where SR 1 to 4

Figure 5-1 Typical Soil Resistivity Measurement Routes at an Existing Site

UK Power Networks 2015 All rights reserved

Earthing Testing and Measurements