Gua de Estudio y Trabajo Prctico N 8- Ingls Tcnico I

ACTIVIDAD 1: Lea rpidamente el siguiente texto SIN DETENERSE en lo que no conoce, prestando
atencin al grfico que lo acompaa y a las palabras que contiene segn se parezcan al
castellano, se repitan; y presenten alguna caracterstica particular (nmeros,
abreviaturas, smbolos, negritas, cursivas, etc.)

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Extractives can be regards as non-structural wood constituents and usually represent a

minor fraction in wood. Although there are similarities in the occurrence of wood
extractives within families, there are distinct differences in the composition even
between closely related wood species. Furthermore, various parts of the same tree, e.g.
stem, branches, roots, bark and needles, differ markedly with respect to both their
amount and composition of extractives.
The extractives comprise both inorganic and organic components. Generally, content
of extractives is higher in bark, leaves and roots, than that in stem wood. The
inorganic components measured as ash seldom exceeding 1% of the dry wood weight.
However, the ash content of needles, leaves and bark can be much higher. Organic
components are an extraordinarily large number of individual compounds of both
lipophilic and hydrophilic type, and their contents are usually less than 10%, but it
can vary from traces up to 40% of the dry wood weight.
Chemistry of wood extractives
Organic extractives of wood can be classified into the different groups as shown in
Table 1, i.e. aliphatic and alicyclic compounds, phenolic compounds and other
compounds. The composition of extractives varies widely from species to species,
and the total amount of extractives in a given species depends on growth conditions. For
example, the typical content of extractives in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris),
Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver birch (Betula pendula) is, respectively, in the
range of 2.5 to 4.5, 1.0 to 2.0, and 1.0 to 3.5%, of the wood dry solids.
Table 1 shows the Classification of organic extractives in woods (Stenius, 2000)

After felling of the tree, the content of extractives starts immediately to decrease and
the chemical composition of the fraction changes. Exposure to air affects the carboncarbon double bonds in extractives and initiates a chain reaction that generates free
radicals which, in turn, are particularly strong oxidants. Transition metal ions and
light generally accelerate this kind of auto-oxidation. Furthermore, extractives are
oxidized by certain enzymes, and some enzymes also act as catalysts in the hydrolysis
of the esterified components. All these chemical and biochemical reactions are largely
influenced by the conditions prevailing during wood storage and are markedly faster
when the wood is stored in the form of chips instead of logs. It is also known that the
hydrolysis of glycerides leading to free fatty acids and glycerol proceeds faster when

INGLES TCNICO IAo 2016

Prof. Ramn Lesdesma - UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO

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Gua de Estudio y Trabajo Prctico N 8- Ingls Tcnico I

the conditions for wood storage are wet instead of dry.
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ACTIVIDAD 2: En funcin de lo ledo, elija para el texto un TTULO que mejor se adecue a su contenido.

ACTIVIDAD 3: De los significados propuestos, elija para las siguientes palabras y frases el que mejor se
adecue segn el contexto.
LINEA

PALABRA / FRASE

SIGNIFICADO

01

REGARDS

Observado

Respetado

Considerado

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OCCURRENCE

Presencia

Caso

Hecho

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NEEDLE

Aguja

Espina

Accula

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TRACES

Trazos

Trazas

Rastros

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FELLING

Talar

Caer

Colina

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LARGELY

Largamente

Enormemente

En gran parte

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PREVAILING

Actual

Predominante

Ganadora

CHIPS

Papa frita

Chip

astilla

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ACTIVIDAD 4: Proporcione la siguiente informacin.

1. Defina extractivos y caractercelo.
2. Complete el siguiente cuadro:
Extractivos

Compuestos________
_____________
_

Compuestos________

__________________
_

Otros compuestos
______________
_
Inorgnicos
3. Explique lo que sucede con los extractivos l talar un rbol.

INGLES TCNICO IAo 2016

Prof. Ramn Lesdesma - UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO

Pgina 2

Gua de Estudio y Trabajo Prctico N 8- Ingls Tcnico I

ACTIVIDAD 5: Proponga una versin en castellano de todo el texto completo.

ACTIVIDAD 6: Traduzca el siguiente texto en su totalidad

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Bark is the external layer which surrounds the stem, branches, and roots, amounting
to about 10-15% of the total weight of the tree. Bark can roughly be divided into
living inner bark or phloem and dead outer bark or rhytidome. The main components
of inner bark are sieve elements, parenchyma cells, and sclerenchymatous cells. Sieve
elements perform the function for transportation of liquids and nutrients. Parenchyma
cells have the function of storing nutrients. Sclerenchymatous cells have the function
as the supporting tissue. The outer bark, which consists mainly of periderm or cork
layers, protects the wood tissues against mechanical damage and preserves it from
temperature and humidity variations.
The chemical composition of bark varies among the different tree species and also
depends on the morphological elements involved. Many of the constituents present in
wood also occur in bark, but their proportions are different. Bark can roughly be
divided into the following fractions: fibers, cork cells and fine substance including the
parenchyma cells. The fiber fraction consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin.
The walls of the cork cells are impregnated with suberin, whereas the polyphenols are
concentrated in the fine fraction.
Bark contains the high content of certain soluble constituents, e.g. extractives, and
mineral content. The total content of both lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives
usually corresponds to 20 40% of the dry weight of bark. The lipophilic fraction
consists mainly of fats, waxes, terpenoids, and higher aliphatic alcohols. Terpenoids,
resin acids, and sterols are located in the resin canals present in the bark and also
occur in the cork cells and in the pathological exudate of wounded bark. Triterpenoids
are abundant in bark. The bark contains large amount of phenolic constituents, such
as condensed tannins, monomeric flavonoids, lignans and stilbene

INGLES TCNICO IAo 2016

Prof. Ramn Lesdesma - UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO

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