Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

21, 28 March & 4, 11 April 2015

Extra Low Voltage System

Mr. Wong Shin Neng

Electrical Engineer
SM Consulting Engineers Sdn Bhd

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY AND CARD ACCESS SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

Telecommunication SystemOverview
POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
Internet, Ethernet
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) FTTO,
FTTH

Telecommunication SystemOverview
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) FTTO,
FTTH
ONU Optical Network Unit.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that
transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a
customer's premises in order to
provide telecommunications services over an optical
fiber network

RG residential gateway.

In telecommunications networking, a residential

gateway allows the connection of a local area
network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN). The WAN
can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal
WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN
connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable
modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other
connections.

ATA Analog Telephone Adapter

An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone

adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more
standard analog telephones to a digital telephone
system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard
telephone system.

Technical Standards:

Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd:

MTSFB 008:2005 (rev 1) - Technical Standards and
Infrastructure Requirements Part 1:Fixed Network
Infrastructure
Guideline On the Provision of Basic Civil Works for
Communication Infrastructure In The New Development
Areas
MTSFB 002:2009 Technical standard for in-building
fibre cabling for fibre-to-the-premise
Note: These standards are stated in
Surat Perakuan submission to
Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan
Multimedia (SKMM) during DO
stage

Telecommunication SystemManholes
Manhole Type Size: L x W x H (mm)

No. of Ductway

JB30

950 x 625 x 450

2-way

JRC7

1280 x 975 x 800

2-way

JC9

1570 x 660 x 1070

4-way

JC9C

1820 x 970 x 1440

4-way

R1B

1820 x 1220 x 1970

6-way

R2A

3050 x 1220 x 1820

12-way

Telecommunication System
Cable Specifications
Cable Type

Bandwidth

Cat 3
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class C TIA/EIA 568
B)
Cat 5e
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class D
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Cat 6
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class E
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Fiber Optic
(Multi mode
OM2/OM3 &
Single Mode)

16 MHz

Application Limit

Remarks

For voice telephony & ADSL in building

or inter building

> 100 Mhz

For Ethernet
transmission up to
1GBps

For distance up to
100m

>250 Mhz

For Ethernet
transmission up to
10Gbps

For distance up to
100m

For data
transmission
>10Gbps

For distance
beyond 100m

>200 MHz / km
Depends on light
source

Recommended Building Infrastructure Design

taken from MTSFB 008:2005

Fibre
cable
to FTB
is by
NFP

Riser Cable

By NFP

ONU Optical Network Unit.

An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in
order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network

RG residential gateway.

In telecommunications networking, a residential gateway allows the connection of a local area network (LAN) to a wide area
network (WAN). The WAN can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile
phone network, or other connections.

ATA Analog Telephone Adapter

An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more standard analog
telephones to a digital telephone system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard telephone system.

By NFP

Telecommunication System
Outlets
Telephone point - RJ11

Ethernet Point - RJ45

Fibre Wall Socket (FWS)

Telecommunication System

TM Certificate

Design consideration
Remember to provide telecommunication point for
Fire Command Centre (FCC) for Bomba CMS
Specify single-mode fibre and not multi-mode.

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

TERRESTRIAL BANDS
0 47 68 88

VHF

108

176

FM

TV Channels
Band I Band II

FM
Antenna

230

VHF
5

862 MHz

UHF
12 21

Band III

VHF
Antenna

470

38

69

Band IV Band V

UHF
Antenna

VHF 47-68Mhz (Band I) was never used in the industry.

TV Channels (5 69) is based on international standard definition
Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel frequencies for tuning according to
location.

Screenshot from http://www.asiawaves.net/

Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel

frequencies for tuning according to location.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

TERESTRIAL RECEPTION

Ghost image when you receive transmission from two stations at the same
frequency range. In order to filter out the ghost image, the amplifier need to filter out
the ghost frequency.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

VHF

FREQUENCY RANGES

VHF

FM

45 87,5 108

176

UHF
230 470

SATELLITE
862 950

2150

MHz

TRANSPOSING

ACTUAL SATELLITE BANDWITH

10 700

Take note that in Malaysia, Astro satellite is

facing north for reception

12 700

MHz

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

MIXING OF SIGNALS
FM

DIPLEXING AT OUTLET
SAT

Full band mixer

VHF / UHF

FM

VHF

UHF
TV/SAT mixer

A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing.

The diplexer, being a passive device, is reciprocal: the device itself doesn't have a
notion of input or output.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

OUTLET LEVEL FOR A GOOD SIGNAL
VHF (47MHz to 68MHz)

min: 57,5dBV
max:74dBV

FM (87.5MHz to 108MHz)

min: 50 dBV
max:66dBV

UHF / VHF (176 MHz to 862MHz)

min: 57 dBV
max:74dBV

SAT (950MHz to 2050MHz)

min: 47dBV
max:77dBV

Target to achieve 60 dBV for design purposes

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY

SMATV SIGNAL STRENGTH
The strength of the SMATV (VHF, UHF and SAT) is expressed in dBuV
Amplifiers increase the signal value : GAIN
Passive equipments (cables, splitters, connectors) decrease the signal value : INSERTION LOSS
The objective is to have , for every outlet, an output level between 57 and 74 dBuV (For UHF/VHF)

100

75

Reception Level

Outlet Level
50

25

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

SATELLITE RECEPTION
SATTELITE DISHES
60 CM / 90 CM / 120 CM
Steel Aluminium - Composite
LNB
Single
Quattro
Fibre

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

TAPS

Passive distribution equipment

Limited THROUGH LOSS (2 to 5 dB)
Adjusted TAP LOSSES from 10 to 20 dB
Available for SAT and/or Terrestrial signals
100 dBuV

Through Loss
2 to 5 dB
20
dB

Tap Loss
10 to 20 dB

- 5dB

- 2 dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 4dB

16
dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 3 dB

67 dBuV
- 5dB

- 4dB
13
dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 5 dB

67 dBuV
- 5dB

- 4dB
12
dB

65 dBuV

- 1dB

- 5dB

63 dBuV
- 4dB

- 5dB

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

SPLITTERS
Passive distribution equipment
Split the signal in 2 to 8 signals of
equal value

Insertion Losses of Splitters

Bandwidth
MHz

Number of outputs
2

5 - 1000

4.0

6.0

8.5

10.0

11.5

1000 - 1700

4.5

7.0

9.0

12.0

12.5

1700- 2400

5.5

8.5

10.5

14.0

15.0

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

INNER CONDUCTOR :
BARE COPPER
COVERED STEEL
1,01 mm 0,02

OUTER JACKET :
WHITE PVC RAL
1013
SHIELD 2 :
ALUMINIUM BRAID
60%

RG6

SHIELD 1 :
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL
POLYESTER
ALUMINIUM FOIL

INNER CONDUCTOR :
BARE COPPER
COVERED STEEL
1,62 mm 0,02

OUTER JACKET :
WHITE PVC RAL
1013
10,16mm 0,4
SHIELD 1 :

ALUMINIUM BRAID
60%

RG11

DIELECTRIC :
FOAM
POLYETHYLENE
4,57 mm 0,2

SHIELD 2 :
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL
POLYESTER
ALUMINIUM FOIL

DIELECTRIC :
FOAM
POLYETHYLENE
7,11 mm 0,2

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

COAXIAL CABLES : Main parameters

IMPEDANCE : 75 OHMS
Insertion Loss
for 100 m

800 MHz

1000 MHz

2200 MHz

RG6

17 dB

20 dB

30 dB

RG11

11 dB

13 dB

18 dB

SCREEN EFFICIENCY
Level of protection offered by the screen (foil + braid) against
external interferences
The higher the frequencies the more important is this parameter
Example : > 75 dB for Axitronic PVCRG6B & XR11A

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

CABLE BENDING RADIUS
Minimum bending radius of 10 X the cable diameter
68 mm for RG6
105 mm for RG11

Sharp bending radius will damage the cable dielectric and cause
impedance disruptions which can deteriorate image quality

68 mm

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

OUTLETS
Insertion Loss
TAP LOSS
THROUGH LOSS

87.5 - 862 MHz

960 - 2050 MHz

5.0 dB

5.0 dB

3.5 / 4.0 dB

4.5 / 6.0 dB

Insulation between outputs: 25 dB

Satellite output
F-Connector

UHF/VHF output
IEC 9.52 F -Connector
FM output
IEC 9.52 M-Connector

Through Loss

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

SATELLITE SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION WITH MULTISWITCHES

SATELLITE 4 HEAD AMPLIFIERS

15 m

SIMPLE CASE STUDY #1

10 storey residential building : 40 m high
6 apartments per storey
2 outlets per apartment
Terrestrial programs
ASTRO
Reception signal : 70 dB

40 m

30 m

20 m
7 m
30 m

SMATV System - Conventional

SMATV System - Conventional

SMATV System - Conventional

SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

DO NOT LOOP
THE OUTLET
POINT

MULTISWITCHERS
ARE
CASCADED

SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

WITH 4-WAY OPTICAL
SPLITTER

SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

FIBER OPTIC
CONVERTER
CONVERT OPTICAL
SIGNAL TO
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

CCTV Surveillance System

TYPES OF CCTV CAMERAS:
1. DOME, - Lift lobbies, lift car, indoor space
2. CCD / BOX car parks, staircase, outdoor space
3. PTZ suitable big public areas (e.g. main office lobby,
hotel main lobby, auditoriums). allows security
personnel to rotate and zoom.

CCTV Surveillance System Camera lens

CCTV camera lens will affect the field

of view (FoV) - Extend of area
captured by the camera

Fixed lens fixed focal point

Vari-focal lens allows users to
adjust focal points
In most installations, dome cameras
are usually installed with fixed lens.
However, vari-focal lens are optional
accessories and shall be considered
depending on application.

Fixed box cameras are usually

installed with vari-focal lens. This
allows users to select the FoV.

CCTV Surveillance System

Resolution
CCTV Resolution Pixel Count

In present time, most installations uses 1MP resolution as higher

resolution require higher cost and increase data usage.

CCTV Surveillance System

Resolution
CCTV Resolution Pixel Count
Heres 4 samples ranging from 35 to 2120
pixels covering the same area:

Clearly, the more the pixels, the more fine

details that can be captured

CCTV Surveillance System

Frame rate
People are used to watching TV
at about 30 frames per second,
often called 'full' frame rate.
Integrators choose low frame
rate (<5fps) due to storage cost.
Those who chose 6 10fps try
to balance storage cost and
acceptable smooth video
display
Those who chose higher frame
rate is driven by customer
requirement (e.g. Casino and
cash counting requirement)

CCTV Surveillance System

Analog DVR vs IP NVR system
ANALOG DVR System Components:
ANALOG CCTV CAMERAS
DVR (DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER)
CABLES RG6 COAXIAL CABLE
IP NVR System Components
IP CCTV CAMERAS
NVR (NETWORK VIDEO RECORDER)
CABLES : CAT6, CAT 5E, FIBRE OPTIC
NETWORK SWITCHES

Analog CCTV DVR system

CCTV Surveillance System IP

Camera NVR system

IP Camera NVR system

IP Camera NVR system

IP Camera NVR system

Design Consideration
Resolution, FPS will affect bandwidth and storage
size. Request manufacturer to provide Bandwidth
and Storage calculations to verify sufficient
bandwidth for the network switches and sufficient
storage for the NVR
IP cameras should be connected to POE (Power
over Ethernet) network switches
Provide sufficient illumination level (lighting) for
proper CCTV operation.
Check local city council CCTV requirements.

Design Consideration
Although CCTV can be viewed from the
workstation, an external monitor connected to the
NVR is still a good design practice to avoid
interruptions if the workstation experience
unexpected shut-down.
A good design practice is to have multiple NVRs
compared to one NVR in case failure of one NVR.
e.g. 16 cameras 1x16 Channel NVR vs 2x8
Channels NVR.
Avoid copy-paste because todays technology may
be obsolete in a few years time.

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

- Security systems help protect against intruders
- Many options available: wired, wireless
- Main components:
1.Keypads and Control Devices
2.Perimeter Protection
3.Interior Protection
4.Communication & Monitoring

SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

SECURITY SYSTEM - KEYPADS AND

CONTROL DEVICES
At least one keypad located near a commonly used entrance
to a home or business.
Allows occupants to arm the security system when the leave
the premise or disarm the security system when they enter
The system can also be armed via wireless key

Keypad

Wireless
key

SECURITY SYSTEM - PERIMETER

PROTECTION
Door Sensor

Window
Sensor

Bypassed window can be opened

when a security system is armed

Door Sensor

Main entrance
doors commonly
have time delay
and there is
usually a keypad
located beside
the entrance

Window
Sensor

SECURITY SYSTEM - INTERIOR

PROTECTION
Motion
Detector
Break glass
detector for
fixed window

SECURITY SYSTEM Communication & Monitoring

GSM wireless alarm

communicator
Internet / telephone
alarm
communicator

Monitoring station

INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM

More complex
security
system for
multi-tenant
premise (e.g.
office building
and shopping
mall)
Integrate with
carpark boom
gate, turnstile,
lift access

General Configuration Of Security Controller

Controller box
house in a security
riser

Signal to output
relay to trigger
access.

Compatible card
reader. Reader can
be with or without
keypad

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM?
A distributed
control system
comprising
computerized,
intelligent network
of electronic
devices designed
to:
monitor
control
the mechanical and
electrical systems in
a building

INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF BAS

Improve facility
management and
maintenance
Improve comfort
Reduce energy
SAMPLE: Chiller Status

INTRODUCTION
BAS PROTOCOLS
Proprietary Protocols
Published Interoperability Protocols
Modbus

Published by Modicon in 1979

Master/Slave protocol
Simple and robust

LonWorksTM (local operation network)

Created by Echelon Corporation in 1988

Operates on a peer-to-peer basis
Standard control networking ANSI/CEA 709.1 and IEEE 1473-L

BACNet (Building Automation and Control Networks)

Started by Standard Project Committee (SPC) in 1987
Published as ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 135 in 1995
Designed for truly interoperable non-proprietary, open protocol
communication standard
Designed for building automation and control systems application

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL

BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BAS Server

BAS Client

PDA / Mobile

WML/WAP
BACnet/IP, 100baseT Ethernet

To Third Party Equipment

Native BACnet MS/TP

Gateway / Router
ZN
(Zone
Network)

ME
(Multi
Equipment)
Fire

Security

Boiler

Lighting

SE
(Single
Equipment)

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL

BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BACNet Ethernet
IP addresses and MAC addresses
Peer to peer in nature
Third Party
Modbus network, LONWorks
network or proprietary network

Gateway / router

Router connect multiple network without changing the form

or content of the message
Gateway connect multiple network by repacking the
message (i.e. translation)

BACNet MS/TP
(Master-Slave/Token Passing)
Each device on the link is considered
the master when it has the token.
Speeds up to 1Mbps or less over
twisted pair wiring

BAS Design for GBI Office building

Ducted Variable Air Volume (VAV) system
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring and Control (CO2
sensor in return duct to control fresh air intake)
Lighting Control with photo-sensors and motion
detectors for daylighting
Lighting control with motion sensor
Linked to all electrical sub-meters to facilitate
energy monitoring by tenants and end users
Linked to water sub-meters to facilitate early
detection of water leakage

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
SOME EXAMPLES

Control Strategy
Air Conditioning Control
Lighting Control

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
LIGHTING CONTROL
Basic close loop feedback control system

Example: light control

Desired state = 400lux
Sensor = Photocell sensor & motion detector
Controller = BAS controller
System = Dimmable Lights

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM SOME EXAMPLES
AIR CONDITIONING CONTROLS:

Three Subsystems
VAV Control
AHU Fan Control
Water Flow Control

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM SOME EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE OF VAV CONTROLS:

Typical VAV Control

Interfacing Diagram
Desired state = 24 degC
Sensors = Thermostat
Controller = VAV Controller
System = VAV Box damper
System output = Air Flow

Design Considerations
- Incorporate EMS (Energy Management System) in
accordance to MS1525 standards (Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for nonresidential buildings)
- Establish a common interoperability protocol for all systems
to be linked to BAS.
- Establish interfacing requirements e.g. lighting control
12V or 24V, AC or DC relay? Variable speed drive control
high level interface control using RS232 or common AO
(analog output) signaling?