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BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
MIT- MANIPAL
BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
All the diffracted rays
arriving at P0 are inphase.
Hence they interfere
constructively and
produce maximum
(central maximum) of
intensity I0 at P0.
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
At point P1,
path difference between
r1 and r2 is
(a/2) sin
sin
2
2
or
a sin
This is satisfied for every pair of rays, one of which is from upper
half of the slit and the other is a corresponding ray from lower
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the slit.
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
At point P2,
path difference between
sin
or
a sin 2
4
2
This is satisfied for every pair of rays, separated by a distance a/4.
In general, the condition for mT H minima,
a sin m
m 1, 2, 3, . . .
There is a secondary maximum approximately half way between
each
adjacent pair of minima.
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
Problem: SP42-1
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
Problem: SP42-2
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
Problem: E42-5
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2
x sin
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Phasor showing
a) Central maximum
b) A direction slightly shifted
from central maximum
c) First minimum
d) First maximum beyond the
central maximum
(corresponds to N = 18)
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E 2R sin
2
Em
Also
R
Com bining,
Em
E
sin
2
2
sin
Or , E Em
where
2
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a sin
a
So,
sin
2
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2 sin
Em
sin
2
m
where m Em is the max. intensity
From the above eqn., for minima,sin 0
m where m 1,2,3,.....
or, a sin m where m 1,2,3,.....
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sin 1.22
d
where d is the diameter of aperture.
sin
a
where a is the slit width
In case of circular aperture, the factor 1.22 arises when we divide the
aperture into elementary Huygens sources and integrate over the
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aperture.
R sin11.22
d
R 1.22
d
a. Well resolved
b. Just resolved
c. Not resolved
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I, INT
(co s2 )
Im, INT
Diffraction
I , DIF
si n
m, DIF
Interference + Diffraction
I m
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si n
(cos )
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Adding all the phasors, we get the resultant E1 due to the first slit.
is the phase difference between the light waves at the point P,
emitted from bottom edge of the first slit and top edge of the
second slit. E2 is the resultant due to the second slit. E is the
resultant
of E1 and E2. BE-PHYSICS-DIFFRACTION-2011-12
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E 2E1 sin
2
where
2
2
or
( )
d sin which is
2
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sin cos
2
From single slit diffraction, we have,
the electric amplitude at P due to one slit,
sin
E1 Em
E 2E1 sin
2
sin
ie, E (2Em )
cos
sin
m (cos )2
DOUBLE-SLIT
INTERFERENCE PATTERN
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SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
PATTERN
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MULTIPLE SLITS
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Condition for principal
maxima,
d sin = m
where d is the
separation between
adjacent slits.
Location of principal
maxima is independent
of number of slits.
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MULTIPLE SLITS
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Width of the maxima: Central maximum
The pattern contains central maximum with minima on
either side.
At the location of central maximum, the phase difference
between the waves from the adjacent slits is zero.
At minima, the phase difference is such that,
2
where N is the number of slits
N
Corresponding path difference is,
L
N
2
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Width of the maxima: Central maximum
L
N
2
Also we know,
L d sin 0
d sin 0
N
sin 0
Nd
0
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Nd
MULTIPLE SLITS
Width of the maxima: Other principal maxima
For the mth principal
maximum at by a
grating: d sin = m .
For the first minimum
at + after the mth
principal maximum
d si n ( )
m
N
MINIMUM AT
+
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mth PRINCIPAL
MAXIMUM AT
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Width of the maxima: Other principal maxima
d si n ( ) m
N
d sin cos
cos sin
m
d
sin
(
d
cos
m (d cos )
N d cos
m N
m N
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MINIMUM AT
+
mth PRINCIPAL
MAXIMUM AT
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Problem: SP43- 1
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Problem: E43- 3
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MULTIPLE SLITS
Problem: E43-5
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DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
The diffraction grating, a useful device for
analyzing light sources, consists of a large number
of equally spaced parallel slits.
A transmission grating can be made by cutting
parallel grooves on a glass plate with a precision
ruling machine. The spaces between the grooves
are transparent to the light and hence act as
separate slits.
A reflection grating can be made by cutting
parallel grooves on the surface of a reflective
material. The reflection of light from the spaces
between the grooves is specular, and the
reflection from the grooves cut into the material
is diffuse.
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DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
Grating spectrometer
m=0
m=1
m=2
m=3
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DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
Problem: SP43-2
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DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
Problem: E43-9
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DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
Problem: E43-11
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d sin = m
Differentiating the above equation,
d cos = m
m
d co s
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1 2
1 2
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m
d cos
N d cos
N d cos
m
d cos
Nm
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N = 5000
d = 10 m
R = 5000
D = 0.1 rad/m
N = 5000
d = 5 m
R = 5000
D = 0.2 rad/m
N = 10000
d = 10 m
R = 10000
D = 0.1 rad/m
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
For the observation of diffraction phenomenon by grating, the
grating space should have the dimension of the wavelength of
the wave diffracted. Since the x-ray wavelength and the interplanar spacing in crystals are of the same order, a crystal can be
a suitable grating for observing the diffraction of x-rays.
x-ray diffraction
producing Laues
pattern
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X-ray tube
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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A Laue pattern of a
single crystal.
Each dot
represents a
point of
constructive
interference.
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Braggs Law
In every crystal, several sets of parallel planes called the Bragg
planes can be identified.
Each of these planes have an identical and a definite
arrangement of atoms.
Different sets of Bragg planes are oriented at different angles
and are characterized by different inter planar distances d.
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Braggs Law
Glancing angle. ie angle
between the incident x-ray beam
and the reflecting crystal planes.
For constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays the path
difference for the rays from the
adjacent planes, (abc in the
figure) must be an integral
number of wavelength.
ie
2d sin = n
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Problem: SP43-5
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Problem: E43-25
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Problem: E43-33
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TUTORIAL
Exercise
E42-1, E42-16, E42-19, E42-26, E42-29
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QUESTIONS DIFFRACTION
Discuss the diffraction due to single-slit. Obtain the
locations of the minima and maxima qualitatively. [5]
Obtain an expression for the intensity in single-slit
diffraction pattern, using phasor-diagram.
[5]
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QUESTIONS DIFFRACTION
Explain Rayleighs criterion for resolving images due to a
circular aperture.
[2]
Obtain an expression for the intensity in double-slit
diffraction pattern, using phasor-diagram.
[5]
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QUESTIONS DIFFRACTION
Obtain an expression for the width of a principal
maximum at an angle in diffraction pattern due to
multiple slits.
[4]
Obtain an expression for dispersion by a diffraction
grating.
[3]
Obtain an expression for resolving power of a diffraction
grating.
[3]
Discuss Braggs law for X-ray diffraction.
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[3]
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ANSWERS - DIFFRACTION
E42-1: 690 nm
E42-11: 0.186, 0.478 rad, 0.926
E42-16: 36.2 m
E42-19: 1400 km
E42-21: 15 m
E42-26: (a) d =4a (b) Every 4th fringe
E42-29: (a) 9 (b) 0.255
E43-3: 523 nm
E43-5: (a) 6 m (b) 1.5 m (c) m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9
E43-9: 3
E43-17: 491
E43-21: (a) 9.98 m (b) 3.27 nm
E43-25: 2.68 degree
E43-33: 0.206 nm
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