PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH

COOLNESS RECOVERY SYSTEM AND HEATING COOLING

WATER ASSISTED IN ANIMAL HOUSES

2551





PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH COOLNESS
RECOVERY SYSTEM AND HEATING COOLING WATER ASSISTED IN ANIMAL
HOUSES

2549
550,000

29 2551





2549

. . .
. .
. .

Abstract

1
1.1
1.1.1 Evaporative cooling

1.1.2

1.1.3 Coolness recovery system

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4.1 Evaporative Cooling

1.4.2
1.4.3
2
2.1 Evaporative Cooling
2.2

i
ii
iv
1
3
4
6
6
8
8
8
13
13
17
21

2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
3
3.1
3.1.1
Evaporative Cooling
3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.4
3.1.1 - 3.1.3
3.1.5


3.1.6
3.1.7
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2

21
21
24
25

26
26
26
28
28
29

29
29
29
29
30

4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2

4.2.1
4.2.2

4.2.3
(Wetted media)
4.2.4
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4
4.4.1

4.4.2

32
32
33
42
42
43
44
46
48
48
51
53
53
54

5
5.1
5.1

55
56

57

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Wetted media
Wetted media
Evaporative cooling
3

2
10
12
12
20
33
35
43
49

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

2542
3
Evaporative cooling
4
Wetted media

5
5
7
-
Evaporative cooling
9

11

11
14

15
direct evaporative cooling
17
Indirect evaporative cooling
18
Direct / indirect Evaporative cooling
19

Indirect/direct evaporative cooling

19

23

25

27

Wetted media
28
28

30
K
30
Memmert DO 6057
31

3.7
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19

31

31

34

36

37

38

39

40

43

44

45
(Wetted media)
46

47

47
48

49

50
Condenser Evaporator
51

52

53

54

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH
COOLNESS RECOVERY SYSTEM AND HEATING COOLING
WATER ASSISTED IN ANIMAL HOUSES

NATTHAWUD DUSSADEE, ATIPONG NANTAPHAN, PRAPAKORN
TARACHAI, CHURAT TARARUK AND TANONGKIAT KIATSIRIROAT

-------------------------------------------------------------------



2 1
2


1

26.7-28.8 oC 76.2-85.1 %

8.9 % 50.6 %
0.021-0.036 m2/m2 28.358.3 m3/h/m2 85.1-87.3 %
2
R22 1,000 30 oC
26 oC 12 ()
2.6 oC 48-52 oC 8-10
()

24.8 oC 14.8 oC 27.8 %


8.6 %


Abstract
The main objective of this research was to study the performance of evaporative
cooling that used heating cooling water produced by solar energy which functioned to
produce heat during midday and coolness during midnight. This study was divided into
two parts: (1) study of the performance of existing animal houses in order to determine
the variables in designing animal houses utilizing heating cooling water; and (2) to
develop the production system for heating cooling water through heating pipes
constructed and tested for their performance in animal houses using ground water pipes


to increase the efficiency of heat conveyance and distribution of temperature within the
animal house.
Experiment 1. This trial was conducted in private chicken laying houses in
comparison with poultry houses of Maejo University Farm. Results showed that
evaporative cooling was able to control the atmospheric temperature in animal houses at
26.7-28.8oC, relative humidity at 76.2-85.1%. Further results indicated that private animal
houses were less able to control the relative humidity than the animal houses in MJU
Farm at about 8.9% and had lower energy consumption at 50.6%. The animal houses
constructed wet screen per area at 0.021-0.036 m2/m2. Rate of expelled air per house
area was 28.3-58.3 m3/h/m2. In addition, it was found that the efficiency for cooling was
85.1-87.3%.
Experiment 2. Results indicated that production of heating cooling water
through heating pipes by using thermosiphon R22 as working substance, was able to
reduce the temperature of 1,000 liter water tank from 30oC to 26oC within a period of 12
hours (during midnight). It was able to reduce the water temperature from normal level at
about 2.6oC and produce hot water at 48-52oC within a period of 8-10 hours (midday).
Test results on the rate of heat conveyance of wet sheet showed that when the
temperature of cool water from 24.8oC to 14.8oC, the conveyance rate was increased at
27.8%. The installation of rotation system for ground water in the animal house showed
that the water rotation system was less able reduce the temperature of animal houses as
compared with animal houses having no such system and was also less able to control
the relative humidity. In addition, it has cooling efficiency of more than 8.6%, in which the
low relative humidity of air in the animal houses was more appropriate for raising animals
and the high efficiency of the animal houses was able to reduce the expenses on
electrical energy.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH
COOLNESS RECOVERY SYSTEM AND HEATING COOLING
WATER ASSISTED IN ANIMAL HOUSES

-------------------------------------------------------------------



2 1
2

ii

1

26.7-28.8 oC 76.2-85.1 %
8.9
% 50.6 %
0.021-0.036 m2/m2 28.3-58.3
m3/h/m2 85.1-87.3 %
2 R22
1,000 30 oC 26 oC
12 ( )
2.6 oC 48-52 oC 8-10 ()

24.8 oC 14.8 oC 27.8 %


8.6 %

Abstract

-1-

1.1
(Evaporative cooling)

1
5-8 3 4
80 oF 5 82 oF (, 2538)
8 62 72 74 76 78 80 82
84 oF 4,800
2,719.72 / ( , 2542)


21-24 oC
60-80 % 0.76-1.27 m/s
(, 2538)
Cooling effect

1

-2-

1.1

(4.5-6.8 )
3 4 (6.8-11.3 .)
(11.3-22.7 )
3 4 (22.7-27.2 )
(22.7-68.0 )


: (2544)

(oC)
32-35
29-32
24-29
21-27
18-24
15.6-21
15.6-24
15.6-18

(oC)
29
27
21
18
15.6
12
12
12

10-15 oC
1.1

-3-

60
M ean
M ean max.
M ean min.

(C)

50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

M ar

Apr

M ay

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

1.1 2542
:
1.1.1 Evaporative cooling

Wetted media
Evaporative Cooling
Wetted media

1.2

-4-

!!!

-
-
-
Wetted
media

!!!

Wetted
media

.
1.2 Evaporative cooling
Wetted media
1.1.2

-5-

wetted media


1.3 3 (Evaporator )
(Adiabatic) (Condenser)
2



Condenser Evaporator
h e a t s in k
condenser
s e c tio n

l iq u i d

a d ia b a t i c
s e c t io n
vapour

E v a p o ra to r
s e c tio n
h e a t s o u rc e

1.3
Heating water tank

Day as condenser

Day as evaporator

Thermosyphon
solar collector

Night as condenser

Night as evaporator

Cooling water tank

1.4

-6-

1.4
2

Evaporator
Condenser

Condenser

Evaporator Condenser
Evaporator
Condenser


()
( )


1.1.3 Coolness Recovery
Evaporative cooling


20-27 oC
6-7 oC
Wetted media

70-87 %

(Coolness recovery system)


Evaporative cooling

-7-

(Coolness Recovery System)

Wetted media Evaporative cooling


Wetted media


Wetted media
1.5





Ambient
air

Cooling water
Heating water

Heating
water tank
pump

Thermosyphon
solar collector
Cooling
water tank

pump

Animal house

Heating
space

Coolness
recovery
system

Wetted
media
Cooling
air

1.5
-

-8-

1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3

1.3

1.3.1


1.3.2


1.3.3

1.3.4

1.3.5
1.4
1.4.1 Evaporative Cooling

Wetted media
Wetted media Wetted
media Wetted media 6
Wetted media
3-12 oC (Mastalerz, 1977)
1.88 kJ/cm3 (Williams and Shumack, 1983)

-9-

1.6 Evaporative cooling

Evaporative cooling
(2543)
1.2
(
(2543), (2544), (2542), (2544),
(2538))

- 10 -

1.2

7-8 /.
12-14 /
5
.

6-9 oC 7 oC
/
3.95 .
3.62 .
0.33 .
2 .
/
0.80
0.40
0.40
4-6 %
2-4 %
2%

47
40
7
2 .

5.88 /
6.63 /
0.75 /
(2542)

1.7 1.8
27.1 oC 20.5 oC 30.5 oC
19 oC ( ) (2538)
21 oC 24 oC

- 11 -

1.7
: (2542)

1.8
: (2542)
Hellickson and Walker (1983)
Evaporative cooling Wetted media Wetted media
Corrugated cellulose 6 1.75 m/s 1.3
Wetted media 10 L/min-m
Wetted media
Wetted media 1.4

- 12 -

1.3 Wetted media

1.4 Wetted media

Watt (1963) Evaporative cooling

7.5 2.4 L/min-m2 of Wetted media (Wiersma and
Benham, 1974)
Evaporative Cooling

Wetted
media Evaporative Cooling

- 13 -

1.4.2

(2545)
(Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger) (Plate Heat
Exchanger)




(2542)
1
(Internal Rate of Return, IRR) 27.89 %

, (2542) ,
(2544)




1.4.3
Fukada et al. (1993)



3-4oC. 1.9 Kiatsiriroat, et
a.l (1998)

- 14 -

9oC Lee, et al. (1993)

Vasiliev.L.L, et al. (1993)

1.9
: Fukada et al. (1993)
Dussadee (2002)
10

26.9%wb

1 30 oC

65 oC
37-38 oC

- 15 -

Paddy
storage

1.10
: Dussadee (2002)
(2546)
PE 2,000
4 20 2 16 2
4.8 R-134a
PE 2
32 oC 19 oC 110

(2538)


(2526 )
radiative cooling
2 30.4 x 243.8
5 10
22, 26 , 28 oC

- 16 -

22, 26, 28 OC 14 , 5, 25 oC
24.00
184 W/m2 , 122 W/m2

Wetted media Evaporative
cooling
Wetted media

- 17 -

2.1 Evaporative Cooling

Evaporative cooling
(Wetted media)
Evaporative cooling
2 direct evaporative cooling Indirect evaporative cooling
2.1 2.2

2.1 direct evaporative cooling

- 18 -

2.2 Indirect evaporative cooling

Direct evaporating 2.1
Wetted media 1 (Dry side) 2 (Wetted side) Wetted
media (Latent heat)



(Psychometric) 2.3
Indirect evaporating 2.3 Primary air
Secondary air
Secondary air
Primary air (Sensible heat)
Primary air
Indirect evaporative cooling
2.3
Direct evaporative cooling
Indirect evaporative cooling Direct
evaporative cooling
Indirect/direct evaporative cooling 2.4

- 19 -

Indirect evaporative cooling Pre-cool Direct evaporative

cooling

2.3 Direct / indirect Evaporative cooling

2.4 Indirect/direct evaporative cooling

Direct evaporative cooling

() (Adiabatic)
100 % 100 %
Wetted media 100 % Direct
evaporative cooling

- 20 -

Eff

Tdb1 Tdb 2
T T x100
db1 wb1

(2.1)

Tdb1 Tdb2
Wetted media , oC
Twb1
, oC

2.1 Evaporative cooling

(Effectiveness) 65% 85% indirect
Evaporative cooling Direct Evaporative cooling (Foster, 1996)

2.1 Evaporative cooling

: Foster (1996)

- 21 -

2.2

2.5

2

condenser
1


1
evaporator 2
condenser


2

Wetted media Evaporative cooling


Wetted media








2.3
2.3.1

- 22 -

Q cond ( m C p )( To Ti )

(2.2)

( m C p ) , W/K To Ti


Q cond hA( Tc Ta )

(2.3)

h , W/m2K A
, m2 Tc Ts C
h

Lump capacity analysis

mC pw

m
Cpw
Tw
Tv
Ae
U

dTw
dt

UAe (Tw Tv )

(2.4)

, kg
, J/kgoC
, oC
, oC
, m2
, W/m2K

(2.4) (2.5)

- 23 -

t t T t t UA (T T ) t .
Tw
w e w
v
mc pw

(2.5)

(2.6)
U

Q cond
,
Ae (Tw,avg Tv,avg )

(2.6)

Condenser Condenser
(Sky radiation)
(Wet bulk temperature) 2.5

2.5

4 T4 )
Q rad A( Tsky
s

A
Tsky
Ts

Emittance,

condenser, m2
, K
Condenser, K

(2.7)

- 24 -

Swimbank (1963) (Tsky)

(Tair)
T sky 0 . 0552T air1. 2

(2.8)

Whillier (1967)

T sky T air 6

(2.9)

(2.8) 30 oC
(2.9) 20oC
2.3.2


14o 18o
65-100
Evaporator
Condenser



f
mCp (T T i )
hi ,
ho

G A
T

m
Cp
Tho
Thi
A
GT

, kg
, kJ/kg-oC
, oC
, oC
, m2
, kJ/m2

(2.10)

- 25 -

2.3.3

(Effectiveness: E )
2.6
E

Q
Q max

Q m h Cp h T hi T ho

(2.11)
Q m c Cp c T co T ci
Q max m Cp

Q
T

Cp

min T hi

T ci

(W)
(C)
(J/kg C)

Subscripts

c
i

Tco

Tci, mc

Heat
Exchanger

Thi, mh

Tho

2.6

- 26 -

3



3.1
3.1.1 Evaporative
Cooling
Evaporative Cooling


Wetted media
Wetted media
wetted media




3.1.2



3.1

- 27 -

3.1
Wetted Media Evaporative Cooling

Wetted media 3.2

Wetted media
Wetted media

- 28 -

Flow
meter

wetted
media

pump

3.2 Wetted media

P

flow mixer

T
P

T
P
radiator

T
P
orifice plate
T temperature measurement

T
P
flow mixer
s

blower

heater

P pressure measurement

3.3
3.1.3

3.1.4
3.1.1 - 3.1.3

- 29 -

3.1.5

3.1.6

3.1.7
3.2
3.2.1

(Energy Auditing)
Evaporative Cooling

3
76

- 30 -

3.4
3.2.2
1.

K
0.1C

3.5 K

- 31 -

2. (Data logger)
Memmert DO 6057 1 oC

3.6 Memmert DO 6057

3 (Digital AC Clamp Meter)

3.7
4
Testo 425
0.1

3.8

- 32 -

4


3
1
2

3

1
4.1
4.1.1

76




4.1 3
2

- 33 -

3
1
4.1 3

50 x 10 m2

50 x 10 m2

50 x 10 m2

4 ,120 cm ,
1 hp/
1 , 1 hp
1.8 x 10 m2
6,400

5 , 120 cm ,
1 hp/
2 ,0.5 hp/
1.8 x 3.9 m2/
4,608

4 , 120 cm ,
1 hp/
2 ,0.5 hp/
1.75 x 3 m2/
1,141

4.1.2


0.021-0.036 m2/m2
4.2

3.58 m/s 14,575.98 m3/h-
2 29,151.96 m3/h
58.30 m3/h-m2

- 34 -

7,082.50
m3/h- 2 14,165 m3/h
28.33 m3/h/m2

10,715 m3/h- 2 21,430 m3/h
42.86 m3/h-m2

28 %

4.1

24-25 oC
4.2

3
26.7 0C - 28.8 0C
4.3 30.0-37.4 0C
0.073-0.108 0C/m

- 35 -

4.2

m3/h/m2

( ) 0C

0
C

0
C/m

m2/m2

kWh/day

58.30

24.3

23.3

1.0

37.4

26.3

28.4 31.7

28.5

0.108

76.2

0.036

87.3

29.54

28.33

25.4

24.1

1.3

30.0

24.8

26.5 28.7

26.7

0.073

85.5

0.028

85.1

59.68

42.86

24.6

24.5

0.1

34.2

25.7

26.6 28.9

27.1

0.106

85.1

0.021

86.1

52.82

 (0C)

- 36 -

26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21

9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00
( )

( 0C)

.
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15

9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

()

.
25.5

( 0C)

25.0
24.5
24.0
23.5

23.0
9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 14:00 14:40 15:20 16:00 16:40
()

.
4.2

- 37 -

40

(0C)

35
30
25
20
15

10
5
0
9:00

9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00

( 0C)

.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00

( C)

.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 14:00 14:40 15:20 16:00 16:40

( )

.
4.3

- 38 -

41 oC 29.3oC
12.8oC
5.4 oC
10.04 oC
28.82oC 0.108 oC/m
38.6 oC
13:40-15:20 . 27.4 oC
8.25 oC
3.65 oC
6.21oC 26.7oC
0.073 oC/m
38.1 oC
13:40 16:40 . 27.3oC
8.27 oC
5.3oC
6.4oC
27.07 oC 0.106 oC/m
4.4
(0C)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5

9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00
( )

4.4

- 39 -

76.2-85.1 % 4.5


39.6 % 82.9 %
76.2 %
6.7 %
4.6

59.1 % 91.4 %
85.5 %

47.14 % 91.62 %
85.07 %

(%RH)

100
80
60
40

20
0
9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

4.5

17:00

 (RH%)

- 40 -

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00

.
(RH%)

100
80
60
40

20
0
9:00

10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

(RH%)

100
80
60
40
20

0
9:00 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 14:00 14:40 15:20 16:00 16:40
( )

.
4.6

- 41 -

87.3 %
85.1 % 86.1 %

1.
2 2 3 21.110C 25.560C
26.670C (
)
2.
2 2 3 4 21.110C 25.560C
26.670C 26.670C (
)

2 1 20:00 .
8:00 . 24 1 12
1 3.6 1
29.54 kW-h/d 10,782 kW-h/y
2.98 /kW-h
32,130.4
59.68 kW-h/d
21,783 kW-h/y 2.98 /kW-h
64,913.3

- 42 -

52.82
kW-h/d 19,279 kW-h/y 2.98 /kW-h
57,451.4

27.1-28.5 oC ( )
76.2-85.1 %

50.6 %
9.3 %

2

4.2

4.2.1

2
Evaporator Condenser

Condenser
Evaporator
Condenser
Evaporator
Condenser

- 43 -

()
( )

Heating water tank

Day as condenser

Day as evaporator

Thermosyphon
solar collector

Night as condenser

Night as evaporator

Cooling water tank

4.7
4.3

Condenser
Evaporator

1.15 x 2.15 m2
0.65 x 1.2 m2

2.47 m2
0.78 m2
/
8 in2
8 in2

R22
R22

% 50
4.2.2


24-38 oC
1,000 30 oC
26 oC 12

- 44 -

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20

17:30:00
22:10:00
02:50:00
07:30:00
12:10:00
16:50:00
21:30:00
02:10:00
06:50:00
11:30:00
16:10:00
20:50:00
01:30:00
06:10:00
10:50:00
15:30:00

(0C)

2.6 oC

48-52 oC
8-10 ()

()

4.8
4.2.3 (Wetted media)

40x40 ANSI/ASHRAE
.

- 45 -

4.9


1
1.5-2 /

- 46 -

500-2,000 24.8 oC 14.8 oC

26 oC 2 m/s
( 543.3 752.5 27.8 %
(UA, W/K) 509.4 664.0 W/K

4000
Tai = 26 C, Tw i = 24.8 C

3500

Tai = 38 C, Tw i = 24.8 C
Tai = 26 C, Tw i = 14.8 C

3000

Q (W)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

v (m/s)

4.10 (Wetted media)

4.2.4

ANSI/ASHRAE
.
4.11


4.12

4.13

- 47 -

4.11

4.12

- 48 -

4.13











3

4.3
4.3.1
4.1-4.2

- 49 -

4.4



4.4

3.5 x 9 m2

1 ,96 cm , 1 hp/

1 , 1 hp

1.8 x 3 m2

4.14

- 50 -

4.15

- 51 -

4.3.2

Condenser 1.15 m. x
2.15 m. 2.47 m2 Condenser
2 Evaporator
0.65 m. x 1.2 m.
0.78 m2 4.16 0.7 m.
1.3 m. 1.10 m. 1,110

Condenser

Evaporator

4.16 Condenser Evaporator

- 52 -

Fan

Valve

Temperature
control box

Hot
water

Cold
water

Temp
sensor
Water ground tube
Water
pump

Cooling pad

Valve

Return line

suction
pump

4.17



.

1 oC

1 oC

1 o C

- 53 -

4.4
4.4.1



15-17 oC
2
19.7 20.1 oC
4


5.8 %


8.2%

40.0

Temperature (C)

35.0

Tw

Th_without return

Ta

Th_with return

30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0

6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00

5.0
Time

4.18

- 54 -

4.4.2

45-50 oC

27 oC 27 1 o C
100 /
27.3 o C 28.8 oC 26.2 oC

60.0

Ta

Thouse

Tset

Twater

Temperature (C)

50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0

18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00

10.0
Time

4.19

- 55 -

5.1




R22 50 %


2 1

26.7-28.8 oC
76.2-85.1 %
8.9 %
50.6 % 0.021-0.036 m2/m2
28.3-58.3 m3/h/m2
85.1-87.3 % 2 1


1,000 30 oC 26
o
C 12 ( )
2.6 oC
48-52 oC 8-10
()

24.8 oC 14.8 oC
26 oC 2 m/s

- 56 -

27.8 % (UA, W/K) 509.4

664.0 W/K




5.8 % 8.6 %



5.2

1.


2.

3.

- 57 -

(2538). . .

(2526).
Radiative
Colling. 4 .
(- ) . 13-16 2526.
.87 98
(2542).
.
.
(2543). . .
8 90
(2543). . .
8 89.
(2543). . .
27 108.

(2543).
. 27 106.
(2544). .
8 93.
Dussadee, N. (2002). Design of Heat Pipe for Reduction of Heat Accumulation in a
Thermosyphon Paddy Bulk Storage, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Joint Graduate
School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology
Thonburi.
Fukuda M., F. Tsuchiya., K.Ryokai., M. Mochizuki, and K.Mashiko. (1993). Development
of an artificial permafrost storage using heat pipes. Proceedings of 7th
International Heat Pipe Conference, Vol. 2, Begell House, U.S.A., pp.305-317.

- 58 -

Foster, R.E. (1996). Evaporative Air Conditioning Fundamentals: Environmental &

Economic Benefits Worldwide, Proceeding of the International Institute of
Refrigeration Conference, Denmark, pp.1.6-1.10.
Hellickson M.A and Walker J.N (1983). Ventilation of Agricultural Structures. ASAE
Kiatsiriroat T., N. Lakdee and T. Roongrojwattana., (1998). Heat Extraction from ground
with heat pipes. 12th Mechanical Engineering Seminar, Chulalongkorn
University, November, Bangkok, Thailand.
Lee Y. and C.Z. Wu., (1993). Use of two-phase closed thermosyphon in concrete
curing process: comparison of analysis and experiment . Proceedings of 7th
International heat pipe conference, Vol. 2, Begell House, U.S.A., pp.319-325.
Mastalerz, J.W. (1977). EvaporativeCooling, P20-29. In : Mastalerz, J.W. The
Greenhouse Environment. United State of America : The Pennsylvania State
University.
Williams, G.S. and Shumack, R.L. (1983). Cooling Greenhouse. In: Williams, G.S.;
Shumack, R.L. , Greenhouse flowers and bedding plants for Agribusiness
studies. United State of American : The interstate Printer & Publishers, Inc.
Watt, JR. (1963). Evaporative Air Conditioning. The Industry Press.
Wiersma F. and S.Benham. (1974). Design Criteria for Evaporative Cooling. ASAE paper
NO. 74 4527, ASAE, St.Joseph, MI 4980.
Josef Tanny and Shabtai Cohen , (2002). Screenhouse Microclimate and ventilation an
Experimental
G.Desmaraisand C.Ratti,1998, Heattranfer Modelling of screenhoues ,McGill
University,Canada
Kiatsiriroat T. and N. Dussadee.,(2001). Reduction of Heat Accumulated in
Thermosyphon-Paddy Bulk Storage. Int. J. Ambient Energy, Vol.22, No.1,
pp.12-18.

- 59 -

Rossel H.W,1979, A New and economical screehouse for virus research in topical
areas, FAO. Plant Protect,Bull,pp.74-76
Simmons,J.D. and Lott ,B.D.,(1996). Evaporative Cooling Performance Resulting From
Changes In Water Temperature Applied Engineering in
Agriculture,Vol.12,No.4,pp.497-500

iv

A
Ap
C pa

hw

HL
ht

hL
hs

i
m

m aout

n
P
Q

Tdb1
Tdb2
Twb1
Ta
t
Vevap

Vk

w
Va

hw

()


,

Wetted media

m2
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg
KJ/kg
KJ/kg
KJ/kg
kg
m3/s

cfm
0
C
0
C
0
C
K

m/s
fpm
kg/kg
m3
kg/m 3