Unit 1 Feedback Amplifiers

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com
Introduction to feedback amplifier

Feedback: Is the process where by a portion of the output is returned to
the input to form a part of the system excitation.
Open-Loop Amplifier
Closed loop Amplifier
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Types
Positive Feedback (oscillators)
Negative Feedback (Amplifiers)
Why feedback?
The feedback improve the frequency response and make the
amplifier more stable
The feedback improve the sensitivity of the amplifier
The feedback decrease the nonlinear distortion.
The feedback decrease the noise effect on the amplifier
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Block diagram of amplifier with feedback
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General Feedback Structure
Open loop gain & closed loop gain are
X0
A
Xi
Af
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X0
Xs
X i X s + (- X f )
X0
X0
Af
X s Xi X f
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Dividing the numerator and denominator by
Af
Xi
X0 / Xi
( Xi X f ) / Xi
A
Af
1 X f / X i
Af
A
1
Xo
Xo
Xi
A
Af
1 A
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Gain De-sensitivity
Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the

basic amplifiler.
Assume is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,
ACL
A
1 A
dACL
1
dA
or
dA
CL
dA
(1 A ) 2
(1 A ) 2
Differential respected with A
Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL
dA
(1 A )
1 dA
ACL (1 A ) 2
A
1 A A
This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

feedback amount.
(1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.
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Bandwidth improvement
Af
A
1 A
We can write
Afmid
Amid
1 Amid
Aflow
Aflow
---2
1 Aflow
Afhigh
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-----1
Afhigh
1 Afhigh
---3
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Lower cutoff frequency
Alow
1
Amid 1 j f L
f
Alow
Amid
1 j
fL
f
Substituting the value of Alow in equation 2
A flow
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A mid
f
1 j L
f
A
mid
fL
(1 j
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A flow
Amid
fL
(1 Amid ) j
f
A flow
Amid
1 Amid
fL
1 j
(
1
)
f
mid
Aflow
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Afmid
fL
1 j
(
1
)
f
mid
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Aflow
Afmid
f Lf
1 j
f
Lower cutoff frequency is given by
f Lf
fL
(1 Amid )
Upper cutoff frequency
Ahigh
Amid
1
f
1 j
fH
Ahigh
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Amid
f
1 j
fH
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Substituting the value of
Afhigh
Ahigh
in equation 3
Amid
f
1 j
fH
A
mid
f
(1 j
fH
Dividing numerator and denominator by
A fhigh
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Amid
1 Amid
f
1 j
(1 Amid ) f H
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A fhigh
A fmid
f
1 j
(
1
)
f
mid
H
Afhigh
Afmid
f
1 j
f Hf
where upper cutoff frequency with feedback is given as
f Hf (1 Amid ) f H
Bandwidth = Upper cutoff frequency lower cutoff frequency
BW f (1 Amid ) f H
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fL
(1 Amid )
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Effect of negative feedback on gain and bandwidth
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Basic Feedback Topologies

Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified and
form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be classified into
four categories. Depending on the amplifier category, one of four types of
feedback structures should be used.
(Type of Feedback)
(Type of Sensing)
Series (Voltage)
Shunt (Voltage)
Series (Voltage)
Series (Current)
Shunt (Current)
Shunt (Voltage)
Shunt (Current)
Series (Current)
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Figure 8.4 The four basic feedback topologies: (a) voltage-mixing voltage-sampling
(seriesshunt) topology; (b) current-mixing current-sampling (shuntseries) topology; (c)
voltage-mixing current-sampling (seriesseries) topology; (d) current-mixing voltage-16
sampling (shuntshunt) topology.www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Seriesshunt feedback amplifier
The seriesshunt feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure and

(b) equivalent circuit.
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Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled

voltage source
Requires high input impedance, low
output impedance
Voltage-voltage feedback
Voltage Gain Calculation:
Vo A Vi
Vo
Vi
V f Vo
And, we get
V A
Vo s
1 A
Vs Vi (1 A )
V
Vs Vi V f o Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
Af
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Vo A
Vs 1 A
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Input Resistance (Series-Shunt)

Input Resistance:
Vs Vs
Rif
I i Vi
Ri
Vs
Vi AVi
Rif Ri
Ri
Ii
Vi
Vs
Vi
(1 A)
In general input impedance can be written as
Z if ( s ) Z i ( s )1 A( s ) ( s )
Rif Ri (1 A)
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Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)

To find output resistance Rof , put Vs = 0 and apply test voltage
at output
Vt
Rof
I
Measuring the output resistance of the feedback amplifier
Vt AVi
R0
Since Vs =0,
Vi V f Vo Vt
V Vt A
I t
R0
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Rof
R0
1 A
Z 0 f (s)
Z 0 (s)
1 A( s) ( s)
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Practical seriesshunt feedback amplifier.
Derivation of the A circuit and b circuit for the seriesshunt feedback amplifier. (a)
Block diagram of a practical seriesshunt feedback amplifier. (b) The circuit in (a)
with the feedback network represented by its h parameters.
Continued) (c) The circuit in (b) with h21 neglected.
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seriesshunt feedback amplifier.
V0
Vi
V1 ( R1 R2 ) // RL
V0
( R1 R2 ) // RL r0
V1
R id V i
( R s R id R1 // R 2 )
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seriesshunt feedback amplifier.
Rid Vi
( R1 R2 ) // RL
( R1 R2 ) // RL r0 ( Rs Rid R1 // R2 )
Vf
V0
Af
R1
R1 R2
V0
A
Vs 1 A
Rif Ri (1 A )
Ri Rs Rid R1 // R2
Rin Rif Rs
Rof
R0
1 A
R0 r0 // RL //( R1 R2 )
Rof Rout // RL
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seriesseries feedback amplifier
The seriesseries feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure and (b) equivalent
circuit.
Transconductance gain
Vf Io
Io
A
Vi
Af
Io A

Vs 1 A
Rif Ri (1 A)
Measuring the output resistance of the feedback amplifier
To find output resistance Rof , put Vs = 0 and apply test voltage at output
Rof
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It
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Measuring the output resistance Rof of the seriesseries feedback amplifier.

Since Vs =0,
Vi V f I o I t
V ( I t AVi ) R0 ( I t A I t ) R0
Rof R0 (1 A)
Series series Circuits
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Vc1
( Rc1 // r 2 )
Vi
re1 [ RE1 //( RE 2 RF )]
Vc 2
g m 2 {Rc 2 //(h fe 1)[re3 ( RE 2 //( RE1 RF ))]}
Vc1
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Io
I
1
e3
Vc 2 Vb 3 re3 [ RE 2 //( RE1 RF )]
Io
Vi
Vf
Io

Io A
Af

Vs 1 A
RE 2
RE 2
R E1
R E1 R F
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Voltage gain is
Vo I c Rc 3 I 0 Rc 3
A f Rc 3
Vs
Vs
Vs
Rif Ri (1 A)
Measuring the output resistance of the feedback amplifier To find output resistance Rof , put Vs =
0 and apply test voltage at output
Ri ( h fe 1)[ re1 ( RE1 //( RF RE 2 ))]

Ro [ RE 2 //( RF RE1 )] re 3
Rc 2
h fet 1
Rof R0 (1 A)
Rout r0 (1 g m 3 r0 )( Rof // r 3 )
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Ideal structure for the shuntshunt feedback amplifier.
Vo
Af
Is
Rif

A
A f
1 A
Ri
(1 A)
R0
Rof
(1 A)
Block diagram for a practical shuntshunt feedback amplifier.
Rin
1
1
1

Rif Rs
Rout
1
1
1
of RL
34
Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing voltage-sampling (shuntshunt)

feedback amplifier
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shuntshunt) feedback amplifier
V I i ( Rs // R f // r )
Ri ( Rs // R f // r )
V0 g mV ( R f // Rc )
V0
A
g m ( R f // Rc )( Rs // R f // r )
Vi
Ro ( R f // Rc )
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shuntshunt) feedback amplifier
If
Vo
1
Rf

Af
Vo A
I s 1 A
Rif
Ri
(1 A)
Rof
R0
(1 A)
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Ideal structure for the shuntseries feedback amplifier.
Io
Af
Is
Ri
Rif
(1 A)

I
A
A f o
I s 1 A
Rof R0 (1 A)
38
Block diagram for a practical shuntseries feedback amplifier.
Rin
1
1
1

Rif Rs
Rout Rof RL
39
Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing current-sampling

(shuntseries) feedback amplifier .
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shuntseries) feedback amplifier .
V 1 I i Rs //( RE 2 R f ) // RB // r 1
Vb 2 g m1V 1 ro1 // Rc1 //[ r 2 ( 1)( RE 2 // R f )]

Io
Vb 2
re 2 ( RE 2 // R f )
41
I
A o
Ii
Voltage gain is
If
Ri Rs //( RE 2 R f ) // RB // r 1
R // r
Ri ( RE 2 // R f ) re 2 c1 o1
1
RE 2
Io
RE 2 R f
Ri
Rif
(1 A)
Rin
1
1
1

Rif Rs
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Io
A
Af
I s 1 A
I out I out
Rc 2
Ic
Rc 2
Io
I in
Is
Rc 2 RL I s Rc 2 RL I s
Rof R0 (1 A)
Rout ro 2 [1 g m 2 ( r 2 // Rof )]
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44
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The Stability Problem

Closed-loop transfer function is similar to the one of the
middle band gain.
The condition for negative feedback to oscillate
L( j ) A( j ) ( j ) 1
Any right-half-plane poles results in instability.
Amplifier with a single-pole is unconditionally stable.
Amplifier with two-pole is also unconditionally stable.
Amplifier with more than two poles has the possibility to be
unstable.
Stability study using bode plot
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The Definitions of the Gain and Phase margins

Gain margin represents
the amount by which the
loop gain can be
increased while stability
is maintained.
Unstable and
oscillatory
Stable and nonoscillatory
Only when the phase
margin exceed 45 or
gain margin exceed 6dB,
can the amplifier be
stable.
47
Stability analysis using

Bode plot of |A|.
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Stability Analysis Using Bode Plot of |A|

Gain margin and phase margin
The horizontal line of inverse of feedback factor in dB.
A rule of thumb:
The closed-loop amplifier will be stable if the 20log(1/)
line intersects the 20log|A| curve at a point on the
20dB/decade segment.
The general rule states:
At the intersection of 20log[1/ | (j)| ] and 20log |A(j)|
the difference of slopes should not exceed 20dB/decade.
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Frequency Compensation
The purpose is to modifying the open-loop transfer
function of an amplifier having three or more poles so
that the closed-loop amplifier is stable for any desired
value of closed-loop gain.
Theory of frequency compensation is the enlarge the
20dB/decade line.
Implementation
Capacitance Cc added
Miller compensation and pole splitting
50
Two cascaded gain stages of a multistage amplifier.

Equivalent circuit for the interface between the two stages in (a).
Same circuit as in (b) but with a compensating capacitor C
C added.
51
Frequency compensation for = 102. The response labeled A is obtained by

introducing an additional pole at fD. The A response is obtained by moving the
original low-frequency pole to f D.
52
A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a compensating capacitor

connected in the feedback path
An equivalent circuit.
53

Unit 1 Feedback Amplifiers

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Unit 1 Feedback Amplifiers

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www.Vidyarthiplus.

Introduction to feedback amplifier

Closed loop Amplifier

Block diagram of amplifier with feedback

General Feedback Structure

Open loop gain & closed loop gain are

Dividing the numerator and denominator by

Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the

Differential respected with A

Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

Lower cutoff frequency

Substituting the value of Alow in equation 2

Lower cutoff frequency is given by

Upper cutoff frequency

Substituting the value of

Dividing numerator and denominator by

where upper cutoff frequency with feedback is given as

Effect of negative feedback on gain and bandwidth

Basic Feedback Topologies

Seriesshunt feedback amplifier

The seriesshunt feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure and

Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled

Voltage Gain Calculation:

Input Resistance (Series-Shunt)

Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)

Practical seriesshunt feedback amplifier.

Continued) (c) The circuit in (b) with h21 neglected.

seriesshunt feedback amplifier.

seriesshunt feedback amplifier.

seriesseries feedback amplifier

Measuring the output resistance Rof of the seriesseries feedback amplifier.

Series series Circuits

Series series Circuits

Series series Circuits

(Close Loop Voltage Gain)

Ri ( h fe 1)[ re1 ( RE1 //( RF RE 2 ))]

Ideal structure for the shuntshunt feedback amplifier.

(Close Loop Voltage Gain)

Block diagram for a practical shuntshunt feedback amplifier.

Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing voltage-sampling (shuntshunt)

shuntshunt) feedback amplifier

shuntshunt) feedback amplifier

(Close Loop Voltage Gain)

Ideal structure for the shuntseries feedback amplifier.

(Close Loop Voltage Gain)

Block diagram for a practical shuntseries feedback amplifier.

Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing current-sampling

shuntseries) feedback amplifier .

Vb 2 g m1V 1 ro1 // Rc1 //[ r 2 ( 1)( RE 2 // R f )]

shuntseries) feedback amplifier .

shuntseries) feedback amplifier .

shuntseries) feedback amplifier .

The Stability Problem

Stability study using bode plot

The Definitions of the Gain and Phase margins

Stability analysis using

Stability Analysis Using Bode Plot of |A|

Two cascaded gain stages of a multistage amplifier.

Frequency compensation for = 102. The response labeled A is obtained by

A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a compensating capacitor

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