DNA Structure and Repliation, Transcription and Replication and Photosynthesis

1.
Which of the following are connected by hydrogen bonds?

A.
Hydrogen to oxygen within a molecule of water
B.
Phosphate to sugar in a DNA molecule
C.
Base to sugar in a DNA molecule
D.
Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water

(Total 1 mark)
2.
The percentage of thymine in the DNA of an organism is approximately 30%. What is the
percentage of guanine?
A.
70%
B.
30%
C.
40%
D.
20%
(Total 1 mark)
3.
What does a nucleosome consist of ?

A.
DNA and histones
B.
DNA and chromatin
C.
Chromatin and nucleotides
D.
Mature RNA and histones

(Total 1 mark)
IB Questionbank Biology
4.
Which base is connected to its complementary base in a base pair by three hydrogen bonds?
A.
Uracil
B.
Thymine
C.
Guanine
D.
Adenine
(Total 1 mark)
5.
Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA?

A.
Ribose
B.
Uracil
C.
Phosphate
D.
Amino acid
(Total 1 mark)
6.
The diagram below shows one DNA nucleotide and part of a second nucleotide.
(a)
State the names of structures I and II.

I. ..................................................................................................................................
II. .................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
On the diagram above, draw the structures that are missing from the second nucleotide.
(1)
(c)
The two nucleotides would be permanently separated during DNA replication. State one
process during which they would be temporarily separated.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Outline the method that can be used to amplify small quantities of DNA to obtain large
enough quantities for DNA profiling.
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
7.
The diagram below shows two nucleotides linked together to form a dinucleotide.
(a)
(i)
Identify the chemical group labelled I.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State the type of bond labelled II.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA during transcription.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Compare the DNA found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
8.
The following diagram shows a short stretch of DNA. What bases are indicated by labels Y and
Z?
A.
thymine
adenine
B.
thymine
guanine
C.
uracil
guanine
D.
uracil
adenine
(Total 1 mark)
9.
Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram?
A.
phosphate, deoxyribose and nitrogenous base
B.
phosphorus, ribose and nitrogenous base
C.
phosphorus, deoxyribose and guanosine
D.
phosphate, ribose and guanine

(Total 1 mark)
10.
The graph below shows the effect of temperature on the separation of the strands in DNA to
form single strands. The temperature at which 50% of the DNA is single-stranded is called the
melting temperature (TM).
What do the results show?

A.
When the temperature reaches 85C there are no more double-stranded DNA molecules.
B.
When the temperature reaches 85C the DNA strands start separating rapidly.
C.
A TM of 85C means that DNA is not stable at room temperature (25C).
D.
The separation of the DNA strands is directly proportional to the increase in temperature.
(Total 1 mark)
11.
Which of the following forms the nucleosome?

A.
DNA and histone molecules
B.
DNA only
C.
RNA and histone molecules
D.
Histone molecules only

(Total 1 mark)
12.
Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a)
Most of the DNA of a human cell is contained in the nucleus. Distinguish between unique
and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA.
(5)
(b)
Draw a labelled diagram to show four DNA nucleotides, each with a different base,
linked together in two strands.
(5)
(c)
Explain the methods and aims of DNA profiling.

(8)
(Total 20 marks)
13.
(a)
Outline the bonding between DNA nucleotides.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain how chemical bonding between water molecules makes water a valuable coolant
in living organisms.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
State a word equation for anaerobic cell respiration in humans.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
14.
The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.
Bases
A/%
G/%
C/%
T/%
DNA
31.8
18.4
18.2
31.3
Bases
A/%
G/%
C/%
U/%
RNA
24.9
29.8
24.7
20.6
What is the reason for the difference between these figures?

A.
DNA is only found in the nucleus but RNA is found throughout the cell.
B.
DNA is made entirely of double helix but RNA is not.
C.
In DNA, bases A and T are complementary but in RNA, bases A and C are
complementary.
D.
RNA comes in three forms but DNA only comes in one form.
(Total 1 mark)
15.
(2)
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram to show how two nucleotides are joined together in a single
strand of DNA.
(3)
(b)
Outline a basic technique for gene transfer.

(6)
(c)
Explain the process of translation.

(9)
(Total 20 marks)
10
16.
In the model of the DNA molecule shown below, which arrows point to covalent bonds?
A.
I, II and III only
B.
II, III and IV only
C.
I, III and IV only
D.
I, II and IV only
(Total 1 mark)
17.
What is the distinction between highly repetitive DNA sequences and single-copy genes?
A.
The highly repetitive sequences have greater amounts of guanine.
B.
The highly repetitive sequences have greater amounts of cytosine.
C.
The highly repetitive sequences are not transcribed.
D.
The highly repetitive sequences are not replicated.

(Total 1 mark)
11
18.
(2)
(a)
Distinguish between RNA and DNA.

(3)
(b)
Explain the process of DNA replication.

(8)
(c)
Outline how enzymes catalyse reactions.

(7)
(Total 20 marks)
19.
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram showing two different complementary pairs of nucleotides in a

molecule of DNA.
(4)
(b)
Outline the structure of nucleosomes.

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
12
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain primary structures and tertiary structures of an enzyme.

......................................................................................................................................
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
20.
What are Okazaki fragments?

A.
Short lengths of RNA primase attached to the DNA during replication
B.
Short sections of DNA formed during DNA replication
C.
Nucleotides added by DNA polymerase I in the same direction as the replication fork
D.
Sections of RNA removed by DNA polymerase III and replaced with DNA
(Total 1 mark)
13
21.
Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of the leading strand?
[Source: image from W K Purves, et al., (2003) Life: The Science of Biology, 4, Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and W H Freeman (www.whfreeman.com)]
A.
RNA polymerase
B.
Helicase
C.
DNA polymerase
D.
Ligase
(Total 1 mark)
22.
(2)
(a)
Explain why DNA must be replicated before mitosis and the role of helicase in DNA
replication.
(4)
(b)
Explain how the base sequence of DNA is conserved during replication.

(5)
(c)
Describe the events that occur during mitosis.

(9)
(Total 20 marks)
14
23.
What is the reason for Okazaki fragments being formed during DNA replication?
A.
To enable replication of the 3 5 (lagging) strand
B.
To form the template for the RNA primers
C.
To initiate replication on the 5 3 (leading) strand
D.
To help the DNA helicase unwinding the DNA helix

(Total 1 mark)
24.
What happens during the formation of Okazaki fragments?

A.
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 3 5 direction.
B.
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5 3 direction.
C.
DNA polymerase I adds nucleotides in the 5 3 direction.
D.
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 3 5 direction.

(Total 1 mark)
25.
What is replicated by a semi-conservative process?

A.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) only
B.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) only
C.
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and DNA only
D.
DNA only
(Total 1 mark)
15
26.
(2)
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram showing the ultra-structure of a liver cell.

(4)
(b)
Distinguish between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

(6)
(c)
Explain prokaryotic DNA replication.

(8)
(Total 20 marks)
27.
What principle is necessary to preserve the sequence of DNA during replication?

A.
Base pairing is complementary.
B.
One gene codes for one polypeptide.
C.
Substrates are specific to enzymes.
D.
The genetic code is universal.

(Total 1 mark)
16
28.
The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule that is being replicated.
Where would DNA polymerase link the next nucleotide during replication?
A.
B.
II
C.
III
D.
IV
(Total 1 mark)
17
29.
The diagram shows part of a molecule produced by replication of DNA. What is the
significance of the shaded and the unshaded regions?
A.
The shaded parts are DNA and the unshaded parts are mRNA.
B.
The shaded parts contain adenine and thymine and the unshaded parts contain guanine
and cytosine.
C.
The shaded part is a codon and unshaded part is an anticodon.
D.
One of the parts has been newly synthesized and the other was part of a pre-existing DNA
molecule.
(Total 1 mark)
30.
Which enzyme removes the RNA primer during replication?

A.
RNA primase
B.
DNA polymerase I
C.
DNA ligase
D.
Helicase
(Total 1 mark)
18
31.
(a)
State the type of bonds that

(i)
connect base pairs in a DNA molecule.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
link DNA nucleotides into a single strand.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Distinguish between DNA and RNA nucleotides by giving two differences in the
chemical structure of the molecules.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of translation.

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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
19
32.
The diagram below represents part of the DNA molecule.
What are the parts labelled I, II and III?
II
III
A.
hydrogen bond
base
deoxyribose
B.
hydrogen bond
deoxyribose
phosphate group
C.
covalent bond
base
deoxyribose
D.
covalent bond
deoxyribose
phosphate group
(Total 1 mark)
33.
The sequence of nucleotides in a section of RNA is:

GCCAUACGAUCG
What is the base sequence of the DNA sense strand?
A.
CGGUAUGCUAGC
B.
GCCATACGATCG
C.
CGGTATGCTAGC
D.
GCCAUACGAUCG
(Total 1 mark)
20
34.
Where does the RNA polymerase bind during the process of transcription?
A.
The polysome
B.
The operator
C.
The promoter
D.
The initiator
(Total 1 mark)
35.
What sequence of processes is carried out by the structure labelled X during translation?
A.
Combining with an amino acid and then binding to an anticodon
B.
Binding to an anticodon and then combining with an amino acid
C.
Binding to a codon and then combining with an amino acid
D.
Combining with an amino acid and then binding to a codon

(Total 1 mark)
21
36.
In some people, hemoglobin always contains the amino acid valine in place of a glutamic acid at
one position in the protein. What is the cause of this?
A.
An error in transcription of the hemoglobin gene
B.
An error in translation of the mRNA
C.
Lack of glutamic acid in the diet
D.
A base substitution in the hemoglobin gene

(Total 1 mark)
37.
What is removed during the formation of mature RNA in eukaryotes?

A.
Exons
B.
Introns
C.
Codons
D.
Nucleosomes
(Total 1 mark)
22
38.
The table below shows the codons that determine different amino acids in protein translation.
First base
Second base in codon
Third base
in codon
in codon
Phe
Ser
Tyr
Cys
Phe
Ser
Tyr
Cys
Leu
Ser
Leu
Ser
Trp
Leu
Pro
His
Arg
Leu
Pro
His
Arg
Leu
Pro
Gln
Arg
Leu
Pro
Gln
Arg
Ile
Thr
Asn
Ser
Ile
Thr
Asn
Ser
Ile
Thr
Lys
Arg
Met
Thr
Lys
Arg
Val
Ala
Asp
Gly
Val
Ala
Asp
Gly
Val
Ala
Glu
Gly
Val
Ala
Glu
Gly
What is the sequence of the amino acids that is being translated from the following mRNA
sequence?
5 AUGGGUGCUUAUUGGUAA 3
A.
Met-Pro-Arg-Ile-Thr
B.
Met-Cys-Ser-Tyr-Trp
C.
Met-Gly-Ala-Tyr-Trp
D.
Met-Gly-Tyr-Ala-Thr
(Total 1 mark)
23
39.
What does the universal nature of the genetic code allow?

A.
Change of genetic code in the same species
B.
Transfer of genes between species
C.
Formation of clones
D.
Infection by bacteria
(Total 1 mark)
40.
(2)
(a)
Eukaryotic cells have intracellular and extracellular components. State the functions of
one named extracellular component.
(4)
(b)
Outline, with an example, the process of exocytosis.

(5)
(c)
Translation occurs in living cells. Explain how translation is carried out, from the
initiation stage onwards.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
41.
(2)
(a)
Outline the structure of a ribosome.

(4)
(b)
Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins with reference to one example of each
protein type.
(6)
24
25
(c)
Explain the role of auxin in phototropism.

(8)
(Total 20 marks)
42.
Rice (Oryza sativa) is usually intolerant to sustained submergence under water, although it
grows rapidly in height for a few days before dying. This is true for one variety, Oryza sativa
japonica. The variety Oryza sativa indica is much more tolerant to submergence.
Three genetically modified forms of O. sativa japonica, GMFA, GMFB and GMFC, were made
using different fragments of DNA taken from O. sativa indica.
The plants were then submerged for a period of 11 days. The heights of all the plants were
measured at the beginning and at the end of the submergence period.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like
gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice. Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705708. Copyright 2006.
http://www.nature.com/]
26
(a)
(i)
State which group of rice plants were the shortest at the beginning of the
experiment.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the percentage change in height for the O. sativa japonica unmodified
variety during the submergence period. Show your working.
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain how the error bars can be used to compare the results for O. sativa indica.
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Deduce the general relationship between the growth of all the japonica varieties and their
stated tolerance level.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
27
(d)
Outline the use of the binomial system of nomenclature in Oryza sativa.

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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
In the same experiment, the researchers hypothesized that the capacity to survive when
submerged is related to the presence of three genes very close to each other on rice chromosome
number 9; these genes were named Sub1A, Sub1B and Sub1C. The photograph below of part of
a gel shows relative amounts of messenger RNA produced from these three genes by the
submergence-intolerant variety, O. sativa japonica, and by the submergence-tolerant variety, O.
sativa indica, at different times of a submergence period, followed by a recovery period out of
water.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like
gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice. Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705708. Copyright 2006.
http://www.nature.com/]
(e)
(i)
Determine which gene produced the most mRNA on the first day of the
submergence period for variety O. sativa japonica.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
28
(ii)
Outline the difference in mRNA production for the three genes during the
submergence period for variety O. sativa indica.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Compare the mRNA production for the three genes during the submergence period
between the two varieties.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
Deduce, using all the data, which gene was used to modify GMFC.
......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
29
(g)
Evaluate, using all the data, how modified varieties of rice could be used to overcome
food shortages in some countries.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
43.
(2)
(a)
State four elements that are needed by living organisms, other than carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen, giving one role of each.
(4)
(b)
Outline how light energy is used and how organic molecules are made in photosynthesis.
(6)
(c)
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing for replication, transcription and
translation.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
44.
What is a polysome?
A.
A ribosome that is synthesizing proteins from several mRNA molecules at the same time
B.
A ribosome that is synthesizing different proteins for secretion
C.
Several ribosomes using a mRNA molecule to synthesize protein at the same time
D.
Several ribosomes that are synthesizing different proteins for use in the cytoplasm
(Total 1 mark)
30
31
45.
Gibberellin promotes both seed germination and plant growth. Researchers hypothesize that the
gene GID1 in rice (Oryza sativa) codes for the production of a cell receptor for gibberellin.
The mutant variety gid1-1 for that gene leads to rice plants with a severe dwarf phenotype and
infertile flowers when homozygous recessive. It is suspected that homozygous recessive gid1-1
plants fail to degrade the protein SLR1 which, when present, inhibits the action of gibberellin.
The graphs show the action of gibberellin on the leaves and -amylase activity of wild-type rice
plants (WT) and their gid1-1 mutants.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Ltd, Ueguchi-Tanaka, M et al. 2005. Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf1
encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellins. Nature. Vol 437. Pp 693698. Copyright (2005).]
(a)
(i)
State which variety of rice fails to respond to gibberellin treatment.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The activity of -amylase was tested at successive concentrations of gibberellin.

Determine the increment in gibberellin concentration that produces the greatest
change in -amylase activity in wild-type rice plants (WT).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
32
(iii)
Outline the role of -amylase during the germination of seeds.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Discuss the consequence of crossing gid1-1 heterozygous rice plants amongst themselves
for food production.
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(3)
33
Most rice varieties are intolerant to sustained submergence under water and will usually die
within a week. Researchers have hypothesized that the capacity to survive when submerged is
related to the presence of three genes very close to each other on rice chromosome number 9;
these genes were named Sub1A, Sub1B and Sub1C. The photograph below of part of a gel
shows relative amounts of messenger RNA produced from these three genes by the
submergence-intolerant variety, O. sativa japonica, and by the submergence-tolerant variety, O.
sativa indica, at different times of a submergence period, followed by a recovery period out of
water.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705708. Copyright
2006. http://www.nature.com/]
(c)
(i)
Determine which gene produced the most mRNA on the first day of the
submergence period for variety O. sativa japonica.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Outline the difference in mRNA production for the three genes during the
submergence period for variety O. sativa indica.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
34
(d)
Using only this data, deduce which gene confers submersion resistance to rice plants.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
The OsGI gene causes long-day flowering and the effect of its overexpression has been
observed in a transgenic variety of rice. Some wild-type rice (WT) and transgenic plants were
exposed to long days (14 hours of light per day) and others to short days (9 hours of light per
day).
The shades of grey represent the genotypes of the transgenic plants, where:
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Ltd, Ueguchi-Tanaka, M et al. 2005. Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf1
encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellins. Nature. Vol 437. Pp 693698. Copyright (2005).]
35
(e)
(i)
State the overall effect of overexpression of the OsGI gene in plants treated with
short-day light.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Compare the results between the plants treated with short-day light and the plants
treated with long-day light.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
State, giving one reason taken from the data opposite, if unmodified rice is a shortday plant or a long-day plant.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Discuss, using only the data opposite, if OsGI and OsGI behave as codominant alleles.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
36
(g)
Evaluate, using all the data, how modified varieties of rice could be used to overcome
food shortages in some countries.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)
46.
(2)
(a)
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.

(4)
(b)
Outline the structure of ribosomes.

(6)
(c)
Explain the process of transcription leading to the formation of mRNA.

(8)
(Total 20 marks)
47.
What is a codon?
A.
A sequence of nucleotides on rRNA that corresponds to an amino acid
B.
A sequence of nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to an amino acid
C.
A sequence of nucleotides on tRNA that corresponds to an amino acid
D.
A sequence of nucleotides on DNA that corresponds to an amino acid
37
(Total 1 mark)
48.
The antisense strand on the DNA molecule coding for three codons of a gene is
TATCGCACG
What are the anticodons of the three tRNA molecules that correspond to this sequence?
A.
UAU, CGC and ACG
B.
ATA, GCG and TGC
C.
AUA, GCG and UGC
D.
TAT, CGC and ACG

(Total 1 mark)
49.
What is the function of the tRNA activating enzyme?

A.
It links tRNA to ribosomes.
B.
It links tRNA to mRNA.
C.
It links tRNA to a specific amino acid.
D.
It links an amino acid on one tRNA to an amino acid on another tRNA.

(Total 1 mark)
50.
What happens during translation?

A.
Copying of DNA to produce DNA
B.
Copying of DNA to produce mRNA
C.
Copying of DNA to produce tRNA
D.
Polypeptide synthesis
(Total 1 mark)
38
51.
A certain gene in a bacterium codes for a polypeptide that is 120 amino acids long. How many
nucleotides are needed in the mRNA to code for this polypeptide?
A.
30
B.
40
C.
360
D.
480
(Total 1 mark)
52.
What is the source of the oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis?
A.
Chlorophyll
B.
Carbon dioxide only
C.
Water only
D.
Both water and carbon dioxide

(Total 1 mark)
53.
Which type of light is least useful for photosynthesis in terrestrial plants?

A.
Blue
B.
Green
C.
White
D.
Red
(Total 1 mark)
39
54.
Which variable has the least effect on enzyme activity?

A.
Temperature
B.
Light intensity
C.
pH
D.
Substrate concentration
(Total 1 mark)
55.
(2)
(a)
Living organisms at every trophic level are part of the carbon cycle. Draw a labelled
diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved.
(9)
(b)
Explain, using an example of a food chain, how trophic levels can be deduced.
(4)
(c)
Explain methods that can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.

(5)
(Total 20 marks)
56.
(2)
(a)
Outline condensation and hydrolysis reactions using a different example for each.
(5)
(b)
Outline the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes.
(4)
(c)
Explain methods by which the rate of photosynthesis can be measured, including

conditions that affect the rate.
40
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
41
57.
The rate of photosynthesis in the marine seagrass, Zostera marina, was investigated under a
range of pH conditions. After a period of darkness, the plants were illuminated at a constant
light intensity at 15C and the rate of photosynthesis was measured. Zostera marina can use
both dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen carbonate ions for photosynthesis. The rate
of photosynthesis is plotted on the y-axis on the left. In addition, the concentration of carbon
dioxide was measured for each pH investigated and is plotted on the y-axis on the right.
[Source: Plant physiology by AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS. Copyright 2008 Reproduced
with permission of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT BIOLOGISTS in the format CD ROM via Copyright
Clearance Center.]
(a)
State the carbon dioxide concentration at pH 7.2.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
42
(b)
Calculate the percentage decrease in the rate of photosynthesis from pH 7 to pH 7.5.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Outline the relationship between pH and the rate of photosynthesis.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Suggest how Zostera marina can perform photosynthesis even at very low carbon dioxide
concentrations.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Based on the information and data provided, discuss the role of one limiting factor, other
than carbon dioxide, and suggest how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
43
58.
The effect of temperature on photosynthesis was studied in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) using
leaf discs. The production of oxygen was used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
Gross photosynthesis refers to the sum of net photosynthesis and respiration. Net photosynthesis
was calculated by subtracting the rate of respiration in the dark from gross photosynthesis.
[Source: Adapted from R Ribeiro et al. 2006. Cincia e Agrotecnologia. Vol 30. Pp 670678.]
(a)
Identify the optimum temperature for photosynthesis in this plant.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Determine the difference between gross photosynthesis and net photosynthesis at 40C
and 50C.
40C: ..........................................................................................................................
50C: ..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Deduce what happens to the rate of respiration as the temperature increases between 40C
and 50C.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
44
(d)
(i)
Describe the general pattern of change in photosynthesis in sweet orange as the

temperature increases.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Compare the effect of temperature on photosynthesis with the effect of temperature

on respiration in sweet orange.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
59.
Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell?

A.
Thylakoid membranes
B.
Stroma
C.
Matrix
D.
Cristae
(Total 1 mark)
45
60.
What is produced by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and used in the Calvin
cycle?
A.
Hydrogen and oxygen
B.
ATP and NADPH
C.
NADPH and oxygen
D.
ATP and CO2

(Total 1 mark)
61.
The photosynthetic activity of desert plants is often reduced in the middle of the day. What is
the most reasonable explanation for this fact?
A.
Enzymes are denatured by the high temperatures.
B.
There is not sufficient water for photosystem I.
C.
Most of the light is reflected by the thick cuticle.
D.
The stomata close to preserve water and gas exchange decreases.

(Total 1 mark)
62.
(2)
(a)
All organisms in an ecosystem are involved in the carbon cycle. Outline the roles of
living organisms in the carbon cycle.
(8)
(b)
Explain how triose phosphate is produced and used in the chloroplasts of a plant.
(5)
(c)
Explain the conditions that are needed to allow a seed to germinate.

(5)
(Total 20 marks)
46
47
63.
A plant is exposed to increasing light intensity from very dim to bright light, while the carbon
dioxide concentration and temperature are kept at an optimum level. What will happen to the
rate of oxygen production?
A.
It will increase exponentially.
B.
It will remain constant.
C.
It will decrease to a minimum level.
D.
It will increase to a maximum level.

(Total 1 mark)
64.
Global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are rising. A study was carried out to test if the
temperature dependence of photosynthesis was altered by elevated atmospheric CO 2.
Maize plants were grown in natural sunlight in controlled environmental chambers at different
temperatures using current atmospheric and doubled CO 2 levels.
The graph below shows daily patterns of CO2 exchange at three different temperatures.
Open shapes (, , ) represent current atmospheric CO2 levels and closed shapes (, , )
represent elevated CO2 levels.
[Reprinted from: Kim, S H et al. 2007. Temperature dependence of growth, development, and photosynthesis in
maize under elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol 61. Pp 224236.]
48
(a)
(i)
State the time at which carbon dioxide exchange rate is maximal.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain the reasons for maximum carbon dioxide exchange rate at this time.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
State the temperature that resulted in the highest rate of photosynthesis under current
atmospheric conditions.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Using the data in the graph, discuss whether rising carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere will increase growth rates in maize.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
49
65.
Primary production is directly related to the amount of photosynthesis that occurs in a cubic
metre of water. In the waters around Bermuda (32 N) in the Atlantic Ocean, microscopic
phytoplankton are the producers. They use trace nutrients from seawater in their metabolism.
These nutrients are a limiting factor in total population size. A dense phytoplankton population
makes the water cloudy. The data shows primary production per day for each month for the year
2000 at different water depths.
[Source: DataStreme Ocean, American Meteorological Society (2004). Reprinted with permission.]
(a)
State the month when total photosynthesis was greatest.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Identify, with a reason, the water depth that receives no light.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
50
(c)
In the upper 40 m there is a drop in photosynthesis from March to June. This is probably
due to lack of nutrients, reducing the population density.
Suggest, with a reason other than nutrient levels, what might have increased
photosynthesis at 100 m from April to August.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Compare production in March with production in September.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
51
66.
Where are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions taking place in the diagram
below?
Light-dependent
Light-independent
A.
IV
B.
II
III
C.
III
II
D.
IV
I
(Total 1 mark)
52
67.
The diagram below shows the structure of a chloroplast.
What is the structure labelled X?

A.
Ribosome
B.
Stroma
C.
Inner membrane
D.
Thylakoid
(Total 1 mark)
68.
How can the rate of photosynthesis of a plant be directly measured?

A.
By measuring the rate of oxygen produced
B.
By measuring the rate of carbon dioxide produced
C.
By measuring the rate of plant growth
D.
By measuring the rate of light absorbed

(Total 1 mark)
53
69.
Which graph best represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant?
(Total 1 mark)
70.
What happens in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

A.
Splitting of water molecules
B.
ATP synthesis
C.
Reduction of NADP
D.
Reduction of CO2
(Total 1 mark)
54
71.
Which two tissues of a leaf are photosynthetic?

A.
Upper epidermis and palisade mesophyll
B.
Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll
C.
Spongy mesophyll and xylem
D.
Upper epidermis and xylem

(Total 1 mark)
72.
What is light energy used for during photosynthesis?

A.
To produce carbon dioxide
B.
To produce water molecules
C.
To produce ATP
D.
To break down sugar molecules

(Total 1 mark)
73.
Which of the following colours of light is absorbed the most by chlorophyll?

A.
Blue
B.
Green
C.
Yellow
D.
Orange
(Total 1 mark)
74.
(a)
State the property of stem cells that makes them useful in medical treatment.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
55
(b)
Explain how multicellular organisms develop specialized tissues.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Outline some of the outcomes of the sequencing of the human genome.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
75.
(a)
State the location in the chloroplast of the following reactions of photosynthesis.

Light-independent reactions: .......................................................................................
Light-dependent reactions: ..........................................................................................
(2)
56
(b)
Explain what happens to the electrons in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
76.
Where are complex carbohydrates made in the chloroplast?

A.
In the intermembrane space
B.
In the stroma
C.
On the inner membrane
D.
In the thylakoid space

(Total 1 mark)
57
77.
Which of the following graphs represents the effect of changing light intensity on the rate of
oxygen production by a green plant?
(Total 1 mark)
58
78.
What conclusion can be drawn from examining the action spectrum for a green plant shown
below?
A.
Yellow light is the most effective at promoting photosynthesis.
B.
Every colour of light is equally effective at promoting photosynthesis.
C.
Light of wavelength 550 nm is least effective at promoting photosynthesis.
D.
Light in the green range is the most effective at promoting photosynthesis.

(Total 1 mark)
79.
Where in the cell does the Calvin cycle take place?

A.
Stroma of chloroplast
B.
Mitochondrial matrix
C.
Cytoplasm
D.
Inside thylakoid
(Total 1 mark)
80.
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a chloroplast as seen with an electron

microscope.
(4)
59
(b)
Describe how water is carried by the transpiration stream.

(7)
(c)
Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and short-day plants.

(7)
(Total 18 marks)
81.
(2)
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram showing the tissues present in a dicotyledonous leaf.

(4)
(b)
Outline the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

(6)
(c)
Explain the effect of light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
82.
Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. What is the source of this oxygen inside the plant?
A.
Air spaces in the leaf
B.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Glucose
D.
Water
(Total 1 mark)
60
83.
The graph below shows the results of an experiment to determine the effect of salt (NaCl)
concentration on photosynthesis of the freshwater green alga Chlorella vulgaris. The
experiment attempted to determine the effect of salt concentration on the light-dependent
reactions overall and separately on photosystem I and photosystem II.
[Source: M M El-Sheekh, Inhibition of the water splitting system by sodium chloride stress in the green alga
Chlorella vulgaris, Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Volume 16, Issue 1, Figure 1, (2004)]
(a)
Describe the effect of salt concentration on the activity of the light-dependent reactions
overall.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Compare the effect of increasing salt concentration on photosystem I with the effect on
photosystem II.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
61
(c)
When salt concentration is increased, some algal cells increase their rates of cyclic
photophosphorylation. Deduce the reasons for this.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Using the graph, predict the effect of high salt concentration on the growth of Chlorella
vulgaris. Give a reason for your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
84.
What reaction, involving glycerate 3-phosphate, is part of the light-independent reactions of

photosynthesis?
A.
Glycerate 3-phosphate is carboxylated using carbon dioxide.
B.
Two glycerate 3-phosphates are linked together to form one hexose phosphate.
C.
Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate.
D.
Five glycerate 3-phosphates are converted to three ribulose 5-phosphates.

(Total 1 mark)
62
85.
What is the advantage of having a small volume inside the thylakoids of the chloroplast?
A.
High proton concentrations are rapidly developed.
B.
High electron concentrations are rapidly developed.
C.
Photosynthetic pigments are highly concentrated.
D.
Enzymes of the Calvin cycle are highly concentrated.

(Total 1 mark)
86.
Which two colours of light does chlorophyll absorb most?

A.
Red and yellow
B.
Green and blue
C.
Red and green
D.
Red and blue

(Total 1 mark)
87.
(a)
Explain why carbon dioxide concentration is a limiting factor of photosynthesis.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
63
(b)
Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
State two products of the light-dependent reactions.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
64
88.
The diagram below summarizes the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. What is

occurring at X?
E le c tr o n s
X
E le c tro n s
L ig h t
P h o to s y s te m I
L ig h t
P h o to s y s te m II
A.
ADP + phosphate ATP
B.
NADP NADPH + H
C.
H2O O + 2H
D.
NADPH + H NADP
(Total 1 mark)
89.
What is the first identifiable product of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis?

A.
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
B.
Glycerate3-phosphate (GP)
C.
Triose phosphate (TP)
D.
Acetyl CoA
(Total 1 mark)
65
90.
(2)
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of a plasma membrane.

(4)
(b)
Outline the role of chlorophyll and the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon
dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(6)
(c)
Explain the production of energy during aerobic respiration from pyruvate that has been
produced by glycolysis.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
91.
What enzyme is used in transcription but not in translation?

A.
DNA polymerase
B.
Helicase
C.
Protease
D.
RNA polymerase
(Total 1 mark)
92.
If mRNA has a codon CAU, what is the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA molecule?
A.
CAT
B.
GUA
C.
CAU
D.
GTA
(Total 1 mark)
66
93.
What are pyrimidines in DNA?

A.
Types of nucleotides
B.
Types of base pairs
C.
Types of sugars
D.
Types of bases
(Total 1 mark)
67

DNA Structure and Repliation, Transcription and Replication and Photosynthesis

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1.

Which of the following are connected by hydrogen bonds?

Hydrogen to oxygen within a molecule of water

Phosphate to sugar in a DNA molecule

Base to sugar in a DNA molecule

Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water

What does a nucleosome consist of ?

DNA and histones

DNA and chromatin

Chromatin and nucleotides

Mature RNA and histones

Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA?

State the names of structures I and II.

Identify the chemical group labelled I.

State the type of bond labelled II.

Compare the DNA found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram?

phosphate, deoxyribose and nitrogenous base

phosphorus, ribose and nitrogenous base

phosphorus, deoxyribose and guanosine

phosphate, ribose and guanine

What do the results show?

A TM of 85C means that DNA is not stable at room temperature (25C).

Which of the following forms the nucleosome?

DNA and histone molecules

RNA and histone molecules

Histone molecules only

Explain the methods and aims of DNA profiling.

Outline the bonding between DNA nucleotides.

State a word equation for anaerobic cell respiration in humans.

What is the reason for the difference between these figures?

DNA is made entirely of double helix but RNA is not.

Outline a basic technique for gene transfer.

Explain the process of translation.

I, II and III only

II, III and IV only

I, III and IV only

The highly repetitive sequences have greater amounts of guanine.

The highly repetitive sequences have greater amounts of cytosine.

The highly repetitive sequences are not transcribed.

The highly repetitive sequences are not replicated.

Distinguish between RNA and DNA.

Explain the process of DNA replication.

Outline how enzymes catalyse reactions.

Draw a labelled diagram showing two different complementary pairs of nucleotides in a

Outline the structure of nucleosomes.

Explain primary structures and tertiary structures of an enzyme.

What are Okazaki fragments?

Short lengths of RNA primase attached to the DNA during replication

Short sections of DNA formed during DNA replication

Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of the leading strand?

Explain how the base sequence of DNA is conserved during replication.

Describe the events that occur during mitosis.

To enable replication of the 3 5 (lagging) strand

To form the template for the RNA primers

To initiate replication on the 5 3 (leading) strand

To help the DNA helicase unwinding the DNA helix

What happens during the formation of Okazaki fragments?

DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 3 5 direction.

DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5 3 direction.

DNA polymerase I adds nucleotides in the 5 3 direction.

RNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 3 5 direction.

What is replicated by a semi-conservative process?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) only