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Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, N Y 10017, USA
AprU 4.1988
sH11882
W 9009278 000587b 5 7 7
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1106-1987
Sponsor
0 Copyright 1988 by
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Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/IEEE Std 1106-1987, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and
Replacement of Nickel-Cadmium Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations.)
Stationary storage batteries play an ever-increasing role in substation and generating station
control and power systems and in providing back-up energy for emergencies. This recommended
practice fulfills the need within the industry to provide common or standard practices of maintenance,
testing, and replacement of nickel-cadmium storage batteries. The methods described are applicable
to all installations and battery sizes.
The installations considered herein are designed for continuous-float operation with a battery
charger serving to maintain the battery in a charged condition and to supply the normal dc load
(see Appendix A4).
The IEEE will maintain this recommended practice current with the state of technology. Comments
on this recommended practice and suggestions for additional material that should be included are
invited. They should be addressed as follows:
Secretary
IEEE Standards Board
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
This recommended practice was prepared by the Working Group on Batteries (Nickel-Cadmium)
of the Station Design Subcommittee of the Power Generation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. At the time this recommended practice was approved the members of the Working
Group were:
J. H.Bellack, Chairman
D. Basdekas
W. B. Bates
L. F. Bednar
R. Bolgeo
J. L. Chamberlin
P.J. DeMar
D. O. Feder
J. W. Gourdier
R. F. Kelleher
D. S. Levin
G. McKenna
S. M. Meissel
B. M. Radimer
H. K. Reid
T. Ruhlmann
R. Stutzbach
B. G. Treece
T. Ulrich
P.J. Vivona
G. Walker
H. B. West
J. A. Wiese
The liaison representatives were C. J. Blattner, Substations Committee, and A. R. Roby, Nuclear
Power Engineering Committee.
The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission
to the IEEE Standards Board:
W. W. Avril
M. S. Baldwin
J. H. Bellack
I. B. Berezowsky
G. G. Boyle
F. L. Brennan
J. B. Cannon
R. W. Cantrell
R. L. Castleberry
E. F. Chelotti
R. E. Cotta
M. L. Crenshaw
D. J . Damsker
P. M. Davidson
D. Diamant
P. Dolan
G. R. Engmann
W. M. Fenner
A. H. Ferber
N. R. Friedman
D. I. Gordon
R. K. Gupta
M. E. Jackowski
W. D. Jackson
J. H. Jones
C. E. Kneeburg
P. R. H. Landrieu
J . E. Leclair
P. A. Lewis
G. L. Luri
J. T. Madill
O. S. Mazzoni
D. R. McCabe
G. R. Meloy
M. W. Migliaro
J . T.Nikolas
R. E. Penn
C. R. Pope
R. Ramakumar
R. J. Reiman
D. E. Roberts
E. P.Rothong
A. J. Spurgin
G. I. Stillman
J. E. Stoner, Jr
J. B. Sullivan
R. J. Wehling
R. Zweigler
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 10,1987, it had the following
membership:
Leslie R. Kerr
Jack Kinn
Irving Kolodny
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
Edward Lohse
John May
Lawrence V. McCall
L. Bruce McClung
Donald T. Michael*
* Member emeritus
L.John Rankine
John P. Riganati
Gary S. Robinson
Frank L. Rose
Robert E. Rountree
Sava I. Sherr'
William R. Tackaberry
William B. Wilkens
Helen M. Wood
9009278 0005880 T T 8
I
Contents
SECTION
PAGE
1.
Scope ..................................................................................................
2.
Definitions ............................................................................................
3.
References ............................................................................................
4.
Maintenance ..........................................................................................
4.1 General ........................................................................................
4.2 Safety ..........................................................................................
4.2.1. Methods ................................................................................
4.2.2 Protective Equipment ................................................................
4.2.3 Precautions ............................................................................
4.3 Inspections ....................................................................................
4.3.1 General.................................................................................
4.3.2 Quarterly ..............................................................................
4.3.3 Yearly ..................................................................................
4.3.4 Special Inspections.....................................................................
4.4 Corrective Actions ............................................................................
4.4.1 Conditions Requiring Correction ....................................................
4.4.2 Other Abnormalities .................................................................
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6.
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7.
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8.
Records ................................................................................................
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5.
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TABLE
11
APPENDIXES
12
12
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12
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13
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14
14
This recommended practice provides maintenance, test schedules, and testing procedures
that can be used to optimize the life and performance of nickel-cadmium batteries designed
for continuous-float applications. It also provides
guidance for determining when these batteries
should be replaced.
Sizing, installation, qualification, other battery types, and application are beyond the scope
of this recommended practice.
This recommended practice does not include
any other component of the dc system, nor does
it include surveillance and testing of the dc system, even though the battery is part of that
system. Preoperational and periodic dc system
tests of chargers and other dc components may
require that the battery be connected to the system. Details for these tests will depend on the
requirements of the dc system and are beyond
the scope of this recommended practice.
2. Definitions
The following definitions apply specifically to
the subject matter of this recommended practice.
For other definitions, see Section 3, References.
service test. A special test of a batterys capability, as found, to satisfy design requirements
(battery duty cycle) of the dc system.
9009278 0005882 8 7 0
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1106-1987
3. References
4. Maintenance
4.1 General. Proper maintenance will prolong
the life of a battery and will aid in assuring that
it is capable of satisfying its design requirements. A good battery maintenance program
will serve as a valuable aid in determining the
need for battery replacement. Station battery
maintenance should be performed by personnel
knowledgeable about nickel-cadmium batteries
and the safety precautions involved.
4.2 Safety. The safety precautions listed herein
shall be followed in station battery maintenance.
Work performed on batteries shall be done only
with proper and safe tools and with protective
equipment.
4.2.1 Methods. Work performed on a battery
in service shall use methods to preclude circuit
interruption or arcing in the vicinity of the battery.
4.2.2 Protective Equipment. The following
protective equipment shall be available to personnel who perform battery maintenance work:
ANSUIEEE
Std 1106-1987
5.1 Acceptance. An acceptance test of the battery capacity (see 6.4) should be made, as determined by the user, either at the factory or
upon initial installation. The test should be
made at a specific discharge rate and for a duration relating to the manufacturers rating or
to the purchase specifications requirements.
5.2 Performance
( 1 ) A performance test of battery capacity
(see 6.4) should be made within the first two
years of service. Initial conditions shall be as
described in 6.1, omitting requirements ( 1 ) and
(2). Results of this test reflect all factors, including maintenance, that determine battery capability. It is desirable for comparison purposes
that the performance tests be similar in rate
and duration to the battery acceptance test (see
5.1). If on a performance test the battery does
not deliver its expected capacity, the test should
be repeated after the requirements of 6.1 ( 1 ) and
(2)have been completed.
(2) Additional performance tests could be
given to each battery at 5-year intervals until it
shows signs of excessive capacity loss. Excessive
capacity loss is indicated when the battery capacity drops more than 1.5%per year of rated
capacity from its capacity on the previous performance test.
( 3 ) Annual performance tests of battery capacity should be given to any battery that shows
signs of excessive capacity loss.
( 4 ) When a service test is also being used on
a regular basis (see below 1, it will reflect maintenance practices, so the performance test can
be modified to include the requirements of 6.1
9
9009278 0005884 b 4 3
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1106-1987
Tests
This procedure describes the recommended
practice of capacity testing by discharging the
battery. All testing should follow the safety requirements listed in 4.2. Refer to Appendix A4.
6.1 Initial Conditions. The following list gives
NOTE Individual cell voltage readings should be taken between respective posts of like polarity of adjacent cells, so
as to include the voltage drop of the intercell connections.
6.5 Determining Battery Capacity. For an acceptance or performance test, use the following
equation to determine the battery capacity at
the test rate. Percent capacity at the test rate,
at 25 "C (77 "F)= Ta/T, 100, where
ANSWEEE
NICKELCADMIUM STORAGE BATTERIES FOR GENERATING STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS
Table 1
Discharge Current Correction
Factor K for Temperature
(Cl
Initial Temperature
(U
FactorK
Range
- 17.8
- 12.2
- 6.7
- 1.1
4.4
10.0
15.6
21.1
25-45
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
77-115
1.1-2.0
1.1-1.6
1.1-1.5
1.1-1.3
1.0-1.2
1.0-1.1
1.0-1.1
1.0-1.1
1.0
6.6 Service Test. A service test is a special battery test which may be required to determine if
the battery will meet the design requirements
(battery duty cycle) of the dc system (see 5.3).
The system designer must establish the test procedure and acceptance criteria prior to the test.
Recommended procedure for the test is as follows:
(1)The initial conditions shall be as identified
in 6.1 (omit items ( 1 ) and (2)).
(2) The discharge rates and test length should
correspond as closely as is practical to the design
requirements of the dc system.
(3) If the battery does not meet the design
requirements of the dc system, review its rating
to see if it is properly sized. High-rate charge
the battery, inspect it as discussed in 4.3, take
necessary corrective action, and repeat the service test. A battery performance test (see 5.2)
may also be required to determine whether the
problem is the battery or the application.
Std 1106-1987
8. Records
Data obtained from inspections and corrective
actions are important to the operation and life
of the batteries. Data such as indicated in 4.3
should be recorded at the time of installation
and as specified during each inspection. Records
should also contain reports on corrective actions
(see 4.4),and on tests indicating discharge rates,
their duration, and results. At nuclear stations,
records of class 1E batteries shall include a written test procedure and documentation adequate
to meet the requirements of ANSI/IEEE Std
308-1980 [ Z].3
It is recommended that forms be prepared to
record all data in an orderly fashion and in such
a way that comparison with past data is convenient. A meaningful comparison will require
that all data be converted to a standard base in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
7. Replacement Criteria
The recommended practice is to replace the
battery if its capacity as determined in 6.5 in-
3Numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references listed in Section 3 of this recommended practice.
11
9009278 0 0 0 5 8 B b 4 L b
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1106-1987
Appendixes
(These Appendixes are not a part of ANSIIIEEE Std 1106-1987, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing,
and Replacement of Nickel-CadmiumStorage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations, but are included as an adjunct
to the standard to provide assistance in understanding the item and application of the standard to the item.)
Appendix A
Nickel-Cadmium Battery
1.40-1.47 Normal float voltage per cell.
Charged batteries will be maintained in a
charged condition with low water consumption.
1.52-1.55 High-rate charge voltage per cell.
This is a practical recharge voltage to be used
in recharging a partially o r fully discharged battery without exceeding system limitations.
1.56- 1.75 Maximum high-rate charge voltage
per cell. For most rapid recharge of a partially
or fully discharged battery. Should be used for
all installations where the connected equipment
is not affected by the resultant high over-all voltage or where voltage-sensitive equipment can be
either disconnected during recharge, or isolated
by a voltage regulating device.
OF),
12
Std 1106-1987
Appendix B
State of Charge Determination and
Charging
charger (at least momentarily this will be Significantly higher than noted in (1)).
( 5 ) Read and record the voltage at the battery
terminals. Continue the high-rate charge until
the voltage reaches the high-rate maximum voltage previously established for the system.
(a) If the high-rate charge voltage is
reached within a few minutes and the current
output from the charger drops to approximately
the float current found in (i), the battery is
charged; or
(b) if the high-rate charge voltage is not
reached rapidly, it indicates the charger is in
current limit and that the battery is in need of
charging; or
(c) if the charge current is unaccountably
greater than the charge current output found
in (11, the battery is in need of a charge.
A fully charged nickel-cadmium battery maintained at a normal float voltage will remain in
a charged condition subject to the limitations
described in Appendix A4. When the battery's
state of charge is in question because of these
limitations or because of a recent discharge, the
following procedure may be used to assure that
the battery is fully charged. This procedure presupposes that the battery charger is a two-rate
(float and high-rate), constant potential type,
with sufficient current capacity to carry both
the connected loads and the charging current
required by the battery.
With the battery on normal float charge:
(1) Read and record the current output of the
charger in amperes.
(2) Read and record the voltage at the battery
terminals.
(3) Note the time when readings (1)and (2)
were taken.
Place the charger in the high-rate charge
mode:
(4) Read and record the current output of the
NOTE It is recommended that the high-rate charge, if required, be continued until such time as the charge current
is essentially the same as the current recorded in (1); normally no longer than 72 hours is required. At completion of
high-rate charging, return charger to float voltage.
Appendix C
Corrective Actions
C1 Low-Voltage Cell. If the voltage of an individual cell in a floating battery is found to be
1.35 V or less, apply a high-rate charge to that
cell, if possible.
13
Appendix D
Intercell and Terminal Resistances
It is a good practice to measure and record
intercell and terminal connection detail resistances (as a baseline) upon installation. It is very
important that surveillance measurements
(4.3.3)be consistent with baseline measurements so as to detect changes that could be
caused by corrosion or loose connections. Increased resistance is a cause for concern and
may require corrective action.
Normal installation resistances vary greatly
as a function of the size of the installation-for
example, from less than 10 pR for a large battery to as much as 100 p a for a smaller battery.
Appendix E
Alternative Practices for Non-Class 1E
Nuclear Applications
Each of these recommended practices of inspections and tests should be used as best suited for
the particular needs of the application. It is the
userk responsibility to format the maintenance,
inspection, and testing program to optimize the
benefits available.