Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NATURAL OBLIGATION
derived from equity &
justice
not enforceable by court
action
5 SOURCES OF OBLIGATION
1. LAW
2. CONTRACTS
3. QUASI-CONTRACTS arise from lawful, voluntary acts; no one shall be unjustly enriched...
2Kinds
a. Solutio indebiti something received (delivered on a mistake), no right to demand it
b. Negotiorum gestio voluntary mgt of property/affairs of another w/o his knowledge/consent
4. QUASI-DELICT/TORTS/CULPA AQUILIANA arise from damage; fault/negligence
5. CRIMES/ACTS/OMISSIONS punished by law arise from civil liability that is a consequence of a
criminal offense
DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY
- care need to be exercised by a debtor to deliver/give determinate thing
Exception: When law/stipulation of parties requires a differnt standard of care (slight/extraordinary
diligence).
When creditor is entitled to the fruits
Rule: The creditor has personal right (right to ask for delivery) from the time the obligation to deliver
arises.
But NO real right (right enforceable against the whole world) until it is delivered.
3 KINDS OF FRUITS
CONCEPT OF DELAY
General Rule: No demand, No delay
Exceptions:
1. Law states
2. Obligation states
3. Time is the essence
4. Demand be useless if delay
5. Debtor guilty of delay
EFFECTS OF DELAY
1. Damages
2. When to deliver determinate thing, STILL LIABLE in fortuitous event.
2. FRAUD/DOLO conscious, deliberate, intentional evasion of fulfillment
2Kinds
a. Dolo causante/Causal fraud fraud in obtaining consent; consent is defective, contract is
voidable. Remedy: annulment
b. Dolo incidente/Incidental fraud fraud w/c vitiates consent. Remedy: damages
3. NEGLIGENCE/CULPA voluntary act/omission; no bad faith intended
3Kinds
a. Culpa aquiliana/Civil negligence quasi-delict/torts
b. Culpa contractual/Contractual negligence breach
c. Culpa criminal/Criminal negligence crime/delict
4. Contrary to the terms of obligation
2 RULES OF PRINCIPAL & INSTALLMENT
1. Receipt of principal w/o mention of interest, presumed interest is paid also.
2. Receipt of latter installment w/o mention of prior installment, presumed prior installment is paid
also.
4 SUCCESSIVE RIGHTS OF CREDITOR to satisfy claim against DEBTOR
1. Exact payment
2. Attach debtors properties
3. Accion subrogatoria exercise rights & actions except inherent in person
4. Accion pauliana cancel acts/contracts by debtor to defraud creditor
TRANSMISSIBILITY OF RIGHTS
General Rule: ALL RIGHTS are transmissible.
Exceptions:
1. Law states
2. Contract states
3. Obligation is purely personal
10 Kinds of Obligation
1. Pure
2. Conditional
3. Alternative
4. Facultative
5. Joint
6. Solidary
7. Divisible
8. Indivisible
9. Obligation w/ a period
10. Obligation w/ a penal clause
1. PURE OBLIGATION
- w/o condition, demandable at once (pure has resolutory condition/period)
2. CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
- there is condition in performance; future & uncertain
2Kinds
a. Suspensive condition happening of condition gives RISE to obligation
b. Resolutory condition happening of condition EXTINGUISHES obligation
6 MISCELLANEOUS RULES ON CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
1. Impossible conditions, contrary to law, shall ANNUL obligation.
2. The condition not to do an impossible thing is considered not agreed upon.
3. The condition that happens in determinate time, EXTINGUISHES obligation.
4. The condition that happens in INDETERMINATE time, obligation only effective at arrival.
5. The condition is fulfilled if DEBTOR prevents fulfillment.
6. The effect of conditional obligation, once fulfilled:
- to give: retroact to the day of constitution of obligation
- has reciprocal prestations: fruits & interests be mutually compensated
- has unilateral obligation: debtor shall give fruits & interests
RULES in case of Loss, Improvement, or Deterioration of thing during the pendency of condition
1. LOST
a. w/ debtors fault damages
b. w/o debtors fault extinguishes obligation
2. DETERIORATION
a. w/ debtors fault - (1) cancel obligation & damages; or (2) fulfill obligation w/ damages
b. w/o debtors fault creditor suffer impairment
3. IMPROVEMENT
a. By nature/time benefit to creditor
b. at expense of debtor debtor no right than that granted to usufructuary (debtor no right to
compensate amount for improvement)
EFFECTS OF FULFILLMENT OF SUSPENSIVE CONDITION
General Rule: The obligation becomes effective retroactively to the day obligation was constituted.
Exceptions:
1. In reciprocal obligation, fruits & interests during pendency of condition shall compensate each
other.
2. In unilateral obligation, debtor gets fruits & interests unless there is a contrary intent.
3 EFFECTS OF FULFILLMENT OF RESOLUTORY CONDITION
1. Extinguish obligation.
2. Both parties restore what they received plus fruits & interests.
3. The rule on L, D, or I will apply to person who has to return the thing.
When one of debtors in reciprocal obligation does not comply w/ his obligation
1. The right of injured party is (1) cancel contract & damages; or (2) fulfill obligation & damages
3 Kinds of Obligation (Accdng to PERSON OBLIGED)
1. UNILATERAL only 1 party obliged to comply
2. BILATERAL both parties; performance not same time
3. RECIPROCAL both parties; performance same time
3. OBLIGATION W/ A PERIOD
- demandability/extinguishment subject to the expiration of period
PERIOD interval of time; either suspends demandability or produces extinguishment
DAY CERTAIN must come, not known when
7 CASES CONSIDERED TO BE OBLIGATION W/ A PERIOD
1. Little by little
2. In partial payment
3. Payable ASAP
4. When I can afford it
5. When I have the money
6. When I am able to
7. When my means permit me to do so
PERIOD
certain
future only
(*influence upon obligation)
only upon its demandability
CONDITION
uncertain
future/past but unknown
(*) on the very existence of
obligation itself
FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION
one prestation due, but can
be subtituted
right to choose DEBTOR ONLY
nullity of principal carries
w/ it nullity of accessory/
substitute
loss/impossibility of prestation due, w/o debtors fault,
extinguishes obligation
JOINT Obligation
SOLIDARY
Obligation
MAXIMS
To each his own
One for all, all
for one
SYNONYMS
proportionate
individually &
collectively
7. Annulment
8. Rescission
9. Novation
10. Loss of thing due
1. PAYMENT/PERFORMANCE
- Payment means delivery of money & performance of obligation
2 PLACE OF PAYMENT
1. At place agreed upon
2. If w/o agreement
a. Object is indeterminate paid at domicile of DEBTOR
b. Object is determinate place of thing at the time of constitution of obligation
4 SPECIAL MODES OF PAYMENT
a. Application of payment
b. Cession
c. Tender of payment & consignation
d. Dacion in payment
a. APPLICATION OF PAYMENT
- designation of debt to w/c payment must be applied when debtor has several obligations of same
kind in favor of same creditor.
3 REQUISITES OF APPLICATION OF PAYMENT
1. Only 1 debtor & 1 creditor
2. 2 or more debts, same kind
3. All debts are due
4. Insufficient payment to exinguish ALL debts
3 RIGHTS TO MAKE APPLICATION OF PAYMENT
1. Right belongs to CREDITOR.
2. If debtor does not avail, creditor can give him receipt designating the debt from which payment will
be applied.
3. If debtor accepts the receipt, he cannot complain unless THERE IS just cause to invalidate the
contract.
b. CESSION
- debtor abandons ALL his property for creditors benefit to obtain payment from proceeds of his
property
5 REQUISITES OF VALID CESSION
1. 1 debtor & 2 or more creditors
2. Debtor is in partial/total insolvency.
3. Debtor to deliver ALL his property to creditors
4. Debt is due & demandable.
5. Creditors must sell the properties & apply the proceeds to their respective credits proportionately.
DACION IN PAYMENT
NOT all properties
NOT require all creditors
act of novation
transfer ownership
may happen
during solvency of debtor