CD JJ

8/17 00:17 11
8/17 22:04 12131415 v2

v2 16,17,18
tpo
8/18 10:49 v3 19
v2
14 16
8/19 00:10

8/19 15:09 14 16 19 20
v2
V2Raven

8/19 16:05 23CLR ELR v2

8/19 20:52 v2 v3
v4 v2
8/19 21:27 24,25,26,27,28,29.
group size theory,
v3 v3 30
8/20 08:59 v5
Raven v2
31 v2
8/20 22:00 32,33,34,35,36
8/21 21:20

v6v7 v8 v3
8/22 12:15
overstock

v2v3 v3 v4
8/22 19:00 logo overstock

v2

v5
8/23 15:00 V2 V9 V2

8/25 23:00 V7 V3 V6,V7 V2 Voluntary Job
Leave PV2 V4 V2
V2
49 4748
8/27 1:00 53 logo V2 productV2 voluntary job leave
V3 V3 V11
8/29 0:00 56 36 49 V8 V9 V3
V2 V4V3 V4 logo V3
V2
8/30 0:00 56 V2 V12corporate tax V3

V3 V3
8/31 11:00 57 V4
8/31 21:00 V2,CLR ELR

~~~
800

PS


............................................................................................................................................. 2
1 .................................................................................................................... 7
2 ...................................................................................................... 10
3 .......................................................................................................................... 13
4 .......................................................................................................................... 16
5 ................................................................................................................................. 18
6Jazz Musician ............................................................................................................................ 21
7 .................................................................................................................................. 22
8 70 ........................................................................ 25
9 .............................................................................................................................. 27
10 ............................................................................................................................ 32
11 ....................................................................................................................................... 35
12 ............................................................................................................................ 38
13CLR ELR ................................................................................................................. 40
14( 16 ) ........................................................................................................................... 41
15 .................................................................................................................... 41
16 ........................................................................................................................ 46
17overeducated employees ....................................................................................................... 49
18 ............................................................................................................ 50
19 ....................................................................................................................................... 52
20Raven ..................................................................................................................................... 55
21 .................................................................................................................... 59
22 ............................................................................................................................ 60
23 FISH .................................................................................................................. 63
24 ............................................................................................................................ 66
25 ................................................................................................................................... 69
26group size theory ................................................................................................................... 70
27 ............................................................................................................................ 72
28 ................................................................................................................................ 74
29 product ...................................................................................................... 75
30Voluntary Job Leave Passage ................................................................................................. 76
31 ................................................................................................ 77
32 ................................................................................................................................ 78
33 .................................................................................................................... 82
34 ................................................................................................................................ 84
35 ................................................................................................................................ 86
36 49 .................................................................................................. 89
37 ................................................................................................................ 90
38 ................................................................................................................................ 92
39 ................................................................................................................................ 99
40 .................................................................................................................. 101
41 ...................................................................................................................... 106
42 .............................................................................................................................. 112

43overstock .............................................................................................................................. 114

44 ...................................................................................................................... 119
45Logo ......................................................................................................................... 121
46 ...................................................................................................................... 124
47. ................................................................................................................................ 126
48 ............................................................................................................................... 127
49 (molecular rRNA) ..................................................................................................... 128
50. D ........................................................................................................ 131
51. ..................................................................................................................... 132
52. vertebrate evolve ..................................................................................................... 134
53 ............................................................................................................................ 135
54. ................................................................................................................................................ 136
55 ........................................................................................................................ 137
56. ..................................................................................................................... 138
57. ................................................................................................................................ 141

1

V1 by jason_asee

V1 by: serenashu
beetle ~~~~
beetle fossil
~~
beetle fossil pollen
beetle
beetle ~~
~~~~
V2 by: m arvelm ushui V35
m bog
open clean pond
m m
M
V3 by:


V4 by: 700+
B
B
B host
pollen p ()
b
pollen
V5 by: yinverse 670
beetle
beetle pollen
contaminated by long-distant wind- pollen
LZ contaminate

V6 by: water_st 700 V1

B
B P .........
B
V7 by: fubeilei88 V38

rapidly respond---quickly adapt.

V8 by: vague0909 V36

2 evaluate
pollinate quick
ryangu619 winny
V1
beetle 1.5 Milliom year beetle
beetle beetle
beetle
beetle
H beetle 1.5 Milliom year

V2
beetle fossil
V3
BEETLES BEETLES

V4

V5
pollen
V6 winny
Fossilized Beetle(FB) Climate indicator. indicator.
FB indicator FB e.g.
plant/pollen indicator, FB. FB rapid.
Scientist FB


Q1) fossil plant :
JJ fossil plant plant pollen short term
climate change. beetle rapidly Sissizh 710
quickly rapidly
Q2) fossil
Q3) paragraph
JJ Scientists beetle climate change.
Q4 xxx) which

V1 By happysorrow
beetles pollen
quickly accurate 3

xingruim ing
Fossil beetle analysis has a number of advantages over other biological proxies
such as pollen. Beetles are the most diverse group of organisms filling a large range
of ecological roles and habitats from deserts to rainforests to the littoral()
zone. Beetles, and insects in general, respond rapidly to environmental change by
dispersal( ), rather than undergoing speciation, and fossils are generally
identifiable to species level in contrast to New Zealand palynological studies where
some genera contain species with different ecological requirements, but with
indistinguishable pollen.
Predatory and scavenging beetles are able to take advantage of recently modified
areas (along with pioneer plant species) before the trees and shrubs with similar
climatic requirements. Trees and shrubs can therefore lag behind the actual period
of climatic change and the resultant spread of beetles. This ability to rapidly
respond to climatic change has also revealed short-term climate fluctuations that
are not observed in the pollen record. Beetles fossils also avoid the problem of
contamination of the local pollen rain (and hence local climate signal) by
long-distance wind dispersed pollen

2

self-regulation
V2 by wangxiaomi111
self-regulation stockmarket

individual diversify interest

V1
self-regulation
prerequisite1association 2(
motive ) members' behavior 3 power
stock market to see whether regulation really works
stock market ( associated)
debatable motivated to self-regulation
in the recent absence of existing self-regulation (
self-regulation )
prerequisite in principle
()
?

( stock market self-regulation fail

)
within a
system that checks and balances harmonizes the conflict interest(
),,
prerequisite
V2
self-regulation
prerequisite1association 2(

 motive ) members' behavior 3 power

stock market to see whether regulation really works
stock market associated
debatable motivated to self-regulation
in the recent absence of existing self-regulation (
self-regulation )
prerequisite in principle
()
?

( stock market self-regulation fail

)
within
a system that checks and balances harmonizes the conflict interest(
),,
prerequisite

1 primary purpose

market self-regulation fail

broker

2 stock
3the author stock exchange

5stock

V3
stock exchange: union; self-regulation
union 1 3 2
, self-regulation

2in theory, punish dishonest

investors regulatory
infer
V4

broker diversify
broker

Q1. primary purpose

Q2. / the author stock exchange

self-regulation
Q3. stock market self-regulation fail/

Q4.

broker

O5stock broker broker diversify

3

V1

by

jason_asee

V2

by

gucci77

mm
V3

by

overmind1632

Cave Art Passage

Q1) Why does the authors bring up "San Art

V1.
. ,
hunting
For example an
alternertive .by 790
V2.
cave art
art
by fish0111
V3.
by

V1
rock art
open
Olyna( O ) vertical culture()
( vertical rock art,
) MM
communication ( ?
....communication.....) MM O

 2 o similarity (Sundstrom argues vertical

series rock art is sole affiliated with Lakota and other Olyna communities)
O
O
H C
..... hunting

( MM O ?H )
For example
an alternertive

V2

prehistoric , hunting . hunter

, imprison .
open
(open),.
detail,. Yet
cant consumed as food

1. open half human beings.....half horse.....(

)
2.:..,?
3." indicate..."
4., , (
, killing ,)
5. M . ( spirital ,
,,)
6. a tenet ()of the first theory
7.?
;(
)
V3
mysteriousintriguing (Gun )
L O vertical
series art,crescents ()

( L


L solely L ; L
; communication system )
furthermore
V4.
P1 a kind of carving on the cliff in northwestern US regions where an Indian group
lived is called vertical something.P2. Because a female researcher found this kind of
art in Lakota people's territory and the territory of other oyata culture (oyata
includes lakota), she attributed the kind of art exclusively to oyata people. she also
found this kind of art to be a communication system.
P3. the author thinks the existing archaeological evidences are not strong enough
to support the female researcher's conclusion that the kind of art on the cliff only
belongs to oyata culture. the author thinks this kind of art belongs to many culture
of a certain time. his evidence is that in some place in Canada, there is also this kind
of art.

1 weaken
2 (740)
3 infer
4 vertical art Lakota occupied ( A discuss
vertical art C widely held
vertical art wide hold
A)

4

V1 by jason_asee

V2 by
Online marketing research. retailer online
strategy
V3 by

gucci77

V4 byteresa314
manufacture
marketing strategy market strategy testing
testing retailers

V1

marketing strategy

partner

effective

apparel food

sense visual

bias
P1 manufacture
marketing strategy market strategy
testing testing retailers
testing for manufacturers

P2manufacturer online testing

testing
cleaness, staff skills market strategy


P3 online limitations appeal food
appeal food
not all factors can be vitulized online.
online 1. testing
representative . cost retailer

stimulation
manufacturer retailer

manufacturer

bias

...1. limit 2.
....

5

V1

V2

by

care concern
bla bla bla bla....
V3

by

candydaisy12321 770

V4

by

gucci77

V5

by

run the office

E 2
incumbent
V6

by

molly

Q51V41

Politic V4

recruiment in politic who are in office

low-prestige high-prestige
election election
Political oppotunity Political oppotunity
incumbent officer) re-election

V7

by

V8

by

pancy881

office incumbent
political system

V9 by dadidadidu
party leader
run office campaign black mirror
waldo
V10 by
the recruitment of women thenumber of women however
recruitment women in political office
more likely to recruit women to low-prestige
women political
structureinchambers reelection gender
V11 by Claudiaxcx

women

women low-prestige high-prestige 9
3

incumbent

V12 by nearby_chosen
women political right, P1political leader focus on women
18centrary women pragnatic
idealogist women domestic problems
fulfill traditional responsibility
P218centrary

v1

v2
v3() 19
20
commitment

1) 19-20 2)
19 ABCD E *** group
LZ E3)challenge 19
? commitment
v4 office
office

leader low-prestige high-prestige incumbent

incumbent

v5
;
v6 19 politic 19
(volunteerism)
( infer )
v7 political
party political
(
)

Q1: ?
Q2
Q3
v8P1
P2 argue

v919 FOCUSE

ACTIVE ....
,
lobbying
....LZ ...
v10lz

Lz JJ
issue;

6Jazz Musician

JAZZ

Jazz musician*

V1
JAZZ

v2
jazz aethesic responses
jazz jazz responses
jazz

(classical music)
experience JAZZ

1. blabla

2.

3.

JAZZ
experienced ( knowledge)

4.

experienced inexperienced

Jazz musician

experience Jass musicians

inexperience Jass musicians

jazz musician experience
a,b,c,d,
~

main purpose except

7

V1

V2 by

ystt

migration JJ
V3 by

overmind1632

First reading comp was about Migartory Birds

Unlike non-migatory birds, migatory birds are able to.......
Question 1) According to the passage, what is the difference between migatory
birds and non-migartory birds
Answer: Something to do with using enivormental cues to go long distances
Q2) What purpose does the author bring up the sun for?
Answer: Found in the last paragraph, cues,
Q3) What is the purpose of the 2nd paragraph?
Q4What is the main purpose of this passage?
V4

by

teazuka

V37 700

pivot pivot XXX cue

XXX clue

pivot ==
V5

by

ChelseyHong

JJ

V6

by hikatugaara

unlike
elaboration

balabala
tricky

V7 JJ
K
-
-

V8 by

mirgate bird shield instead of expose bird

V9 bywangxiaomi111
migratedbird orientation
sun
randomly, spring and autumn light

V1

By bbrianliu
V2

By larrylw
V3
birds migrant ~ migrant,
orientation,~
sunbird,,,sunbird direction ,
sunbird .,
sunbird ,(,
sunshine ),. By cicifish
V4.
JJ V3 K sunbird

Q1: What did K's experienment prove? (I chose the one with "sunbird, direction,
etc.")
Q2: What is the main idea of the article? (I chose the one with "explain a
phenomenon and related research") By jdlotr



by forrestwong03

8 70

V1
( convergence)40 70
70

70 ?

by
(v39)
V2

5 2 eslaste

by
erhou
V3
1960-1970 () convergence(

) THEORY THEORY WAGE INVESTMENT

(
) LABOR FORCE ELASTIC () THEORY(
) THEORY GROWTH
POPULATION SERVICE DEMAND ( C )
WAGE INCREASE( THEORY LABOR
COST WAGE ) by
fannypang

9

V1

large small-basket

sale

V1
sale, holiday events sale,
every day sale??,
by eviey

OLIH*V1 by

OLIH ####4
cost
V2
retain more customer program
...
loyal

retain customer Q1 failed to retain customer
establish customer loyalty Q2
provide a wide range of high quality products
and exclusive.. cheeseQ3 provide an alternative

by lyl512
~~~~~
~~~

v1

By (710)

v2

bycissy630(710)
E
large-basket consumer H

small basket consumer

~

E
byxiaofan1990(750) EDCI HO
H
large customer

v3

by figoliuxi(730)

v4

by demonj(760)

v5

byerhou

2 discount low prices on everyday

2
larger-basket
2 2

bykangxi4000(700) large Small

the number of
h
consumer

v1 by ny_915
discount discount


v2 by Biology770

EDLR HILO

basket size basket size

EDLR

HILO
v3 by Sdyolanda 730

HILO
HILO visited EDLR
Every day low price* = =
EDLP every day low price store
DELP EDLP advantage
feid1984

(EDLP)
DEAL
.
1 EDLP : 2
3 many retailers
4 deodarbackground info from
answer.comPricing strategy that promises consumers the lowest available price
without coupon clipping, waiting for discount promotions, or comparison
shopping; also called value pricing. EDLP saves retailers the time and expense of
periodic price markdowns, saves manufacturers the cost of distributing and
processing coupons, and is believed to generate shopper loyalty. A manufacturer's
successful EDLP wholesale pricing strategy may reduce volatility in production and
shipping quantities and decrease the number of time-degraded product units that
consumers receive. EDLP has been championed by Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble.
In recent years, other marketers have dropped EDLP in favor of more traditional
strategies, believing that consumers are more motivated by temporary markdowns
and coupon savings. To be successful, EDLP requires every day low costs in line
with the pricing
[] EDLP every day low price EDLP

EDFP+every day fair

pricing plus EDFP

EDLP
EDLP

EDLP DM
1987 Advertising
Age 9 11 1
Kmart 25

EDLP

IKEA

EDLP

everday low price(lower?). price strategy

price demand EDLP
EDLP
EDLP retailer verbal
ps:

EVERY DAY LOW PRICE

V1
EDLPevery day low price,
increase the cost
EDLP EDLP

V2
high-low price
EDLP

[ JJ ]

1 jj 590 high low , EDLP

EDLP TAG,====,
1 EDLP
2

 3 many retailers

V1. (720 M50 V37)

(
)High-Low()

, everyday
low price(EDLP)

1
2 reduce personal cost3 undermine EDLP

V1 : LOW-HIGH 60 LOW-HIGH ,
, SALE ., ,
( SALE ).
DEAL

V2 (18/02/2004)

().,
., everyday low price(EDLP?),,
undermine edlp .1 2
3 undermine EDLP

10

V2 by
computer patent undeserved patentqulifty of exaimner
examiner

[V1]
1.2.pocesses and inventive 3.
developer
[V2]
patent P1(?) patent
P2 patent examiner
() P3 patent
[V3]

(!)
basic process incentive technology()

[V4]
firstsecond difficulties

granted undeserved patent?

()
examiners qualification (B
); some poccesses software package(A
); software determination benefit
from their ( D E ); software ability to influence
xxxx;
? examiners

drug() C
drug unsuccessful to disease

[V5]
granted
processs

V1

computer software
research

examiners (,
~)---

V2

OLD JJ
V1
reading

V2
Software patent 3-4

V3
(patent system?)
examiner (
)
V4
1
23


V5
3 3
difficulties.,
negative
Patent
computer software

computer software
lack
(
trained )
patent

trained
?

difficulties
, negative

11

V1

V2

by

JJ blabla
5
T S
V3 by kwok1123

disk

scattering

scattering

V1by feiren1020 680

PR-

V2by xll1050234 M50 V36 720

(PJY..-2143 )

V3by fanaf821
1 x impulse
planet

2 x giant star supernova explosion

planet x
thus planet explosion
3 analogy x B B process x process
V4by knight8912
GHZ250-74()
gaint star
orbit
GHZ250-74

gaint star

V5by sandra Q49 V35

PXCR 2317(,,~)
(1)PARA1, PXCR 2317( P2 ), 10
kilometer() , P2 position
(2)para2, P2 explosion .,
(imply:,
P2.,LZ .). P2
explosion .
(3)para3, P2 . P2 collapse because of the
weight.
V6by
PR~~ planet orbit
supernova explosion
similar process process

planet
V7by (8.23 2200)
RH*** JJ
P1
P2
thus planet explosion
P3 RH
RH
V8by wangxinan90 (8.24 14:00)

V9by (8.24 23:00)

V3 V5

V10 by vernetta Q51 V34 710(8.25 1430)

RC
process ~
V11by lausing (8.26 22:00)
jj
supernova

V12by xiaoluoluo (8.26 22:00)

1
2
3 GHZ250-74
V13by mizuki77 730 (8.27 13:45)
P1234-78
giant star giant P
P giant
P alternative

V14by thebeekeeper 760 (8.28 14:00)

giant star

12

V1 by frank894848955
higher corporate tax rate investmentlower labor wages
higher tax ratelower wages
v2 by candydaisy12321 770

V3 by hikarugaara (V33)
rc

de,

exceptions....

v4 by joywjy
corperate tax
P1 corperate tax shareholder worker
wage
P2 wage
P3 tax tax wages

corp tax

V4
P1 corporate tax stock holder
goods sold to consumer

applicants per job

corporate tax

corporate tax neighbor
corporate tax neighbor
tax
V5

xeyyxzty

 corporate tax investment incentive Wages

~~ consumers
~ workers burden the tax~~
~~

13CLR ELR

V1 by

frank894848955

customer-life-relationship employee-life-relationship

efficiency

V2 by

cothyoga

P1 marketer customer
customer loyalty philosophymanager employee
economical philosophy
P2 customer
maintain long time cooperation with

P3 P3 P2
buffer of economic of the company

V3 by yinyulinzzll
CLR ELR except
E

14( 16 )
15

V1 by juyifan

V2 by qizhizhang
objectivism objectivism

V3 by

objectivism poet r
court
shellyde

V1:by wulala1990
R...off Testimony
Objective Press objectism
objectism objectism romantic O
R transcend emotions by symbols

law,public speech
R shelly( romantic )
?
primary purpose
V2: by cynthia628 Q51,V33

 Testimony
Testimony XXX (
) Objectivism Romanticism
Wordsworth()Shelley(?"
)
by XYXB

The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press,
which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including
William Carlos Williams, Louis Zuk of sky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself .They
were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of
poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot,Ezra Pound, and
others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the
Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she
thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by19th-century Romantic poets like
Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning
as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's
well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example
of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The
Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of
details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he
published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890,
thesecond from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910
and1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes ,Reznikoff
revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins:
They found upon his belly bruises: he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the
isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ thes
ame third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial
opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the

emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material
of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet
works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of
the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from
the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry.
Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was
this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist
project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing
the descriptions of factthe underlying storyof one case after another, he
created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of
judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and
its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
P1 Charles Reznikoff Testmony
"objectivism"
Charles Reznikoff objectivists
objectivists influential
objectivism
Romanisme
"objectivism" object(Wordsworth
and Shelley)
P2 Charles Reznikoff Testmony1930
;xxx revised his art
P3 Charles Reznikoff
express emotions and personalexperience. Charles Reznikoff

P4() Charles Reznikoff testmony

judicial speech resourcesCharlesReznikoff impersonal
languages powerfulemotions.

1 testmony agree?

( inference)760/
emotionalreaction
E prose
790
2 testimony infer ? long-term project.
760 / testimony 1930 2 long term project
790
3 Charles Reznikoff Shelley ?
Charles Reznikoff Shelley
Taylor 760
A
Shelley Reznikoff
revived
abandoned
4 Charles Reznikoff testmony ?
(
Testmony ) 760
5 testimony ; testimony

V3by Q50+V34=700 (8.24 14:00)

JJ25 LZ 1 testmony
agree? 2 testimony
infer ? long-term project. 3 Charles Reznikoff
Shelley ? Taylor 5
~
V4 by (8.24 23:00)
Charles Reznikoff Testmony


1 testimony infer ? long-term project.
2 Charles Reznikoff Shelley ?
AC
C A
5 testimony ; testimony
B
V5 by sirenfish (8.25 23:30)
Testimony JJ ( o )
analogous to the relationship between R Shelley
marketing theorists
B R
~
A advocated outmoded theory by xxwhich most critized by
B theorywhich is rejected by

V6 by cassieyu83 710 V38 (8.26 22:00)

court case testimonyobjectivenist object,

16

V1 by
American Revolution slavery
slavery bla bla bla...

V2 by frank894848955
1770

1790 foundation father of American xxx

V3 by
revolution
economic development political ideology dismise even
weaken revolution

church cutural
egalitarian
overstock retailer
manufacturer overstock 2 return
markdown return return 2

retailer manufacturer overstock

competency retailer markdown
raw material manufacturer
retailer manufacturer overstock

[ 1] by lizzy709
ideaology

tricky demostrate new
evidence debunk
[ 2] by orchid347 Q50 V27,650
funding father
althogh....father

Aferican-American church

A-A
church ***

 1 2 ( african american)
() 2
2
N
(
except)before,during,after,in

JJ
1

1)D E()()?
2) 1792 ()
3)
2The short passage discusses African America
development south rural (
historian )
19xx 19xx historians urban

about the evolving study of the black affluents. It firstly states that study of black
history neglected the group of black affluents, i.e. attention was seldom given to how they
accumulated their wealth at a time with racism. Then from 19xx onwards some historians
start to get interested in this topic. Ihe passage then elaborates about their study.
Questions:
There is one question about the purpose of the passage.
There is another question reagarding to the two authors mentioned in the first sentence.
The key word is "notwithstanding", which means the two authors were different from
historians at their time in that they wrote about the black affluents.
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17overeducated employees

V1 by
employers overeducated employees
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18

V1 by

multinational company subsidize export company

blabla~

V2 by

cathyoga

P1

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19

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theory (740)

20Raven

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21

V1
Intellectual property laws
V2 by rikarygarra
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V3 BY wangxiaomi111
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P1. intellectural property (IP) trademark, name,
copyright 4 IP laws native American tribes. contemporary IP
laws have 4 factors.
P2. however, the traditional view is misleading. XX record
()XX record indigenous people regulate and protect those rights such as
titles, property names..etc. Even in some tributes, K more
than titles.
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law, law is too narrow in scope to protect
rights of indigenous tribes( ). indigenous tribes
underlying value, contempoary laws certain aspect. ().

Q1.

3 1

3 2 3
JJ
intellectural property (IP) trademark, name,
copyright 4
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misconcept
develop
law tool

22

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service guarantee.
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23 FISH

V1 by

cothyoga

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productivity

24

V2 by hikuragaara
rate/cost

JJ

watt

initial

[V1]by tctctctc

()

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wiki
[img]file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\[5UQ[BL(6~BS2JV6W}N6[%S.png[/img]htt
p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox()
The Jevons paradox was first identified by William Stanley Jevons in his 1865 book The Coal
Question. Jevons argued that improvements in fuel efficiency tend to increase, rather than
decrease, fuel use: "It is a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is
equivalent to diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth."
Jevons observed that England's consumption of coal soared after James Watt introduced his
coal-fired steam engine, which greatly improved the efficiency of Thomas Newcomen's earlier
design. Watt's innovations made coal a more cost-effective power source, leading to the
increased use of the steam engine in a wide range of industries. This in turn increased total coal
consumption, even as the amount of coal required for any particular application fell.
At that time, many in Britain worried that coal reserves were rapidly dwindling, but some
experts advised that increasing efficiency would reduce coal consumption. Jevons argued that
this view was incorrect, as further increases in efficiency would tend to increase the use of coal.
Hence, increasing efficiency would tend to increase, rather than reduce, the rate at which
England's coal deposits were being depleted.
[]
V1
()
v2========

()

v3 About Steam Engines
Steam Engines- before in the 1700, steam engines were not very efficient and used a lot of
coal. So not too many people use them because of the cost. Then in the 1800s, new efficient
engines, Watt Engines, were built, and then more people use them. So resources become scarce.
Two view points presented (careful). One question asked how the analogy can be made to
today's automobiles and gasoline?
v4 1* coral
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IMPLY , N,IGNORE ?
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steam egenier
coal

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LZ J

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steam engine

W engine W

V4 by weiyibin139

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2

25

V1

constant number)

equations
theseequations
balbal..
dig
),

prove

v1

theory
v2

26group size theory

V1

animals in group of larger size have larger/smaller chance of being

attacked by predators feeding time reseachers




1
group size theory" group
group decrease vigilance group
spend and the predator is more easily to detect.
reduced risk theory() group
individually predator group
decrease vigilance. conder other factors
directly vigilance
differ in point
2
group size theory" group
group decrease vigilance
group
feed( feed
)
(The group spend more time to feed and the predator is more easily to detect)
(reduced risk theory) group
prey
however
(consider other factors directly influence
vigilance) feed

Q1
present several explanations on..
Q2
feed
3

 group size
Group size hypothesis Risk reduce
Hypothesis()
size
()

One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than
in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behaviorlooking up, for exampleis aimed at
predators. If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at
greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant
in smaller groups, because the animals on the periphery of a group form a greater
proportion of the whole group as the size of the group diminishes.
However, a different explanation is necessary in cases where the vigilant behavior is
not directed at predators. J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look up more
often when in smaller flocks than when in larger ones, solely as a consequence of poor
feeding conditions. Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks are watching for
herons that they might follow to better feeding pools, which usually attract larger numbers
of the birds

27

V1 by qiaoguanbiao
historian women
blabla= =



jungao4 (V42)

social class,
working class, middle class,

()
yizhutou1 7/1
Women 2 / social class
women 2 1 Post, 1 True story.
2 promote women
1 (Post) women ( polician).
women subordinating
740 7/17
()
a)
social status sissizhx 710: E
ABCD social E..
b)()
(
)
c)
d) organization
Mukimano 750 7/20

1 media C

( )
2

3 class
gleila !!
[ 2]

[ 3

() career marriage
fiction();() fulfillment
()
7/10
Q1:
A: 1930`s
Q2: ?
A: social class
Q3:
Q:4
GMAT

28

V1 by qiaoguanbiao
northern american craft

V2 by lytymay
america colonial ....= =
however.... some researcher .....balabalabala.....
balabalabala .....
other researchers

cited
craft kinship ...

.......

credit finance

disagree argue
worldwide
V2 by chelseeea
,, KINSHIP CRAFT WEALTH

KINSHIP ,, 2 .
20 KINSHIP DECLINE , MODERN VIEWS OF THE WORLD

29 product

V1 by qizhidang
dismantle product product


V2 by mayu912912
product
manager
4

engineer assume

limitation

engineer assume

30Voluntary Job Leave Passage

V1 by overmind1632
Voluntary Job Leave Passage
Q1) The passage imples that well connected () inviduals are more
likely to?
Q2)Main Purpose of the passage is to
V2 Leave
-

well connected
well connected describe
comfortable

V3 by lytymay
leave job XXXxxx
e .google embeddedness =
= 123 indicators
however indicators
well-connected.......
...

31

V1 by
science age,
age

= = orz

humanist and ages
V21 humanist
ages span of time V2 7103. 18
humanist
humanist
humanist
E=mc^2 humanist


age
V3 670 age conceptual
age concept V4V37humanist and
ages 2 humanist

Q1 Q2age" age is not a period of time but it is
a conception
conceptual over a long-term period V5710 humanist
Q1 Q2 humanist

Q3 age" conceptual

32

V1 by wanghuan375
predator pricing strategy

demand
2

3 furthermore strategy

V2 by hillary220 M51 V35 720

()
P1() preadtor
victim

P2

P3 barrier victim

vivi198169
(Predatory Pricing)

1.;
2.
hillary220 V4 by minakoyuyu 710

V1 by 710

~~
V2
Para1. competition competition VC
VE
Para2.
Para3. technology
1.
2. technology
1. factor ? 4

2.?high barrier
3.High barrier limitation?
4.?~~
V3 by minakoyuyu 710
competitor eliminate from market
so as to gain bigger market share,

barrier competitor market

sustain

predatoryprice (
) factor (
)(?)

 overcome overcome
limitation ( limitation
)

competitor
cover order order

factor ()
()
sustain

cover

()

competitors
make sure cover (
)

cost
more victims 1 2 3
xx 4
stucture claim show evidenceblabla ms A
out finace
out finace ()
profit barrier entry
exit profit ( 730 )

Predatory pricing (
)
( victim )
( factor) 1.
2. capacity 3.
()

 argue deep pocket()

()
relevant( relevant )
outsider financing
victim
()
barrier
()(
)
()
JJ Wikipedia predatory pricing

Concept: In the short term predatory pricing through sharp discounting reduces
profit margins, as would a price war, and will cause profits to fall. Competitors
who are notas financially stable or strong may suffer even greater loss of revenue
or reduced profits. After the weaker competitors are driven out, the surviving
business can raise prices above competitive levels (to supra competitive pricing).
The predator hopes to generate revenues and profits in the future that will more
than offset the losses it incurred during the predatory pricing period.
In essence, the predator undergoes short-term pain for long-term gain. Therefore,
for the predator to succeed, it must have sufficient strength (financial reserves,
guaranteed backing or other sources of offsetting revenue) to endure the initial
lean period. There must be substantial barriers to entry for new competitors.
But the strategy may fail if competitors are stronger than expected, or are
driven out but replaced by others. In either case, this forces the predator to prolong
or abandon the price reductions. The strategy may thus fail if the predator cannot
endure the short-term losses, either because of it requiring longer than expected
or simply because it did not estimate the loss well.
So the predator should hope this strategy to succeed only when it is
substantially stronger than its competitors and when barriers to entry are high.
The barriers prevent new entrants to the market replacing others driven out, thereby
allowing supra competitive pricing to prevail long enough to dwarf the initial loss.

33

staw A experiment A research design of

advertising advertisement() staw A
~P2 Armstrong STAW (
) advertisement or design of advertising

V1
...invest bias()

general

performance poor bias genral investor

V1(720)
P1 Staw bias
programs they did not do well previously
do well, did not do well
split
did not do well do well more intend to invest into the
previous program(. ()
P2 Armstrong STAW (
) advertise ()
Armstrong define limitations of the can generalize, staw
generalize. staw
main idea
Armstrong

Escalation Bias: Does ItExtend to Marketing?

JEscalation bias implies that managers favor reinvestments in projects that are
doing poorly over those doing well. We tested this implication in a marketing context
by conducting experiments on advertising and product-design decisions. Each
situation was varied to reflect either a long-term or a short-term decision. Besides

these four conditions, we conducted three replications. We found little evidence

of escalationbias by 365 subjects in the seven experimental comparisons. Research
on sunk costs shows that decision makers oftencontinue to invest unwisely because
of

commitments

to

priorinvestments

(e.g.,

Arkes

and

Blumer

1985).

Escalationresearch, starting withStaw (1976), yields evidence consistentwith

research on the sunk-cost fallacy. In addition, escalation research has concluded
that committed managersare likely to reinvest more inaproject when they
receiveinformation that the project is doing poorly than if told it isdoing well.
This has been called "escalation bias." This biasof "throwing good money after bad"
has intuitive appeal.Should marketing managers be concerned about escalationbias?
Common sense would say "yes." We examinedwhether escalation bias is likely to lead
to poor marketingJournal of the Academy of Marketing ScienceVolume 21, Number 3,
pages 247-253.Copyright 9 1993 by Academy of Marketing Science.All rights of
reproduction in any form reserved.ISSN 0092-0703.
decisions. We first provide a brief review of the literature.This is followed
by a series ofexperiments to test whetherescalation bias occurs in marketing
decision making. Ourhypothesis was that escalation bias would occur for
marketingdecisions.
BRIEF EVALUATION OF PRIOR RESEARCH
When people make a decision, they often develop a commitmentto it. This seems
especially likely for people inorganizations. For example, Fox and Staw (1979)
showedthat "trapped administrators" showed a higher level of commitmentto a previous
course of action than "nontrappedadministrators." If decisions turn out poorly, the
"escalationof commitment" hypothesis suggests that they may invest further so as
to make the decision turn out well. Conlon and Parks (1987) called this retrospective
rationality. In simple terms, decision makers are often unwilling to take a loss.
Staw (1981, p. 577) commented that: Because it is often possible for persons who
have suffered a setback to recoup their losses through an even greater commitment
of resources to this same course of action, a cycle of escalating commitment can
be produced. Staw and Ross (1987a) and Garland (1990) summarized a variety of reasons
for the existence of escalation bias. For example, managers may be affected by
partial reinforcement and have difficulty accepting information that rewards have
disappeared. They might also distort negative information through perceptual
defense mechanisms. Organization-JAMS 247 SUMMER, 1993

34

V1

by-product
pines release seeds

V2

repell insect
repell insects by product

V3

V4
pine plant
evoluted
evidence evidence
V5 by nica_liu 750

twig branch pine

tree

xxx by-product

 pine tree

V6 by ibaohan M51V38 740

promote fire blabla bla bla
pine tree( Promote fire ) release
seed
V7 by xinhun409
2 JJ hydrocarbon LZ JJ

V8 bydungzxz Q49 V27 640

JJ

1. refer ? Pine oil

oil tased bad
2. ? pine

V9 bystoneziqi

V10 by darkbaby0117

unique character

(
)

35

V1
Ant Mound Question
Talks about how the strucutres of an ant mound and why it is such.. Provides two
contrasting views that explains why these strucutures exist.

Author support the

2nd theory.
Q1)According to the first theory , what is the purpoes of the tunnels?
Answer has something to do with air flow
Q2) If the passages were sealed, what would happen according to passage?
Answer deals with humidity
Q3)

V2

by

tunnels

V3

by

lysiane

terminate mound function

P1 nest

humidity CO2
refute alternative
tm passage sealed

V1 by spchen

V2 by foxwill
chamber mound
chamber
mound
mouth
mound
mound XX ground-level


mound mound

surpressed

1 mound 1) mound chamber

2

4) XX

v3 by gloria6113 Host age is one of the keyfactors in hostparasite relationships

as it possibly affects infestationlevels, parasite-induced mortality of a host, and
parasite distribution amonghost individuals. We tested two alternative hypotheses
about infestationpattern and survival under parasitism in relation to host age. The
first hypothesisassumes that parasites are recruited faster than they die and, thus,
suggeststhat adult hosts will show higher infestation levels than juveniles because
theformer have more time to accumulate parasites. The second hypothesis assumesthat
parasites die faster than they are recruited and, thus, suggests thatadults will
show lower infestation levels because of acquired immune responseand/or the
mortality of heavily infested juveniles and, thus, selection forless infested adults.
As the negative effects of parasites on host are oftenintensity-dependent, we
expected that the age-related differences ininfestation may be translated to lower
or higher survival under parasitism ofadults, in the cases of the first and the second
hypotheses, respectively. Wemanipulated ectoparasite numbers using insecticide and
assessed the infestationpattern in adult and juvenile gerbils (Gerbillus andersoni)
in the Negev Desert.We found only a partial support for age-dependent parasitism.
No age-relateddifferences in infestation and distribution among host individuals
were foundafter adjusting the ectoparasite numbers to the hosts surface area.
However,age-related differences in survival under parasitism were revealed.
Thesurvival probability of parasitized juveniles decreased in about 48% comparedto
unparasitized hosts while the survival probability of adults was notaffected by
ectoparasites. Our results suggest that the effect of host age onhostparasite
dynamics may not explicitly be determined by age-dependentdifferences in
ectoparasite recruitment or mortality processes but may also beaffected by other
host-related and parasite-related traits

V4 by lupisces
2 2.

V5 by wang_mm2000
google
adult and juvenile have the same
surface area ,which of followingwill be true? soil erosion,

36 49

immune

blabla
unless blabla

37

V1 molly Q51V41
banner advertisingBA

P1 research BA click-in rate BA
effective
P2 BA effectiveness,
AB LZ
research click-in
rate A rate click-in rate
LZ B
P3 BA click-in rate effectiveness
click-in rate balala
BA click-In rate BA
attentive level



V2 yiyunlinzll V27

V1 by LBSJodie Q49, V30 660
click through rate, conversion rate,
click through rate (
)

V2 by hillary220 M51 V35 720
(
)
P1 commerce adclick-through rate(
)( rate percentage
)
P2 rate ad effectiveness rate (
conversion-rate
) rate
P3click-through rate conversion rate (
click-through rate )


V3 by ( 28 V3)
commercial ads ads persuasive
fact

V4 by wulala1990
1992 stable decline
rate rate

pre-...



may24
Clickthrough rate or CTR is a way of measuring the success of an online advertising
campaign.
The CTR for an ad is defined as the number of clicks on an ad divided by the number of
times the ad is shown (impressions), expressed as a percentage.
For example, if a banner ad was delivered 100 times (100 impressions) and received one
click then the CTR would be 1%.
Banner ad click-through rates have fallen over time; when they first started to appear, it
was not uncommon to have rates above five percent. They have fallen since then, currently
averaging closer to 0.2 or 0.3 percent. In most cases, a 2% click-through rate would be
considered very successful, though the exact number is hotly debated and would vary depending
on the situation. The average click-through rate of 3% in the 1990s declined to 0.28% by 2003.
Since advertisers typically pay more for a high click-through rate, getting many click-throughs
with few purchases is undesirable to advertisers.[6] Similarly, by selecting an appropriate
advertising site with high affinity (e.g. a movie magazine for a movie advertisement), the same
banner can achieve a substantially higher CTR. Personalized ads, unusual formats, and more
obtrusive ads typically have higher click-through rates than standard banner ads, however overly
intrusive ads are often avoided by viewers.

38

factoring(

economic main idea

factoring
business
customer factor
factor 80%
factors factor
factor

factor

factor

factor
only customer finance
risk
risk
factor


Q1


Q2

Q3 FACTORING


Q4,
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Q5 factor business

Q6 factor businees


Q7 factor

Q8


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Q10 factors

factoring

V1 Wingbell 740 V38 Q51


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factor

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factoring,
jj

V2 Capbenz 50M+34V
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V6 hazy_yooV36
JJ ,,
FACTORING .,
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invoice, JJ , invoice
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fungyJJ
factoring

factoring
Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sellsits accounts receivable (i.e.,
invoices)to a third party (called a factor) at a discountin exchange for immediate money with
which to finance continued business. , ,

Factoring differs from a bank loanin three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the
receivables (essentially a financial asset)[1], not the firms credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring
is not aloan it is the purchase of a financial asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves
twoparties whereas factoring involves three.
It is different from the forfaiting in the sense that forfaiting is a transaction basedoperation while
factoring is a firm based operation - meaning, in factoring, afirm sells all its receivables while in
forfaiting, the firm sells one of itstransactions.
Factoring is a word often misusedsynonymously with invoice discounting -factoring is the sale of
receivables whereas invoice discounting is borrowingwhere the receivable is used as collateral.
The three parties directly involved are: the one who sells the receivable, the debtor,and the
factor. The receivable is essentiallya financial assetassociated with the debtors Liability to pay
money owed to the seller(usually for work performed or goods sold). The seller then sells one or
moreof its invoices (the receivables) at a discountto the third party, the specialized financial
organization (aka the factor), toobtain cash. The sale of the receivables essentially transfers
ownership ofthe receivables to the factor, indicating thefactor obtains all of the rights and risks
associated with the receivables.[2] Accordingly, the factor obtains the rightto receive the
payments made by the debtor for the invoice amount and must bearthe loss if the debtor does
not pay the invoice amount. Usually, the accountdebtor is notified of the sale of the receivable,
and the factor bills thedebtor and makes all collections. Critical to the factoring transaction,
theseller should never collect the payments made by the account debtor, otherwisethe seller
could potentially risk further advances from the factor. There arethree principal parts to the
factoring transaction; a.) the advance, apercentage of the invoice face value that is paid to the
seller uponsubmission, b.) the reserve, the remainder of the total invoice amount helduntil the
payment by the account debtor is made and c.) the fee, the costassociated with the transaction
which is deducted from the reserve prior to itbeing paid back the seller. Sometimes the factor
charges the seller a servicecharge, as well as interest based on how long the factor must wait to
receivepayments from the debtor. [3] The seller also estimates the amount thatmay not be
collected due to non-payment, and makes accommodation for this whendetermining the amount
that will be given to the seller. The factor's overallprofit is the difference between the price it
paid for the invoice and themoney received from the debtor, less the amount lost due to
non-payment

43 52


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39

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41

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At first, the researchers set various possible targets several centimeters
fromdodder sprouts. A pot of moist soil alone didn't attract the seedlings, nor
didvials of dyed water that created colored light. But a pot with a young tomatoplant,
and even a cup of perfume made of tomato volatiles, did attract theseedlings
..... doddergrows toward impatiens and tomatoes, but not wheat.
Q:(): A:
conclusion :.....findings
: wheat attract dodder, tomato 7
perfume dodder,wheat , wheat repel
dodder, dodder
When researchers tested seven ingredients in the tomato perfume individually,three
of them proved attractive to the dodder. One of those attractants showedup in wheat,
but the wheat perfume also contained a substance that repelled theseedlings. Such
a repellent might offer a new route for fighting dodder
Q:,ans dodder

JJ
Scent Stalking: Parasitic vine grows towardtomato odor
Susan Milius
A wiry orange vine finds plants to raid fornutrients by growing toward their smell,
researchers report.
One of the parasitic plants called dodders responds to volatile compounds waftingoff
nearby plants and shows preferences for certain species, says Consuelo DeMoraes of
Pennsylvania State University in University Park. They say that theirnew work marks
the first time that anyone has shown that a plant will growtoward airborne chemicals

from other plants.

The experiment finally identifies acuescentthat draws dodder to its victims,
adds Mark C. Mescher, also of Penn State
.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists dodderamong the country's 10 worst weeds.
When a dodder seed sprouts, it doesn't growroots. All its energy goes into a tendril
that shoots out in search of plantsto tap for water and nutrients.If it's going to
survive, it must latch on toa victim within about a week. The vine grows into a
spaghettitangle and can attack multiple plants, stunting their growth but not
killingthem.
Of the 150 species of dodder, the researchersselected Cuscuta pentagona,says
coauthor Justin Runyon, also of Penn State. This species bedevils tomato growers
in California,where it costs them an estimated $4 million a year in reduced yields.
De Moraes' team and other researchers havestudied the volatile compounds released
by plants that are mauled bycaterpillars or other pests. In the new study, reported
in the Sept. 29 Science, the team took adifferent point of view, looking at how an
attacker, the dodder, takesadvantage of volatiles to target its prey.
At first, the researchers set various possible targets several centimetersfrom
dodder sprouts. A pot of moist soil alone didn't attract the seedlings, nordid vials
of dyed water that created colored light.But a pot with a youngtomato plant, and
even a cup of perfume made of tomato volatiles, did attractthe seedlings
To minimize any confounding cues, such asshading or light, the researchers then set
the possible attractants in chambersconnected to the plant by curving pipes. Again,
the seedlings grew toward the scent.
Testing various victim species, the researchersfound that doddergrows toward
impatiens and tomatoes.Wheat won't sustain dodder well, and givena choice, parasite
seedlings shunned it and grew toward tomatoes.
When researchers tested seven ingredientsin the tomato perfume individually, three
of them provedattractive to the dodder. One of those attractants showed up in wheat,
but thewheat perfume also contained a substance that repelled the seedlings. Such
arepellent might offer a new route for fighting dodder, Mescher speculates.
An insect ecologist who has also studiedplant volatiles, Rick Karban of the
University of California, Davis comments,"The significance of this [study] to me
is that it indicates that withouta central nervous system, plants are capable of
behaving in ways that appearfairly sophisticated."

-~~

Dodder is a wiry, orange vine that steals water and nutrients fromother plants.
Scientists have now found that this vine chooses its victim bysmell, growing its
shoots in the direction of a plant's natural perfume. A seedlingof a vine known as
dodder attaches to a tomato plant.
When a dodder seed sprouts, itdoesn't grow roots to seek its own food. Instead, it
grows a shoot that reachesout to other plants, tapping them for food. The baby vine
needs to find a hostwithin a week to survive. It then grows into a spaghetti tangle
that can evenensnare more than one plant.
Also known as strangleweed andwitches' shoelaces, dodders are listed among the 10
worst weeds in the UnitedStates. They can cost farmers millions of dollars by
stunting their crops.
To figure out how a type ofdodder vine known to prefer tomato plants finds a victim,
scientists placeddodder sprouts near several possible targets. These targets
included pots ofmoist soil, little jars of dyed water that created colored lights,
young tomatoplants, and even a cup of perfume made from chemicals that tomato plants
giveoff.
Seedlings grew toward the tomatoplant. They also reached out toward the cup of tomato
perfume. They tended notto grow toward the moist soil or colored water.
The scientists then used adifferent setup, hiding the targets in chambers connected
to dodder sproutsonly by curving pipes, so the vine could find them only by smell.
Doddersprouts still grew toward their favored targets.
By placing dodder sprouts neardifferent plants, the scientists found that the type
of dodder that they werestudying prefers tomatoes and a flower called impatiens.
And when given achoice between tomato and wheat, vine seedlings grow toward tomato.
The researchers then tested sevenof the ingredients that make up tomato perfume
separately. Dodder sprouts wereattracted to three of them.
One of these ingredients turns upin wheat perfume, but the wheat perfume also
contains a substance that repelsdodder sprouts. This chemical could offer farmers
one way to fight the vine andsave their crops.C. Gramling

One ofthe parasitic plants called dodders responds to volatile compounds wafting
offnearby plants and shows preferences for certain species, says Consuelo DeMoraes
of Pennsylvania State University in University Park. They say that theirnew work
marks the first time that anyone has shown that a plant will growtoward airborne
chemicals from other plants.
The experiment finally identifies a cuescentthat draws dodder to itsvictims,
adds Mark C. Mescher, also of Penn State.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists dodder among the country's 10worst weeds.

When a dodder seed sprouts, it doesn't grow roots. All its energygoes into a tendril
that shoots out in search of plants to tap for water andnutrients. If it's going
to survive, it must latch on to a victim within abouta week. The vine grows into
a spaghetti tangle and can attack multiple plants,stunting their growth but not
killing them.
Of the 150 species of dodder, the researchers selected Cuscutapentagona, says
coauthor Justin Runyon, also of Penn State. This speciesbedevils tomato growers in
California, where it costs them an estimated $4million a year in reduced yields.
De Moraes' team and other researchers have studied the volatilecompounds released
by plants that are mauled by caterpillars or other pests. Inthe new study, reported
in the Sept. 29 Science, the team took a differentpoint of view, looking at how an
attacker, the dodder, takes advantage ofvolatiles to target its prey.
At first, the researchers set various possible targets severalcentimeters from
dodder sprouts. A pot of moist soil alone didn't attract theseedlings, nor did vials
of dyed water that created colored light. But a potwith a young tomato plant, and
even a cup of perfume made of tomato volatiles,did attract the seedlings (see movie
athttp://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060930/tomato.mov).
To minimize any confounding cues, such as shading or light, theresearchers then set
the possible attractants in chambers connected to theplant by curving pipes. Again,
the seedlings grew toward the scent.
Testing various victim species, the researchers found that dodder growstoward
impatiens and tomatoes. Wheat won't sustain dodder well, and given achoice, parasite
seedlings shunned it and grew toward tomatoes.
When researchers tested seven ingredients in the tomato perfumeindividually, three
of them proved attractive to the dodder. One of thoseattractants showed up in wheat,
but the wheat perfume also contained asubstance that repelled the seedlings. Such
a repellent might offer a new routefor fighting dodder, Mescher speculates.
An insect ecologist who has also studied plant volatiles, Rick Karbanof the
University of California, Davis comments, "The significance of this[study] to me
is that it indicates that without a central nervous system,plants are capable of
behaving in ways that appear fairly sophisticated."

42

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43overstock

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If aproduct has a finite selling season and uncertain demand, retail overstock is
apossibility. Anticipating how such surplus will devalue, the retailer may stockless
of the item than the manufacturer would like, if any at all. Asillustrated by P&G,
manufacturer return policies and markdown money are twocommon strategies used by
manufacturers to combat this tendency. Both work bydecreasing the retailer's net
cost of overstock.
Return policies are often observed when demand is unpredictable and/or the riskof
obsolescence is high, as extensively documented by Padmanabhan and Png(1995) and
Kandel (1996). Markdown money also has a rich tradition amongproducts facing such
environments, including fashion apparel (Ryan 1998; Monget1998), cosmetics and
fragrances (Parks 1996), toys (Leccese 1993), specialtyproducts (Gallagher 1999),
certain food categories and over-the-countermedications (Tenser 1997). However,
nothing in our discussion thus far suggestsif, when, or why either method might be
preferable to the other.
The academic literature is silent on these questions. Return policies arecertainly
relatively well-studied (Pasternack 1985; Kandel 1996; Padmanabhanand Png 1997;
Emmons and Gilbert 1998; Donohue 2000; Webster and Weng 2000), aswill be discussed
in greater detail in the next section. Theseworks advocate return policies as a way
to improve the efficiency of thechannel to the participants' mutual benefit. However,
this conclusion relies ontwo assumptions that mask the differences between the
practices in question:
(1) the physical return of product does not incur additional cost, and
(2) the channel members are equally effective at liquidating overstock (2).
The first assumption is problematic in that the handling, logistics,and
administrative overhead associated with moving product back up the channelmay be
substantial. For instance, P&G Cosmetics has calculated that eachhandling of an item
(because of damage, discontinuation, or simple return)costs 34 cents, a nontrivial

fraction of typical profit margins for suchproducts (Born 1997). And Hal Upbin, CEO
of Kellwood Co. (a manufacturer ofready-to-wear apparel) notes, "We don't take
anything back; the cost ofhandling would be absurd (Infotracs 1997)."
With respect to the second assumption, the reality is that recovering valuefrom
surplus product is a substantive professional competency, and differentparties
likely have different aptitude and tolerance for this (Hungerford1999). The retailer
obviously has the most immediate option, i.e., to sell tothe same customer base at
a discount. Indeed, access to markets and comparativeadvantage in merchandising are
among the underlying reasons a retail channelwould be used in the first place, and
these factors should persist at theclearance phase. However, if the residual value
comes from recovering andreusing the raw materials, the manufacturer could have an
advantage. Also, byconsolidating the returns from multiple retailers a manufacturer
might be ableto assemble an assortment that becomes economically viable
forresale

to

discount

specialist

(e.g.,

T.

J.

Maxx

in

the

apparel

industry).Additional aging of the product and potential damage during the processing
ofreturns should be considered, of course. Similar points are raised, but
notformally pursued, by Kandel (1996) and Padmanabhan and Png (1997).

44

V1

by

monicabiu

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retailer

P1: Small stores are more competitive than large retail store.

P2: Reason one: Small stores built net-working share to control the cost.
P3: Reason two: Small stores can save more money by using the similar personnel pool.

(1): TS. Explain the reasons of the authors argument that the small stores are
more competitive than large retail.
(2): however compare with

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V7
modern mind mental ( A)
A AD40000 Europeans

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modern mind A
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P1 19 20
manage-care.......

P2 20
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V
1.
2.manage-care

3......

nurse
nurse

traditional female jobs

[version 1],
,! home care ,
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2003.07 2
[version 2]RC
insurance policy reform licensed nurses,
unlicensed nurses. medical errors licensed
nurses
licensed nurses

blabla. teaching

[version 3]
international

1p insurance policy,

2p teaching

teaching

V1by nicoleyuki
P1USA licence

P2 tex
USA ~~ theory
P3
teacher

Q
1) teacher
2

V2by kaixfu09
nursing shortage in unite states.
international

V3by qimaozi
P1

P2 women

V4by sayyessissi 640 Q51,V25

P1

P2

Q
1