EEE

FOOT STEP POWER

GENERATION SYSTEM FOR
RURAL ENERGY
APPLICATION TO RUN AC
AND DC LOADS

K.Saida Rao
Ch.Chaithanya
RAMANANDATIRTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
EEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to make a special mention of the following people without whose help this
project would have not been completed. We are grateful to my Parents for their care, love and
support.
Special

thanks

to

our

Principal

Dr.M.Venu

for

his

guidance.

We

express our sincere gratitude to Mr.K.Anand, Head of the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department and project coordinator Miss.Sushma for her valuable suggestions
and technical guidance. We specially thank Mr.S.Ramu, our internal guide for giving us an opportunity
to do this project and also other staff members who gave me support, encouragement and
suggestion which had helped to make the right choice at this juncture of our career.

K Saida rao
CH.Chaithanya

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURAL

ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of
foot step arrangement. Now days power demand is increased, so this project is used to generate
the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The whole human/ bioenergy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great indentation and crowd
energy frames will be very useful energy in crowded countries.
In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control
mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current
controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid DC rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive
AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 volt
D.C to 230 volt A.C. this 230 volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using
conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to circuitry.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

iv

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Problem definition

1.3 Objective of Project

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Existing System

2.3 Proposed System

2.4 Ultimate Aim

3. ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Block diagram

3.3 Sensor

3.4 Piezo Electric Sensor

4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION
4.1 Rectifier

11

4.2 Filter

14

4.3 Voltage regulator

14

4.4 Battery

15

4.4.1 Categories and types of batteries

15

4.4.2 How batteries work?

18

4.4.3 Battery lifetime

20

4.5 Inverter

20

4.6 Bulb

21

4.7 switches

22

5. DESIGN

23

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Designing figure

6. RESULT

25

6.1 Method of Implementation

6.2 Result analysis

7. CONCLUSION

26

8.

27

FUTURE SCOPE

REFERENCES

28

LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO

NAME OF THE FIGURE

PAGE. NO

Block Diagram

Lead Zirconate Titanate Unit Cell

Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor

10

Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor

11

Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor

12

Rectifier Circuit Description

13

Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms

14

Voltage Regulator Circuit

15

Voltage Regulator

16

10

Different Types Of Batteries

17

11

12v Lead Acid Battery

20

12

220v Ac Blub

22

13

Foot Step Design At Steps

24

14

Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor

25

CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the
ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the challenge
before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning
of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the
undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from
nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have
less damaging impacts on our environment in India.
The alternatives are,

Solar

Wind Power

Geothermal

Tides

Hydroelectric
In addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power using
human energy and the name of this alternative is a foot step power generation.

1.1 MOTIVATION:

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well
being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required
energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he
hunted. With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new
dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With
further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills,
and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to
say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that
man was using only renewable sources of energy.

1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION:

Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily
power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for electricity exceeds
the increase in electric power generation. People in these countries may use a power-inverter
(rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator at their homes during the powercut. The use of standby generators is common in industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases
the shortage of power.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:

The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power
generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the
power shortages.

CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRIDUCTION:
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION:
The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood, diesel
(generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels, which is the
demand for power has exceed the supply due to the rising population. In addition to this the
traditional methods cause pollution,
GLOBAL WARMING:
Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's nearsurface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. Global surface
temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the increase since the
mid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas
concentrations. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably
had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from
1950 onward.

Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface
temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century.
This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas
emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on
the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a
thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is
a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the
intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of
precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions.. Other expected
effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes,
glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future,
and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most
national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any,
action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected
consequences.
Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the
Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960
to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 6690%
confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offset
some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming
than observed if not for these dimming agents.
Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere,
is frequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of linkage, the
relationship between the two is not strong.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces

in the past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity and
encouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed
of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This
technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator
area, music halls, theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and
celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of Harnessing
human location for electricity generation.

2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

NEED FOR THE SYSTEM:
Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very
much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the
roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people
move around the clock. This whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for
utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources
in crowded countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who
can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy generated at
such farms will be useful for nearby applications.

2.4 ULTIMATE AIM:

The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power
generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the
power shortages

CHAPTER 3
3. ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and
wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy
resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot
power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated
countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all
over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/ bio-energy
being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy
farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries

In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply

walking or running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this
time to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy
into the electrical energy. This project uses piezoelectric sensor.
In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control
mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current
controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive

AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt
D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using
conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.
This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac
output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1 8: Foot Step Power Generation System For Rural Energy Application To Run Ac And Dc
Loads

3.3 SENSOR
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can
be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measured
temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass
tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by
a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

3.4 PIEZO ELECTRIC SENSOR

A piezoelectric

sensor is

device

that

uses

the piezoelectric

effect to

measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.

Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect. When
these materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress, an electric field is generated
across the material, creating a voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems
from the asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied. As seen in Figure 1, the
unit cell contains a small positively charges particle in the center. When a stress is applied this
particle becomes shifted in one direction which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent
electric field. These materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but
they are also found as plastics and ceramics.

Figure 3.2: Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cell

Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development
in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be

used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been
increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent
reliability. It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical,
aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones.
In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when
developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional
holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature
piezoelectric sensor.
The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The
high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals
and goes up to 10e6 N/m [Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that
react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why
piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent
linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive
to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some
materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at
high temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000C. Tourmaline
shows pyroelectricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an
electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common
to piezoceramic materials.

Figure 3.4: Tourmaline

Piezo Electric Sensor

Elevated

temperatures cause an additional drop

in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with
increasing pressure loads and temperature, the sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation.

While quartz sensors need to be cooled during measurements at temperatures above 300C,
special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the
melting point of the material itself.

Figure 3.3: Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor.

CHAPTER 4
4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION
4.1 RECTIFIER
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles
of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four
diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite
ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Figure 4.1: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas,
D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load

resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Figure 4.2: Rectifier Circuit Description

In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre
tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow
back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and
then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the
transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.
The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts
and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the
stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary
contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the
switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter
switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar
mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns.

As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types
of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.

Figure 4.3: Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms

4.2 FILTER
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used.

Figure 4.4:Voltage Regulator Circuit

The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the
required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available
in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages,
making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card
regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each

type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output
current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

Figure 4.5:7805 Voltage Regulator

4.4 BATTERY
Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either
individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a
combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby
power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and
wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data
centers.

4.4.1. Categories and types of batteries

Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages and
disadvantages.

Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to

electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily
restored to the battery by electrical means.
Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions
reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.
Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits,
were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical
reaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active
materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.

Figure 4.6: Different Types Of Batteries

Primary batteries:
Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are
intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that
have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative
power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only
intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the
chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original
forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.

Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline

batteries. Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but
disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75
).
Secondary batteries:
Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active
materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by
applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use.
Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in
that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the
area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced by these batteries
during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy
it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its
use common where a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) is required or where the weight
and ease of handling are not concerns.
A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can generally
deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid electrolyte battery is the
sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in the automotive industry as a
replacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid
electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries have the
electrolyte immobilized, usually by one of two means.
Gel batteries (or "gel cell") contain a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage.
Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in special fiberglass matting.
Other portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed
units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of

this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickelzinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By far, Li-ion has the
highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most
applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios,
and medical equipment. NiZn is a new technology that is not yet well established commercially.
Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL,
with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be
charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, and low self-discharge (LSD) mix
chemistries such as Hybrio, ReCyko, and Eneloop, where cells are recharged prior to shipping.
4.4.2 How Batteries Work?
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It
consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in
series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or
negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations
(positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. In the Redox reaction
that powers the battery, reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while
oxidation (removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each
other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-cells with
different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is
porous to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing.
Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive
electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the
difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the
electrodes have emfs E1 and E2, then the net emf is E2 - E1 ; in other words, the net emf is the
difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
The electrical driving force or

across the terminals of a cell is known as the

terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is

neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.
Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in
magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging
exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would
maintain a constant terminal voltage of

until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell

maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would
perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and
the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted
against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to
the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

Figure 4.7: 12v Lead Acid Battery

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy
release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells
have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and
NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other

hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give
lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.
4.4.3 Battery Lifetime
Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can
lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 2030C. This
is known as the "self discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical
reactions, which occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side
reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be
damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will affect
the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately
normally distributed around 1.6 volts. Discharging performance of all batteries drops at low
temperature.

4.5. INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications,
from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power
from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is
similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before
switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic
devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure
sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion)
that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC
electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and

costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic
oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in
reverse, and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite
function of a rectifier.

4.6 BULB

Figure 4.8: 220v Ac Blub

A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases. The leaves often function
as food storage organs during dormancy .
A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable
the plant to survive adverse conditions. The leaf bases may resemble scales, or they may overlap
and surround the center of the bulb as with the onion. A modified stem forms the base of the
bulb, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base,
and new stems and leaves from the upper side.
Other types of storage organs (such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers) are sometimes
erroneously referred to as bulbs. The correct term for plants that form underground storage
organs,

including

bulbs

as

well

as tubers and corms,

is geophytes.

Some epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceous) form above-ground storage organs called pseudo
bulbs that superficially resemble bulbs.

4.7 SWITCH

In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from

any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended
destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are used
to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two or
more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical
device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output
port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a
switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of
its trip to the intended destination.
In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, a switch performs
the layer 2 or Data-Link layer function. That is, it simply looks at each packet or data unit and
determines from a physical address (the "MAC address").

CHAPTER 5
5. DESIGN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Whenever force is applied on piezo electric crystals that force is converted to Electrical
energy is used to drive DC loads. And that minute voltage which is stored in the Lead Acid
battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C
to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using
conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.

5.2DESIGNING FIGURE

Figure 5.1: Foot Step Design At Steps

Figure 5.2: Foot Step Design Under The Road

CHAPTER 6
6. RESULT
6.1 METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION
1. The "Crowd would work something like this A responsive sub-flooring system would be
placed under, say, the platform of a subway terminal. The blocks that make up the system would
depress slightly under the force of human footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other,
they would generate power in the form of an electric current.
2. The electric current could be used, among other things, to light up signs about the energy created by the
pedestrians, the creators say. People should understand the direct relationship between their
movement and the energy produced," said co-creator Thaddeus Jusczyk.
6.2 RESULT ANALYSIS
While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only enough
power to light 15-watt light bulb for one second), it could really draw some power from a crowd
producing thousands of steps.

CHAPTER 7
7. CONCLUSION
The project FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY
APPLICATION TO RUN A.C. AND D.C. LOADS is successfully tested and implemented
which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people. This can be used for
many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or totally absence. As India is a
developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By using
this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads according to the force we applied on
the piezo electric sensor.

CHAPTER 8
8. FUTURE SCOPE
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well
being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy
resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot
power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated
countries like India and China in future.

REFERENCES
1. Design data book

-P.S.G.Tech.

2. Strength of Materials

-R.S.Kurmi

3. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

4. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi
5. Design of transmission elements S.Md.jalaludeen
6. www.howstuffworks.com