CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION OF DATA
TOPIC LESSON
1.
2.
3.
4.

Methods of Presenting Data.

Statistical Table / Frequency Table
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Polygon

OBJECTIVES
For the students to:
1. Be familiar with the methods of presenting data.
2. Construct statistical / frequency table.
3. Know how to accomplish the frequency distribution.
4. Draw the frequency polygon.

Organization of Quantitative Data

Presentation of data will come after the gathering of data. When the
number of observations becomes very large, it is very difficult to arrange
them either ascending or descending order. To understand what the data has
conveyed for, it is necessary to have ways in organizing the huge data to

have a better understanding and interpretation. The gathered data are raw
data and they have to be organized in order to express the important qualities
and attributes. There are three forms to present data:
1. Textual where data is presented in paragraph form
2. Tabular where data is presented in rows or columns
3. Graphical where data is presented in visual form.
Textual Method.
This method of presenting data is being than by describing in the form
of sentences and paragraphs the summary of the contents. Some people
cannot easily realize set of data in a tabular form unless an initial
clarification of data is given. In textual presentation, the researcher or the
one who is making the study can point some emphases on the importance of
some items or give some relevant attention to some values.
An example of textual method is the one that is being used by the
reporters on television of radio. Reporters prefer to use textual method of
presentation rather than others because of the manner they execute their job.
It is so easy for them to just read the text rather than interpret tables and
graphs.
Tabular Presentation.
Tabular presentation can be done manually but some big companies
are using computer back-up program in doing tabulations of data. In this
book, we will show the process of condensing huge amount of collected data
into an arranged and organized tabulation.

The process of summarizing collected data and assembling them in an

organized table is called Tabulation. The collected data can be classified into
group data and each group in the table can be compared with each other in a
more comfortable manner.
The process of combining together the same items from the mass of
collected data based on their appearances and features like occupation, sex,
height, weight, income, nationality, etc. is called classification of data.
The classified data, when arranged in a symmetrical form simplifies
the analysis of the relationship of each group. This is called statistical table.
This table contains four parts, and they are:
Parts of Statistical Table.
The four important parts of statistical table:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The table heading it describes the contents of the table.

Stub it shows the classification of the contents.
Box head it defines the contents of each column.
Body is the content of the table.

Example:

Annual Enrolees of P. A. University

1995 - 2005
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001

Population
1,280
1,379
1,492
1,650
1,783
1,935
2,122

Rate of Increase
7.73%
8.19%
10.59%
8.06%
8.52%
9.66%

2002
2003
2004
2005

2,368
2,681
3,042
3,428
Red

Table Heading

Green

Box Head

Blue

Stub

Purple

Body

11.59%
13.22%
13.47%
12.69%

Frequency Table
Preferred benefits of the faculties & employees of P. A. University
Welfare Benefits
Profit Sharing
Christmas Bonus
Quarterly Bonus
Night Differential
Rice Benefits
Monthly Groceries
Vacation Leave
Sick Leave
Clothing
Provident Fund
TOTAL

Tally
IIII-IIII-IIII-IIII-IIII
IIII-IIII-IIII-IIII-1
IIII-IIII-IIII-II
IIII-IIII-IIII-II
IIII-IIII-IIII
IIII-IIII-III
IIII-IIII
IIII-III
IIII-II
IIII-I

Frequency
25
21
17
17
15
13
10
8
7
6
139

The tabular arrangement or organization of data by categories

including their frequencies or occurrences is called Frequency Distribution.
The number of items or observations belong to any category is called the
Class Frequency. The grouping of items that described by lower and upper
limit is the Class Interval. The lower limit is the value of the lowest item that

belongs to a class interval. While the upper limit is the value of the highest
item that belongs to the same class interval.
The class limits are described with more accurate manifestations by at
least 0.5 of their values by Class Boundaries. It is located in between the
upper boundary of one class interval and the lower limit of the next class
interval.
Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution
1. Determine the range in the set of data. It is the difference between
the highest and lowest values in the observation.
2. Assume the desired number of class interval or categories. Five to
fifteen (5 15) is the perfect or ideal number of class intervals.
3. Establish the approximate size of the class interval. The size and
the number of class interval can be interchanged some of the time.
It is computed as the quotient of the range over the desired number
of class interval.
4. When constructing the frequency distribution table, it is suggested
that the class intervals will start with the lowest lower limit as
determined by the researchers choice.
5. Determine the class frequencies for each class interval using the
tally method or any other acceptable method.
6. Compute for class mark. The class mark is the average of lower
and upper limit.
Example:

Consider the Raw Data below, construct a frequency

distribution table.

153

144

166

147

135

148

142

152

161

156

133

123

170

143

152

137

151

155

154

134

147

163

157

135

125

138

185

143

145

155

175

158

166

154

129

173

180

153

147

164

179

128

Solution:

Please notice the difficulty of making any interpretation on the

observations on the raw data given. The only way to analyse the
data is to put them in a frequency distribution table.

1. Find the range in the observation.

R=185123=62

2. Assume the desired number of class interval.

Assumption: 7 Class Intervals
3. Compute for the size of Class Intervals.
i

()=
i=

R+1
of CI

62+ 1
=9
7

4. Determine the Class Intervals in ascending order. The book

suggests to start from the lowest value of item.
a. First Class Interval
i. Lower Limit = 123
ii. Upper Limit = Lower Limit + Size -1
Upper Limit = 123 + 9 1 = 131
b. Second Class Interval & succeeding C. I.
i. Lower Limit = Lower Limit of Prior + Size
Second L.L
= 123 + 9 = 132
Third L.L
= 132 + 9 = 141

Fourth L.L
= 141 + 9 = 150
Fifth L.L
= 150 + 9 = 159
Sixth L.L
= 159 + 9 = 168
Seventh L.L = 168 + 9 = 177
ii. Upper Limit = Upper Limit of Prior + Size
Second U.L
= 131 + 9 = 140
Third U.L
= 140 + 9 = 149
Fourth U.L
= 149 + 9 = 158
Fifth U.L
= 158 + 9 = 167
Sixth U.L
= 167 + 9 = 176
Seventh U.L = 176 + 9 = 185
5. Count the number of frequencies in each class intervals.
6. Compute the class marks.
First CM

123+131
=127
2

Succeeding CI will be computed accordingly like the first class

interval.
Class interval

Tally

Frequency

Class Mark

123-131

III

127

132-140

IIII

136

141-149

IIII-IIII

145

150-158

IIII-IIII-II

12

154

159-167

IIII

163

168-176

IIII

172

177-185

II

181

42
Organization of Data Using the Excel Program:
Data gathered on any source can be organized by the use of Excel
Program. Construct a table having the desired number of columns in the
excel display and also the number of rows as shown below. Encode the

necessary information from the gathered data into the rows and columns of
the table.
The encoded data can now be analyse using the excel program again.
The data can be turned into different types of graphs. They can be also
evaluated and interpreted in finding some statistical measures that will be
discussed on the next chapters of the book.
Class
Interval
Tally
Frequency
123-131
IIII
4
132-140
IIIII-I
6
141-149
IIIII-IIII
9
150-158
IIIII-IIIII-II
12
159-167
IIIII
5
168-176
III
3
177-185
III
3
Total
42
Layout of Class Boundaries and Class limits:
Class Boundaries :
Class Limits

123

131.5

140.5

131.132

140.141

Class Mark
127
136
145
154
163
172
181

149.5
149.150

Graphical Method:
Graphs are pictures of numerical data. We can see them in
many styles and they are widely because of clear pictures of
numerical data. Instantly, the viewer can recognize the highest or the
largest among any particular data like, population, births, registration,
and the likes.
Kinds of Graphs:

1. Bar graph is a graph that consists of several bars either vertical or

horizontal bars. The magnitude of the bars is represented by their
scaled lengths.
2. Pie Chart is a graph in the form of a pie or circle. Pie chart is
used to represent the shares of all categories in the entire
observation or data.
3. Line Graphs is a graph that shows the magnitudes or frequencies
of an item or value in any observation.
4. Compound Bar Chart is an ordinary bar graph wherein there are
two or more bars drawn for each item. This chart is used when the
need of comparison is being asked.
There are many graphs that can be adapted to any presentation
relevant to any subject of study. Graphs are instruments that can be helpful
in the interpretation of data and other related matters.
BAR GRAPH
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
127

PIE CHART

136

145

154

163

172

181

127
136
145
154
163
172
181

LINE GRAPH
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
127

136

COMPOUND BAR

145

154

163

172

181

30
25
20
Frequency

15

Percent
10
5
0
127

136

145

154

163

172

181

Frequency Polygon is a line graph of class frequencies plotted

against class marks. It is made by connecting the mid-points of the
rectangular tops of a bar graph.

Frequency Polygon
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Frequency

Cumulative Frequency distribution: The

cumulative

frequency

distribution is a tabular distribution of cumulated frequencies of class

intervals in tabular arrangement. There are two types of cumulative
frequency distribution, the less than and more than cumulative
distribution.
1. The less than cumulative frequency distribution starts from the
frequency of the first class interval. Then, succeeding frequencies
of the class intervals will be added correspondingly one by one to
identify the frequencies of the rest class intervals. It is represented
by a line going upward and the frequency polygon produced is
called less than ogive. The items belong to any class boundary is
less that the upper boundary of the corresponding class interval.
The frequencies in the <cf column are the items less than the upper
boundary of any particular class interval.
Class Interval

<cf

123-131

132-140

10

141-149

19

150-158

12

31

159-167

36

168-176

39

177-185

42

42

In the frequency distribution: There are 4 items less than

131.50; 10 items less than 140.50; 19 items less than 149.50; 31 items
less than 158.50; 36 items less than 167.50; 39 items less than 176.50;
and 42 items less than 185.50.

<cf
45
40
35
30
<cf

25
20
15
10
5
0
131.5

140.5

149.5

158.5

167.5

176.5

185.5

2. The more than cumulative frequency distribution starts from the

total frequency. Then, the next frequency is the difference between
the cumulative frequency and the frequency of the previous class
interval. It is represented by a line going downward and the
frequency polygon produced is called more than ogive. The items
belong to any class boundary is more that the lower boundary of
the corresponding class interval. The frequencies in the <cf column
are the items more than the lower boundary of any particular class
interval.

Class Interval

>cf

123-131

42

132-140

38

141-149

32

150-158

12

23

159-167

11

168-176

177-185

42
In the frequency distribution: There are 42 items more than
122,3.50; 38 items more than 131.50; 32 items more than 140.50; 23
items more than 149.50; 11 items more than 158.50; 6 items less than
167.50; and 3 items less than 176.50.

>cf
45
40
35
30

>cf

25
20
15
10
5
0
122.5

131.5

140.5

149.5

158.5

167.5

176.5

Relative Frequency Distribution: The relative frequency distribution

is the arrangement of data in tabular form indicating the percentage of the
class frequencies over the total frequency. It is sometimes called the
percentage table.
Class Interval

rf(%)

123-131

9.52

132-140

14.29

141-149

21.43

150-158

12

28.57

159-167

11.90

168-176

7.14

177-188

7.14

30

25

20
Frequency

15

Percent
10

0
127

136

145

154

163

172

181

Name: ________________________
Course: ________
Classroom Activity No.2.1
Section: ________
1. Prepare a frequency distribution table for the following random data.
148

253

268

372

387

493

408

513

528

633

648

753

768

873

888

491

406

511

526

631

646

766

472

487

592

507

612

627

732

747

573

588

693

608

713

728

534

549

681

696

701

517

622

637

547

690

503

519

621

535

644

804

712

820

835

641

751
453

468

654

669

576

552

564

576

588

556

666

374

584

794

556

761

876

683

699

501

517

422

235

647

758

869

374

485

293

505

610

625

730

745

850

865

973

187

292

207

312

432

447

552

567

672

687

792

707

812

327
827

932

Name: ________________________
Course: ________
Homework No.2.1
Section: ________
1. Prepare a frequency distribution table for the following random data.
57

42

25

67

78

89

34

45

23

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

93

17

22

27

32

42

47

52

57

62

67

72

77

82

18

23

28

32

37

43

48

53

73

78

83

88

41

46

51

76

42

47

52

57

62

53

58

63

68

73

61

66

71

57

60

53

59

84

72

37
87

92

58

63

68

56

61

66

71

67

72

77

43

48

78

54

59

64

69

56

62

67

57

52

54

56

58

61

55

64

56

66

34

54

74

80

85

61

56

71

86

63

69

51

2. Construct a frequency distribution table for the following data

representing the daily savings of employees in a certain company.
141

146

151

156

161

166

171

176

142

147

152

157

132

137

143

148

153

158

163

168

173

178

183

188

152

154

156

158

160

153

159

161

155

164

156

166

134

154

174

184

177

162

167

172

177

182

187

192

157

142

125

167

178

189

134

145

123

155

160

165

170

175

180

185

196

117

122

127

132

137

142

147

162

167

172

177

143

148

153

158

163

168

173

178

154

159

164

169

156

161

166

171

157

162

167

157

152

157

162

167

172

177

182

187

192

118

123

148