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Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
Abstract Cracks generally occur both in plastic and elastic state of concrete, plastic shrinkage cracks appears in the surface of the
freshly placed concrete exposed to hot, windy conditions often is prone to plastic shrinkage cracking. This type of cracking is
normally noticed on beams, slabs, pavements, and other flat concrete surfaces. Many factors affect plastic shrinkage cracking, in
particular the evaporation of water from the surface of freshly placed concrete. Other factors also influence the likelihood of plastic
shrinkage cracking such as admixtures, w/c ratio, fineness of cement, workmanship, and on site building practices. Evaporation itself
is a function of climatic variables such as temperature of air, relative humidity, climatic condition, and the wind flows.
The issues related to often observed in practice scratches and cracks of concrete structures arising just at the stage of their
construction. The main cause of these cracks are change of volume, temperature rise caused by exothermic hydration process of
cement and inhomogeneous. The paper discusses the origin of early cracks and their character in massive foundation slabs and
concrete walls. The development of cracks can be minimized if appropriate measures are taken prior to finishing of concrete, during
placing of concrete and after placing of concrete.
Keywords cracks in concrete; Plastic shrinkage cracks; On dry subgrade or hot steel shutters; Plastic settlement; Temperature;
Evaporation; Cracking of hardened concrete; Evaluating cracking in concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cracking are early indications of failure of structure. Cracks are often observed in concrete structure and it is very important
to understand that all cracks may have various causes and different effects on long term performance of structures. The cracks
in a concrete element is a problem when the size of cracks exceeds a critical value such that the serviceability, durability, and
appearance of the structure are impaired. Concrete is a brittle material with less capacity of deformation under the stress. Plastic
shrinkage cracks occurs mostly in horizontal surfaces, probably they are parallel to each other and relatively shallow. Loading
of material is the one of the reason for the early stage cracks on the slabs. When concrete becomes older cracks become causes
of leakages and seepages and give entree to the moisture, oxygen, chloride, carbon dioxide etc. and other aggressive chemicals
and gases into the concrete causing serious degradation of the structure and causing corrosion of steel and damage in the
concrete and at a same time causing structural failure of the member.
II. TYPES OF CRACKS
TABLE- 1
Sub grade
movement
Formwork
movement
TYPES OF CRACKS
Cracks occurring before hardening
Young Concrete
Temperature
Variation due to
hydration process
Volume Changes
Drying shrinkage
Frost Damage
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Mature Concrete
Physical-chemical
Volume changes
Structural cracks
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Cement
carbonation
Alkali aggregate
reaction
Freeze- Thawing
cycle
External seasonal
temperature
Drying shrinkage
Fatigue
Design or
accidental load
IAETSD 2016
ISBN:978-1535061506
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
III. TYPES OF CRACKS ON FRESH CONCRETE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION
Sub-Grade Movement
Movement of the sub-grade, can crack concrete. This may be caused by changes in soil volume in response to changes in the
soils moisture content, or it may be caused by subsidence. Subsidence is settling that can have a number of causes. Subsurface mining, extraction of natural gas, the dissolution of limestone or conditions related to groundwater can all cause soil to
settle. An example is when groundwater dissolves the carbonate cement holding sandstone particles together, and then carries
away the particles, creating a void in the soil.
F. Temperature
Hydration of cement generates heat which causes a rise in temperature of concrete. Due to internal restraint when surface of
concrete loses heat to the atmosphere a temperature differential develops between cool exterior and hot core of concrete element
as heat is dissipated to the outside fast enough due to low thermal diffusivity of the concrete. Restraint of free expansion results
in stresses compressive in one part of the element and tensile in the other. If tensile stress at the surface of the element due to
expansion of the core exceeds tensile strength of concrete or if it results in tensile strain capacity exceeds then the surface
cracking will develop. Cracking will occur when such temperature differential exceeds 20 degree C. High ambient temperature
causes a high water demand of the concrete and increase in temperature of the fresh concrete. Subsequent cooling of the
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ISBN:978-1535061506
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
hardened concrete can introduce tensile stresses. Normal Portland cement produces more heat of hydration than blended cement.
High cement content per cum of concrete produces more heat of hydrations.
1 Preventive Action
In case of very thick temperature at various points should be monitored by installing thermocouples. To prevent a large heat
loss from top, the surface shall be adequately installed with polystyrene and evaporation prevented by use of plastic membrane
or application of the curing compound. Along sides of the raft, formwork shall be retained to act as insulation till temperature
differential has been reduce to 10 degree C. Placing concrete at a low temperature using pre cooled aggregates and water
alternatively using ice flakes would help in minimizing surface cracks. During concreting at high ambient temperature
evaporation of water after finishing shall be prevented by application of curing compound, alternatively covering the surface
with plastic sheet or hessian cloth shortly after finishing followed by sprinkling of water and regular water curing there after.
Portland cement with low rate of heat development and using blended cement in which part of cement is replaced by flyash can
reduce heat of hydration which in turn could minimize development of surface cracks. Whenever possible it is desirable to place
the concrete in the coolest part of the day and preferably at a time such that ambient temperature will rise following the setting
of the concrete
G. Shrinkage induced cracking.
Presence of clay in aggregates leads both to higher shrinkage and greater cracking. Increase in water cement ratio tends to
increase shrinkage and at the same time reduces strength of concrete. Increase in cement content also increases shrinkage and
therefore cracking tendency although effect on strength is positive. Carbonation produces shrinkage, but it reduces subsequent
moisture movement. When stress induced by free shrinkage strain is greater than tensile strength of concrete cracks would occur.
1. Preventive Action
Limited presence of silt or clay in aggregates within allowable percent reducing water cement ratio and cement content in
concrete can minimize cracks in concrete. Use of retarders may allow more shrinkage to be accommodated in the form of
plastic shrinkage, increase extensibility of concrete and there by reduce cracking.
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ISBN:978-1535061506
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
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ISBN:978-1535061506
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
Corrosion to reinforcement is signs rather than reason for concrete damage. Corrosion occurs due to electrochemical
oxidation of reinforcement bars in existence of moisture and electron flow inside metal. After corrosion the volumes of
reinforced bars get increased. Due to increase in volume of reinforced bars a bursting radial stresses are produced around bars
which result in local radial cracks around bars.
1. Preventive Action
Preventive technique comprises of epoxy coating of bars before fixing the reinforcement, use of richer grade of concrete and by
use of corrosion inhibitors admixtures.
D. Drying Shrinkage
Tensile stresses are developed within structure due to combination of shrinkage and restraint provided by another part of the
structure. Concrete has greater volume when it is in dried form and it volume decreases on drying decrease in volume is due to
loss of water. When decrease in volume of concrete is restrained by reinforcement bars then cracks is established called Plastic
shrinkage cracks. As we know that concrete are week in tension so when tensile stress which is developed during restraint
exceeds tensile strength of concrete then cracks started to develop. These cracks are detected at the surface which go deep later
on as time passes.
1. Preventive Action
Factors which affect drying shrinkage are type of aggregate and water cement ratio. Hardened aggregate offer more resistance
to shrinkage. Contraction joints and correct detailing of the reinforcement reduces shrinkage cracking.
E. Poor Construction Practices
When construction is not done correctly cracks started to develop due to wrong construction practice. Additional of water to
increase workability is the most common. Addition of water plays an important role in increasing drying shrinkage of concrete,
increasing concrete settlement and decreasing concrete strength. When less curing is done or curing is eliminated early stages
may cause develop of cracks in the structure.
F. Design or Accidental load
Concrete gets damaged due to structural overload which are very easy to detect. Precast member like beam and are generally
subjected to this type of load. Most unfortunate things about cracks is due to structural overload are that cracks are detected at
early stages.
1. Preventive Action
These types of cracks can be prevented if designer limit the load on structure. And avoid overloading or accidental loading in
newly constructed building
G. Thermal Stress
Thermal cracks occur due to excessive temperature within a concrete structure. The temperature differences causes the
coolest portion to contract more than the warming portion, which restrains the contraction. Thermal stresses are produced when
there is normal expansion and contraction of concrete due to surrounding change in air temperature. When there is no provision
of thermal expansion concrete will crack.
1. Preventive Action
The key to minimize thermal cracking is to recognize when it is occur and take steps to minimize it. Reduce heat of hydration
by optimum utilization of cement and Jute bags is used to cover concrete and keep watering it, The frequency may be varies
according to the weathering condition.
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Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
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Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
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Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
Cure properly as soon as finishing has been completed. Ensure concrete is properly placed,
compacted
Use cooler concrete in hot weather and avoid excessively high concrete temperature in cold weather condition.
Dry sub grade shall be properly wetted before placing concrete or a separate polythene sheet
cover the concrete surface by plastic sheet or hessian cloth after about 1 to 1.5 hours of finishing the surface when
impression of finger on pressing does not appear. If minor cracks develop during this period steel trowel finish
should be done to remove them.
Plastic settlement cracking can be avoided by use of a dry mix, good compaction, pacing in layers and by not
allowing too fast a rate of build up of concrete. Also top cover over reinforcement bars is to be maintained properly
to avoid such cracks.
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ISBN:978-1535061506
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the officials and management of SRM University for their support in doing this work.
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REFERENCES
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