1. What is a magnetizing inrush current?

- When does it happen?

- Why does it happen?
- How does it happen?
2. What is a sympathetic inrush current?
- When does it happen?
- Why does it happen?
- How does it happen?
3. What is a transformer differential relay?
- What is it made of?
- How does it work?
4. What is harmonic?
- When does it appear? Why it appears during inrush?
- How does it affect transformers? (power pxf, current pxf)

A. Sympathetic Inrush
1. Component
a. Offset DC Component
2. Effect of its components on relay operation
3. Effect of its components on current transformers, power transformers
4. Behavior of its components
B. 2nd Harmonics
1. Why is it generated during inrush?
2. What are its effects on transformers? Current transformers?
3. How is it used in harmonic restraint/blocking?
C. Transformer Differential Relays
1. Components
a. Electromechanical and Microprocessor
2. Operation
a. Electromechanical and Microprocessor
3. Ways it differentiate Magnetizing Inrush from Fault
a. Percentage Differential
b. Harmonic Restraint
c. Harmonic Blocking
i.
Set point/Threshold (How did the manufacturers/utilities arrived
at this?)
ii.
Types:
ii.a. 1 out of 3
ii.b. 2 out of 3
ii.c. averaging
ii.d. cross-blocking
d. DC Blocking
e. Waveform-based

SOLUTION TO SYMPATHETIC INTERACTION AMONG PARALLEL PXF

I.

Energize PXF from Low-side First

A. Why?

1. What happens with energizing the PXF from low-side first?

Risks/Limitations
If energized from low-side, would there still be inrush?
Effect of such switching procedure on 2 nd harmonic;
Or if energized from low-side, is sympathetic interaction clearly
avoided?
F. If lesser inrush results, will it mean no differential operation despite
reduced second harmonic?
G. If 2nd harmonic becomes very low, then differential tripping may still
not be blocked.
B.
C.
D.
E.

II.

Evaluate Source Strength and Close Breaker Adjacent to the Stronger

Source First
A. Is there a provision to know which source is stronger?
B. Is there a provision to know which one is the incoming and the
outgoing supply?
C. When such switching procedure is performed, is sympathetic
interaction clearly avoided?
D. If sympathetic interaction is still present and 2 nd harmonic level still
becomes low, then differential tripping may still not be blocked.

III.

Reduce the Second Harmonic Set Point/Threshold to Allow Blocking for

Lower Harmonic Levels
A. What additional protection elements may be needed as a back-up to
the 87T?
B. What will dictate the new reduced second harmonic set point?
C. Effect of lowering second harmonic set point?

IV.

Waveform-based Restraint
A. What relay has this functionality/capability?
B. How is the restraint being done?