International Journal of Fracture 101: 291319, 2000.

2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms by

path-independent integrals in anisotropic cracked solids
S. YANG and F. G. YUAN
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
Received 4 February 1999; accepted in revised form 3 March 1999
Abstract. Because the elastic T-stress and other coefficients of the higher-order terms play an important role in
fracture mechanics such as the stability of crack kinking, crack path, and two-parameter characterization of elasticplastic crack tip fields, determination of all the coefficients in the crack tip field expansion in an anisotropic linear
elastic solid is presented in this paper. Utilizing conservation laws of elasticity and Bettis reciprocal theorem, together with selected auxiliary fields, T-stress and third-order stress coefficients near the crack tip are evaluated first
from path-independent line integrals. To determine the T-stress terms using the J -integral and Bettis reciprocal
work theorem, auxiliary fields under a concentrated force and moment acting at the crack tip are used respectively.
Through the use of Stroh formalism in anisotropic elasticity, analytical expressions for all the coefficients including
the stress intensity factors are derived in a compact form that has surprisingly simple structure in terms of one of
the Barnett-Lothe tensors, L. The solution forms for degenerated materials, monoclinic, orthotropic, and isotropic
materials are also presented.
Key words: Anisotropic materials, crack-tip fields, stress intensity factor, energy release rate, T-stress, stress
coefficient terms, J-integral, Bettis reciprocal theorem.

1. Introduction
The use of fracture mechanics to assess the failure behavior in a flawed structure requires the
identification of critical parameters which govern the severity of stress and deformation field
in the vicinity of the flaw, and which can be evaluated using information obtained from the
flaw geometry, loading, and material properties. In the linear elastic solids, stress intensity
factors, ki (i = I, I I, I I I ), represent the leading singular terms in the Williams eigenfunction
expansion series near a crack tip. ki are often assumed to be unique parameters associated with
crack extension. The physical implications of the higher-order non-singular terms have been
noted by Cotterell (1966). Especially, the so-called T-stress, second term of the crack tip stress
field which represents the constant normal stress parallel to the crack surfaces, has been found
as an additional parameter in characterizing the behavior of a crack (Larsson and Carlsson,
1973; Rice, 1974). Cotterell and Rice (1980) showed that T-stress substantially influences
the fracture path stability of a mode-I crack. The stress biaxiality parameter (Leevers and
Radon, 1982; Sham, 1991) has been tabulated as a function of relative crack lengths and
overall geometry in many fracture test specimens for the isotropic solid using computational
techniques (e.g., Kfouri, 1986; Sham, 1991). Kardomateas et al. (1993) examined the thirdterm of the Williams solution and concluded its significance in the center-cracked and singleedge specimens with short crack lengths.

292 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

In anisotropic linear elastic solids, Gao and Chiu (1992) examined the T-stress term of a
crack in infinite orthotropic solids under mode-I loading. Because of the material anisotropy
involved, the T-stress term is affected by the material properties. It is also expected that,
in general, mixed-mode crack behavior and the biaxiality parameter are also dependent on
the material anisotropy. Thus, it is essential to develop efficient computational techniques
to determine T-stress term coefficients including the stress intensity factors in anisotropic
cracked materials with finite geometry. In this paper, two methods based on the J -integral
and Bettis reciprocal theorem are proposed to obtain compact forms for calculating all the
stress coefficient terms in anisotropic cracked solids. To determine T-stress term using the
J -integral, the method by Kfouri (1986) is extended to anisotropic solids. The closed form
solution of the auxiliary field, a point force acting at the crack tip, is derived for this purpose.
A path-independent integral based on the Bettis reciprocal work concept has been used for
determining the stress intensity factors by Stern et al. (1976), Hong and Stern (1978), Sinclair
et al. (1984) for isotropic materials; Soni and Stern (1976) for orthotropic materials; and
An (1987) for rectlinearly anisotropic materials. This path-independent line integral is also
extended to determine all the stress coefficient terms with auxiliary fields.
2. Stroh formalism
In a fixed Cartesian coordinate system xi , (i = 1, 2, 3), consider a two-dimensional deformation of an anisotropic linear elastic body in which the deformation field is independent of the
x3 coordinate. The stresses ij are related to displacements ui by the generalized Hookes law
ij = cij kl uk,l

(1)

where cij kl are the elastic stiffnesses.

Throughout this paper, all indices range from 1 to 3 and the summation convention is
applied to repeated Latin index unless otherwise noted. The bold-face letters are used to
represent matrices or vectors. A comma stands for differentiation; overbar denotes complex
conjugate. A symbol Re stands for real part; Im for imaginary part.
In the absence of body forces, general solutions for stress function vector , displacement
vector u, and stresses ij , according to Stroh formalism (Ting, 1996), can be represented by
3
X
= Re[
b d f (z )],

3
X
u = Re[
a d f (z )],

=1

i1 = i,2 ,

(2)

=1

i2 = i,1 ,

(3)

or
= Re[Bhf (z)id],

u = Re[Ahf (z)id]

(4)

where
hf (z)i = diag[f (z1 ), f (z2 ), f (z3 )].
z = x1 + p x2 ,

Im[p ] > 0,

= 1, 2, 3.

A = [a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ],

B = [b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ]

(5)

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 293

In the above, f (z) is an arbitrary function, d is an unknown complex constant vector to be
determined. p , a , and b are the Stroh eigenvalues and eigenvectors which depend on the
elastic constants only. They can be determined by the following eignevalue problem
N = p ,
where
N=

"

(6)

N1 N2

"
=

N3 NT1

N1 = T 1 R T ,

#
,

N2 = T 1 ,

(7)
N3 = RT 1 R T Q

(8)

and Q, R, and T are 3 3 matrices, whose components are

Qik = ci1k1 ,

Rik = ci1k2 ,

Tik = ci2k2 .

The eigenvalue problem of eq. (6) yields six eigenvalues p and six associated eigenvectors
(a, b). Since N is real and strain energy is positive definite, there are three pairs of complex
conjugates for p. Thus the eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors can be arranged as
Imp > 0,

p+3 = p ,

b+3 = b ,

a +3 = a ,

= 1, 2, 3.

It has been shown that the vectors

" #
" #
a
b
and
,
b
a
associated with same eigenvalue p are the right and left eigenvectors of the unsymmetric
matrix N, respectively. Hence
"
#T "
#
b
a
= 0, p 6 = p .
(9)
a
b
Assuming that the p are distinct, the eigenvector a , b can be normalized such that
bT a + a T b = ,

(10)

eq. (9) and (10) can be combined as

" T
#"
# "

B
AT
I
A
A
=
T

T
0
B
B
A
B

#
(11)

where I is the identity matrix. Useful relations and identities can be derived from eq. (11).
Some of them which will be used in the sequel are listed below:
B T A + AT B = I,
L = 2iBB T ,

+ AT B
= 0,
BT A

S = i(2AB T I),

L1 = Re[iAB 1 ],

(12)
(13)

294 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

where L is a real, symmetric matrix and S is real. It can be shown that they are positive
definite. Eq. (12) are called the orthogonality relations. In general, the Stroh formalism can
not be directly applied to degenerate materials where p have repeated roots (eq. (6)). However,
if the final solution requires only L and S, then the solution also holds for degenerate materials
(Barnett and Lothe, 1973). For instance, in the isotropic solids,

1 0 0
0 1 0

1
1 2
1 0 0 ,
0 1 0
L= 0
, S=
(14)

2s11
2(1 )
0 0 1
0 0 0
0
where s11
= (1 2 )/E.
For crack problems, it may be convenient to introduce a complex potential function 8
(Gao, 1991) such that

8 = Bhf (z)iB 1 g,

(15)

where g = Bd, then the displacement expression in eq. (4) can be rewritten in terms of the
potential function 8 as
u = Re[AB 1 8].

(16)

The stress components ij which constitute two vectors

1 = [11 , 12 , 13 ],

2 = [12 , 22 , 23 ]

(17)

are given by
1 = Re[8,2 ],

2 = Re[8,1 ],

(18)

where 1 is the traction vector acting on the surface x1 = constant with outward normal
n = [1, 0, 0]T ; 2 is the traction vector on the surface x2 = constant with n = [0, 1, 0]T .
Note that in the two-dimensional deformation, the stress component 33 which is missing in
eq. (18) can be determined using the condition 33 = 0.
The traction vector t at a point on a curved surface 0 with unit outward normal n =
[n1 , n2 , 0]T is given by
ti = ij nj .
With the potential function 8, ti can be expressed as




d8i
d8
ti = Re
or t = Re
,
ds
ds

(19)

where s is an arc length measured counter-clockwise along 0 as shown in Fig. 1. Thus if the
boundary 0 is traction-free surface, then
Re[8] = 0 on

(20)

The resultant force and moment about the x3 -axis due to the surface traction t acting on 0
between s1 and s2 (s2 > s1 ) are
Z s2
t(s) ds = Re[8(s1 ) 8(s2 )],
s1

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 295

Figure 1. The surface traction t on a curved boundary 0 with a unit outward normal vector n.

s2
s1

(x1 t2 x2 t1 ) ds = Re[x1 82 x2 81 ]|ss21 ,

where

(z) =

82 () d

If 0 encloses a region and there are concentrated force f and moment M inside the region,
then the equilibrium of the body demands that
Z
t(s) ds = f ,
(21)
Z

(x1 t2 x2 t1 ) ds = M.

(22)

3. Crack-tip fields
Consider a crack in the anisotropic body. Let a coordinate system be attached to the crack tip
and crack plane lies on the x1 x3 coordinate plane. The configuration is shown in Fig. 2. The
crack faces are assumed to be traction-free. Note that the crack plane may not coincide with
the symmetry plane of the material.
To find the solution for the crack tip field, employing eqs. (15) and (16) with f (z ) = z+1 ,
we take the solutions 8 and u in the form
8 = Bhz+1 iB 1 g,

(23)

u = Re[Ahz+1 iB 1 g],

(24)

where the complex variable z is defined by

z = r(cos + p sin ),

g is a complex constant vector and is the complex constant. We seek admissible values of
subjected to a restriction in which the strain energy is bounded as r 0, that is
1 < Re()

296 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

Figure 2. A cracked body and a contour around a crack.

To maintain a unique solution for 8 in eq. (23), we introduce a branch cut along the
negative x1 axis with a convention, that is
z+1 = r +1 ei(+1)

at =

Insertion of eq. (23) into traction-free boundary conditions

Re[8] = 0 at

yields

r ei(++2) g + g = 0

r ei(++2) g + g = 0

(25)
(26)

Subtraction of eq. (26) from eq. (25) leads to

[ei2(++2) 1]Ig = 0
where I is a 3 3 identity matrix. For a nontrivial solution of g,

det[(ei2(++2) 1)I] = (ei2(++2) 1)I = 0
or
Re() = (n 2)/, n = 1, 2, 3,

(27)

With eq. (27), from eq. (25) or (26), we have

g = r i2lm() cos[2 Re()]g

(28)

Since g is a constant, from eq. (28), (27),

Im() = 0, = (n 2)/2

= 1/2, 1/2, 3/2,

g,
g =
g,
= 0, 1, 2,

(29)

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 297

that is, is real, the vector g associated with is real if = 12 , 12 , 32 , . . . ; and g is pure
imaginary if = 0, 1, 2, . . . . It is clear from the determinant given above that each of the
eigenvalues is a root of multiplicity three. Since g has three arbitrary components, we
have three independent eigenfunctions associated with the triple eigenvalues . Therefore the
assumed forms of 8 and u given by eq. (23) and (24) are justified; no logarithmic type of
form exists.
Superimposing all the solutions with different orders of r, the crack tip field can be constructed as
X
8=
Bhzn +1 iB 1 g n ,
n=1

u=

(30)
Re[Ahz

n +1

iB

g n ],

n=1

where n = (n 2)/2, g n is real for n = 1, 3, 5, . . . , g n is pure imaginary for n = 2, 4, 6, . . . ,

and g n are dependent on the geometry of the cracked body, material properties, and loading
conditions.
The stress components are given by
X
1 =
(n + 1)Re[Bhpzn iB 1 g n ],
n=1

2 =

(31)
(n + 1)Re[Bhz iB
n

g n ].

n=1

It is clear that there is no need to introduce normalization factors to calculate the displacements
and stresses from eq. (30) and (31).
(n)
Let (n)
i , u , be the n-th order terms of the crack tip fields. The leading order solution
can be obtained by setting n = 1, that is


 
1
p
1
(1)
=

k
,
B
Re
B

1
z
2
(32)


 
1
1
(1)
Re B B 1 k ,
2 =
z
2
r


2
(1)
u =
(33)
Re[A z B 1 k],

where k = [kI I , kI , kI I I ]T is the stress intensity factor defined by

r

(1)
k = lim 2 r 2 (r, 0) =
g .
r0
2 1

(34)

The second-order solutions are given by

1
(2)
1 = Re[BhpiB g 2 ],

or

(2)
2 = 0,

(35)

298 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

X
(2)
1
11
= Re[
B1 B
p g2 ],
,

(36)

X
(2)
1
13
= Re[
B3 B
p g2 ],
,
(2)
(2)
(2)
12
= 22
= 23
=0

and
u(2) = Re[AhziB 1 g 2 ].

(37)

If we let
q = iL1 g 2 ,

(38)

then using the relations (Ting, 1996)

Im[BhpiB 1 ] = N3 L1 ,
Im[AhpiB 1 ] = (x1 I + x2 N1 )L1 ,
(2)
(2)
the second-order terms also called T-terms, 11
, 13
, and u(2) , can be written in real form

(2)
1 = N3 q

(39)

u(2) = (x1 I + x2 N1 )q

(40)

where N1 and N3 are given by eq. (8). However, N1 and N3 have a simple expression in terms
of the reduced elastic compliances sij0 (Ting, 1996). Starting from the identity C 0 s 0 = I = s 0 C 0
where C 0 is obtained from the contracted stiffnesses C by deleting the third row and third
column of C, it can be shown N1 and N3 has explicit expressions:

0
0
s55 0 s15
r6 1 s6

1
, N1 = r2 0 s2
N3 =
0
0
0

1
0
0
r
0
s
4
4
s15 0 s11
0 0
0 0
1 = s11
s55 s15
s15 ,
0 0
0 0
r = (s15
s5 s55
s1 )/1,

0 0
0 0
s = (s15
s1 s11
s5 )/1,

= 2, 4, 6.

and sij0 are the reduced compliance constants defined by sij0 = sij si3 sj 3 /s33 (i, j = 1, 2, 4, 5, 6).
u(2) can be further separated into two parts

x2

q1

(2)
x1
u = (x1 I + x2 N1 ) 0 + q2
,
(41)

0
q
3

where the first term can be expressed in detail

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 299

0 (2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
0
0
(s11 11 + s15
13
)x1 + (s16
11
+ s56
13
)x2
q1

(2)
(2)
0
0
(x1 I + x2 N1 ) 0
(42)
=
(s12 11 + s25 13 )x2

0 (2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
0
0
q3
(s15 11 + s55
13
)x1 + (s14
11
+ s45
13
)x2
and clearly the second-term of eq. (41) represents rigid body rotation. i.e.,
q2 i L1
2j g2j

(43)

stands for rotation constant about the x3 -axis. Following a similar procedure, the other
higher order terms can be obtained and it will not be presented here for brevity.
For a general anisotropic material, all three displacements are coupled in general. However
0
0
for the monoclinic material with symmetry plane at x3 = 0, si4
= si5
= 0, (i = 1, 2, 3, 6),
the in-plane displacements u1 and u2 can be decoupled from antiplane displacement u3 , and
calculation of p is much simpler. In this case, p1 and p2 are the roots of
0
0
0
0
0
0
s11
p 4 2s16
p 3 + (2s12
+ s66
)p 2 2s26
p + s22
=0

(44)

with positive imaginary parts. p3 is a root of

0
0
0
s55
p 2 2s45
p + s44
= 0,

Im[p3 ] > 0.

Moreover, the expressions of A, B, L, and S are simplified substantially and are given below:

1 1 2 2
l p1 2 p2 0
0

0 , B = 1
2
0 ,
A = 1 1 2 2

i3 1

1
1
1
1 p2

1
=
p1 p 2

1

2

b d

0
L1 = s11
d e

1
3 (p2 p1 )

0 1
0 0 (s11
)

S=

d b 0

1
2 p1

s2
e d 0 ,

g
0 0 0

where
0 0
0 0 1/2
= (s44
s55 s45
s45 )
,

L=

s2
d
0
s11
g2
0

(45)

0
0 s11
g 2 s 2

300 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

0
0
0
0
0
0
= s11
p2 s16
p + s12
, = s12
p s26
+ s22
/p ,

p1 + p2 = a + ib,

p1 p2 = c + id,

0
0
g = (s12
/s11
) c,

e = ad bc,

s = g(be d 2 )1/2 .
and i (i = 1, 2, 3) are the normalization factors introduced from eq. (10).
The stress and displacement components can be written as
X
1 =
(n + 1)Re
n=1

p1 p 2

gn1

gn2
gn3
2 =

p12 z1n p22 z2n p1 p2 (p1 z1n p2 z2n )

p2 zn p1 zn
2
1

p1 p2 (z2n

z1n )

0
(p1

(46)

p2 )p3 z3n

(n + 1)Re

n=1

p1 p 2

u =

p1 z1n p2 z2n p1 p2 (z1n z2n )

z2n z1n

p1 z2n p2 z1n

(p1 p2 )z3n

gn1

gn2

gn3

(47)

Re

n=1

gn1

gn2
gn3

2 zn +1 1 zn +1 p1 2 zn +1 p2 1 zn +1
0
2
1
2
1

0
0
i1 (p1 p2 )z3n +1

p1 p 2

2 z2n +1 1 z1n +1 p1 2 z2n +1 p2 1 z1n +1

(48)

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 301

For the leading-order terms, 1 = 12 , letting g 1 = 2/ k, the singular field and T-terms for
the anisotropic solids can be written in the form:
1
(1)
= Re
1
2

p12

z1

p
1
2

p1 p 2 z 2

(1)
2



p1
p22
p2
p1 p2
z2
z1
z2
p1

z1

p1
z 1

1
1
1

= Re

z2
p

p
2
1
2

(49)

kI I



1
1

0
p1 p2
kI

z2
z1
k

III

(p1 p2 )p3
0

z3



1
p2
1
0
p1 p2

z2
z1
z2

kI I

p1
1
p2

0

kI

z1
z2
z1
k

III

(p1 p2 )
0
0

z3

(50)

r
(1)

2
Re

p1 p 2

kI I

kI

kI I I

2 z 2 1 z 1 p1 2 z 2 p 2 1 z 1

2 z2 1 z1 p1 2 z2 p2 1 z1

0
0

i1 (p1 p2 ) z3

(51)

The solutions for the second order term are

bg21 + dg22

(2)
0
1 = i
,

0 1
(s55
) g23

(52)

302 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

(2)
2 = 0,

u(2)

(53)

(2)

0
0

x1 + s16
x2 )
11 (s11

x2

(2) 0
x1
= (x1 I + x2 N1 )q =
+ q2
11 s12 x2

0
(2) 0

0
13 (s55 x1 + s45
x2 )

(54)

0
where = q2 = iL1
2j g2j = is11 (dg21 + eg22 ) is the rigid body rotation constant. Clearly
the T-terms are dependent on the material properties in anisotropic solids. The crack tip fields
for the degenerate cases are shown in Appendix A.

4. Auxiliary fields associated with the crack tip fields

Some auxiliary fields with higher-order singularities are needed in order to determine the
coefficients in the expansion of the crack tip field by the use of conservation laws of elasticity
and Bettis reciprocal theorem. Since the negative integers are also the eigenvalues of the
crack problem which satisfy zero traction on the crack surfaces and satisfy the field governing
equations of the anisotropic solids, the associated eigenfunctions can be conveniently used
as auxiliary (pseduo) fields. Note that each eigenfunction with higher-order singularity has
unbounded energy near the crack tip and thus corresponds to some concentrated source at the
tip. This eigenfunction can be imagined as a self-equilibrated solution to the crack problem
under some specified loads. These auxiliary fields may be obtained by choosing the values of
n in eq. (30) as negative integers, that is,


8a = B z1m +1 B 1 hm ,




u = Re A z1m +1 B 1 hm ,

(55)

i1a = Re[8i,2 ],

i2a = Re[8i,1 ],

1m = m/2, m = 1, 3, 4, . . . ,

(56)
(57)

hm = [hm1 , hm2 , hm3 ]T ,

where hm are arbitrary constant vectors. hm is real for m = 1, 3, 5, . . . ; hm is pure imaginary
for m = 4, 6, 8, . . . , Utilizing eq. (2122), the auxiliary fields, except m = 4, defined by eq.
(55) yield zero resultant force on any contour 0 which encloses the crack tip shown in Fig. 2.
The corresponding resultant moment about the x3 -axis, produced by the tractions acting on
the contour 0 is also zero for the auxiliary fields in eq. (55). The special case of 1m = 2 or
m = 4 can be also directly explained from eq. (22). In this case, the function associated with
[0, h42 , 0]T corresponds to the particular solution for a crack under a concentrated moment
about x3 -axis, (2 ih42 ), applied at the crack tip; the functions associated with [h41 , 0, 0]T
and [0, 0, h43 ]T correspond to the homogeneous solution which satisfy zero concentrated force
and moment at the crack tip.
In the following two sections, stress intensity factors, T-stress terms, and coefficients of
third-order terms are determined using the J -integral and the Bettis reciprocal theorem including the use of above auxiliary fields.

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 303

5. J-integral
( A ) T- STRESS

TERM

Ji conservation laws (Knowles and Sternberg, 1972) for a plane anisotropic elasticity problem
may be written as
Z
Jk = (W nk ti ui,k ) ds = 0, k = 1, 2
(58)
C

for an arbitrary closed contour C that encloses no defects, cracks, or material inhomogeneities.
In the above equations, W is the strain energy density, W = ij ij /2, where ij and ij are
the stresses and strains respectively; ti are the traction components defined along the contour,
ti = ij nj ; nk are the unit outward vector normal to the contour path. Letting k = 1, the
conservation law is reduced to the Rices path-independent J -integral or the rate of energy
release rate per unit of crack extension along the x1 -axis, which is given by
Z
J = ( T n1 /2 t T u,1 ) ds,
(59)
0

where 0 is an arbitrary path which starts on the straight lower face of the crack, encloses the
crack tip and ends on the upper straight face with the positive direction in a counterclockwise
direction shown in Fig. 2. Here, the crack surfaces are assumed to be traction-free.
Consider a cracked body under the two-dimensional deformation. The stress, strain, and
displacement fields are represented by ij , ij , ui , respectively. As r 0, the asymptotic
fields including the constant T-stress terms are given before. Now the coefficients of the Tstress terms and third-order terms are derived using conservation laws.
In general, for the purpose of determining the coefficients g n of the term r n (n 12 ) in
the actual crack tip stress field, we may employ the J -integral method and follow the following
procedure:
(i) find an auxiliary (pseudo) field that has singularity ija r n 1 as r 0. It is
convenient to select auxiliary stress field which gives zero traction on the crack surfaces and
contains only the stress singular term r n 1 ;
(ii) superimpose the actual field (the mixed-mode boundary value problem, in general) on
the auxiliary field and represent the J -integral for the superimposed state as
Js = J + Ja + JM ,
where

Js =

[( + a )T ( + a )n1 /2 (t + t a )T (u,1 + ua,1 )] ds,

0

Z
Ja =

[( a )T a n1 /2 (t a )T ua,1 ] ds
0

and

304 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

JM = Js J Ja
Z
=

{[ T a + ( a )T ]n1 /2 t T ua,1 (t a )T u,1 } ds

0

Z
=

(61)
[ n1 t
T

ua,1

(t ) u,1 ] ds
a T

Z
=

(ij uai,j n1 ti uai,1 tia ui,1 ) ds,

0

where the superscript or subscript a denote quantities referred to the auxiliary field; Js is the
J -integral for the superimposed state; J for the actual state; and Ja for the auxiliary field and
JM is the interaction integral. In the sequel, we assume that the J-integral is path-independent
for both the actual field and the selected auxiliary field, denoted by J and Ja . Then the integral
Js for the superimposed state, thus JM , is also path-independent. If the auxiliary fields given
by eq. (55) are used, it is readily proved that
Ja 6 = 0,

for

1m = 12 ,

for

12 ,

(62)
Ja = 0,

1m <

(iii) evaluate JM as 0 0. For simplicity, 0 may be taken as a circle with radius r, as

r 0, the only terms in the integrand that contribute to JM are the cross terms between r n
in the actual stress field and the auxiliary stress term with order r n 1 ;
(iv) carry out the routine manipulation, the exact expression for JM can be obtained as
JM = JM (g n ) when r 0;
(v) evaluate JM for a finite contour 0 using the computed actual field and the exact
auxiliary solution; and determine the coefficients g n from the value of JM and the expression
of JM = JM (g n ) as r 0.
In extracting the T-stress in eq. (30), we make use of another auxiliary field, that is the
solution to a point force f (per unit thickness) applied at the crack tip. In this case, ija r 1 .
Note that the point force f must be resisted by traction t applied to some boundary C in
achieving equilibrium. In the Stroh formalism (Ting, 1996), the real form solutions due to the
point-force application are given by
2 a = L()h,


2u


1
=
ln rI + S() h,

(63)

where
2
L() = Re[B hln(cos + p sin i B T ],

,
2
S() = Re[A hln(cos + p sin i B T ],

h = L1 f .

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 305

A branch cut along the negative x1 axis is introduced so that
ln(cos + p sin ) = i

at

The cylindrical components of stress are given by

a
a
a

= r
= z
= 0,

ra =

1 T
n ()N3 ()h,
2 r

(64)
a
rz
=

1 T
i N3 ()h,
2 r 3

(65)

n = [cos , sin , 0]T ,

N3 () = 2 Re[BhP ()iB T ],
hP ()i = diag[p1 (), p2 (), p3 ()],
p () =

p cos sin
.
p sin + cos

By superimposing the actual field on the auxiliary field, and using the path-independent
J -integral for the anisotropic elastic cracked body, it can be proved that
Js = J + JM ,
and
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
0
0
0
JM = (s11
11
+ s15
13
)f1 + f2 + (s15
11
+ s55
13
)f3 .

(66)

Note that because ija r 1 , uai,j r 1

Z
J = (W a n1 tia uai,1 ) ds = 0.
0

Then Ja is a path-independent integral. Kfouri (1986) used the method to calculate the T-term
for isotropic materials. Wang et al. (1980) and Wu (1989) applied the J-integral to determine
the stress intensity factors for rectilinear anisotropic solids and general anisotropic materials
respectively. In this paper, the method is extended to determine all the coefficients in the
crack-tip stress field expansion for anisotropic materials. Detailed proof of eq. (66) is given
below:
For general anisotropic linear elastic solids, we have the following relations
ij ija = cij kl kl ija = ija ij

and

ij ija = ij uai,j ,

where cij kl = cklij . From eq. (61),


Z
Z 
duai
a
a
a
a
JM = (ij ui,j n1 ti ui,1 ti ui,1 ) ds =
i2
ti ui,1 ds,
ds
0
0

(67)

where duai /ds is the tangential derivative of uai . As r 0, we evaluate JM and note that the
only contribution to JM is the product between T -term and the auxiliary field due to f . After
substituting these fields into the integral and performing the routine algebra, the integral JM
may be evaluated as

306 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

Z
dua
JM = lim (i2 i tia ui,1 ) ds
00 0
ds
Z
dua
= (i2(2) i tia u(2)
i,1 ds
ds
0
Z
a
= u(2)
i,1 ti ds
0

Z
=
0

T a
(u(2)
,1 ) t ds

Z
T
= (u(2)
,1 )

t a ds
0

T
= (u(2)
,1 ) f .

Therefore, with eqs. (41) and (42),

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
0
0
0
JM = (s11
11
+ s15
13
)f1 + f2 + (s15
11
+ s55
13
)f3

(68)

or, by eqs. (40), (38)

JM = q T f = f T q = if T L1 g 2 .

(69)

Eqs. (68) and (69) can be used to calculate g 2 and (2)

1 . As f is arbitrary, it is convenient
to choose f be the three following values:
[1, 0, 0]T e1 ,

[0, 1, 0]T e2 ,

[0, 0, 1]T e3

respectively. Note that ek has a dimension force/length. Correspondingly, eq. (69) yields three
linear equations and they are, in matrix notation,
J M = iL1 g 2 ,
where
J M = [JM(1) , JM(2) , JM(3)]T
and JM(k) is the value of JM when f = ek . Therefore,
g 2 = iLJ M .

(70)

Using eqs. (39), (38), and (70), The T-stress can be obtained as
1

(2)
1 = N3 q = iN3 L g 2 = N3 J M .

(71)

(2)
The rigid body rotation from eqs. (43) and (70) is = iL1
2j g2j = JM .
The choice of auxiliary field is not unique. For instance, if we choose the auxiliary fields
as the sum of the field ( 0 , u0 ) for the point force f and a field ( 00 , u00 ) which is a known
solution for the same cracked body under some loads on the outer boundary

a = 0 + 00 ,

ua = u0 + u00 ,

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 307

superimposing the actual field on the new auxiliary field, we have
Js [ + a ] = J [ ] + Ja [ a ] + JM [ , a ].

(72)

From the definition of J ,

Js [ + a ] = Js [ + 00 + 0 ] = J [ + 00 ] + J [ 0 ] + JM [ + 00 , 0 ]
= J [ + 00 ] + JM [ , 0 ] + JM [ 00 , 0 ],
Ja [ a ] = Js [ 00 + 0 ] = J [ 00 ] + JM [ 00 , 0 ]

(73)
(74)

Substituting (73), (74) into (72) results

JM [ , a ] = Js [ + a ] J [ ] Ja [ a ]
= J [ + 00 ] J [ ] J [ 00 ] + JM [ , 0 ]
In elastic materials, J is equal to the energy release rate G in the absence of body forces and
dislocations (Barnett and Asaro, 1972) and relates to the stress intensity factors through
J [ ] = G = 12 k T L1 k
Similarly, J [ 00 ] = 12 k 00T L1 k 00 , J [ + 00 ] = 12 (k + k 00 )T L1 (k + k 00 ), where k is the stress
intensity factor for the state ( , u), and k 00 for ( 00 , u00 ).
Further,
JM [ , a ] = k T L1 k 00 + JM [ , 0 ]
Recalling that JM [ , 0 ] is given by eq. (67), finally
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
0
0
0
JM [ , a ] = (s11
11
+ s15
13
)f1 + f2 + (s15
11
+ s55
13
)f3 + k T L1 k 00

(76)

For plane strain deformation in isotropic materials, eq. (76) via eq. (14) becomes
(2) 0
0
JM [ , a ] = 11
s11 f1 + f2 + 2s11
(kI I kI00I + kI kI00 ).

(77)

For plane strain, mode-I loading, let f = (f1 , 0, 0)T , k = (0, kI , 0), and k 00 = (0, kI00 , 0), then
eq. (77) reduce to
0
0
JM [ , 0 + 00 ] = T s11
f1 + 2s11
kI kI00 ,
(2)
where 11
= T . Further, choosing a = 0 , eq. (77) leads to
0
JM [ , 0 ] = T s11
f1 .

The above two expressions have been given by Kfouri (1986).

( B ) T HE

THIRD TERM

The third-term coefficient in the eigenfunction expansion solution can be also obtained from
the J -integral method. An auxiliary field with singularity ija r 3/2 can be introduced by
selecting m = 3 in eq. (55). Since the crack surfaces are traction-free for both states, Js is
path-independent, so is JM . As 0 shrinks into the crack tip, performing tedious algebra, the
interaction integral JM may be evaluated as

308 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

JM = 32 hT3 L1 g 3 .

(78)

Following a similar manner for determining g 2 , g 3 can be determined from eq. (78)
g3 =

2
LJ M ,
3

(79)

where
J M = [JM(1) , JM(2) , JM(3)]T
and JM(k) is the value of JM when h3 = ek (k = 1, 2, 3). (ek has a dimension of force/(length)1/2 .)
In general, superimposing of an auxiliary field with ija r 1n on the actual field and applying
the J -integral to this combined state with derivations proved in Appendix B for n 6 = 2, we
can get the interaction integral JM denoted by JMn , that is
JMn = 2 n (n + 1)hTn L1 g n ,
Then

gn =

LJ Mn

2 n (n + 1)

iLJ Mn
,
2 n (n + 1)

n = 1, 3, 4, 5, . . . .

(80)

n = 1, 3, 5, . . . ,
(81)
n = 4, 6, 8, . . . ,

where
(1)
J Mn = [JMn
,

(2)
JMn
,

(3) T
JMn
]

(k)
and JMn
is the value of JMn when

n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
ek ,
hn =
ie ,
n = 4, 6, 8, . . . .
k
1n
Here, ek possesses dimension force/(length)
. For the first singular term, introducing
stress

T
intensity factors, k = [kI I , kI , kI I I ] = /2g 1 and k a = [kIaI , kIa , KIaI I ]T = /2h1 , JM1
and k can be rewritten from eq. (80), (81) as

JM1 = (k a )T L1 k,
k = LJ M1 ,
(1)
(2)
(3) T
(k)
where J M1 = [JM1
, JM1
, JM1
] and JM1
is the value of JM1 when k a = ek .

6. Bettis reciprocal theorem

( A ) T- STRESS

TERM

For a linear elastic plane problem, Bettis reciprocal theorem can be stated as

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 309

Z
(t ua t a u) ds = 0,

(82)

where C is an any closed contour enclosing a simple connected region in the elastic body; u is
the displacement vector and t the traction on C corresponding to the solution of any particular
elastic boundary value problem for the elastic body; ua and t a are corresponding quantities of
the solution of any other problem for the body. Considering a crack in an anisotropic linear
elastic material, and suppose the crack surfaces are free of tractions for both elastic states. If
the closed contour C encloses the crack tip and extends along the crack surfaces, then it can
be shown that the integral
Z
I = (t ua t a u) ds
(83)
0

is path independent where 0 is an any path which starts from the lower crack face and ends on
the upper. Let (t, u) be an actual state for the crack under consideration, then eq. (83) provides
sufficient information for determining the amplitude for each term in the asymptotic crack-tip
fields if proper auxiliary solutions (t a , ua ) are provided. In this section the Bettis reciprocal
work contour integral is used for computing stress intensity factors, T-stress terms, and other
higher-order coefficients for anisotropic materials. The procedure can be evaluated from the
analysis as follows.
For determining the coefficients g n of the term r n (n 12 ) in the actual crack tip stress
field, an auxiliary (pseudo) field with ija r n 2 or uai r n 1 can be chosen. As r 0,
take a 0 as a circle around the crack tip and evaluate integral I . When r 0, the only product
between g n and the auxiliary terms in the integrand given above can contribute to the integral
I . Therefore, the expression for I = I (g n ) can be obtained as r 0. The value of I for a
finite contour 0 shown in Fig. 2 is available from the numerical solutions for t and u of the
boundary value problems and the exact auxiliary solution. The g n can be computed from the
expression for I = I (g n ) and the value of I .
To determine the T-stress or g 2 for the crack-tip field from (83), the auxiliary elastic field
with stress singularity ija r 2 as r 0 is used and can be obtained from the eq. (55) by
choosing m = 4, that is, in Stroh formalism,
8a = Bhz1 iB 1 h4 ,
ua = Re{Ahz1 iB 1 h4 }.

(84)

The moment about x3 -axis applied at the crack tip is given by

Z
M = (x1 t2 x2 t1 ) ds
0

Using eqs. (22) and (84), we have

M = 2 ih42 .
When 0 shrinks to the crack tip, it is clear that only those parts of the integrand in eq. (83)
which behaves like O(1/r) as r 0 can contribute this portion of the integral in eq. (83).
Substituting these fields of the two states into eq. (83), performing the integration for the circle
surrounding the crack tip and evaluating the results in the limit of vanishing radius, the results
may be derived, and

310 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

Z
I = lim (t ua t a u) ds = 2 hT4 L1 g 2 .
r0 0

(85)

From eq. (85),

g2 =

i
LI ,
2

where
I = [I (1) , I (2) , I (3)]T
and I (k) is the value of I when h4 = iek , (k = 1, 2, 3). (Dimension of ek is force).
From eq. (39),
1
(2)
1 = N3 q = iN3 L g 2 =

1
N3 I ,
2

(2)
= iL1
2j g2j = I /2.

( B ) T HE

THIRD TERM

The coefficients of the third term in the eigenfunction expansion of the stress field can be also
obtained using Bettis theorem. Selecting m = 5 in eq. (55), an auxiliary field with stress
singularity ija r 5/2 desired for this purpose can be obtained. Applying the Betti theorem
of reciprocity to the actual field and the auxiliary field and evaluating the integral I as 0 0
near the crack tip, we obtain
I = 3 hT5 L1 g 3 .

(86)

From eqs. (86), g 3 is obtained as

g3 =

1
LI ,
3

(87)

where
I = [I (1) , I (2) , I (3)]T
and I (K) is the value of I when h5 = ek . (ek has a dimension of force (length)1/2 ). Applying
Bettis reciprocal theorem to the actual fields and auxiliary fields with ija r 1n+2 , the path
independent I denoted by In+2 can be evaluated by
In+2 = 2(n + 1)hTn+2 L1 g n .
It follows from eq. (88)

LI n+2

2(n + 1)
gn =

iLI n+2

,
2(n + 1)
where

(88)

n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
(89)
n = 2, 4, 6, . . .

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 311

I j = [Ij(1) , Ij(2) , IJ(3) ]T
and Ij(k) is the value of Ij when

n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
ek ,
hn =
ie ,
n = 2, 4, 6, . . . .
k
Here, ek possesses dimension force (length)n . The detailed proof is shown in Appendix C.
For the first singular term from eq. (88) and (89), I3 and k can be written as

I3 = hT3 L1 g 1 = 2 hT3 L1 k,
(90)
1
k = LI 3 .
2

(91)

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by NASA Grant 98-0548
from NASA Langley Research Center under Advanced Composite Technology Program. The
helpful discussions with the contract monitor, C. C. Poe, Jr., are also acknowledged.
Appendix A. Crack tip fields for degenerate materials
The solutions for the nongenerate materials can be modified so that they can be applied for
degenerate materials. We write the general solutions for degenerate materials as
8 = X(z)g,
u = Re[AB

(A1)
X(z)g],

where
X(z) = Bhf (z)iB 1 .
In the limit p1 = p2 , it can be proved that the matrix X(z) reduces to
X(z) = diag[f (z1 ), f (z2 ), f (z3 )]I + x2 f 0 (z)V
and

p1

p12 0

V =
1 p1 0 .
0
0 0
Hence, for isotropic materials p1 = p2 = i, we can obtain
8 = [f (z)I + x2 f 0 (z)V ]g,

(A2)

312 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

1
Re{[f (z)E ix2 f 0 (z)V ]g},
2

u=
where

2i(1 )

1 2

(A3)

E=
(1 2) 2i(1 ) 0 ,
0
0
2i

1 0

V =
1 i 0 .
0 0 0

For a crack in isotropic materials, choosing f (z) = z+1 and performing routine manipulations, the crack tip fields of the in-plane deformation can be represented as

11

X
22 =
(n + 1)r n

n=1
12
i(n /2)

2e
+ n ei(n 1) sin ein + n ei[/2+(n 1)] sin

(A4)

"
#

gn1

n ei(n 1) sin
ein n ei[/2+(n 1)] sin
Re
,

gn2

in
i[/2+(n 1)]
i(n 1)
e
+ n e
sin
n e
sin
"

u1
u2

#
=

X r n +1

4G

n=1

( + 1)ei[/2(n +1)] + 2(n + 1)ein sin ( 1)ei(n +1) + 2(n + 1)ei(/2+n ) sin

Re

( 1)ei(n +1) + 2(n + 1)ei(/2+n ) sin ( + 1)ei[/2(n +1)] 2(n + 1)ein sin
#)
"
gn1
,

(A5)
gn2

where = 3 4 for plane strain and G = E/[2(1+v)]. The crack tip fields for the antiplane
deformation can be expressed by
X
31 =
(n + 1)r n Re[ei(n /2) gn3 ],
n=1

32

X
=
(n + 1)r n Re[ein gn3 ],

(A6)

n=1

u3 =

X r n +1
n=1

Re{ei[(n +1)/2] gn3 }.

(A7)

The solutions for the in-plane deformation can be used for the generalized plane stress if
= (3 )/(1 + ) is taken.

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 313

Appendix B. Determining the unknown coefficients in the crack field using the
J -integral
The path-independent integral JM from eq. (67) is

Z 
duai
a
JM =
i2
ti ui,1 ds.
ds
0
Let the actual and auxiliary crack fields
X
8=
Bhfn (z)iB 1 g n ,

(B1)

(B2)

8a = Bhf a (z)iB 1 h,

(B3)

where
fn (z) = zn +1 ,

n = (n 2)/2,

n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f a (z) = z1m +1 ,

1m = m/2,

m = 1, 3, 4, . . . .

From the identity

Re(C)Re(D) = 12 Re[(C + C)D]

= 12 Re[C(D + D)]

(B4)

where C and D are complex matrices, we have

i2 duai = duai Re[8i,1 ] = d(ua )T Re[8,1 ]
= d[Re(AB 1 8a )T ]Re[8,1 ]

(B5)

= 12 Re[(AB 1 d8a )T (8,1 + c.c.)]

and

tia ui,1

d8ai
ds = Re
ds


ui,1 ds

= Re(d8a )T Re[AB 1 8,1 ]

1
= Re[(d8a )T (AB 1 8,1 + c.c.)],
2
where c.c. denotes the complex conjugate of the preceding term, i.e.,
F + c.c. = F + F .
Therefore

(B6)

314 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

R
JM = 12 Re{ 0 [(AB 1 d8a )T (8,1 + c.c.) + (d8a )T (AB 1 8,1 + c.c.)]}

PR
T T
fn0 iB 1 g n
= 12 Re
hdf a iAT Bhfn0 iB 1 g n + hT B T hdf a iAT Bh
0 (h B
n

+h B
T


=

1
Re
2

PR
n

+h B
T

hdf iB
a

Ahfn0 iB 1 g n

T T
hdf a i(AT B
0 (h B

+h B
T

fn0 iB 1 g n )
hdf iB Ah
a

+ B T A)hfn0 iB 1 g n +


T
0 1

hdf i(A B + B A)hfn iB g n ) .

a

Using the orthogonality relations in eq. (12),

AT B + B T A = I and

= 0,
+ BT A
AT B

(B7)

JM can be further rewritten as

#
"
XZ
1
JM = Re
hT B T hdf a ihfn0 iB 1 g n
2
0
n
#
"
Z

X
1
= Re
hT B T
fn0 (z)df a (z) B 1 g n .
2
0
n
Defining

fn0 (z ) df a (z ) = (n + 1)(1m + 1)

Rmn
0

(B8)

zn +1m dz
0

it is readily shown that

(a) n = m or n + 1m + 1 = 0,
Z
dz
Rmn = (n + 1)(1m + 1)
= m (m + 1)[ln(r2 /r1 ) + i2 ];
0 z
(b) n 6 = m or n + 1m + 1 6 = 0,
Rmn =

(n + 1)(2 m) (nm)/2
(nm)/2
(nm)/2
r1
] cos(n m)/2 + i[r2
+
{[r2
nm
(nm)/2

r1
i.e.

Rmn =

] sin(n m)/2},

(nm)/2
j (n + 1)(2 m) (nm)/2

r1
]
[r2

(1)
nm

( + 1)(2 m) (nm)/2
(nm)/2

i(1)j n
+ r1
]
[r2
nm
Using Rmn and the identity

for n m = 2j
for n m = 2j + 1.

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 315

B T B 1 = 2iL1
denoting JM as JMm , h as hm , eq. (B8) becomes
#
"
X
1
JMm = Re
Rmn hTm B T B 1 g n
2
n
#
"
#
"
X
X
1
T 1
T 1
= Re
Rmn (2i)hm L g n = Im
Rmm hm L g n
2
n
n
X

= Im[Rmm hTm L1 g m ] +

Im(Rmn )hTm L1 g n +

n
n = m + 2j, n 6 = m

Im(Rmn hTm L1 g n ).

n
n = m + 2j + 1

The last two terms of the above equation are zero. Thus the term contributing to the JMm is
the term between gm and hm only, and
JMm = Im[Rmm hTm L1 g m ]
= hTm L1 g m Im{m (m + 1)[ln(r2 /r1 ) + i2 ]},

n 6= 0

= 2 m (m + 1)hTm L1 g m
or
JMn = 2 n (n + 1)hTn L1 g n .

(B9)

As hn is arbitrary, we choose
(
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
ek ,
hn =
iek ,
n = 4, 6, 8, . . . .
Here, ek (k = 1, 2, 3) possesses dimension force/(length)1n . Therefore, for a given n, there
(1)
(2)
(3)
will be three different values of JMn denoted by JMn
, JMn
, and JMn
correspondingly. For the
three choices of hn , eq. (B9) leads to

LJ Mn

,
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .

2 n (n + 1)
gn =
(B10)

iLJ Mn

,
n = 4, 6, 8, . . .
2 n (n + 1)
where
(1)
(2)
(3) T
J Mn = [JMn
, JMn
, JMn
] .

316 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

Appendix C. Determining the unknown coefficients in the crack field using Bettis
theorem
Following arguments similar to those presented for the JM integral in Appendix B, one can
get the expression for the integral I . The path-independent integral from Bettis theorem is
Z
I = [(ua )T t (t a )T u] ds
(C1)
0

Using the complex potential functions, 8 and 8a and identity eq. (B4),
(ua )T t ds = Re(AB 1 8a )T ]Re[d8]
(C2)
1
= Re[(AB 1 d8a + c.c.)T d8]
2
a T
(t ) u ds = Re(d8a )T Re[AB 1 8]
1
= Re{[d(8a + c.c.)T ]AB 1 8}
2

(C3)

1
= Re{d[(8a + c.c.)T AB 1 8] (8a + c.c.)T AB 1 d8}
2
(r2 ,)
Z
Z

1
a T
a
T
1

(t ) u ds = Re{[(8 + c.c.) AB 8]
(8a + c.c.)T AB 1 d8} (C4)
2
0
0
(r1 ,)
According to eq. (19), the traction free conditions on the crack faces for the auxiliary field
may be written as
Re[8a (z)] = 0

or 8a + c.c. = 0 at = .

Therefore the first term on the right hand side of (C4) vanishes and
Z
Z
1
a T
(t ) u ds = Re[ (8a + c.c.)T AB 1 d8]
(C5)
2
0
0
Substituting (C2) and (C5) into (C1) and using the expressions for 8 and 8a (eq. (B2) and
(B3)) yield

Z
1
1 a
T
a
T
1
I = Re
(AB 8 + c.c.) d8 + (8 + c.c.) AB d8
2
0
XZ
1
T T
T Bhdfn iB 1 g n +
hfa iA
= Re
hT B T hf a iAT Bhdfn iB 1 g n + h B
2
0
n

T T
T T
a
T
1
a T
1

+h B hf iB Ahdfn iB g n + h B hf iB Ahdfn iB g n ,
XZ
1
I = Re
hT B T hf a i(AT B + B T A)hdfn iB 1 g n +
2
0
n

T T
T
a T
1

+[h B hf i(A B + B A)hdfn iB g n ] .

Determination and representation of the stress coefficient terms 317

Using the orthogonality relations, eq. (B7),

XZ
1
T T
a
1
I = Re
h B hf ihdfn iB g n
2
0
n
Z


X
1
T T
a
1
= Re
h B
f (z)dn (z) B g n ,
2
T
n

(C6)

where
f a (z) = z1m +1 ,
Defining

1m = m/2,

m = 1, 3, 4, . . . .

Qmn

zn +1m +1 dz

f (z ) dfn (z ) = (n + 1)
a

it is readily shown that (a) n = m 2 or n + 1m + 2 = 0

Z
dz
Qm,m2 = (m2 + 1)
= (m2 + 1)(ln r2 /r1 + i2 );
0 z
(b) n 6 = m 2 or n + 1m 6 = 0
Qmn = 2

n + 1
(nm+2)/2
(nm+2)/2
r1
) cos[(n m)/2]+
[(r2
nm+2

(nm+2)/2

i(r2
i.e.

Qmn =

(nm+2)/2

+ r1

) sin(n m)/2]},

(n + 1) (nm+2)/2
(nm+2)/2
j +1

2
r1
)
(r
(1)

nm+2 2

for

n m = 2j,

( + 1) (nm+2)/2
(nm+2)/2

2i(1)j +1 n
+ r1
)
(r2
nm+2

for

n m = 2j + 1.

Using Qmn and expression for L1 , writing I as Im , and h as hm , the I -integral from eq. (C6),
for a given 1m , becomes
X
1
Im = Re{
Qmn hTm B T B 1 g n }
2
n
X
X
1
= Re{
Qmn (2i)hTm L1 g n } = Im[
Qmn hTm L1 g n ]
2
n
n
X
= Im{Qm,m2 hTm L1 g m2 } Im
{Qmn hTm L1 g n }
n
n = m + 2j, n 6 = m 2

Im

X
n
n = m + 2j + 1

{Qmn hTm L1 g n }

318 S. Yang and F. G. Yuan

Since the last two terms of the above equation are equal to zero, it can be clearly seen that the
term contributing to the I is the cross terms between g m2 and hm only. Thus
Im = Im[Qm,m2 hTm L1 g m2 ] = hTm L1 g m2 Im{(m2 + 1)[ln(r2 /r1 ) + i2 ]}
= 2(m2 + 1)hTm L1 g m2 ,
or
In+2 = 2(n + 1)hTn+2 L1 g n
From eq. (C7), following a similar procedure as before, g n can be expressed by

LI n+2

,
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .

2(n + 1)
gn =

iLI n+2

,
n = 2, 4, 6, . . .
2(n + 1)

(C7)

(C8)

where
(1)
(2)
(3) T
I n+2 = [In+2
, In+2
, In+2
] ,
(k)
In+2
is the value of In+2 when
(
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
ek ,
hn =
iek ,
n = 2, 4, 6, . . . .

Here, ek possesses dimension force (length)n .

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