Power Quality

Clean power, Efficient business

Immediate Energy Efficiency with Power Factor

Correction

Outline
Power Factor:
Definition & Examples
Cost Savings
Power Factor Correction Equipment
Harmonics:
Introduction
Harmonics and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
IEEE 519 Standard
Traditional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
Active Filter Technology & Applications

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

What is Power Factor?

Definitions:
kW = Active Power: It does the "work" for the system - providing the
motion, heat, or whatever else is required.
kVAR = Reactive Power: It doesn't do useful "work." It simply sustains
the electromagnetic field.
kVA = Apparent Power: It is the vector addition of Working Power and
Reactive Power.
Power Factor : The ratio of Active Power (output) to Total Power
(input). It is a measure of efficiency.
Total Power (kVA)

Active Power (kW)

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Power Factor =
Reactive
Power
(kVAR)

=
=

Active (Real) Power

Total Power
kW
kVA
Cosine ()
3

Power Factor:The Beer Analogy

kVAR

Mug Capacity = Apparent Power (kVA)

Reactive
Power

Foam = Reactive Power (kVAR)

Beer = Real Power (kW)
kVA
Apparent
Power

kW
Active
Power

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Power Factor =

Beer (kW)
Mug Capacity (kVA)

Capacitors provide the Foam (kVAR),

freeing up Mug Capacity so you dont
have to buy a bigger mug and/or so you
can pay less for your beer !

Why is Power Factor Important?

Low power factor results in:
Poor electrical efficiency
Lower system capacity
Higher utility bills
Most utilities have power factor penalties to encourage power
factor correction. Otherwise the utility may have to:
Build more power plants
Purchase new transformers
Use larger cables
Power factor correction
Reduces power cost
Releases system capacity
Reduces power losses
Improves voltage

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Power Factor Correction

The easiest solution to improve power factor is to add power
factor correction capacitors to your electrical distribution system.
The Capacitor Supplies
Reactive Current

Current that is drawn from the voltage source is then only used to do
real work (kW) and not to create a magnetic field (kVAR). The source
current is then minimized
The customer only pays for the capacitor
Since the utility doesnt supply the kVAR, the customer doesnt
pay for it
In short, capacitors save money
Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

A2

Power Factor Correction

In this example, demand is

reduced from 100 kVA to 80
kVA by installing a 60 kVAR
capacitor.
Before: PF = kW/kVA = 80%
After: PF = kW/kVA = 100%
Transformer loading is reduced

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Benefits of Power Factor Correction

Reduced Power Costs: lower utility bills since utility no longer
supplies the reactive current.
Released System Capacity
Capacitors off-load transformers and cables
Improved Voltage
Reduced losses

kW
100

kVAR
100

kVA = 141
PF = 70%
Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

kW
100

kVAR
75

kVA = 125
PF = 80%

kW
10
0

kVA = 100
PF = 100%
8

How do utilities charge for Power Factor?

Example with $5.50 per demand kW
Service
Month
05/14/11
06/14/11
07/16/11
08/15/11
09/16/11
10/16/11
11/16/11
12/16/11
01/16/12
02/16/12
03/16/12
04/16/12

Billing
Demand
kW
900.0
800.0
850.0
875.0
910.0
780.0
890.0
870.0
760.0
750.0
690.0
870.0

Power
Factor
0.8000
0.7950
0.7625
0.7511
0.7574
0.7722
0.7950
0.7950
0.7625
0.7511
0.7574
0.7722

Actual
Actual
Demand Demand
kVA
kW
1,000.0
800.0
888.9
706.7
944.4
720.1
972.2
730.2
1,011.1
765.8
866.7
669.2
988.9
786.2
966.7
768.5
844.4
643.9
833.3
625.9
766.7
580.7
966.7
746.5
0.0
0.0
Savings
2012

Possible
Cost
Savings
$550.00
$513.33
$714.24
$796.20
$793.01
$609.18
$571.08
$558.25
$638.61
$682.46
$601.30
$679.47

Required
Required
% Reduction
Capacitor kVAR Capacitor kVAR of Transformer
for 0.92 pf
for 1.0 pf
kVA Load
259
600
20%
238
539
21%
304
611
24%
331
642
25%
334
660
24%
266
551
23%
265
600
21%
259
586
21%
272
546
24%
284
550
25%
253
501
24%
296
614
23%

$7,707.13

Approximate cost of standard power factor correction equipment $12 to $15K === Payback about 2 years.
Approximate cost of filtered power factor correction equipment $18 to $21K === Payback about 3 years.

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Power Factor Correction

Capacitors:
Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitor Banks
Fixed
Standard Automatic
Detuned
Transient Free
Medium Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitor Banks
Fixed
Standard Automatic
Detuned

Active Filters
LV and MV Hybrid VAR Compensation Products

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Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

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Outline
Power Factor:
Definition & Examples
Cost Savings
Power Factor Correction Equipment
Harmonics:
Introduction
Harmonics and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
IEEE 519 Standard
Traditional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
Active Filter Technology & Applications

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Harmonic Basics

Waveform seen
with oscilloscope

What are harmonics?

A harmonic is a component of a periodic
wave with a frequency that is an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency
Created by power semiconductor devices

Fundamental

rd

3 Harmonic
th

7 Harmonic

t1h

5 Harmonic

Converts power (AC to DC)

Harmonic Frequency
Sequence

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:
19

60Hz
120Hz
180Hz
240Hz
300Hz
360Hz
420Hz
:
1140Hz

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

+
0
+
0
+
+

Characteristic harmonics are the

predominate harmonics seen by the power
distribution system
Predicted by the following equation:

Hc = np 1
HC = characteristic harmonics
to be expected
n = an integer from 1,2,3,4,5,
etc.
p = number of pulses or
rectifiers in circuit
14

Harmonic Filtering

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Multi-pulse Converters
Harmonic Orders Present
Hn = np +/- 1
Hn = characteristic
harmonic order
present
n = an integer
p = number of pulses
Elimination of lower orders
removes largest amplitude
harmonics
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Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49

Harmonics present by rectifier design

Type of rectifier
1 phase
2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
4-pulse
4-pulse
6-pulse 12-pulse
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

AccuSine SWP
AccuSine PCS

3 phase
18-pulse

x
x

x
x

16

Harmonic Basics
Nonlinear loads draw harmonic current from source
Does no work
Voltage: flat
topping of
waveform

Basic PWM VFD

Current: high TDD
between 90-120%

Inverter

Converter
DC bus

A
B
C

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Harmonic Basics
Why the concern?
Current distortion
Added heating = reduced capacity
Equipment failures
Transformers
Conductors and cables
Nuisance tripping of electronic
circuit breakers (thermal
overloads)

Heating proportional to harmonic

order in cables & bus bars

Ih

Loads

Vh = Ih Zh

Squared effect on transformers & AC

motors

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Harmonic Basics
Voltage distortion
Created as current harmonics flow
through the system
Interference with other electronic loads

Ih

Malfunctions to failure

Induces harmonic currents in linear loads

AC motor winding over heating & bearing
failures

Loads

Vh = Ih Zh

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Harmonics and Standard Capacitors

Capacitors absorb harmonics
Overheating of PFC capacitors
Tripping of PF protection devices
Reduced life expectancy

Magnification of harmonics by
resonance

Utility

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

VFD

Amplification of current between

capacitor and transformer
Current distortion rises
Voltage distortion rises
Main transformer &/or capacitor
fuses blow
Equipment damage

20

Capacitor Resonance

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Detuned Capacitors

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Conventional Switch Structure

L1
HRC Fuses
Contactors
Optional
De-tuned
Inductor

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

L2

L3

Electromechanical
switching
elements
(contactors) are
used to connect a
capacitor group.

23

IEEE 519-1992
Defines current distortion as TDD (Total Demand Distortion)

Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum load of

nonlinear device if electrical system can handle this it can handle all
lower levels of amplitudes
Always referenced to full load current
Effective meaning for current distortion

Defines voltage distortion as THD

Total harmonic voltage distortion

Does not use THD(I)

Total harmonic current distortion

Instrument measurement (instantaneous values)
Uses measured load current to calculate THD(I)

THDv =

2
V
h

Vf

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

TDD =

2
I
h

If ( FLA )

THDi =

2
I
h

If
24

IEEE 519-1992
Issues addressed:
THD(V) delivered by utility to user (Chapter 11)
THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause (Chapter 10)
Based upon size of user in relation to power source
Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV
Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR rectifiers
Table 10.2
Defines PCC (point of common coupling)

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IEEE 519-1992
TDD and THD(I) are not the same except at 100% load
As load decreases, TDD decreases while THD(I) increases.
Example:

Total I,
rms
Full load

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

936.68
836.70
767.68
592.63
424.53
246.58
111.80

Measured
Fund I, Harm I,
rms
rms
936.00
836.00
767.00
592.00
424.00
246.00
111.00

35.57
34.28
32.21
27.23
21.20
16.97
13.32

THD(I)
3.8%
4.1%
4.2%
4.6%
5.0%
6.9%
12.0%

TDD
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%
2.9%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
26

IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3

Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems (<69 kV)
Isc/Iload
<20
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000

<11
4.0%
7.0%
10.0%
12.0%
15.0%

11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35

2.0%
1.5%
0.6%
3.5%
2.5%
1.0%
4.5%
4.0%
1.5%
5.5%
5.0%
0.2%
7.0%
6.0%
2.5%

h>=35
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
1.4%

TDD
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
15.0%
20.0%

Isc = short circuit current capacity of source

Iload = demand load current (fundamental)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion
(TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against
fundamental current at demand load.)

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Harmonic Standards
Designed

to protect utility
Most harmonic problems are not at PCC with utility
Occur

inside the plant

Occur where nonlinear loads are concentrated
Occur with generators & UPS (high probability of problems)
Need to protect the user from self by moving the PCC to
where harmonic loads are located.
Apply

principals of IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3 inside

the plant
Assures

trouble free operations

Assures compliance to standard
We

have the products to meet 5% TDD inside the plant

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Harmonic mitigation methods - (Applied per

VFD)
Typical %
Typical Price
Solution

Advantage

Disadvantage

TDD

Multiplier*

Dependent
upon SCR***

Cost of transformer and

installation change out

Increase short
circuit capacity

Reduces THD(V)

Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**

C-Less
Technology

Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost

Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited

30 - 50% TDD

0.90 - 0.95

Impedance (3%
LR or 3% DC
choke)

Low cost adder

Simple

Compliance difficult

30 - 40% TDD

1.05 - 1.15

5th Harmonic
filter

Reduces 5th & total

TDD

Does not meet harmonic

levels at higher orders^

18 - 22% TDD

1.20 - 1.45

Broadband filter

Reduces TDD (thru

13th)

Large heat losses

Application limited

8 - 15% TDD

1.25 - 1.50

12-pulse rectifiers

Reduces TDD
Reliable

Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP

8 - 15 % TDD

1.65 - 1.85

18-pulse rectifiers

Reduces TDD
Reliable

Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP

5 - 8% TDD

1.65 - 1.85

Active front end

converter

Very good TDD

Regeneration
possible

Large footprint/heavy
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses

< 5% TDD

2.0 - 2.5

* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.

** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.
*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).
^ Can be said for all methods listed.

Active Filter Concept

Load(s)
Source

XFMR

SOURCE
Sense

LOAD
Sense

Is

Il
Ia

Parallel connected

Is + Ia = Il

Optional CT
location

Ia

includes 2nd to 50th

harmonic current

Is

<5% TDD

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Harmonic Mitigation Solutions

System solution
Comparison of 18-P VFD to AccuSine PCS + standard VFD

Price (first cost)

Footprint required
Heat losses
Cost to operate
Site cooling required

Net Present Value (NPV)

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Solutions by AccuSine Model

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Schneider Electric Offer

AccuSine SWP
20-120 Amps
400 VAC
Neutral correction

AccuSine PCS
50-300 Amps
208-480 VAC/600 VAC/690 VAC

AccuSine PFV
50-300 Amps
208-480 VAC/600 VAC/690 VAC
No harmonics

Use customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV for

harmonics & 35 kV for non-harmonic modes)
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AccuSine SWP
The Schneider Electric solution for harmonic filtering in buildings.

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AccuSine PCS
The Schneider Electric solution for active harmonic filtering in
industrial installations.

Most common VFD sites

Centrifugal pumps and fans
Pumping Stations
Potable
Wastewater
Wastewater Plants
Water Purification (potable)
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AccuSine PCS/PFV
Power Diagram
IGBT Module

Pre-charge
Contactor

S1

S3

S5

DC Bus
Capacitors

Fuse

AC
Lines

Fuse

Line
Inductor

+
C

Fuse

Inductor

Filter
Board

S2

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

S4

S6

36

AccuSine PCS
Performance Summary - Harmonics
Discrete Spectrum Logic (DSL)
TDD <= 5%, if loads have =>3% Z installed
2nd to 50th orders, discrete
<2 cycle response
Resonance avoidance logic
Adjustable trip limits per harmonic order
On-board commissioning program
Phase rotation (clockwise required)
Automatic CT orientation (phase rotation/polarity/calibration)
Run lockout if not possible to re-orient
Oscilloscope feature built into HMI
Load/source bar graphs

Load balancing
Can parallel up to 99 units of each size and mix sizes

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System Solution
AccuSine PCS Sizing Example
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes

Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR

Required AHF size = 84.4 amps

Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR

Required AHF size = 113.5 amps

Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LR

Required AHF size = 157.6 amps
(not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)

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AccuSine PCS/PFV
Product Package
Standard (UL/CSA, ABS)
Three current ratings
Enclosed NEMA 1/IP20
50 amp 52(1321mm) x 21(533mm) x
19(483mm)
Weight 250#(114 K\kg)
100 amp 69(1753mm) x 21(533mm) x
19(483mm)
Weight 350#(159 kg)
300 amp 75(1905mm) x 32(813mm) x
20(508mm)
Weight 775#(352 kg)

Wall mount 50 & 100 amp

Free standing 300 amp with disconnect

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AccuSine PCS/PFV
Product Package
Other enclosures (380 - 480VAC)
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54
50 amp 75(1905mm) x
31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 661Ib(300 kg)
100 amp 75(1905mm) x
31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 771Ib(350 kg)
300 amp 75(1905mm) x
39.37(1000mm) x 31.5(800mm)
Weight 1012Ib(460 kg)
Free standing with door interlocked
disconnect
CE Certified, C-Tick, ABS, UL, CUL
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AccuSine PCS 600/690 VAC

Includes autotransformer &
input fused disconnect
Simple installation
600 VAC: UL/cUL/CE
690 VAC: CE
Ratings:
PCS 600V 690V
50 A
39 A 33 A
100 A 78 A 67 A
300 A 235 A 200 A

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Height

300A

1000 mm

800 mm

Height
1900 mm

Depth
800 mm

50/100A

800 mm

600 mm

1972 mm 600 mm

41

AccuSine Performance
At VFD Terminals

AccuSine injection

Source
current

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

Order
Fund
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
TDD

AS off
AS on
% I fund % I fund
100.000%100.000%
0.038% 0.478%
31.660% 0.674%
11.480% 0.679%
0.435% 0.297%
7.068% 0.710%
4.267% 0.521%
0.367% 0.052%
3.438% 0.464%
2.904% 0.639%
0.284% 0.263%
2.042% 0.409%
2.177% 0.489%
0.293% 0.170%
1.238% 0.397%
1.740% 0.243%
0.261% 0.325%
0.800% 0.279%
1.420% 0.815%
0.282% 0.240%
0.588% 0.120%
1.281% 0.337%
0.259% 0.347%
0.427% 0.769%
1.348% 0.590%
35.28% 2.67%
42

700 HP Drive AccuSine ON OFF

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700 HP Drive AccuSine ON OFF

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700 HP Drive AccuSine ON OFF

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AccuSine PCS
Dual Mode Operation
Assignment of capacity
Assign priority to Harmonic or PF/LB
(fundamental) modes
Use % of harmonic mode to set split
100% means capacity utilized for
harmonic correction, then left
over can be used for PF/LB
0% assigns fundamental (PF
correction/LB) current as primary
mode, left over used for harmonic
correction
Can split to limit harmonic mode
capacity, left over to PF
correction/LB

Schneider Electric Global PQ June 2013

I as = I h + I f
2

Ias = rms output current of

AccuSine PCS
Ih = rms harmonic current
If = rms fundamental current
Ias
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Examples
Ih
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
95.0

If
99.5
98.0
95.4
91.7
86.6
80.0
71.4
60.0
43.6
31.2
46

AccuSine PFV
Power Factor & VAR Compensation
HVC (AccuSine PFV + PF caps)
Larger systems approach
HVC is Hybrid VAR Control

Combines AccuSine PFV with PF caps

Caps on line all the time
AccuSine adjusts fundamental current to attain unity DPF
Cycle-by-cycle response
Voltages to 33 kV (6.6 kV shredder in France, 12.47 kV in US
automotive, 13.8 kV steel mill in Colombia)
Fundamental current balancing (optional since 1 Nov 10))
Sometimes critical i.e. two phase loads

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Thank You
Questions?

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