The Enthalpy-Concentration Method

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Method

1. [ H i , hi xi , yi ] The Enthalpy-Concentration diagram

The Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram

Bubble point curve

Dew point curve
Tie lines
Superheated vapor
Sub cooled liquid
Two phase region

2. Drawing of saturated liquid enthalpy curve

Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

hi mi c pi (Ti Tref )

h j m j c pj (T j Tref )

Enthalpy of liquid mixture:

hmix xic pi (T Tref ) (1 xi )c pj (T Tref ) H sol

3. Drawing of saturated vapor enthalpy curve

Vapour Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

H i hi i
H j h j j
Enthalpy of vapour mixture

H mix y i [i c pyi (T T ref )] (1 y i )[ j c pyj (T T ref )]

4. Drawing of Tie Lines

RECTIFICATION SECTION
3

Material balance:

V n 1 L n D
V n 1 y n 1 L n x n Dx D
(L n D ) y n 1 L n x n Dx D
L n x D y n 1

D
y n 1 x n
Energy balance:
V n 1H n 1 L n hn DhD Qc
(L n D )H n 1 L n hn D (hD
Ln

Qc
)
D

Qc
) H n 1
D
H n 1 hn

(hD

Combining by equating the reflux ratio

Ln
expressions:
D

x D y n 1

y n 1 x n

Qc
) H n 1
D
H n 1 hn

(hD

= (Q' - HG1) / (HG1 - HL0)

The equation represents three relationships for stages

:

n and n 1

Qc
x
,
(
h

) , y n 1 , H n 1 , x n , hn ,
D
D

The point x D , (hD c ) has a constant value.

D

The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the

Q

[H , h x i , y i ] diagram all out of the point x D , (hD c ) represented

D

by symbol

O D referred to as the UPPER OPERATING POINT.

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

1. Locate

x D , x x D , y1 x D .

2. Read the enthalpies of distillate

hD

and

HD

D H D hD
3. Draw

O D at x D , (h D

Qc
Q
) , notice that O D lies a distance c
D
D

above hD .
4. For a total condenser :

Qc DV 1 D D (R 1)
Qc
D R D
D
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5. Notice that O D lies a distance R D above H D

Construction procedure:

Equilibrium tie-line from y 1 locates x 1 .

O D locates y 2 ( operating relationship,
x 1 joined to
straight line O D x 1 fixes position of

y2)

Equilibrium tie-line from y2 locates x2 .

x2 joined to

O D locates

y3 ( operating relationship,

straight line OD x 2 fixes position of y3 ).

and so on .. y n locates

straight
line
O D x n locates y n 1
by
the
operating
relationship.
..this continues until a tie-line falls on or passes x F the
feed composition.
.. in this way the equilibrium stages are determined (each
tie line represent an equilibrium stage).

x n by

equilibrium and the

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

STRIPPING SECTION

Material balance:

V m 1 L m W
V m 1 y m 1 L m x m W x w
(L m W ) y m 1 L m x m W x w
L m y m 1 x w

W
y m 1 x m
Energy balance:

V m 1H m 1 L m hm Whw Qb
(L m W )H n 1 L m hm W (hw
Lm

W
Qb
W

H m 1 (hw

Qb
)
W

Qb
)
W

H m 1 hm

Energy added to the reboiler per unit bottoms product

Combining by equating the ratio

Lm
expressions:
W
9

y m 1 x w

y m 1 x m

H m 1 (hw

Qb
)
W

H m 1 h m

The equation represents three relationships for all values of m and

m 1 :

Qb
x
,
(
h

)
w
w

y m 1 , H m 1

x m , hm

The point x w ,( hw b ) has a constant value.

W

The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the

[H , h x i , y i ]

diagram

all

represented by the symbol

out

of

the

point x w ,( hw

Qb
)
W

OW referred to as the LOWER

OPERATING POINT.

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Construction procedure:
1. Locate

xw at intersection of

x xw and the bubble point

curve.
2. The reboiler N 1 is an equilibrium stage, hence x w and y N 1
are in equilibrium. The tie lie from x w locates. y N 1 .
3. Straight line joining y N 1 with the lower operating point

OW

locates x N on the saturated liquid bubble point curve.

4. xN locates yN by equilibrium tie line relationship.
5. Straight line joining y N to the operating point OW locates x N 1 .
6. and so on using tie line and operating point relationships
for number of equilibrium stages until x F is reached or
crossed by a tie line.

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Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

THE FRACTIONATOR

12

Material balance:
Material balance

F D W
FxF DxD Wxw
( D W ) xF DxD Wxw
W x D xF

D xF xw

F H F Qb Qc DhD Whw
( D W ) H F Qb Qc DhD Whw
DH F W H F D (hD

Qc
Q
) W (hw b )
D
W

Qc
)HF
W
D

D H (h Qb )
F
w
W
( hD

Combining by equating the ratio

W
expressions
D
13

Qc
)H F
D

Q
H F (hw b )
W

xD xF
x F xw

(hD

Here a relationship between three points:

Qb
x
,
(
h

)
w
w

W
x F , H F

Qc

x
,
(
h

D D D ) , x F , H F

is the feed point represented by the symbol F .

The equation, thus, represent a straight line OW FO D joining the

operating points F , OW , O D . By drawing the line OW FO D from any two of
the three operating points the third will be located.
The equilibrium stages for the whole fractionator will be determined as shown in
the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Locate x iD and extend upwards

Calculate D (H D hD )
Locate O D at a distance R D above H D
Fix the feed point F from knowledge of x iF and H F
extend the line O D F to intersect the vertical line x x iw at OW
Start construction of equilibrium stages starting from y 1
using tie lines and upper operating point O D one after the
other until the feed point F is passed.
7. After that the lower operating point OW is used with x to give
y , followed by tie line from y to give x , then x with OW to
give y and so on .

8. Construction stops when x iw is reached or passed.

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