F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

PUBLISH

JUN 1 2004

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

PATRICK FISHER

TENTH CIRCUIT

Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v.

Plaintiff-Appellee,

EFREM ZEMBLISH HARRIS, also

known as Base,

No. 03-5117

Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
(D.C. No. 02-CR-88-H)
Michael G. McGuire, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for the defendant-appellant.
Robert T. Raley, Assistant United States Attorney (David E. OMeilla, United States
Attorney, and Kevin Danielson, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), Tulsa,
Oklahoma, for the plaintiff-appellee.
Before SEYMOUR, BRISCOE, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
BRISCOE, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Efrem Harris was convicted following a jury trial of having engaged in

a drug-related conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(iii), (b)(1)(D),

843(b), 846 and 856; possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21
U.S.C. 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D); and traveling in interstate commerce for the purpose
of committing unlawful acts, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1952. Due to his criminal
history, he was sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment on the conspiracy
conviction. Harris appeals his conspiracy and possession with intent to distribute
convictions, as well as the life sentence on his conspiracy conviction. We exercise
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1291 and affirm.
I.
Defendants dealings with Clay Harrison
In the summer of 1998, defendant (who went by the street name Base) traveled
from his home in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to El Paso, Texas, where he met Clay Harrison, who
lived in El Paso and worked for Southwest Airlines (SWA). Defendant gave Harrison a
small suitcase and a brick of cocaine wrapped in duct tape and instructed Harrison to
put the cocaine in the suitcase and place the suitcase inside one of SWAs Tulsa-bound
airplanes. Harrison did as instructed and was paid $500 by defendant.
On November 6, 1998, defendant again met Harrison in El Paso and asked
Harrison to perform two tasks. First, defendant gave Harrison two bricks of cocaine and
a suitcase and asked him to place the cocaine in the suitcase and place the suitcase inside
a Tulsa-bound airplane. Second, defendant asked Harrison to transport a load of
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marijuana from El Paso to Tulsa. Harrison agreed to perform both tasks. Immediately
after the meeting, Harrison drove to the El Paso airport, picked up a car that had been
rented for him by defendant, and met an elderly woman who gave him a paper bag full of
money to pay defendants source for the marijuana. Harrison then returned to his home,
placed the bag of money under the passenger seat of the rental car, parked the rental car in
a lot across from his home, and contacted a man named Chewie, who was to supply the
marijuana. Chewie thereafter called Harrison and informed him the rental car was loaded
with marijuana and ready to go.
On the following afternoon (November 7, 1998), after placing the cocaine inside a
Tulsa-bound airplane and rewrapping the bundles of marijuana at defendants direction,
Harrison and his girlfriend left El Paso in the rental car and headed for Tulsa. At
approximately 11:50 p.m., Harrison and his girlfriend were stopped for speeding in
Oldham County, Texas. During a consensual search of the rental car, Texas authorities
discovered the marijuana and arrested Harrison and his girlfriend. Harrison waived his
Miranda rights, informed the Texas authorities of his arrangement with defendant to
transport marijuana, and ultimately agreed to cooperate with the Tulsa police in a
controlled delivery of the marijuana.
The controlled delivery took place late on the evening of November 8, 1998.
Harrison, with an undercover Tulsa police officer posing as his girlfriend, drove the rental
car with the marijuana to a Tulsa convenience store where they met and briefly spoke to
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defendant. Per defendants instructions, Harrison and the undercover officer followed
defendant to an apartment complex in Tulsa and parked beside defendant's vehicle in the
parking lot. Harrison got out of the rental car and into defendants vehicle. Defendant
gave Harrison a bag of money and a baggie of cocaine as payment for transporting the
marijuana. Defendant was immediately arrested.
Following defendants arrest, Tulsa police obtained and executed a search warrant
for his apartment (located in the complex where his arrest occurred). The police
recovered $80,740 in cash and a loaded semiautomatic handgun from defendant's
bedroom. The police also recovered travel receipts confirming that defendant had flown
to El Paso on November 5, 1998, and returned to Tulsa on the afternoon of November 6,
1998. Additionally, police recovered a personal phone book that contained a listing for
Harrison, as well as a listing for an individual named Chewie living in El Paso.
Defendants dealings with Hubert Wilkerson
In the late summer or early fall of 1998, defendant met a convicted felon named
Hubert Wilkerson at a Tulsa health club. Defendant agreed to supply Wilkerson with
cocaine to sell. Defendant also showed Wilkerson how to cook powder cocaine into
crack cocaine. Between approximately November 1998 and June 2000 (and
notwithstanding his arrest on November 9, 1998), defendant supplied Wilkerson with
cocaine on approximately eight occasions. One transaction involved 4.5 ounces of crack
cocaine for which Wilkerson paid defendant $2,500. The remaining transactions
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involved over 100 ounces of powder cocaine for which Wilkerson paid defendant in
excess of $60,000. On each occasion, Wilkerson cooked the powder cocaine into crack
cocaine and sold the crack cocaine to other individuals.
On June 16, 2000, Wilkerson was arrested by the Tulsa police and a search warrant
was executed on Wilkersons residence that same day. The police recovered a safe in the
garage of Wilkersons residence, under the hood of an older model truck. They
discovered ten small baggies of crack cocaine, approximately $9,000 in cash, and a set of
scales inside the safe. Following Wilkersons arrest, defendant paid Wilkersons bond,
hired an attorney to represent Wilkerson, and urged Wilkerson not to provide any
inculpatory information to the grand jury investigating defendant.
Defendants use of Willie Jacksons residence
On June 17, 2000, the Tulsa police executed a search warrant on a residence
located at 4418 North Detroit in Tulsa. The residence was occupied by Willie Jackson
and allegedly had been used by defendant to conduct various drug transactions, including
approximately three of the cocaine transactions with Wilkerson. During the search of that
residence, the police recovered a set of digital scales, 247 counterfeit $100 bills, 2 grams
of marijuana, 316 grams of crack cocaine, 59 grams of powder cocaine, and a
semiautomatic rifle. Jackson testified that, beginning in March 1998, he allowed
defendant to use his residence to store drugs, to cook crack cocaine, and to conduct
drug transactions.
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Procedural background
On June 6, 2002, a federal grand jury returned an eight-count indictment against
defendant. Count 1 of the indictment charged that between June 1998 and the date of the
indictment, defendant conspired with others (a) to possess with intent to distribute and to
distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine and in excess of 50 grams of cocaine base,
(b) to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute marijuana, (c) to use
telecommunication facilities to commit or facilitate acts constituting a felony violation of
21 U.S.C. 843(b), and (d) to establish or maintain a location for the purpose of storing
and distributing controlled substances, all in violation of 21 U.S.C. 846. Count 2 of the
indictment charged that on or about November 9, 1998, defendant intentionally possessed
with intent to distribute approximately 45 kilograms of marijuana, in violation of 21
U.S.C. 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D). Count 3 of the indictment charged that on or about
June 16, 2000, defendant intentionally distributed in excess of 50 grams of a mixture or
substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(iii). Count 4 of the indictment charged that on or about June
17, 2000, defendant intentionally distributed in excess of 50 grams of a mixture of
substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(iii). Count 5 of the indictment charged that from in or about
1998 until December, 2000, defendant open[ed] and maintain[ed] a place located at
4418 N. Detroit in Tulsa for the purpose of manufacturing, storing and distributing or
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using cocaine and cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 856 and 2. ROA, Vol. II,
Doc. 1 at 14. Count 6 of the indictment charged that on or about November 7, 1998,
defendant knowingly and willfully traveled in interstate commerce between the State of
Texas and the Northern District of Oklahoma with the intention of engaging in the
distribution of controlled substances, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1952. Count 7 of the
indictment charged that on or about August 14, 1998, defendant knowingly and willfully
traveled in interstate commerce between the State of Texas and the Northern District of
Oklahoma with the intention of engaging in the distribution of controlled substances, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. 1952. Count 8 of the indictment sought the forfeiture of money,
real property, and a vehicle that allegedly were connected with defendants illegal
activities.
The case proceeded to trial on February 3, 2003.1 At the conclusion of all the
evidence, the jury found defendant guilty on Count 1 (conspiracy), Count 2 (possession of
marijuana with intent to distribute on November 9, 1998), and Count 6 (traveling in
interstate commerce on or about November 7, 1998, for the purpose of committing
unlawful acts), and acquitted defendant on Count 7 (traveling in interstate commerce on
or about August 14, 1998, for the purpose of committing unlawful acts). The jury was

Defendant waived his right to a jury trial on Count 8 of the indictment and agreed
to let the district court decide that count. Following the trial, the district court found
against defendant on Count 8 and ordered him to forfeit approximately $250,000 in cash
to the government. That aspect of the underlying judgment is not challenged on appeal.
1

unable to reach a verdict with respect to Counts 3 (distributing cocaine on June 16, 2000),
4 (distributing cocaine on June 16, 2000), and 5 (opening or maintaining a place for the
purpose of manufacturing or distributing or using cocaine and cocaine base). The district
court sentenced defendant to a term of life on Count 1, 120 months on Count 2, and 60
months on Count 6 (with the terms of imprisonment on Counts 2 and 6 to run
concurrently with each other).
II.
Sufficiency of evidence - possession with intent to distribute marijuana
Defendant contends the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support his
conviction on Count 2 of the indictment, which charged that on November 9, 1998, he
possessed marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1).
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction or a
denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal, we review the record de novo
to determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government, a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Colonna, 360 F.3d 1169, 1178 (10th Cir. 2004). To obtain a conviction
for possessing a controlled substance with intent to distribute in violation of 841(a)(1),
the government must establish the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1)
defendant possessed a controlled substance; (2) defendant knew he possessed a controlled
substance; and (3) defendant intended to distribute the controlled substance. See United
States v. Castorena-Jaime, 285 F.3d 916, 933 (10th Cir. 2002). Possession may be
8

actual or constructive. Id. To prove constructive possession, the Government must

show that Defendant knowingly held ownership, dominion or control over the object and
premises where the contraband was found. Id. (internal quotations omitted).
Defendants sole challenge is that the government failed to prove that he had
actual or constructive possession of the marijuana charged in Count 2. More specifically,
defendant notes the marijuana was located in the rental car driven by Harrison and asserts
he never got in [that] vehicle, never touched or removed the drugs, and at no time ever
had any control over the vehicle. Aplt. Br. at 13.
We reject defendants arguments. The governments evidence overwhelmingly
established that defendant had dominion and control over the rental car driven by
Harrison. Three government witnesses (two law enforcement officers and Harrison)
testified that, according to documents found in the rental car, defendant personally rented
the car from Advantage Rent-A-Car in El Paso, Texas, on November 5, 1998. Further,
several government witnesses (including law enforcement officers and Harrison) testified
that, between November 6, 1998, when Harrison took possession of the rental car at the
El Paso airport, and November 9, 1998, when the controlled delivery occurred, defendant
asserted considerable control over the whereabouts of the rental car. In particular, it was
uncontroverted that defendant made repeated cell phone calls to Harrison while he was en
route from El Paso to Tulsa to ensure that the trip was going as planned and to assist
Harrison in dealing with any unexpected occurrences. After Harrison was arrested, he
9

told defendant (at the request of law enforcement officials) that the rental car had broken
down, stranding him and his girlfriend on the highway. In response, defendant offered
Harrison advice and suggestions as to what could be done to get the car fixed. Further,
after speaking with Harrison, defendant called the rental car company in El Paso to ensure
that a tow truck had been sent to assist Harrison. Lastly, the governments evidence
established that defendant directed Harrison where to meet in Tulsa and where to drive
the rental car to complete the drug transaction.
In addition to evidence establishing defendants dominion and control over the
rental car, the governments evidence established that defendant asserted considerable
control over the marijuana in the rental car. In particular, the governments evidence
established that defendant flew from Tulsa to El Paso on November 5, 1998, personally
met with the supplier of the marijuana, and arranged for payment and loading the
marijuana into the rental car. Further, after the marijuana was loaded, defendant directed
Harrison how to repackage the marijuana to mask or reduce its odor.
Considered together, we conclude the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to
allow the jury to find that defendant had constructive possession of the rental car and,
more importantly, the marijuana contained therein. See United States v. Pearce, 65 F.3d
22, 25-26 (4th Cir. 1995) (finding constructive possession of contraband based in part on
fact that contraband was found in vehicle leased by defendants); cf. United States v.
Jones, 44 F.3d 860, 870 (10th Cir. 1995) (rejecting theory of constructive possession
10

because, in part, defendant was not a renter or authorized driver of the rental car);
United States v. Perez, 897 F.2d 751, 754 (5th Cir. 1990) (noting constructive possession
may be shown by dominion over the vehicle in which the item is located).
Denial of motion to suppress
Defendant contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
evidence seized during searches of his residences in 1998 and 2002. According to
defendant, the affidavits in support of the search warrants failed to establish probable
cause because they contained [h]istorical information . . . occurring over four years prior
to the search[es], and as late as one year prior to the search[es]. Aplt. Br. at 13.
Defendant also complains of material omissions of information from the affidavits.
When reviewing a district courts denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the
district courts factual findings unless clearly erroneous and consider the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government. United States v. Rice, 358 F.3d 1268, 1273 (10th
Cir. 2004). However, the ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth
Amendment is a question of law we review de novo. United States v. Green, 178 F.3d
1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 1999).
In determining whether a search warrant was supported by probable cause, we
review the sufficiency of the affidavit upon which a warrant [wa]s issued by looking at
the totality of the circumstances and simply ensuring that the [issuing] magistrate had a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. United States v. Tisdale,
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248 F.3d 964, 970 (10th Cir. 2001) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39
(1983)). Probable cause exists when the facts presented in the affidavit would warrant a
man of reasonable caution to believe that evidence of a crime will be found at the place to
be searched. United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez, 352 F.3d 1325, 1330 (10th Cir.
2003) (internal quotations omitted). Probable cause for a search warrant cannot be based
on stale information that no longer suggests that the items sought will be found in the
place to be searched. United States v. Snow, 919 F.2d 1458, 1459 (10th Cir. 1990).
The determination of timeliness, however, does not depend on simply the number of
days that have elapsed between the facts relied on and the issuance of the warrant. Id. at
1460 (internal quotations omitted). [I]nstead, whether the information is too stale to
establish probable cause depends on the nature of the criminal activity, the length of the
activity, and the nature of the property to be seized. Id. Where the offense in question is
ongoing and continuing, the passage of time is not of critical importance. United States v.
Mathis, 357 F.3d 1200, 1207 (10th Cir. 2004).
Affidavits in support of search warrants are also subject to the requirements of
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). Franks mandates the suppression of evidence
obtained on the basis of an affidavit containing knowingly false information. See United
States v. Iiland, 254 F.3d 1264, 1267 n.1 (10th Cir. 2001). It also requires the
suppression of evidence obtained as a result of material omissions. Id.
Affidavit for 2926 East 92nd Street, Apt 405 -- Defendant first challenges the
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affidavit submitted in support of the search warrant issued on August 21, 2002, for his
residence at 2926 East 92nd Street, Apartment 405. Specifically, defendant complains the
affidavit referred to four stops and/or arrests that occurred well prior to issuance of the
search warrant. Defendant further complains that nowhere in the affidavit is it explained
to the issuing magistrate whatever happen[ed] on th[os]e charges and arrests. Aplt. Br.
at 27. According to defendant, [m]ost of these charges were dismissed by the Tulsa
County District Attorney, but this was not disclosed to the issuing magistrate through the
affidavit. Id. at 28. Defendant further argues there was no information in the affidavit
. . . stating drugs were being sold at th[e] residence [on East 92nd Street], or that they
were present there according to any informants. Id.
The district court considered these same arguments and rejected them on the merits
at a hearing on defendants motion to suppress. In particular, the court rejected the claim
that the information cited by defendant was stale. The court also rejected defendants
claim of material omissions from the affidavit:
This doesnt remotely establish the requisite intentional knowing, reckless
disregard of the truth. The identified paragraphs and the [alleged]
omissions in no way claim that there was anything other than an arrest, and
the fact that they were not prosecuted does not materially or even remotely
change the contents of the affidavit.
ROA, Vol. VI at 17-18.
We conclude the district court properly rejected defendants challenges to the
affidavit. A review of the affidavit indicates that it thoroughly detailed the Tulsa Police
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Departments multi-year investigation of defendants drug-related activities and, in doing

so, recounted the various occasions on which defendant was stopped and/or arrested by
Tulsa police officers and found to be in possession of items frequently associated with
drug-dealing. Although it is true that some of the stops and arrests occurred well prior to
the date the affidavit was prepared, the affidavit also detailed significant events in the
investigation that occurred in January, February, March, and July of 2002. This
information, in our view, effectively corroborated or refreshed the allegedly stale
information. See United States v. Spikes, 158 F.3d 913, 924 (6th Cir. 1998). As for the
alleged omissions, it is true the affidavit does not detail the outcome of every police
encounter with defendant between 1998 and 2002. Those omissions, however, are not
material since their inclusion would not have otherwise altered or undercut the remaining
information contained in the affidavit. Finally, although it is true the affidavit does not
allege that any suspected drug-dealing occurred at the residence on East 92nd Street, that
was not the purpose of the requested search. Rather, as recounted in detail in the
affidavit, the police were interested in searching the residence to obtain records detailing
defendants personal and financial information (e.g., to confirm defendant had no
identifiable source of income, other than drug-dealing; to document defendants large
expenditures of cash).
Affidavit for 1011 East 67th Street South, Apt 1021 -- The other affidavit
challenged by defendant was submitted in support of the search warrant issued on
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November 9, 1998, for defendants residence at 1011 East 67th Street South, Apartment
1021. Defendant argued that this affidavit contained stale information because it
referenced events from 1992 and 1996. As noted by the district court, the affidavit
recounted in detail the events of November 8 and 9, 1998, concerning the arrest of
Harrison and the subsequent controlled delivery of marijuana to defendant at his
apartment complex. That information obviously was not stale and was, by itself,
sufficient to provide probable cause for the search of defendants apartment.
Defendant also complains that the affidavit provide[d] no information from any
source that drugs or drug paraphernalia would be found in this apartment. Aplt. Br. at
29. We conclude there is no merit to this argument. As already noted, the affidavit
recounted in detail the circumstances of the controlled delivery to defendants apartment
complex on November 9, 1998. In addition, the affidavit noted that defendant had been
jailed in 1992 for distribution of cocaine and had been the subject of three drug
investigations between 1996 and the date of the affidavit. We conclude this information,
considered together, was more than sufficient to provide probable cause to conclude that
drugs or drug paraphernalia would be found in defendants apartment.
Imposition of life sentence for conspiracy conviction
Defendant contends the district court erred in imposing a mandatory life sentence
for the conspiracy conviction pursuant to 841(b)(1)(A) based upon the jurys drug
quantity findings and defendants two prior felony drug convictions. Although defendant
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admits he has two prior felony drug convictions, he asserts those convictions should be
treated as related, and thus should not have triggered the mandatory life sentence
required by 841(b)(1)(A) because the sentences on those convictions were imposed at
the same time and ordered to run concurrently. In support of this argument, defendant
points to U.S.S.G. 4A1.2, which allows prior sentences to be considered as related
under certain circumstances.
Section 841(b)(1)(A) requires imposition of a mandatory term of life
imprisonment without release if (1) a defendant is convicted of violating 841(a), (2)
that conviction involved a certain requisite amount of drugs, and (3) the crime was
committed after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become
final. Under 21 U.S.C. 851(c)(1), the government has the burden of proving, beyond a
reasonable doubt, the existence of any such prior felonies. We review de novo whether
the evidence presented by the government was sufficient to support the district courts
findings with regard to the existence of any such prior felonies. See United States v.
Green, 175 F.3d 822, 834 (10th Cir. 1999). In doing so, we view the evidence and
reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the government and will
reverse only if a rational trier of fact could not find beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant had in fact been convicted of the offenses. Id.
At the sentencing hearing in this case, the district court reviewed in detail the
records from defendants prior federal criminal proceedings. This evidence established,
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and defendants counsel conceded, that two separate federal indictments were returned
against defendant in the early 1990s. The first indictment was returned against defendant
on November 5, 1991, and concerned drug-related activity (distribution of cocaine base)
that occurred in September 1990. The second indictment was returned against defendant
on July 10, 1992, and concerned drug-related activity (distribution of cocaine base) that
occurred on or about October 2, 1991. Defendant ultimately pled guilty in each case and
was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 27 months. A separate judgment
of conviction was entered in each case. Based upon this evidence, the district court found
there were indeed two separate convictions for purposes of the application of . . . Section
841, and concluded it was bound to impose a mandatory life sentence on defendant.
ROA, Vol. XVI at 13. In doing so, the district court rejected defense counsels argument
that the two convictions should be considered as related for purposes of sentencing.
As noted by defendant, there is a threshold question of whether the age of the prior
convictions precludes him from challenging their use by the district court. Under 21
U.S.C. 851(e), [n]o person who stands convicted of an offense under this part may
challenge the validity of any prior conviction alleged under this section which occurred
more than five years before the date of the information alleging such prior conviction.
Here, it is uncontroverted that the prior convictions alleged by the government occurred
more than five years before the government filed its information alleging the existence of
those convictions. However, defendant does not appear to be challenging the validity
17

of those convictions. Rather, defendant seems to be asserting that, as a matter of law,

those convictions should be considered as one for purposes of 841(b)(1)(A). Thus,
851(e) does not preclude defendants argument.
In light of the documentation of defendants prior convictions, and in light of
defense counsels concessions regarding the pertinent facts of those convictions, we
conclude the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing was more than sufficient to
support the district courts findings. Further, we conclude the court properly rejected
defendants assertion that the two convictions were related for purposes of
841(b)(1)(A). Although it is true the Sentencing Guidelines allow prior sentences to be
considered as related under certain circumstances for purposes of computing a
defendants criminal history score, see U.S.S.G. 4A1.2, cmt. n. 3, it is clear from the
language of 841(b)(1)(A) that Congress has adopted a different position. The plain
language of 841(b)(1)(A) only requires the existence of two or more prior convictions
for a felony drug offense, and there is no exception for cases, such as the one at hand,
where concurrent sentences were imposed for two or more separate drug convictions.2
Sufficiency of evidence - conspiracy to distribute cocaine and marijuana
In his final issue on appeal, defendant purports to challenge the sufficiency of the

In his appellate brief, defendant refers briefly to other alleged sentencing errors,
including drug quantity estimates, a gun enhancement, and Role in the Offense points.
Aplt. Br. at 40. Having concluded the district court properly imposed a life sentence for
defendants conspiracy conviction, it is unnecessary to address these other alleged errors.
2

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evidence to support his conspiracy conviction. Defendants real challenge to the

conspiracy conviction, however, is that, in his view, it is inconsistent with the jurys
inability to reach a verdict on Counts 3, 4, and 5. More specifically, defendant asserts
that the jurys findings that [he] conspired to possess and distribute cocaine, cocaine
base, and marijuana are at odds with its verdicts on Counts 3 through 5 and its apparent
rejection of the testimony of Wilkerson and Jackson. Aplt. Br. at 43.
Defendants arguments are without merit. It is not clear that the jury verdict on the
conspiracy conviction is at odds with its inability to reach a verdict on Counts 3 through
5. Indeed, neither we nor the parties are privy to why the jury was unable to reach a
verdicts on Counts 3 through 5. Even if the verdicts are deemed inconsistent, it has
long been settled that inconsistent verdicts do not provide the basis for reversal of a
conviction. See, e.g., United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 69 (1984). Our review of the
trial transcript persuades us the government presented more than sufficient evidence to
support the conspiracy conviction.
AFFIRMED.

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