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An efficient vibration energy harvester with a multi-mode dynamic magnifier

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2012 Smart Mater. Struct. 21 015014
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IOP PUBLISHING

SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014 (9pp)

doi:10.1088/0964-1726/21/1/015014

An efficient vibration energy harvester

with a multi-mode dynamic magnifier
Wanlu Zhou, Gopinath Reddy Penamalli and Lei Zuo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,
NY 11794, USA
E-mail: lei.zuo@stonybrook.edu

Received 27 May 2011, in final form 22 November 2011

Published 20 December 2011
Online at stacks.iop.org/SMS/21/015014
Abstract
A novel piezoelectric energy harvester with a multi-mode dynamic magnifier, which is capable
of significantly increasing the bandwidth and the energy harvested from the ambient vibration,
is proposed and investigated in this paper. The design comprises a multi-mode intermediate
beam with a tip mass, called a dynamic magnifier, and an energy harvesting beam with a
tip mass. The piezoelectric film is adhered to the harvesting beam to harvest the vibration
energy. By properly designing the parameters, such as the length, width and thickness of the
two beams and the weight of the two tip masses, we can magnify the motion virtually in all the
resonance frequencies of the energy harvesting beam, in a similar way as designing a new
beam-type tuned mass damper (TMD) to damp the resonance frequencies of all the modes of
the primary beam. Theoretical analysis, finite element simulation, and the experiment study
are carried out. The results show that voltage produced by the harvesting beam is amplified for
efficient energy harvesting over a broader frequency range, while the peaks of the first three
modes of the primary beam can be effectively mitigated simultaneously. The experiment
demonstrates 25.5 times more energy harvesting capacity than the conventional cantilever type
harvester in the frequency range 3300 Hz, and 1001000 times more energy around all the
first three resonances of the harvesting beam.
(Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

1. Introduction

to guarantee since the ambient excitation/vibration is not

controllable or intrinsically frequency-variant over a broad
bandwidth. In order to improve the efficiency, people have
developed many methods, like the impedance matching
between the piezoelectric transducer and the electrical load by
Kong et al [4], Liang and Liao [5], and Chen et al [6]. Badel
et al [7] augmented the harvester with an electrical switching
device, in which the switch is triggered in a special manner to
maximize the output voltage of the harvester.
Whereas, in order to overcome the narrow bandwidth
problem, many methods have been developed, Sari et al [8]
and Ferrari et al [9] used multiple piezoelectric cantilever
beams with different natural frequencies closer to each other.
Qi et al [10] and Xue et al [11] designed a multi-resonant
piezoelectric beam by attaching multiple cantilever beams of
natural frequencies close to the first resonance of the primary
beam. Roundy and Zhang [12], Leland and Wright [13] and
Eichhorn et al [14] actively tuned the operating frequency of

Over the past decade there has been an abundant increase of

interest in self-powered devices in engineering applications
such as MEMS, continuous structural health monitoring,
environmental monitoring, portable electronics, etc. For such
applications to achieve their full potential, we must develop
practical solutions for the power supply of the electronic
devices. Energy harvesting from ambient sources, such as
mechanical vibrations, is a very promising alternative. One
of the most efficient ways of harvesting vibration energy is
piezoelectric transduction [1, 2].
The traditional piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters
are composed of a cantilever beam with a proof mass at the
tip to increase the power output and also reduce the operating
frequency. These traditional vibration-powered converters
provide maximum output only when being operated close
to resonant frequencies [3]. But this condition is difficult
0964-1726/12/015014+09$33.00

c 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK & the USA

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

Figure 1. (a) The energy harvester with single-mode dynamic

magnifier, and (b) the classical TMD for a structure.

Figure 2. (a) A typical energy harvester, (b) the classical TMD for
a beam, and (c) the proposed multi-mode double beam harvester or
TMD.

the power harvesting device by applying an electrical input

or axial load to the piezoelectric bimorph. Challa et al [15]
self-tuned the system by varying the beam stiffness using a
magnetic field force. Xu et al [16] considered the interaction
of a harvester with an L-shaped flexible structure to harvest
the energy from two modes, thereby improving the harvester
efficiency. Yang et al [17] and Le et al [18] used multiple
masses at different locations of the beam to harvest energy
at the first and second natural frequencies. Recently, Yang and
Yang [19] used a new type of harvester deigned with two PZT
beams coupled with variable elastic springs to improve the
bandwidth by sacrificing the power.
Though relatively few, some research methods were
developed to achieve both enhancing power/efficiency and
widening of the bandwidth of the operation. Cornwell et al
[20] connected the tuned energy harvester as an auxiliary
beam to a three-story building-like structure and magnified
the power over a wider bandwidth around the first natural
frequency. Recently, Ma et al [21], Aldraihem and Baz [22],
and Aladwani et al [23] proposed a dynamic magnifier
to increase the power output and widen the bandwidth
around a single resonance using an additional mass with a
spring between the harvester and the vibration base. Tang
and Zuo [24] gave an analytical solution of parameter
optimization for the dual-mass energy harvesting system
for enhanced energy harvesting. However, harvesters with
dynamic magnifiers in all the literature above [2024] only
perform well around the first natural frequency region. In this
paper we propose a new type of harvester with a multiple
mode dynamic magnifier which is able to enhance the power
and widen the operation bandwidth over virtually all natural
frequencies of the harvesting beam. The idea is to tune all the
modes of the beam harvester to the modes of the intermediate
beam connected between the vibration base and the harvesting
beam. Therefore, all the vibration modes of the harvester
beam will be magnified by the resonances of the intermediate
beam.
This concept of the coupled beams can also be extended
and is applied to multi-mode vibration damping, which offers
significant advantage over the traditional tuned mass damper
(TMD). The typical TMD is composed of a spring, mass,
and damper to damp only one mode of the vibration [25,
26]. Den Hartog [25] developed the analytical frequency
and damping tuning rules using the fixed-point method for
the single degree of freedom (SDOF) TMD. For better

vibration mitigation, multiple TMDs were also proposed [27,

28], where each absorber is tuned near the resonance of a
single-DOF primary system in parallel. Zuo and Nayfeh [29,
30] proposed multiple-DOF TMD and series TMDs, which
are proved more effective than traditional or parallel TMDs
for single-mode vibration. To damp more than one mode of
an multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF) primary system,
usually several SDOF TMDs are used [31, 32], of which
each one is tuned to the individual modes of the primary
structure. Zuo and Nayfeh [33, 34] also proposed a MDOF
TMD, and experimentally demonstrated that a single (rigid)
reaction mass with multiple degrees of freedom can be used
to damp as many as six modes of the primary system. The
concept proposed in this paper is actually an infinite DOF
continuous TMD (beam) which can damp virtually all the
modes of the primary beam structure.
This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, a
preliminary design procedure is explained by considering
the two beams separately. In section 3, the theoretical
analysis is carried out by considering the beams are coupled
together. The simulation results of the theoretical analysis
and the finite element analyses are shown in section 4.
The experimental results for multi-mode energy harvesting
and vibration damping are presented and compared with
the theoretical and finite element method (FEM) results in
section 5. The conclusions and the future work are presented
in section 6.

2. Preliminary design
The concept of dynamic magnifier is essentially a dual of the
tuned mass damper, where in the former case an intermediate
mass is inserted between the vibration base and the vibration
harvester system to amplify the vibration of the harvester
(figure 1(a)), and in the latter case an auxiliary mass is
attached to the primary structure to reduce the vibration of
the primary structure (figure 1(b)).
A typical harvester is composed of a cantilever beam
with tip mass at the end and a PZT film on the beam
surface, which operate mainly around the first natural
frequency (figure 2(a)). A traditional TMD is composed
2

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

of a single-DOF mass attached to the primary structure

to reduce the dynamic response near the TMD resonance.
Figure 2(b) shows the TMD to suppress one vibration
mode of a beam. The proposed vibration energy harvester
with multi-mode dynamic magnifier or multi-mode TMD
is shown in figure 2(c). Please note that though a similar
double beam configuration has been used for a harvester by
Baz [35] and a beam-type of TMD has been investigated by
Dahlberg [36], they only consider a single mode of the system.
Our innovation here is to take advantage of the fact that the
beams have infinite vibration modes as the mechanism of
energy harvesting and vibration control.
An intuitive way is to design the two beams with tip
masses having the same natural frequencies. So, we firstly
treated them as two separate beams for the preliminary design
to develop some guideline. A more accurate closed-form
modeling and analysis is presented in section 3.
The differential equation of motion of a uniform
cantilever beam under distributed force f (t) is

where
n = n L

m is the mass of the beam.

Substituting equation (9) into (3), we obtain the natural
frequency of a uniform beam of thickness t and width b
s
s
s
 2 EI
 2 E 1 bt3
E
n
n
2 t
12
n =
=
= (n ) 2
.
L
A
L
bt
12
L
(10)
Therefore, as long as the masses satisfy
M2
M1
=
m1
m2
and the dimensions and Youngs moduli satisfy
s
s
t1 E1
t2 E2
= 2
L12 1
L2 2

t1
t2
= 2.
2
L2
L1

(12)

(13)

Equation (13) also suggests that if the materials of the two

beams are the same, then the design is robust to the change of
the Youngs modulus, for example, due to the environmental
temperature.

3. Theoretical analysis of coupled double beam

structure

(2)

The corresponding natural frequency n of the nth mode is

s
2 EI
n = n
,
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(3)
A

In section 2, we consider the two beams independently and

develop some approximate design guideline (equations (11)
and (12) or (13)) making these two beams have the same
natural frequencies. Such a guideline will reasonably work
if the second beam is much smaller than the first beam.
Generally, when the two beams are coupled together as shown
in figure 2(c), the double beam structure will have natural
frequencies different from that of the independent beams. In
this section, an analytical modeling is created to calculate
the mode frequency and mode shapes of the coupled double
beam structure, so as to understand the multi-mode dynamic
magnifier or multi-mode TMD.
The equation for the mode shapes of the double beam
structure is

where C1 C4 are constants dependent on the boundary

conditions.
For the cantilever beam with a tip mass, the boundary
conditions for the two ends are
W(x)|x=0 = 0

dW(x) 
=0
dx x=0

d2 W(x) 
=0
EI
dx2 x=L


d
d2 W(x)

EI
= n 2 MW(x)|x=L
dx
dx2

(11)

the two cantilever beams will have the same natural

frequencies and mode shapes.
If the two uniform beams are made of the same material,
equation (12) becomes

4 w(x, t)
2 w(x, t)
EI
+ A
= f (t)
(1)
4
x
t2
where w(x, t) is the displacement of a point at position x on
the beam, E is the Youngs modulus, I is the area moment of
inertia, is the beam density, and A is the cross-section area
of the beam. For motion excitation the force will be f (t) =
Aa(t) where a(t) is the acceleration in the beam bending
direction.
The mode shape of a uniform beam [37] is
W(x) = C1 cos(n x) + C2 sin(n x)
+ C3 cosh(n x) + C4 sinh(n x).

(9)

(4)
(5)
(6)

W(x) = W1 (x)H(L1 x) + W2 (x L1 )H(x L1 ) (14)

where H(x) is a unit step function, W1 (x) and W2 (x) are the
shapes of the multi-mode dynamic magnifier (intermediate
beam) and energy harvesting beam, respectively.

(7)

where L is the length of the beam and M is the mass of the tip
mass.
Substituting equations (2) and (3) into equations (4)(7),
the following equation can be obtained.

W1 (x) = C1 cos(1n x) + C2 sin(1n x)

+ C3 cosh(1n x) + C4 sinh(1n x)
W2 (x) = D1 cos(2n x) + D2 sin(2n x)
+ D3 cosh(2n x) + D4 sinh(2n x)

M
n (sin n cosh n sinh n cos n ) = 1 + cos n cosh n
m
(8)

where 1n and 2n are defined similarly as equation (3).

3

(15)
(16)

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

Table 1. The initial dimensions and the refined dimensions of the double beam structure for the theoretical analysis.
Length, L (mm)

Tip mass M1 and M2 (g)

Beam

Width,
b (mm)

Thickness,
t (mm)

Initial
value

Refined
value

Initial
value

Refined
value

Dynamic magnifier
Energy harvester

45.47
25.40

3.18
0.64

396.2
177.8

396.2
172.7

165
8.25

165
16.0

the 1 and 2 values for all the modes in equations (15) and
(16) can be obtained. Correspondingly, the mode shapes for
the coupled beam structure can be plotted after we obtain the
eigenvector d, which will be shown in section 4.

At the nth vibration mode of the coupled structure, we

have 1n = 2n = n , so the following relationship can be
obtained for two uniform beams of the same materials
2
2
t2 .
t1 = 2n
1n

(17)

If we choose the beam thicknesslength according to

equation (13), we have
1n L1 = 2n L2 .

4. Results of the illustrative example

4.1. Results of theoretical analysis

(18)

The double beam system will have the following boundary

conditions at x = 0 and L2
W1 (x)|x=0 = 0

dW1 (x) 
=0
dx x=0

d3 W2 (x) 
2
= 2n
M2 W2 (x)|x=L2
EI2
dx3 x=L2



d2 W2 (x) 
2 dW2 (x) 
EI2
= IM2 2n

2
dx x=L2
dx
x=L2

The material properties of aluminum beams used in the

example are: Youngs modulus 69 109 N m2 , density
2712 kg1 m3 , Poissons ratio 0.33. The mass and
dimensions of the double beam system are selected based
on the approximate guideline of double beam design in
equations (11) and (12), as shown in table 1.
M2
= 5%,
The tip mass ratio was initially chosen to be M
1
and the length of the energy harvesting beam was initially
chosen to be 177.8 mm based on the preliminary design
guideline. It was found in the simulation that additional
adjustment of the length and the tip mass of the auxiliary beam
was needed. Through trial and error, the length of the energy
harvesting beam is finally selected to be 160.0 mm, and the
tip mass increased to be 16.0 g, as shown in table 1.
Based on equation (27), the natural frequencies and the
corresponding mode shapes can be obtained. The first six
modes are shown in figure 3. The blue dashed line represents
the multi-mode dynamic magnifier/primary beam. The red
solid line represents the energy harvester beam/auxiliary
beam. The results show that the vibration of the energy
harvesting beam is much larger and that of the dynamic
magnifier/primary beam is properly damped at all the six
modes.

(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

and the following transition conditions at x = L1

W1 (x)|x=L1 = W2 (x)|x=0


dW2 (x) 
dW1 (x) 
=
dx x=L1
dx x=0


d3 W1 (x) 
d3 W2 (x) 
EI1
EI2
dx3 x=L1
dx3 x=0

(23)

2
= 1n
M1 W1 (x)|x=L1


d2 W2 (x) 
d2 W1 (x) 
EI1

EI
2
dx2 x=L1
dx2 x=0

dW1 (x) 
= IM1 1n 2
dx x=L1

(25)

(24)

4.2. Finite element analysis

(26)
For the energy harvesting purpose, a piezoelectric film, with
length less than the auxiliary beam, is adhered to the end
part of the auxiliary beam to harvest the vibration energy,
where the strain is the largest. The material properties and the
dimensions of the PZT film are shown in table 2. The above
closed-form analytical solution for the coupled double beam
is valid when the PZT film does not contribute much to the
stiffness or mass of the harvester beam. For the more general
case, FEM analysis is performed in ANSYS. The FEM model
with nodes and elements is shown in figure 4. A very fine mesh
is used for generating accurate results for the higher order
mode shapes and frequencies. The analysis is performed by
considering the beam material as the linear isotropic material
and the piezoelectric effect is only effective in the 31 model

where IM1 , IM2 are the mass moment of inertia of the tip
masses on the multi-mode dynamic magnifier and the energy
harvester, respectively.
By plugging equation (14) into the boundary condition
equations (19)(22) and the transition condition equations (23)(26), we can obtain an eigenvalue problem regarding the coefficients d = [C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 ]T
and
K(1 , 2 )d = 0

(27)

where K(1 , 2 ) is a 8 8 matrix (as seen in the appendix),

and 1 and 2 satisfy equation (17). By solving the equation
of the determinant of K equal to zero, i.e. |K(1 , 2 )| = 0,
4

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

Figure 4. ANSYS finite element model of the double beam

harvester.

Figure 5. First six mode shapes from ANSYS simulation results,

where the vibration of intermediate beam is much smaller than that
of harvesting beam: (a) mode 1 (fn = 6.06 Hz); (b) mode 2
(fn = 9.69 Hz); (c) mode 3 (fn = 68.6 Hz); (d) mode 4
(fn = 83.93 Hz); (e) mode 5 (fn = 212.82 Hz); (f) mode 6
(fn = 233.54 Hz).

the energy harvesting beam by damping the vibration of the

dynamic magnifier/primary beam. Using the parameters of the
double beam system shown in table 3, the results, i.e. the mode
shapes for the first six natural frequencies, are obtained and
shown in figure 5, where they reveal that the energy harvesting
beam has a large vibration and the dynamic magnifier has very
much less when compared to it.
Figure 3. The first six mode shapes of the double beam structure
obtained from the theoretical analysis, where the vibration of the
intermediate beam is much smaller than that of the harvesting beam:
(a) mode 1 (fn = 4.41 Hz); (b) mode 2 (fn = 7.96 Hz); (c) mode 3
(fn = 66.77 Hz); (d) mode 4 (fn = 75.07 Hz); (e) mode 5
(fn = 192.8 Hz); (f) mode 6 (fn = 202.9 Hz).

5. Experiments
5.1. Experimental setup
A prototype of the energy harvester with multi-mode dynamic
magnifier is built with double aluminum (3300 alloy) beams.
The prototype is built in such a way that the lengths L2
and the tip mass M2 of the energy harvester can be refined
easily during the experiment. The experimental setup shown
in figure 6 is comprised of the double beam energy harvester,
the vibration shaker with power amplifier, accelerometer,

during the vibration. Using ANSYS, the structure is tuned by

varying the tip mass and the length of the energy harvesting
beam and keeping the dimensions of the dynamic magnifier
constant. Finally we achieved large vibration amplitude of
5

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

Table 2. The material properties and dimensions of the PZT film.

Material
properties

Youngs modulus
(Ep , N m2 )

PZT

62 109

Piezoelectric constant
(d31 , m V1 )
320 1012

Dielectric constant
(33 , F m1 )

Density
(, K m3 )

Poissons
ratio

Lbt
(mm mm mm)

336 1010

7800

0.3

73.7 25.4 0.19

Table 5. Comparison of the FEM and measured natural frequencies

of the double beam system when PZT is adhered.

Table 3. The dimensions of the double beam structure for the FEM
analysis.

Dynamic
magnifier
Energy
harvester

Width
b (mm)

Thickness
t (mm)

Length
L (mm)

Tip mass
M1 and M2 (g)

45.47

3.18

401.3

165

25.40

0.64

185.4

Theoretical
value (Hz)

Experiment
results (Hz)

Relative
error (%)

1
2
3
4
5
6

6.06
9.69
68.6
83.93
212.82
233.54

5.95
9.38
66.17
78.52
204.13
222.37

1.85
3.30
3.67
6.89
4.26
5.02

in section 3, the experiments are conducted to measure the

natural frequencies of the first six modes for the double beam
structure without PZT film. The vibration shaker excited the
double beam energy harvester in swept sine mode in the
frequency range of 3300 Hz. One accelerometer is placed
on the shaker to measure the input acceleration. Another
accelerometer is placed at the tip of the primary beam to
measure the response excited by the shaker input. The mass
of the second accelerometer is considered to be the part of the
tip mass of the primary beam. The frequency response from
the base acceleration to the tip acceleration of the primary
beam was obtained and the first six natural frequencies are
compared to the theoretical values and FEM results in table 4.
It can be seen that the relative errors of all the six natural
frequencies are smaller than 6.6%. Table 4 also lists the
natural frequency obtained by using FEM, where the relative
errors of all the six natural frequencies are smaller than 8.2%.
The errors of the theoretical values and FEM values of the
six natural frequencies when compared with the experiment
values in tables 4 and 5 are mainly due to the measurement
errors of the dimensions used in the experiment, for example,
the tip mass cannot be chosen to be exactly the same value as
that used in the theoretical analysis, and the same case for the
length of the beams.
To validate the two claims that this novel double beam
energy harvester (1) can improve the harvester efficiency
and also widen the bandwidth for multi-mode, (2) can damp

Figure 6. Experimental setup.

Beam

Mode

11.15

and four channel HP 35670A dynamic signal analyzer. The

piezoelectric film is adhered to the energy harvesting beam at
the end.
5.2. Experimental results
Two sets of experiments are conducted. One is without PZT,
and the other is with PZT. To validate the theoretical modeling

Table 4. Comparison of the theoretical and measured natural frequencies of the double beam system without PZT.
Theoretical analysis

FEM analysis

Mode

Experiment
results (Hz)

Theoretical
value (Hz)

Relative
error (%)

FEM value
(Hz)

Relative
error (%)

1
2
3
4
5
6

4.599
7.468
63.4
74.17
190.1
207.1

4.405
7.962
66.77
75.07
192.78
202.88

4.22
6.61
5.32
1.21
1.41
2.04

4.71
7.71
66.90
80.24
200.97
212.98

2.41
3.24
5.52
8.18
5.72
2.84

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

Figure 9. Ratio of harvested energy (in proportion to square of

voltage) using the multi-mode dynamic magnifier over the
traditional single cantilever beam-type harvester.

Figure 7. Frequency responses of primarybeam

. The vibration of the
abase
primary beam is effectively reduced at all the first three modes.

harvesting bandwidth at every resonance frequency of the

harvesting beam is substantially widened in the double beam
configuration. The ratio of the harvested energy using the
proposed device over the traditional single cantilever beam is
shown in figure 9. It shows that the energy harvested (square
of voltage) near all the three resonances of the harvester
beam is increased by a factor of 1001000 though the total
dimension of the system only increased by three times.
Although only the first three modes of the single beam
were demonstrated here, virtually all the modes can be tuned
in theory as long as the dimensions and the tip mass are well
designed.
Figure 8. Frequency responses of a V in V (m s2 )1 . The
base
voltage generated from the proposed harvester is increased around
all the three modes because of the multi-mode dynamic magnifier.

6. Conclusions
In this paper, a novel design of double beam structure
applicable for both efficient energy harvesting and multimode TMD vibration mitigation is proposed. The preliminary
design for finding the design parameters, such as length,
width, thickness of beam, and weight of the tip masses,
is obtained by considering the two beams separately. Then,
the theoretical analysis is conducted for the coupled beams
by considering the interaction of one beam with the other.
From the mode shapes of the first six resonant frequencies
of the coupled structure drawn from the theoretical and
FEM analyses, it is shown that the voltage generated by the
energy harvesting beam is dramatically magnified in a broad
bandwidth and the vibration of the primary beam is mitigated.
The experimental result also shows the TMD effect for all
the first three modes of the single beam. Virtually, all the
modes can be tuned, as long as the dimensions of the two
beams and the weight of the tip masses are well chosen. It
is experimentally demonstrated that 25.5 times more energy
can be harvested in a frequency range of 3 Hz300 Hz from
the energy harvesting beam by adding a multi-mode dynamic
magnifier. The energy harvesting is increased by 1001000
times near these resonances. The ongoing work is designing
the external circuit to further increase the harvester power

multi-mode of the primary beam, experiments were carried

out to measure the voltage generated from the harvester
beam and the tip acceleration of the primary beam. Then,
the frequency responses of the generated voltage and the tip
acceleration were obtained by taking the shaker acceleration
as the vibration input.
Figure 7 shows the frequency response measured at
the tip of the primary beam with and without the energy
harvesting beam. It can be seen that the vibration of the
primary beam is effectively reduced around all the first three
natural frequencies. This shows that the design of a continuous
beam as a multi-mode TMD can effectively damp the multiple
modes of the primary structure.
Figure 8 shows the measured frequency response of the
open-circuit voltage generated from the PZT film with and
without the dynamics magnifier (intermediate beam). Since
the energy is proportional to the square of the voltage, by
examining the integration of the voltage square of the curves
in figure 8, we conclude that the total energy harvested in
the frequency range of 3300 Hz is 25.5 times more than
that by the traditional single beam harvester. Also the energy
7

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

and better damp the multiple modes of the double beam

structure.

k48

Appendix
k68
1
0

0
K(1 , 2 ) =
k
51

k61

k71
k81

0
1
0
0
k52
k62
k72
k82

1
0
0
0
k53
k63
k73
k83

0
1
0
0
k54
k64
k74
k84

0
0
k35
k45
1
0
0
k85

0
0
k36
k46
0
k66
k76
0

0
0
k37
k47
1
0
0
k87

References

0
0

k38

k48

k68

k78
0

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where
k51 = cos(1 L1 )
k71
k81
k52
k72
k82
k53
k73
k83
k54
k74
k84
k35
k45
k85
k36
k46
k66
k37
k47
k87

M2
EI2 24 L2 sinh(2 L2 )
m2
IM2
= EI2 22 sinh(2 L2 )
EI2 25 L2 cosh(2 L2 )
m2
= 2 k78 = EI2 23 .

k38 = EI2 23 cosh(2 L2 ) +

k61 = 1 sin(1 L1 )
M1
= EI1 13 sin(1 L1 ) +
EI1 14 L1 cos(1 L1 )
m1
IM1
= EI1 12 cos(1 L1 ) +
EI1 15 L1 sin(1 L1 )
m1
= sin(1 L1 ) k62 = 1 cos(1 L1 )
M1
EI1 14 L1 sin(1 L1 )
= EI1 13 cos(1 L1 ) +
m1
IM1
EI1 15 L1 cos(1 L1 )
= EI1 12 sin(1 L1 )
m1
= cosh(1 L1 ) k63 = 1 sinh(1 L1 )
M1
= EI1 13 sinh(1 L1 ) +
EI1 14 L1 cosh(1 L1 )
m1
IM1
EI1 15 L1 sinh(1 L1 )
= EI1 12 cosh(1 L1 )
m1
= sinh(1 L1 ) k64 = 1 cosh(1 L1 )
M1
= EI1 13 cosh(1 L1 ) +
EI1 14 L1 sinh(1 L1 )
m1
IM1
= EI1 12 sinh(1 L1 )
EI1 15 L1 cosh(1 L1 )
m1
M2
= EI2 23 sin(2 L2 ) +
EI2 24 L2 cos(2 L2 )
m2
IM2
= EI2 22 cos(2 L2 ) +
EI2 25 L2 sin(2 L2 )
m2
= EI2 22
M2
= EI2 23 cos(2 L2 ) +
EI2 24 L2 sin(2 L2 )
m2
IM2
= EI2 22 sin(2 L2 )
EI2 25 L2 cos(2 L2 )
m2
= 2 k76 = EI2 23
M2
= EI2 23 sinh(2 L2 ) +
EI2 24 L2 cosh(2 L2 )
m2
IM2
= EI2 22 cosh(2 L2 )
EI2 25 L2 sinh(2 L2 )
m2
= EI2 22
8

Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 015014

W Zhou et al

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