Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dissertation Synopsis
Submitted for
Partial Fulfilment of the Degree
BACHELOR OF ARTS
In
SOCIAL WORK(HONOURS)
SUBMITTED BY
SUPERVISOR
KOPAL SRIVASTAVA
RUPESH KUMAR
ROLL NO: 13001045053
LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY
2015-2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research work presented in the
B.A. (Hons.) 3rd year (Social Work), dissertation entitled
A
STUDY
ON IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON
WOMEN OF AGE GROUP 18-40 YEARS has been carried
out by Ms. Kopal Srivastava under my supervision and
guidance. She has fulfilled all the requirements for the
degree of B.A. (Hons.) in Social Work, Lucknow University,
regarding nature & prescribed period of work.
The work included in the thesis is all original & has
been done by her.
Date:
Supervisor
DECLARATION
I, Kopal Srivastava, hereby declare that the
dissertation work presented in B.A. (Hons.) III year
entitled A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
ON WOMEN OF AGE GROUP 18-40 YEARS, submitted to
Department of Social Work, University of Lucknow,
Lucknow, for the degree of B.A. (Hons.) in Social Work is a
record of independent dissertation work carried out by
me, under supervision & guidance of Dr. Rupesh Kumar.
Date:
Kopal Srivastava
B.A.(Hons) III year
Department of Social Work
University of Lucknow
Lucknow
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to acknowledge all those without whom this
project would not have been a reality. It is the matter of
great pleasure and great satisfaction to present this
dissertation report on A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE ON WOMEN OF AGE GROUP 18-40 YEARS.
Success of this project would not have been possible
without the help of many people. I undertake this
opportunity to acknowledge the valued assistance and
guidance.
I am grateful to my Co-ordinator- Dr. Rupesh Kumar for
giving me an opportunity to work on this research work.
The study was interesting and I learnt a lot from this
project. My special thanks to him for his assistance and
guidance & for context, suggestion and thought
provoking discussion imparted which enabled me to
complete this study.
Last but not the least,
those not named here, but
operation, little or more,
preparation and completion
Kopal Srivastava
BA (Hons) III Year
Department of Social Work
PREFACE
INDEX
S.
N
o.
NAME OF CHAPTER
PAG
E
Introduction
Review of Literature
25
Research Methodology
38
Profile of Respondents
55
63
87
ANNEXURE
References
95
98
100
Interview Schedule
106
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
violence
relationshipsas
well
occurs
as
in
both
opposite-sex
same-sex
relationships.
It
friends,
and
co-workers
(Office
on
violence,
he
is,
in
effect,
taught
that
abusers
themselves.Unfortunately,
become
domestic
violence
abusers
is
very
violence.
In
one
researchstudy
it
was
or
learned
behaviour,
and
alcohol
.The
family
member
and53.8%
victimizing
Physical Abuse
This form of domestic violence ranges over a large field,
from pushing throughto homicide. There is no particular
pattern to the physical violence that victimsof domestic
violence may be subjected to. Incidents may be as
frequent as dailyabuse, or as infrequent as once a year,
but
evidence
shows that
the
problem iswidespread.
acts,
such
as
slapping,
kicking,
being
Emotional/Psychological abuse
Being
involved
invariable
in
means
a
that
physically
the
abusive
victim
will
relationship
suffer
some
Sexual Abuse
Many victims of domestic violence who are experiencing
physical violence alsoreport being subjected to sexual
abuse or violence. Kelly (1988) discusses theidea of a
continuum of sexual violence, which includes everyday
examples
assault
ofdominating
to
rape.
She
sexual
behaviour,
identifies
to
sexual
murderand
sexual
violence
and
is
behavior
reinforcement.
Like
learned
other
through
forms
of
most part there is no disease or illness that turns a nonabusive person into an abuser. Domestic violence is a
behaviour
acquired
observations
institutions
and
over
time
interactions
(Bandura,
1979;
through
with
Dutton,
multiple
individuals
and
D.,
The
1988).
perpetrators
experiences
(e.g.,
perpetrators
religious,
educational,
mental
health,
medical,
institutions
advocate
the
use
of
violence
as
violence).
violence
to
These
practices
control
intimates
6
reinforce
by
the
failing
use
to
of
hold
victim
through
victimscompliance,
fear
even
and
violence.
Gaining
temporarily,provides
the
partial
female-to-female(lesbian)
violence
also
occurs
bythe
customs
and
traditions
of
significant
variables
(Miller,
1994;Renzetti,
specificresponses
of
victims
and
perpetrators
todomestic violence.
As previously noted, in the majority ofreported domestic
violence cases, theperpetrators are men and the victims
arewomen (Douglas, 1991). In heterosexualrelationships,
some women sometimes usephysical force, but their use
of physicalforce is not always at the same rate orseverity
as mens (Dobash & Dobash,1979, 1992; Gelles, 1994).
Studies
indicatethat
sometimesuse
while
similar
both
men
physical
and
women
behaviors,
the
impact
of
the
physical
aggression
of
male
intimate
violence
consequencesthan
male
experience
victims
of
more
female
to
be
differentthan
heterosexualrelationships,
mens.
women
In
use
studies
of
physical
in
self-defense.
In
contrast,
suicidethan
female
perpetrators
of
who
kill
also
suggests
thatwomens
use
of
(1987)
of
male
found
perpetrators
no
(Gillespie,1989).
distinguishingcharacteristics
violence.
Male
violence
against
women
in
comparing
heterosexual,
lesbian
and
gay
10
and
consequences
has
serious
for
victims,
physical
their
and
children
emotional
and
their
will
sometimes
offer
various
cultural
(e.g.,
immigrant
status,
language
skills).
and
intervention
for
the
problem.
The
victims
abuser).Victims
different
rage
from
values
and
threats
against
different
cultural
groups
and
beliefs
about
her
have
interpersonal
issues
should
be
considered
in
designing
12
violence
is
caused
by
organic
or
psychotic
gets
identified
as
domestic
violence.
An
violence.
With
illness-based
violence,
directs
his
abusive
conduct
toward
particular person or persons. In addition, with illnessbased violence there is usually a constellation of other
clear symptoms of a disease process.
For example, with an organic brain disease, there are
changes in speech, gait, or physical coordination. With an
illness such aspsychosis there are multiple symptoms of
the psychotic process (e.g., He attacked her because she
is a CIA agent sent by the Pope to spy on him using the TV
monitor). Poor recall of the event alone is not an
indicator of illness-based violence (see Section III. B. 2 of
this chapter on perpetrator minimization and denial).
With
13
sample
of
those
individuals
identified
by
appropriate
institutionalization
when
medications,
necessary).
respite
While
care,
attention
family
life,
is
orchestrated
around
the
and
do
not
engage
in
any
controlling
behavior directed
at family members.
On the other hand, there is conflicting evidence whether
certain drugs (e.g. Steroids, PCP, speed, cocaine or
cocaines derivative, crack) chemically react within the
brain to cause violent behaviour or whether they induce
paranoia
or
psychosis,
which
is
then
sometimes
Interventions
forboth
require
one
of
the
following:
a) concurrent interventions for domestic violence and
substance dependence/abuse,
b) inpatient substance abuse treatment with a mandatory
follow-up program for domestic violence, or
c) aninvoluntary substance abuse commitment (which is
done in some, but not all, states) with rehabilitation
directed at both the addiction and the domestic
violence.
The presence of alcohol or drugs is highly relevant to the
assessment of lethality. The use of, or addiction to,
16
substances
may
increase
the
potential
lethality
of
Some
battering
episodes
occur
when
the
Such
research
challenges
the
notion
that
about
the
efficacy
17
of
anger-management
Remembering
that
domestic
violence
isa
pattern
of
withdrawal,
and
violence)
(Bandura,
be
excused
simply
because
he
is
stressed.
tactics
repeated
over
time
18
for
the
purpose
of
controlling
the
victim,
specific
stresses
are
less
domestic
violence
removes
the
perpetrators
blaming,
and
rationalization
for
the
violent
poor
perpetrator
excuses
with
communication)
and
provides
justifications
for
the
the
indicates
that
battered
there
are
no
personality
women(Hoteling&
Batteredwomen
are
no
profiles
Sugarman,
different
from
for
1986).
non-battered
victim
behaviour
could
alter
the
perpetrators
the
determining
factor
in
whether
or
not
the
perpetrator is abusive.
Domestic violence in adolescent relationships further
challenges the notion that the abuse is the result of the
victimsbehavior. Often times the adolescent abuser only
superficially knows his victim, having dated her only a few
days or weeks before beginning the abuse. Such an
abuser is often acting out an image of how to conduct an
intimate relationship based on the recommendations of
his peers, music videos, models set by family members,
etc. The adolescents abusive conduct is influenced more
by that image or script than by the victims behavior.
Both
adult
and
adolescent
batterersbring
into
their
20
against
women
is
manifestation
of
which
discrimination
have
against
led
to
women
domination
by
men
over
and
to
and
the
it
rape,
gang-rape,
torture
for
dowry,
illegal
forced
marriages,
wife-beating,
stalking,
Women
in
India
are
subjected
to
domestic,
in
in
public
transport,
hospitals,
undergoing
studying
22
in
medical
educational
of
all
forms
of
Discrimination
against
is
in
tune
with
the
above
mentioned
International Conventions. The Pre-conception and PreNatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)
Act, 1994 was also introduced to prevent the misuse of
diagnostic techniques resulting in sex selection abortion.
But progress has been slow due to entrenched attitudes.
The researcher has primarily used the doctrinal method of
research. Different Legal Text books on the Domestic
Violence Act are the primary sources. While relevant text,
articles, case laws, as well as internet are the secondary
sources. For the purpose of this project, the researcher
has divided the entire project into five chapters. They are
as follows: Before delving deep into the concept of
domestic violence, it is pertinent here to explain certain
terms for proper understanding of this article.
Definition
of
Domestic
Violence,
24
Others
have
argued
for
more
limited
shared
household
Crimehead
2010
1
Rape
Attemptto commitrape*
Kidnapping&abduction ofwomen
Dowrydeaths
Crueltybyhusband orhisrelatives
22,172
2011
2012
2013
2014
24,206
24,923
33,707
36,735
4,234
29,795
35,565
51,881
57,311
10.5
8,391
8,618
8,233
8,083
8,455
4.6
42,968
45,351
70,739
82,235
16.3
9,961
8,570
9,173
12,589
9,735
-22.7
94,041
99,135
1,06,527
1,18,866
1,22,877
3.4
36
80
59
31
13
-58.1
3,734
A.
TotalIPC crimeagainstwomen
CommissionofSatiPrevention Act
11
IndecentRepresentationofWomen(P) Act
12
13
14
ImmoralTraffic(Prevention) Act#
2,499
2,436
TotalSLLcrimeagainstwomen
8,57
6
2,13,585
9,50
8
2,28,650
Total(A+B)
38,262
9.0
40,613
10
B.
Percentage
variationin
2014over
Year
3,25,32
9
0
2,05,009
2,19,142
2,32,528
2,95,896
895
453
141
362
47
-87.0
5,182
6,619
9,038
10,709
10,050
-6.2
426
2,070#
2,563
11,74
2
2,44,270
2,579
13,65
0
3,09,546
12,59
3
3,37,92
2
9.9
-7.7
9.2
3. Aggrieved Person
According to Section 2(a) of the Protection of Women
from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, aggrieved person
means any woman who is, or has been, in a domestic
relationship with the respondent and who alleges to have
been subjected to any act of domestic violence.
during
childhood,
such
as
witnessing
to
inheritance
divorce,
are
child
always
custody,
in
29
favour
maintenance
of
men,
and
ignoring
the
will
power
of
women
and
they
submit
Types of Violence
After recognizing the causes that lead to violence against
women, it is essential to know the different types of
violence. Though there cannot be any specific type of
30
violence, violence is such which tends to lower the selfesteem of an individual. Still the researcher has identified
some types of domestic violence against women. They are
as follows:
Violence which is money oriented;
Violence
which
is
the
result
of
stressful
family
situation;
Violence which seeks power over the weak;
Violence which is the result of the perpetrators
pathology;
Violence which aims at pleasure seeking;
Violence which is victim precipitated.
But one thing is to be noted here is that, the primary
difference between domestic violence and any other
violence is, the former is committed by an intimate
partner or family members of that partner. These types of
violence are generally done by those men who suffer from
depression,
inferiority
complex,
self-low-esteem,
Type of violence
Sex-selective
1. Pre-Birth
abortion;
on
birth
Female
2. Infancy
infanticide;
Physical,
sexual
and
psychological abuse.
Child
3. Girlhood
marriage;
genital
Female
mutilation;
Physical,
sexual
Psychological
Incest;
and
abuse;
Child
Prostitution
and Pornography.
Dating
4.
Adolescence
and
and
courtship
Adulthood
and
rape),
coerced
girls
Economically
sex
(Ex.
having
School
sex
with
school
abuse
in
fees;
the
sexual
workplace;
Trafficking
in
Dowry
murders;
Abuse
and
Psychological
of
Women
with
Forced
suicide
or
homicide
of
Disabilities.
5. Elderly
economic
Physical,
32
widows
for
reasons;
Sexual
and
Psychological Abuse.
33
35
might
be
involved
in
perpetrating
harmful
in
more
clarity
and
transparency
in
the
act.
the
methods
which
is
necessary
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
36
for
the
beneficiaries
to
one
of
active
participants
in
has
participation
been
of
observed
women,
to
impede
undermine
the
their
public
economic
implications
alone
are
serious
enough
to
reciprocal
concern
is
whether
and
how
and
exacerbate
incidents
of
violence.
To
Research Issues
The formulation of effective and sustainable intervention
strategies to address domestic violence against women
requires
comprehensive
understanding
of
all
appropriate
mix
of
research
methods,
and
the
standards
and
thus
impacts
broader
social
experience
of
women,
it
is
predicated
on
the
cultures,
there
are
variety
of
living
to
label
relationshipas
violent.
Another
the
determine
indicates
act
was
this.
that
For
initiated,and
whose
instance,Indian
significantnumbers
view
field
of
should
experience
women
do
not
sets
the
limits
for
acceptable
norms
with
dowry
violence.
This
incomplete
Penal
emphasize
Code
and
violence
the
within
Dowry
the
Prohibition
context
of
Act
dowry
study
of
other
factors
and
characteristics
by
Leela
Visaria
has
explicitly
considered
Court Structure
as
landmark
cases
that
illustrated
the
judiciarys
treatment
of
domestic
violence.
The
and
systematic
classification
of
these
to
take
notes
on
photocopying them.
45
records
rather
than
Sample Size
Despite these constraints, the 117 cases gathered offer
valuable information and insights about the four courts
treatment of domestic violence, and provide ideas for
future research and questions.
Given that access to High Court records was not forthcoming, the researchers scanned three separate law
journals in order to review the High Courts decisions:
Karnataka Law Journal, All India Reporter (Karnataka
edition), and Karnataka Law Cases. Few cases reach the
High Court, and over the entire decade, a total of only 22
46
cases
relating
to
domestic
violence
were
found.
cases.
For
example,
the
Family
Court
in
The
records
from
each
year
were
randomly
47
greatest
bearing
on
the
interpretation
of
domestic
violence.
Analysis
An overwhelming observation from the analysis of the
cases was the low number of convictions. In those that
did have convictions, it was often on charges for which
the violence was supporting evidence and not for the
abuse itself. The courts did vary in their judgements; the
High Court was the most favourable to women seeking
legal redress, compared to the rural and urban Sessions
Courts, which had a negligible number of convictions. A
closer analysis of the cases from these four courts
revealed a number of stumbling blocks to prosecution and
resolution of domes-tic violence cases.
Stumbling Blocks
The barriers or stumbling blocks to prosecution in these
cases ranged from types of proof to the opinion of the
court concerning what defines criminal acts of violence. In
some of the cases examined, no resolution was arrived at
because the parties abandoned the case. The lengthiness
of the court proceedings (up to several years) may be a
factor in this. In other cases, there was not enough
information
in
the
records
to
determine
why
the
48
was
inadmissible
married.
Another
evidence.
significant
Evidence
may
problem
be
is
deemed
the
deposition,
but
had
separately.
49
given
his
certificate
2.
Time-barred
which
complaints:
highlights
the
Another
stumbling
inefficiency
and
block,
resulting
ineffectiveness of the judicial and law enforcement systeems, is the fact that many complaints do not get
investigated or filed within the required time period. Such
cases must then be dropped. For example, in a case
brought to the High Court, a woman sustained burns and
died. Due to her dying declaration, her husband was
being investigated. Though a charge sheet was filed, the
police report to the magistrate was dated more than one
year
after
her
death
and
was
then
considered
because
both
sides
have
dropped
their
50
Penal
Code
makes
cruelty
punishable,
abuse
and
mental
torture
may
be
taking
lifelong
physical
present,
this
a second wife.
and
will
be
Though evidence of
psychological
viewed
as
violence
support
may
for
be
other
case
will
be
considered
resolved
if
the
other
51
the
effectiveness
of
the
court
system,
the
and,
since
many
of
the
cases
ended
in
domestic
systematic
violence
and
are
thorough
not
records
convicted.
are
More
needed
for
ideas
about
cruelty
and
evidence.
The
and
procedural
regularities
necessary
for
was
not
proven,
but
the
Court
held
that
points
out
two
problem
areas
that
keep
53
cases
to
be
more
fully
investigated
and
prosecuted:
strengthened.
Institutionalize clearer and more thorough protocols
for
record
keeping:
Consistent
documentation
is
their
obstacles
decisions,
that
experiencing
often
abuse
and
can
prevent
from
help
identify
women
success-fully
who
the
are
prosecuting
of
elimination
cases:
of
Advocates
domestic
violence
publicize
working
should
for
the
regularly
of
newspapers,
dowry
the
deaths
public
and
rarely
burnings
learns
in
the
about
the
domestic
violence
cases
are
unsuccessful
CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
instinct
of
inquisitiveness.
When
the
unknown
Objectives of Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers to
questions through the application of scientific procedures.
The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though
each research study has its own specific purpose, we may
think of research objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve
new insights into it (studies with this object in view is
termed as exploratory or formulativeresearch studies)
2. To
portray
accurately
the
characteristics
of
with
this
object
in
view
are
known
as
descriptiveresearch studies)
3. To determine the frequency with which something
occurs or with which it is associated with something
else (studies with this object in view are known as
diagnostic research studies)
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (such studies are known as hypothesistesting research studies).
57
Research Process
Research process comprises a series of steps or actions
required for effectively conducting research and for the
sequencing of these steps. The following are the various
steps that provide useful procedural guideline regarding
the conduct research.
1. formulating the research problems
2. extensive literature survey
3. developing hypothesis
4. preparing the research design
5. determining the sample design
6. collecting data
7. execution of the project
8. analysis of data
9. hypothesis testing
10.
generalisation and interpretation
11.
preparation of the report or presentation of the
results
work
relationship
research.
of
It
social
involves
workers
the
with
study
of
the
their
clients;
or
therapy
as
well
as
their
natural
work
as
to
search
for
alternate/innovative
60
forms,
domestic
violence
was
first
defined
the family .
Domestic violence is the most prevalent yet relatively
hidden and ignored form of violence against women and
girls. This study will bring out the closet datein front of
people.
can
be
developed
that
more
accurately
61
Research Design
A research design provides a framework for the collection
and analysis of data. This framework references three
dimensions:
spatial limits)
the use of time order
the use of inter-group comparisons or the comparative
dimension.
variables,
data
experimental
collection
methods
design,
and
and,
if
statistical
analysis plan.
The
word
research
design
describes
the
way
an
the
limitations
of
the
research.
Design
is
not
quantitative
and
qualitative
analysis.
The
some
combination); the
questioned
or
observations;
observed;
research
sample or
number
locations
of
target to be
interviews
questionnaire
or
or
exploratory
or
formulative
study
may
be
people,
phenomena.
group
or
Fundamentally,
community
it
is
or
fact
some
finding
descriptive
design
involves
detailed
studies
may
also
aim
at
determining
the
those
data
which
form
and
corroborate
the
causal
elements.
The
researcher,
before
going
Experimental
Design:
The
concept
of
respectively.
Required
evidence
for
testing
66
Universe
The population or universe represents the entire group of
units which is the focus of the study. Thus, the population
could consist of all the persons in the country, or those in
a particular geographical location, or a special ethnic or
economic group, depending on the purpose and coverage
of the study. A population could also consist on nonhuman
units
such
as
farms,
houses
or
business
establishments.
Sampling
Sampling may be defined as the selection of some part of
an
aggregate
or
totality
on
the
basis
of
which
some
rule
or
plan.
The
census
method
is
the
67
Sampling
is
cheaper
than
census
method.
It
is
economical too.
As the magnitude of operations is small in case of
sampling, so data collection and analysis can be
iii.
iv.
of
the
standard
error
which
helps
in
Merits
68
collected
and
processed.
When
the
can
be
obtained:
obtained
because
there
are
fewer
is
sampling
error,
it
possible
to
for
scientific
processing
and
upon
sampling
method
alone
depending
enumeration method.
69
upon
the
total
6. Administrative
convenience:
The
labour
reasons
which
have
been
discussed earlier.
7. More scientific: Since the methods used to
collect data are based on scientific theory
and
results
sampling
is
obtained
more
can
scientific
be
tested,
method
to
collect data.
Types of Sampling
There are two main sampling techniques:
(i) Probability sampling
(ii)
Non-Probability sampling
(i) Probability Sampling: It refers to the possibility that
each object in the target population could be selected
and usually the chance of selecting one object is equal
to the chance of selecting any other object. This
method
is
usually
used
with
surveys
and
the
sample.
Probability
sampling
has
four
the
higher
the
response
rate
more
70
Sampling:
Stratified
sampling
is
is
first
separated
into
mutually
Sampling:
Systematic
sampling
(or
first
element
for
the
sample,
and
then
The
random
procedure
start
from
distinguishes
its
this
nonprobability
example,
after
random
start,
one
may
procedure
population
are
in
which
randomly
elements
selected
in
of
the
naturally
sampling
population
involves
elements
not
the
selection
individually,
but
of
in
based,
geographical
counties,
such
or
as
naturally
physical
census
tracts,
units
occurring
(e.g.,
blocks,
or
states,
buildings);
schools,
grade
levels,
or
classes;
or
Non-probability
sampling
designs
probability
in
the
Sampling:
do
not
choice
follow
of
Non-probability
the
elements
theory
from
of
the
such
situations
the
selection
of
elements
is
selection
mechanism
until
the
desired
can
be
considered
representative
of
the
distribution
of
the
73
population
on
some
key
Technique
study,purposive
for
this
study :In
non-probability
the
sampling
present
has
been
Data Collection
questions,
test
hypotheses,
and
evaluate
Types of data
Data can be divided into two types, namely
1- Quantitative
2- Qualitative
Quantitative data is numerical in nature and can be
mathematically computed. Quantitative data measure
uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal
scale,
ordinal
scale,
interval
scale
and
ratio
scale.
for
example
male
and
female,
different
environment.
environment
is
Example
experimental
of
research
controlled
where
certain
hand,
data
collected
through
observation
or
76
Interview
(iii)
Observation.
(i) Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a
series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of
gathering information from respondents. Although they
are
often
designed
of
the
used
for
both
quantitative
and
qualitative
research.
When we are designing a questionnaire, we have to pay
attention to the following issues:
77
Are
the
respondents
possessed
the
requisite
(ii)
An
Interview
informal
interview
is
essentially
modelled
on
Observation
Generally
there
are
two
ways
to
conduct
worth
recording.
On
the
one
hand,
the
79
CHAPTER-4
PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
80
have
very
significant
role
to
play
in
etc.
namely,
of
age,
the
50
education,
respondents
family
have
been
Age
Age of the respondents is one of the most important
characteristics in understanding their views about the
particular problems; by and large age indicates level of
maturity of individuals in that sense age becomes more
important to examine the response.
No. of
Percenta
(years)
Respondents
ge
18-25
25-30
30-35
35+
Total
21
16
8
5
50
42%
32%
16%
10%
100%
81
AGE DISTRIBUTION
10%
18-25
25-30
16%
30-35
42%
35+
32%
It
is
evident
from
Table4.1
that
majority
of
Caste
Caste is a form of social stratification which historically
separated
communities
into
thousands
82
No. Of
Percenta
Respondents
ge (%)
13
26%
10
22
5
50
20%
44%
10%
100
Schedule
d
Lower
High
Muslim
Total
CASTE DETERMINATION
10%
26%
Scheduled
Lower
High
Muslim
44%
20%
Education
looking
and
understanding
any
particular
social
of
the
respondents.
Hence
the
variable
Table
4.3:
Educational
Qualification
of
Respondents
Educational
No. Of
Qualification
Respondents
Percent
age (%)
(Students)
No formal
schooling
Lower primary
Upper primary
Secondary +
Total
84
6%
9
17
21
50
18%
34%
42%
100%
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
6%
No formal schooling
18%
Lower primary
Upper primary
42%
Secondary +
34%
Table
4.4:
Educational
Qualification
of
Respondents Husbands
Educational
No. Of
Percenta
Qualification
Respondents
ge (%)
4%
7
26
15
50
14%
30%
52%
100%
No formal
schooling
Lower primary
Upper primary
Secondary +
Total
85
4%
30%
14%
No formal schooling
Lower primary
Upper primary
Secondary +
52%
Family Background
Family background refers to the place with which people
hold a long history and a deep cultural association. It
simply connotes ones origin. (Here) It refers to the area
to which respondents family belong. It has a very
important role in deciding values, beliefs and behaviour
patterns of a child which are likely to affects his or her
attitudes towards a particular problem.
No. of
Percentag
Background
Respondents
e (%)
Rural
Urban
Total
21
29
50
42%
58%
100%
86
FAMILY BACKGROUND
RURAL
URBAN
42%
58%
Family Structure
Family structure refers to the type of family in which
a person lives and gets socialized has immense
importance
in
deciding
his
values,
beliefs
and
an
individual
Family
Structur
e
No. of
Percenta
Respondents
ge (%)
32
18
50
64%
36%
100
Nuclear
Joint
Total
FAMILY STRUCTURE
NUCLEAR
36%
JOINT
64%
Years of Marriage
88
No. of
Percenta
Marriage
Responden
ge (%)
ts
0-5
6-10
11-15
15+
Total
22
16
7
5
50
44%
32%
14%
10%
100
10%
0-5 years
6-10 years
14%
11-15 years
44%
15+ years
32%
From
the
above
table
it
is
clear
that
majority
of
89
CHAPTER-5
DATA ANALYSIS RELATED TO IMPACT OF
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON WOMEN OF AGE
GROUP 18-40 YEARS
keeping
among
domestic
violence
service
of
women
experiencing
violence
are
90
also
to
better
understand
how
individual
Forms
of
Violence
Reported
in
Womens
endure
tremendous
Narratives
The
data
indicated
that
women
from
17
specific
categories
based
on
92
Types of
No. of
Violence
Respondents
Physical
41/50
violence
Verbal and
36/50
psychological
violence
Cruelty and
23/50
torture
Abuse to loved
17/50
ones
Abuse from in-
11/50
laws
Total
50
Types of violence
45 Physical violence
40
Verbal and psychological violence
35
30
Cruelty and torture
25
Abuse to loved ones
20
15
Abuse from in-laws
10
5
0
93
children
or
her
natal
family,
such
as
Mental
includes
and
threats
psychological
of
any
violence:
kind,
verbal
This
category
abuse,
and
for
dowry
and
income,
threats
top
our
94
consume
unpleasant
or
disgusting
things,
the
are
expected
to
endure
abuse
and
cruelty.
95
Type of
violence
# of
wom
en
% of
wome
n
Pours
kerosene/
acid
12%
Poison/for
ced
4%
Violence
during
2%
Use of
weapon
10%
Assault
and
beating
46
92%
Sexual
violence
4%
Beats
children
8%
Abuse
from inlaws
6%
Attempts
to kill
6%
Threats
12
24%
Verbal
abuse
32
64%
Confinem
ent and
12%
Humiliatio
n
8%
Dowry
demands
2%
Threat to
pour
4%
Throw out
of house
10%
Desertion
4%
Physical
abuse
2%
4%
<1%
of family
Psychologi
cal abuse
of family
Suicide
attempt
96
by woman
Destroys
property
2%
the
women
them-
selves
and
not
necessarily
were
classified
separately
as
many
women
or
suspected
infidelities
by
either
partner,
asking
requesting
questions
more
about
household
his
or
money,
their
behavior,
or
refusing
intercourse.
Correlates of Violence
He started enjoying drinking and would come home
drunk and start beating me. Now I am married for 15 or
16 years and have two boys of school going age. And I get
beaten up.
The women in the study were divided into those who
experienced both psychological and physical abuse, those
who experienced psychological abuse, and those who did
not report any abuse. The results show that each form of
abuse cuts across all age, caste, and education lines).
98
Identifying
trends
of
the
different
forms
of
abuse,
and
magnitude
of
violence
across
these
different
types
of
violence
can
be
examined
No
Perce
Psychologica
ologic
Repo
ntag
al
and
rted
e
Distri
Physi
Abuse
cal
butio
Abuse
n
of
Samp
Abuse
le
100
All
42 %
23 %
35 %
23
20
28
23
48
57
17
33
29
23
55
44
15
47
26
12
Caste
Schedule
d
Lower
High
Muslim
Age
%
%
%
%
of
Woman
99
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
15 24
25 34
35 +
26 %
23 %
17 %
52 %
38 %
47 %
22 %
39 %
36 %
24 %
66 %
10 %
schooling
Lower
16 %
60 %
24 %
49 %
primary
Upper
35 %
41 %
24 %
10 %
primary
Secondar
24 %
41 %
35 %
16 %
y+
32 %
10 %
58 %
26 %
schooling
Lower
14 %
68 %
19 %
17 %
primary
Upper
15 %
62 %
23 %
14 %
primary
Secondar
26 %
47 %
27 %
21 %
y+
28 %
25 %
47 %
48 %
23 %
50 %
27 %
60 %
Womans
Educatio
n
No
formal
Husband
s
Educatio
n
No
formal
Living
Arrange
ment
Nuclear
100
Joint
Years
23 %
30 %
47 %
40 %
40
24
18
21
35
40
51
40
25
36
31
39
6%
57 %
25 %
12 %
of
Marriage
15
6 10
11 14
15 +
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
and
scheduled
castes
(74
per
cent).
Though
more
physical
violence.
For
example,
while
use
of
themselves
violence
daily.
attributed
an
proximate
causes
for
conflict
Women
outburst
or
of
in
resolution
the
violence
precipitating
study
manifest
frequently
against
them
to
triggers
such
as
stated
that
inadequate
dowry
precipitated
the
for
violence,
their
husbands
anger
was
for
the
children,
and
preparing
meals.
Such
are
time-consuming
and
labour-intensive.
The
gender
socialization
and
socio-economic
Forms of Violence
Besides using abusive language, my husband hits me
with whatever he can lay his hands on. When he is really
mad, he flings a stick or whatever is in his hand freely
towards me. He does not kick or pull my hair or bang
against the wall. But hitting me in the back or slapping is
what he does most of the times. In a fit of rage, he even
asks me to leave home and go to my parents house. But
how can I go? I have children and this is my home.
In this study, reported violence takes many forms. The
most frequently reported types of violence against a
woman include abusive language (80 per cent), beatings
(63 per cent), forcing her back to her parental home (52
per cent), and threats to throw her out (51 per cent).
Other types of abuse include refusing to give money to
manage the household, protracted criticism, and getting
angry with the children. Two-thirds of the women who
were abused reported physical violence. Of the women
who reported physical violence, the most frequent forms
are slaps (100 per-cent), having objects thrown at them
(63 per cent), and beatings with a stick (58 per cent).
Approximately ten per cent of the women who were
physically
abused
indicated
they
required
medical
per-cent
of
women
reporting
physical
violence
and
socially
questions
charged
about
topic
like
domestic
under-reporting
arise.
The
consistent
interaction
between
researchers
and
distinctions
can
in
turn
guide
the
design
of
factors
also
varied:
while
all
women
and
lower
caste
women
are
oriented
around
Table 5.3
Correlates, Forms, and Reasons Given for Abuse among
Women Experiencing Violence
Reasons Given for
Forms of Abuse
Abuse
ea
Ch
Abu
ys
Thr
ls
Eco
ild
siv
ic
eat
no
no
re
al
s to
mic
n
no
Lan
As
for
re
con
gu
sa
ce
ad
str
ca
ag
ul
out
ain
re
of
on
ti
ts
ho
Fo
me
Caste
6
Scheduled
Lower
High
78
60
65
68
43
%
7
91
62
72
55
47
%
3
48
35
50
18
45
108
5
Muslim
Age
79
38
58
33
67
of
Woman
6
15 24
25 34
35 +
80
51
58
45
51
%
6
79
56
66
51
49
%
7
87
56
83
44
39
Womans
Education
7
No formal
91
64
76
59
44
schooling
%
5
Lower
88
50
73
35
38
primary
%
6
Upper
80
46
46
54
57
primary
%
2
Secondary
38
22
43
16
60
Husbands
Education
8
No formal
96
67
75
65
44
schooling
Lower
%
86
%
8
%
62
%
81
%
65
%
40
109
1
primary
%
6
Upper
89
53
74
47
38
primary
%
5
Secondary
73
50
61
40
58
Living
Arrangem
ent
6
Nuclear
Joint
Years
82
57
70
51
49
%
5
77
43
57
42
47
of
Marriage
4
15
6 10
11 14
15 +
53
33
47
27
47
%
6
79
51
59
46
50
%
7
87
57
73
60
55
%
6
85
65
88
46
23
important
results
of
the
survey
contradict
the
Among
percentages
of
these
educated
abused
women
women,
smaller
reported
abusive
magnitude,
precipitating
factors,
and
forms
of
their
natal
home,
and
the
apprehension
that
Perceived Options
One does often feel like running away from it all. But
where does one go? There should be a place where
women can go. The only place is parents house but they
will always try to send you back. Also, when there are
children, where can one go? Sometimes I do feel quite
suffocated, but when I think of the children, I cannot take
any steps in haste. My children would not eat food
prepared by anyone else. So I have to live for them.
Especially when they were unable to access their parental home for support, abused women felt they had few
alternatives. Although many reported that they had
thought about running away or committing suicide, they
felt these options were not feasible because of their
young children and the lack of places to go.
Barbara Miller (1992) listed some options that may seem
viable for women who are considering escape from an
abusive situation, including: support from the natal home,
divorce/separation, bearing sons, age, and committing
suicide. As a result of the concerns discussed above,
114
the
most
effective
strategies,
the
voices
and
Long-TermEffects ofAbuse
domesticviolenceiseternal.Onceithas
been,theeffectsofitareuntildeath.And
notjustyourown[experience],butevery
personwhoisconnectedtoyou,
experiencestheeffectsofwhathas
life.- a domestic violence victim.
115
happenedtoyouinyour
Long-termeffectsencompassing
physicalandmentalhealthimpactsare
categorizedinsixmajorareas:
Internalsocio-emotionaleffects
Externalsocio-emotionaleffects
Damagedrelationships
Psychologicaleffects
Physicaleffects,and
Theintergenerationalcycleofabuse
r
l
n
o
m
t
n
i
a
ff
c
116
EE
r
S
o
e
i
E
t
ff x
et
e c
l
a
o
o
n
t
a
ff
m
o
ff
ff
ff
Damaged relationships
DW
m
g
d
r
a
o
s
p
a i
a
e
e
l
t
i
n
i
s
Psychological Effects
117
PP
o
a
E
so
y s
ct
-h T
l
ff
Physical Effects
PD
a
E
s
hi
ff
y a
s b
i i
cl
LI
a
O
n o
tn
r - gt
c
b
u
C
f
e g
l
A
e e r nm
l e
s
e
i c
i l d
i o
i c
tu
i eo
s n
l a
i n
i n
i v
ir s a s
i o
i n
i m
l a
i o
i p
120
Support
A large number of cases recorded by the four
organizations made reference to help sought from other
sources before coming. This was included as part of the
narrative documenting the nature of her needs and their
evolution over time. This information reveals where
women think to go for intervention, the perceptions
women have of their own rights to safety, and whom they
believe duty-bearers might be.8 In addition, womens
perceptions of the effectiveness of these agents can also
be informative.
Most frequently, women sought help first with the police,
with community elders or panchayats, and with their natal
families. Some women appeared to seek help in all three
places before coming to the organizations studied. A brief
analysis of this data showed that none of the three had
been able to help women achieve safety, maintenance or
needed support. Further, it is evident that, according to
these accounts, none of these measures prevented the
violence from continuing, and sometimes the violence
increased.
Overall, these results make evident that natal families are
often the first and most frequent place a woman may go
for help and that women do often look to the police for
protection and safety. However, there are a number of
121
Assistance Sought
A primary reason thatwomen approached to seek help for
preventing
further
domestic
violence.
This
included
was
sparse.
In
83.8
per-cent
of
cases,
assets
received
at
the
time
of
marriage
Assistance Sought
Frequency
Percept
11
22%
12
24%
11
22%
2%
Assistance to be Economically
Independent
2%
Shelter
2%
Financial Assistance
4%
2%
18%
Share in Husbands
Income/Property
4%
6%
2%
123
Recovery of Streedhan
Total
4%
50
124
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS
The study summarized in this together provide a broad
picture
of
the
degree
of
violence
experienced
by
conclusion
emerging
from
the
study
is
that
125
women
experiencing
abuse
had
thought
about
running away, but most said that they feared leaving their
young children and had no place to go. Social and
economic constraints further compound their sense of
isolation. Lack of awareness about their rights and how to
seek help renders these women more vulnerable to
continued and escalating abuse by their husbands.
initiated
strategies.
These
dimensions
of
wide
range
efforts
domestic
of
public
concentrate
violence.
intervention
on
Some
different
focus
on
ameliorative
services,
reconstructive
the
conditions
.Preventive
responsible
strategies
for
domes-tic
con-tribute
both
to
schemes,
womens
self-help
collectives,
domestic
violence.
It
appears
that
these
larger
this,
networks
between
organizations,
that
more
careful
record-keeping
and
common
violence.
problems
Those
cases
and
that
patterns
have
of
been
domestic
reconciled
observation
organized
showed
that
responses
to
with
few
individual
exceptions,
complaints
are
hospitals
and
family
counselling
centres
absent
from
this
survey
of
organized
addition,
concerted
attention
by
com-munity
4. Create
Crisis
Referral
Services:
Another
Gender
Sensitivity
and
One
interpretation
of
Human
the
Rights
case
study
community
relationships,
and
new
forms
of
Sector-specific Recommendations
system
with
an
appropriate
allocation
of
resources.
2. Train health care providers-Health care providers,
researchers, and administrators at the conference
recommended
awareness
curricula
into
and
integrating
medical
providing
130
and
domestic
violence
nursing
education
training
for
current
include
improving
screening,
care,
and
the
legal
system,
conference
participants
of
the
police,
the
classification
and
were
evidence.
made
Legal
for
experts
Several
collecting
and
and
womens
surrounding
domestic
violence
cases.
be
trained
to
identify
signs
of
domestic
who
have
violence
cases
should
be
clarified.
For
demands.
Furthermore,
definitions
and
creation
of
watchdog
groups
could
Research Recommendations
133
higher
standard
for
cooperation
and
134
135
ANNEXURES
136
REFERENCES
Agnes, F. 1991.
A Toothless Tiger: A Critique of the Family Courts.
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_______1992.
Protecting women against violence? Review of a decade
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_______1995.
Campaign Against Dowry. In M. Kosambi, ed.,
State, Gender and the Rhetoric of Law Reform.
Bombay:RCWS, SNDT Womens University.
_______1995a.
Domestic Violence.In M.Kosambi, ed., State,Gender and
the Rhetoric of Law Reform. Bombay:RCWS, SNDT
Womens University.
Agnew, V. 1998.
Tensions in providing services to South Asian victims of
wife abuse in Toronto. Violence against Women
4( 2): 153-179.
An interview with Justice C. S. Dharmadhikari on legal aid
advice scheme in Maharashtra.The Lawyers Collective
1(11 & 12): 9-10.
Apte, M., A. Dave, and T. Adhikari. 1990.
Quick Appraisal of Family Counselling Centres and
Voluntary Action Bureau.Project Report. Bombay:
TataInstitute of Social Sciences.
Asian Womens Human Rights Council and Vimochana.
1995.
Speaking Tree, Womens Speak. Asia-Pacific Public
Hearing on Crimes Against Women Related to the Violence
of Development, January 28. Bangalore: AWHRC and
Vimochana.
Awasthi, R., and D.K. Panmand. 1994.
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137
Babbie, E. 1990.
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Publishing Company.
Bakshi, P.M. 1994.
Legislative responses for tackling domestic violence.
The Lawyers Collective 9(1): 13-14.
Banerjee, S. 1995.
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Bavaadam, L.1993.
Do you beat your wife. Blitz (September 11).
Baxamusa, R. M., and J. Miranda. 1990.
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SNDTWomens University.
Bhandare, N. 1998.
Dowry legislation: double-edged sword. India Today
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Bogdewic, S.P. 1992.
Participant observation. In B.F. Crabtree and W.L.
Miller, eds., Doing Qualitative Research. New Delhi:
Sage Publications.
Bose, M. 1988.
Police held accountable for indifference to wife-beating.
The Lawyers Collective 3(8): 38-39.
Central Social Welfare Board. 1992.
Sub: Revision in Scheme of Family Counselling Centres
and Procedure for Sanction and Release of Grants under
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New Delhi: Samaj Kalyan Bhavan.
Chakravarty, S. 1994.
Equal opportunities to women in police. Police
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Datar, C., ed. 1993.
138
Shravai,
Age 22
Kartiki,
Age 39
Falguni,
age 21
Dhanashr
ee, Age
21
Chatura,
age 25
1) Physical Violence
a) Kerosene/acid/burns
i) Burns with incense sticks
ii) Pours kerosene on her and tries to set ablaze
iii)Pours kerosene on her and the children
143
2) Psychological Violence
a) Verbal abuse/harassment
i) Harassment
ii) Mental torture
iii)Verbal abuse
iv)Calls her a prostitute
v) Taunts
vi)Abusing her at work all day
vii) Insults
viii) Tells her she looks like a monkey
ix)Filthy language
146
b) Threats
i) Threatens to kill her
ii) Threatens to kill entire natal family
iii)Threatens to burn her alive
iv)Threatens to divorce her
v) Threatens to pour kerosene and burn alive
vi)Threatens to send goondas to kill her
vii) Threatens to kidnap the children
viii) Threats of divorce
ix)Threats to ruin her factory
x) Threatens with knife
xi)Threatens to set her beauty parlour on fire
xii) Threatens to throw acid on her face
xiii) Threatens to hack with a machete
xiv) Threatens to leave her
xv) Threatens to drown her
xvi) Threatens to injure her
xvii) Threatening to keep away the child
xviii) Threatens to break her legs
xix) Threatens with acid/kerosene
xx) Threatens to pour kerosene on her and burn her
alive
xxi) Threatens to throw acid on her face
c) Humiliation
i) Trying to prove that she is mad and abnormal
ii) Forced to sleep with other men
iii)Slanders her name
iv)Treated like a servant
v) Public humiliation
vi)Wiping dirty hands on face
vii) Spitting
viii) Beating in front of friends
ix)Hits her with chappals
x) Removes her clothes and beats her
xi)Forced to drink his urine
xii) Bigamy
3) Property Destruction
a) Damaged windows and furniture
147
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
AGE
______________
SEX
______________
RELIGION
______________
CASTE
PLACE
______________
______________
NATURE OF FAMILY:
_____________________________
Rural
Urban
OF
FAMILY:
__________________________________________
SOURCE OF INCOME:
TOTAL INCOME
________________________________
:
________________________________
148
many
times
(approx.)
abused?
149
have
you
been
sexually
long
have
you
been/were
you
in
an
abusive
relationship?
How long had/have you been in an abusive relationship
before confiding in someone?
About Support available:
150
long
contacted
had
the
abuse
been
an official body
Refuge,SocialServices)?
151
Police,