Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design in timber to
BS 5268
6.1 Introduction
Wood is a very versatile raw material and is still
widely used in construction, especially in countries
such as Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway and
Poland, where there is an abundance of goodquality timber. Timber can be used in a range
of structural applications including marine works:
construction of wharves, piers, cofferdams; heavy
civil works: bridges, piles, shoring, pylons; domestic housing: roofs, floors, partitions; shuttering
for precast and in situ concrete; falsework for brick
or stone construction.
Of all the construction materials which have
been discussed in this book, only timber is naturally
occurring. This makes it a very difficult material to
characterise and partly accounts for the wide variation in the strength of timber, not only between
different species but also between timber of the
same species and even from the same log. Quite
naturally, this led to uneconomical use of timber
which was costly for individuals and the nation as
a whole. However, this problem has now been
largely overcome by specifying stress graded timber (section 6.2).
There is an enormous variety of timber species.
They are divided into softwoods and hardwoods, a
botanical distinction, not on the basis of mechanical strength. Softwoods are derived from trees with
Mean strength
1.64 s.d.
Flexural strength
5% test results
Table 6.1 Grade stresses for softwoods graded in accordance with BS 4978: for service classes 1
and 2 (Table 10, BS 5268)
Standard name
Redwood/whitewood
(imported)
British larch
British pine
British spruce
Douglas fir
(British grown)
Parana pine
(imported)
Pitch pine
(Caribbean)
Western red cedar
(imported)
Douglas fir-larch
(Canada and USA)
Hem-fir
(Canada and USA)
Spruce-pine-fir
(Canada and USA)
Sitka spruce
(Canada)
Western whitewoods
(USA)
Southern pine
(USA)
Grade
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
SS
GS
Bending
parallel
to graina
Tension
parallel
to graina
N/mm 2
7.5
5.3
7.5
5.3
6.8
4.7
5.7
4.1
6.2
4.4
9.0
6.4
10.5
7.4
5.7
4.1
7.5
5.3
7.5
5.3
7.5
5.3
6.6
4.7
6.6
4.7
9.6
6.8
Compression
N/mm 2
Parallel
to grain
N/mm 2
Perpendicular
to grainb
N/mm 2
4.5
3.2
4.5
3.2
4.1
2.9
3.4
2.5
3.7
2.6
5.4
3.8
6.3
4.4
3.4
2.5
4.5
3.2
4.5
3.2
4.5
3.2
4.0
2.8
4.0
2.8
5.8
4.1
7.9
6.8
7.9
6.8
7.5
6.1
6.1
5.2
6.6
5.2
9.5
8.1
11.0
9.4
6.1
5.2
7.9
6.8
7.9
6.8
7.9
6.8
7.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
10.2
8.7
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.2
3.2
2.8
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.5
2.2
Shear
parallel
to grain
Modulus of elasticity
Mean
Minimum
N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm 2
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.64
0.64
0.88
0.88
1.03
1.03
1.16
1.16
0.63
0.63
0.85
0.85
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.98
0.98
10 500
9 000
10 500
9 000
10 500
9 000
8 000
6 500
11 000
9 500
11 000
9 500
13 500
11 000
8 500
7 000
11 000
10 000
11 000
9 000
10 000
8 500
10 000
8 000
9 000
7 500
12 500
10 500
7 000
6 000
7 000
6 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 500
7 000
6 000
7 500
6 000
9 000
7 500
5 500
4 500
7 500
6 500
7 500
6 000
6 500
5 500
6 500
5 500
6 000
5 000
8 500
7 000
Notes. a Stresses applicable to timber 300 mm deep (or wide): for other section sizes see 2.10.6 and 2.12.2 of BS 5268.
b
When the specifications specifically prohibit wane at bearing areas, the SS grade compression perpendicular to grain stress may
be multiplied by 1.33 and used for all grades.
281
Strength classes
C14
Imported
Parana pine
Caribbean pitch pine
Redwood
Whitewood
Western red cedar
Douglas fir-larch (Canada and USA)
Hem-fir (Canada and USA)
Spruce-pine-fir (Canada and USA)
Sitka spruce (Canada)
Western whitewoods (USA)
Southern pine (USA)
British grown
Douglas fir
Larch
British pine
British spruce
C16
C22
GS
C24
C27
C30
SS
GS
SS
GS
GS
SS
SS
GS
SS
GS
GS
GS
SS
SS
SS
GS
GS
SS
SS
GS
GS
SS
SS
GS
SS
GS
GS
C18
SS
SS
Permissible stresses
Table 6.3 Grade stresses and moduli of elasticity for various strength classes: for service classes 1
and 2 (based on Tables 8 and 9, BS 5268)
Strength
class
C14
C16
C18
C22
C24
TR26
C27
C30
C35
C40
D30
D35
D40
D50
D60
D70
1
2
Bending
parallel
to grain
(m,g,|| )
N/mm 2
4.1
5.3
5.8
6.8
7.5
10.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
9.0
11.0
12.5
16.0
18.0
23.0
Tension
parallel
to grain
N/mm 2
Compression
parallel
to grain
(c,g,|| )
N/mm 2
Compression
perpendicular
to grain1
(c,g, )
N/mm 2 N/mm 2
Shear
parallel
to grain
(g )
N/mm 2
E mean
N/mm 2
2.5
3.2
3.5
4.1
4.5
6.0
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
5.4
6.6
7.5
9.6
10.8
13.8
5.2
6.8
7.1
7.5
7.9
8.2
8.2
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.1
8.6
12.6
15.2
18.0
23.0
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.2
6.0
0.60
0.67
0.67
0.71
0.71
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.70
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
6 800
8 800
9 100
9 700
10 800
11 000
12 300
12 300
13 400
14 500
9 500
10 000
10 800
15 000
18 500
21 000
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.6
Modulus
of elasticity
Characteristic
density 2
Average
density 2
E min
N/mm 2
k
kg/m 3
mean
kg/m 3
4 600
5 800
6 000
6 500
7 200
7 400
8 200
8 200
9 000
10 000
6 000
6 500
7 500
12 600
15 600
18 000
290
310
320
340
350
370
370
380
400
420
530
560
590
650
700
900
350
370
380
410
420
450
450
460
480
500
640
670
700
780
840
1 080
When the specification specifically prohibits wane at bearing areas, the higher values may be used.
For the calculation of dead load, the average density should be used.
of 20C and the relative humidity of the surrounding air only exceeding 65% for a few weeks per year.
Timbers used internally in a continuously heated
building normally experience this environment. In
such environments most timbers will attain an average moisture content not exceeding 12%.
Service class 2 is characterised by a moisture
content in the material corresponding to a temperature of 20C and the relative humidity of the
surrounding air only exceeding 85% for a few weeks
per year. Timbers used in covered buildings will
normally experience this environment. In such environments most timbers will attain an average
moisture content not exceeding 20%.
Service class 3, due to climatic conditions, is
characterised by higher moisture contents than
service class 2 and is applicable to timbers used
externally and fully exposed.
The grade stresses and moduli of elasticity shown
in Tables 6.1 and 6.3 apply to timber exposed to
service classes 1 and 2. According to clause 2.6.2
of BS 5268 where service class 3 exists, the values
in Tables 6.1 and 6.3 should be multiplied by a
modification factor K2 given in Table 16 of BS 5268,
reproduced here as Table 6.4. Clause 2.6.1 also
K2
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.8
Value of K 3
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Notes. a For uniformly distributed imposed floor loads K 3 = 1.00 except for type C3 occupancy (Table 1, BS 6399: Part 1:
1996) where for foot traffic on corridors, hallways, landings and stairways only, K 3 may be assumed to be 1.5.
b
For wind where the largest diagonal dimension of the loaded area a, as defined in BS 6399: Part 2, exceeds 50 m.
c
For wind, very short-term category applies to classes A and B (3 s or 5 s gust) as defined in CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 or,
where the largest diagonal dimension of the loaded area a, as defined in BS 6399: Part 2, does not exceed 50 m.
h(he a ) + ahe
h2e
for a he
Notches at the ends of flexural members will result in high shear concentrations which may cause
structural failure and must, therefore, be taken into
account during design (Fig. 6.2).
In notched members the grade shear stresses
parallel to the grain (Tables 6.1 and 6.3) are multiplied by a modification factor K 5 calculated as
follows:
(6.1)
(6.2)
he
h
(6.3)
he
300
K7 =
(a)
0.11
K7 =
(6.4)
0.81(h2 + 92 300)
for solid beams
(h2 + 56 800)
with h > 300 mm
(b)
284
Symbols
or more members such as rafters, joists or wall
studs, spaced a maximum of 610 mm centre to
centre act together to resist a common load, the
grade stress should be multiplied by a load-sharing
factor K 8 which has a value of 1.1 (clause 2.9,
BS 5268).
(6.5)
6.6 Symbols
For the purposes of this chapter, the following symbols have been used. These have largely been taken
from BS 5268.
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
b
h
A
breadth of beam
depth of beam
total cross-sectional area
i
I
Z
radius of gyration
second moment of area
elastic modulus
BENDING
L
M
MR
m,a,||
m,g,||
m,adm,||
effective span
design moment
moment of resistance
applied bending stress parallel to grain
grade bending stress parallel to grain
permissible bending stress parallel to
grain
DEFLECTION
t
m
v
p
E
Emean
Emin
G
total deflection
bending deflection
shear deflection
permissible deflection
modulus of elasticity
mean modulus of elasticity
minimum modulus of elasticity
shear modulus
SHEAR
Fv
a
g
adm
BEARING
F
lb
c,a,
c,g,
c,adm,
bearing force
length of bearing
applied compression stress
perpendicular to grain
grade compression stress perpendicular
to grain
permissible bending stress perpendicular
to grain
COMPRESSION
Le
N
c,a,||
c,g,||
c,adm,||
c,||
e
286
Table 6.6 Modification factor K 12 for compression members (Table 22, BS 5268)
E/c,||
Value of K 12
Values of slenderness ratio (= L e/i)
<5
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
14.5
17.3
20.2
23.1
26.0
28.9
34.7
40.5
46.2
52.0
57.8
63.6
69.4
72.3
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.975
0.975
0.975
0.975
0.975
0.976
0.951
0.951
0.951
0.951
0.952
0.952
0.896
0.899
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904
0.827
0.837
0.843
0.848
0.851
0.853
0.735
0.759
0.774
0.784
0.792
0.797
0.621
0.664
0.692
0.711
0.724
0.734
0.506
0.562
0.601
0.629
0.649
0.665
0.408
0.466
0.511
0.545
0.572
0.593
0.330
0.385
0.430
0.467
0.497
0.522
0.271
0.320
0.363
0.399
0.430
0.456
0.225
0.269
0.307
0.341
0.371
0.397
0.162
0.195
0.226
0.254
0.280
0.304
0.121
0.148
0.172
0.195
0.217
0.237
0.094
0.115
0.135
0.154
0.172
0.188
0.075
0.092
0.109
0.124
0.139
0.153
0.061
0.076
0.089
0.102
0.115
0.127
0.051
0.063
0.074
0.085
0.096
0.106
0.043
0.053
0.063
0.072
0.082
0.091
0.040
0.049
0.058
0.067
0.076
0.084
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.904
0.905
0.905
0.905
0.906
0.906
0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859
0.860
0.801
0.804
0.807
0.809
0.811
0.813
0.742
0.748
0.753
0.757
0.760
0.763
0.677
0.687
0.695
0.701
0.707
0.712
0.609
0.623
0.634
0.643
0.651
0.658
0.542
0.559
0.573
0.584
0.595
0.603
0.478
0.497
0.513
0.527
0.539
0.550
0.420
0.440
0.457
0.472
0.486
0.498
0.325
0.344
0.362
0.378
0.392
0.405
0.255
0.272
0.288
0.303
0.317
0.330
0.204
0.219
0.233
0.247
0.259
0.271
0.167
0.179
0.192
0.203
0.214
0.225
0.138
0.149
0.160
0.170
0.180
0.189
0.116
0.126
0.135
0.144
0.153
0.161
0.099
0.107
0.116
0.123
0.131
0.138
0.092
0.100
0.107
0.115
0.122
0.129
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.952
0.906
0.906
0.906
0.907
0.907
0.861
0.861
0.862
0.862
0.863
0.814
0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.766
0.768
0.770
0.772
0.773
0.716
0.719
0.722
0.725
0.728
0.664
0.669
0.673
0.677
0.681
0.611
0.618
0.624
0.629
0.634
0.559
0.567
0.574
0.581
0.587
0.508
0.518
0.526
0.534
0.541
0.417
0.428
0.438
0.447
0.455
0.342
0.353
0.363
0.373
0.382
0.282
0.292
0.302
0.312
0.320
0.235
0.245
0.254
0.262
0.271
0.198
0.207
0.215
0.223
0.230
0.169
0.177
0.184
0.191
0.198
0.145
0.152
0.159
0.165
0.172
0.135
0.142
0.148
0.154
0.160
Flexural members
Bearing
Clear span
Effective span
bending
deflection
lateral buckling
shear
bearing.
d
x
Generally, for medium-span beams the design process follows the sequence indicated above. However,
deflection is usually critical for long-span beams and
shear for heavily loaded short-span beams.
6.7.2 BENDING
If flexural members are not to fail in bending, the
design moment, M, must not exceed the moment
of resistance, MR
M MR
(6.6)
(6.7)
where
m,adm,|| permissible bending stress parallel to grain
Z xx
section modulus
For rectangular sections Z xx =
bd 2
6
(Fig. 6.4)
where
b breadth of section
d depth of section
The permissible bending stress is calculated by
multiplying the grade bending stress, m,g,||, by any
relevant K-factors:
m,adm,|| = m,g,||K 2 K 3 K 7 K 8 (as appropriate)
(6.8)
For a given design moment the minimum required
section modulus, Z xx req, can be calculated using
equation 6.9, obtained by combining equations 6.6
and 6.7:
M
(6.9)
Z xx req
m,adm,||
A suitable timber section can then be selected
from Tables NA.2, NA.3 and NA.4 of BS EN
336: Structural timber. Sizes permitted deviations.
These tables give the commonly available sizes of,
respectively, sawn timber, timber machined on the
width and timber machined on all four sides. Table NA.2 is reproduced here as Table 6.7. Table 6.8
is an expanded version which includes a number of
useful section properties to aid design. Finally, the
chosen section should be checked for deflection,
lateral buckling, shear and bearing to assess its suitability as discussed below.
287
100
125
x
x
x
x
x
150
175
200
225
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
250
300
x
x
x
x
x
x
Area
mm
10 3mm 2
About xx
103mm3
About yy
103mm3
About xx
106mm4
About yy
106mm4
22 100
2.20
36.6
8.1
1.83
0.089
28.9
38
38
38
38
38
100
150
175
200
225
3.80
5.70
6.54
7.60
8.55
63.3
143
194
253
321
24.1
36.1
42.1
48.1
54.2
3.17
10.7
17.0
25.3
36.1
0.457
0.686
0.800
0.915
1.03
28.9
43.3
50.5
57.7
65.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
3.53
4.70
5.88
7.05
8.23
9.40
10.6
11.8
14.1
44.1
78.3
122
176
240
313
397
490
705
27.6
36.8
46.0
55.2
64.4
73.6
82.8
92.0
110
1.65
3.92
7.65
13.2
21.0
31.3
44.6
61.2
106
0.649
0.865
1.08
1.30
1.51
1.73
1.95
2.16
2.60
21.7
28.9
36.1
43.3
50.5
57.7
65.0
72.2
86.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
63
63
63
63
150
175
200
225
9.45
11.0
12.6
14.2
236
322
420
532
99.2
116
132
149
17.7
28.1
42.0
59.8
3.13
3.65
4.17
4.69
43.3
50.5
57.7
65.0
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
288
Section Modulus
Radius of gyration
About xx
mm
About yy
mm
6.35
Flexural members
Table 6.8 (contd )
Customary
target size*
Area
mm
10 3mm 2
About xx
103mm3
7.50
11.3
13.1
15.0
16.9
18.8
22.5
125
281
383
500
633
781
1130
93.8
141
164
188
211
234
281
6.25
21.1
33.5
50.0
71.2
97.7
169
100
150
200
225
250
300
10.0
15.0
20.0
22.5
25.0
30.0
167
375
667
844
1010
1500
167
250
333
375
417
500
150 150
150 300
20.0
30.0
563
2250
300 300
90.0
4500
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
175
200
225
250
300
Section Modulus
About yy
103mm3
About yy
106mm4
Radius of gyration
About xx
mm
About yy
mm
3.52
5.27
6.15
7.03
7.91
8.79
10.5
28.9
43.3
50.5
57.7
65.0
72.2
86.6
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
8.33
28.1
66.7
94.9
130
225
8.33
12.5
16.7
18.8
20.8
25.0
28.9
43.3
57.7
65.0
72.2
86.6
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
563
1130
42.2
338
42.2
84.4
43.3
86.6
43.3
43.3
4500
675
86.6
86.6
675
6.7.3 DEFLECTION
Excessive deflection of flexural members may
result in damage to surfacing materials, ceilings,
partitions and finishes, and to the functional needs
as well as aesthetic requirements.
Clause 2.10.7 of BS 5268 recommends that
generally such damage can be avoided if the total
deflection, t, of the member when fully loaded
does not exceed the permissible deflection, p:
t p
(6.10)
(6.11)
(6.12)
(6.13)
289
Deflection at
Centre C or end E
C
L
W
C
L /2
L /2
L
w
C
L
W
L /2
L /2
w
E
W
L
Bending
Shear
wL4
5
EI
384
12 wL2
EA
5
WL3
48 EI
24 WL
5
EA
Wa L2
a2
6
EI 8
96 Wa
5
EA
wL4
384 EI
12 wL2
EA
5
WL3
192EI
24 WL
5
EA
6.7.5 SHEAR
If flexural members are not to fail in shear, the
applied shear stress parallel to the grain, a, should
not exceed the permissible shear stress, adm:
a adm
(6.14)
Lateral
displacement
Original position of
beam shown dotted
an
Sp
wL
8 EI
48 wL
EA
5
WL3
3EI
96 WL
5
EA
Lateral displacement
Table 6.10
Maximum depth
to breadth ratio
No lateral support
Ends held in position
Ends held in position and member held in line, as by purlins or
tie-rods at centres not more than 30 times the breadth of the member
Ends held in position and compression edge held in line,
as by direct connection of sheathing, deck or joists
Ends held in position and compression edge held in line, as by direct
connection of sheathing, deck or joists, together with adequate bridging
or blocking spaced at intervals not exceeding six times the depth
Ends held in position and both edges held firmly in line
2
3
4
290
5
6
7
Flexural members
For a beam with a rectangular cross-section, the
maximum applied shear stress occurs at the neutral
axis and is given by:
a =
3Fv
2A
(6.15)
where
Fv applied maximum vertical shear force
A cross-sectional area
Wane
(as appropriate)
(6.16)
(6.17)
F
bl b
(6.18)
where
F bearing force (usually maximum reaction)
b breadth of section
l b bearing length.
150
2850
150
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Bending parallel
to grain
m,g,||
Shear parallel
to grain
g
Compression
perpendicular to grain
c,g,
Modulus of
elasticity
Emin
5.3
0.67
1.7
5800
MODIFICATION FACTORS
K 2, moisture content factor does not apply since the beam is subject to service class 1
K 3, duration of loading factor = 1.0
K 8, load sharing factor, does not apply since there is only a single beam
0.11
300
K 7, depth factor =
h
Assume h = 250, K 7 = 1.020
BENDING
W l 10 3
=
= 3.75 kN m
8
8
m,adm,||(assuming h = 250) = m,g,||K 3 K 7 = 5.3 1.0 1.020 = 5.406 N/mm2
M=
Z xxreq
M
m,adm,||
3.75 106
= 694 103 mm3
5.406
DEFLECTION
Since p t
5 104 30003
384 5800 I xx
Ixx req 67.3 106 mm4
0.003 3000
12 104 3000
5 104 30003
12Wl
5Wl 3
+
+
=
6
5 5800 18.8 103
384E minI xx 5E minA 384 5800 97.7 10
= 6.2 mm + 0.7 mm = 6.9 mm p = 0.003 3000 = 9 mm
Therefore a beam with a 75 250 section is adequate for bending and deflection.
292
Flexural members
Permissible
SHEAR
Permissible shear stress is
adm = g K 3 = 0.67 1.0 = 0.67 N/mm2
Maximum shear force is
Fv =
W 10 103
=
= 5 103 N
2
2
3
5 103
3 Fv
=
= 0.4 N/mm2 < permissible
2 18.8 103
2A
Therefore the section is adequate in shear.
a =
BEARING
Permissible bearing stress is
c,adm, = c,g,K3 = 1.7 1.0 = 1.7 N/mm2
End reaction, F, is
W 10 103
=
= 5 103 N
2
2
F
5 103
c,a, =
= 0.44 N/mm2 < permissible
=
blb 75 150
Therefore the section is adequate in bearing. Since all the checks are satisfactory, use 75 mm 250 mm sawn C16 beam.
the
the
the
the
400 mm
400 mm
Plasterboard
ceiling
293
=
=
=
=
=
0.10
0.20
0.10
1.50
1.90
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
Bending parallel
to grain
m,g,||
Compression
perpendicular to grain
c,g,
Shear parallel
to grain
g
Modulus of
elasticity
Emean
5.8
1.7
0.67
9100
MODIFICATION FACTORS
K2, moisture content factor does not apply since joists are exposed to service class 2
K3, duration of loading = 1.0
K8, load-sharing system = 1.1
K7, depth factor
300
=
0.11
where
h = 225, K 7 = 1.032
h = 200, K 7 = 1.046
h = 175, K 7 = 1.061
BENDING
Bending moment (M) =
Wl 2.9 3.8
=
= 1.4 kN m
8
8
m,adm,||(ignoring K 7) = m,g,||K 3K 8 = 5.8 1.0 1.1 = 6.38 N/mm2
Zxxreq
M
m,adm,||
1.4 106
6.38
219 103
= 209 103 mm3 < provided OK
1.046
Flexural members
5Wl 3
12Wl
+
384E meanI xx 5E meanA
LATERAL BUCKLING
Permissible
Actual
d
= 5 (Table 6.10)
b
d 200
=
= 4.3 < permissible
b
47
SHEAR
Permissible shear stress is
adm = g K 3 K 8 = 0.67 1.0 1.1 = 0.737 N/mm2
Maximum shear force is
Fv =
W
2.9 103
=
= 1.45 103 N
2
2
3 Fv
3 1.45 103
=
= 0.23 N/mm2 < permissible
2A 2
9.4 103
BEARING
Permissible compression stress perpendicular to grain is
c,adm, = c,g,K3K8 = 1.7 1.0 1.1 = 1.87 N/mm2
Maximum end reaction is
F=
W
2.9 103
=
= 1.45 103 N
2
2
Assuming that the floor joists span on to 100 mm wide wall plates the bearing stress is given by
c,a, =
F
1.45 103
=
= 0.31 N/mm2 < permissible
bl b
47 100
From Table 6.3, the average density of timber of strength class C18 is 380 kg/m3. Hence, self-weight of the joists is
0.4
Since all the checks are satisfactory use 47 mm 200 mm C18 sawn floor joists.
he = 125 mm
h = 200 mm
Notch = 75 mm
The presence of the notch affects only the shear stresses in the joists. For a notched member the permissible shear
stress is given by
adm = g K 3 K 5 K8
where
h
125
K5 = e =
= 0.625 > min. (= 0.5)
h
200
Hence
adm = 0.67 1.0 0.625 1.1 = 0.46 N/mm2
Applied shear parallel to grain, a (from above) is
0.23 N/mm2 < permissible
Therefore the 47 mm 200 mm sawn joists are also adequate when notched with a 75 mm deep bottom edge notch
at the bearing.
DESIGN LOADING
Dead load = 1 kN/m2
Live load = q kN/m2
Uniformly distributed load/joist, W, is
W = joist spacing effective span (dead + live) = 0.45 4.5 (1 + q)
296
Flexural members
Grade GS whitewood timber belongs to strength class C16 (Table 6.2). Values in N/mm2 are as follows:
Bending parallel
to grain
m,g,||
Compression
perpendicular to grain
c,g,
Shear parallel
to grain
g
Modulus of
elasticity
Emean
5.3
1.7
0.67
8800
MODIFICATION FACTORS
K 3, duration of loading (Table 6.5) = 1.0 (long term) = 1.25 (medium term)
K 8, load-sharing system = 1.1
0.11
300
K 7, depth factor =
h
where h = 225, K 7 = 1.032
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
BENDING
Long term
Permissible bending stress parallel to grain is
m,adm,|| = m,g,||K 3 K 7 K 8 = 5.3 1.0 1.032 1.1 = 6.02 N/mm2
Moment of resistance, MR, is
MR = m,adm,||Z xx = 6.02 397 103 106 = 2.39 kN m
Design moment, M =
Wl
4.5
= 0.45 4.5(1 + q)
= 1.139(1 + q)
8
8
Equating MR = M,
2.39 = 1.139 (1 + q) q = 1.09 kN/m2
Medium term
From above
m,adm,|| = 6.02K3(medium term) = 6.02 1.25 = 7.52 N/mm2
MR = 7.52 397 103 106 = 2.98 kNm
Equating MR = M,
2.98 = 1.139(1 + q) q = 1.62 kN/m2
DEFLECTION
12WL
5WL3
+
384E meanI xx 5E meanA
297
5 (4.5 103 )2
12
0.003 = W
+
6
3
384
8800
44.6
10
5
8800
10.6
10
= 6.975 107 W
W = 4300 N per joist
Load per unit area is
W
4.3
=
= 2.12 kN/m2
joist spacing span 0.45 4.5
Hence
q = 2.12 dead load = 2.12 1 = 1.12 kN/m2
SHEAR
W
W
2
W
2
10.4
= 5.13 kN/m2
0.45 4.5
Hence
q = 5.13 1 = 4.13 kN/m2
(long term)
and
q = 5.43 kN/mm2 (medium term, K 3 = 1.25)
Hence the safe long-term imposed load that the roof can support is 1.09 kN/m2 (bending critical) and the safe
medium-term imposed load is 1.12 kN/m2 (deflection critical).
1. slenderness ratio
2. axial compressive stress
3. permissible compressive stress.
The following subsections consider these more general aspects before describing in detail the design of
the above two categories of compression members.
Effective length
Actual length
(Le /L)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.7
0.85
1.0
1.5
Le
i
(6.20)
where
Le effective length
i
radius of gyration
According to clause 2.11.4 of BS 5268, the slenderness ratio should not exceed 180 for compression members carrying dead and imposed loads
other than loads resulting from wind in which case
a slenderness ratio of 250 may be acceptable.
The radius of gyration, i, is given by
i=
2.0
I/A
(6.21)
where
I moment of inertia
A cross-section area.
(6.22)
(6.24)
where
F axial load
A cross-sectional area.
F
A
(6.23)
for 5 (6.26)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Le = 2.0L
Le = 1.5L
Le = 1.0L
Le = 0.7L
Le = 0.85L
(d)
(e)
c,a,|| c,adm,||
(6.27)
1.5 c,a,||
K12
m,adm,|| 1
e
where
m,a,||
applied bending stress
m,adm,|| permissible bending stress
c,a,||
applied compression stress
c,adm,|| permissible compression stress
(including K12)
e
Euler critical stress = 2Emin /(Le /i )2
Equation 6.28 is the normal interaction formula used
to ensure that lateral instability does not arise in
compression members subject to axial force and
300
bending. Thus if the column was subject to compressive loading only, i.e. M = 0 and m,a,|| = 0, the
designer would simply have to ensure that c,a,||/
c,adm,|| 1. Alternatively, if the column was subject
to bending only, i.e. F = c,a,|| = 0, the designer
should ensure that m,a,||/m,adm,|| 1. However, if
the column was subject to combined bending and
axial compression, then the deflection as a result of
the moment M would lead to additional bending
due to the eccentricity of the force F as illustrated
in Fig. 6.8. This is allowed for by the factor
1
[1 (1.5 c,a,||K12 )/ e ]
in the above expression.
F
M
1 >
M
M
F
SLENDERNESS RATIO
= L e /i L e = 1.0 h = 1.0 3750 = 3750 mm
i =
=
I
=
A
db 3/12
=
db
b2
100
=
= 28.867
12
12
3750
= 129.9 < 180
28.867
OK
Grade GS redwood belongs to strength class C16 (Table 6.2). Values in N/mm2 are as follows
Compression parallel to grain
c,g,||
Modulus of elasticity
E min
6.8
5800
MODIFICATION FACTOR
K3, duration of loading is 1.0
E min
5800
=
= 852.9
c,|| 6.8 1.0
and = 129.9
E min
c,||
800
852.9
900
120
129.9
140
0.280
0.293
0.304
0.261
0.217
0.228
0.237
SLENDERNESS RATIO
= L e /i = 129.9 < 180 (Example 6.5)
Compression
parallel to grain
c,g,||
Modulus of
elasticity
E min
5.3
6.8
5800
MODIFICATION FACTORS
K 3 = 1.0
0.11
0.11
300
300
K7 =
=
= 1.128
h
100
K12 = 0.261 (see Example 6.5)
M 350 103
=
= 2.10 N/mm2
Z
167 103
2E min
2 5800
=
= 3.39 N/mm2
(Le /i )2
(129.9)2
Since column is restrained at both ends, in position but not in direction, check that the column is so proportioned
that
m,a,||
1.5 c,a,||
m,adm,|| 1
K 12
e
302
c,a,||
c,adm,||
1.77
5.98 1
0.261
3.39
= 0.397 + 0.565 = 0.962 < 1
Therefore a 100 100 column is adequate to resist a long-term axial load of 10 kN and a bending moment of
350 kN mm.
Cladding
material
Top plate
Studs
y
Noggings
y
x
Studs cut
square
and tightly
butted to
plates
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6.9 Details of a typical stud wall: (a) elevation; ( b) section; (c) typical fixing of top and bottom plates to studs.
303
44 mm
y
x
x
600 mm
100 mm
600 mm
y
1875
3750
Noggings
1875
SLENDERNESS RATIO
Effective height
L ex = coefficient L = 1.0 3750 = 3750 mm
L ey = coefficient L /2 = 1.0 3750/2 = 1875 mm
Radius of gyration
i xx =
I xx
=
A
(1/12) 44 1003
100
=
44 100
12
i yy =
I yy
=
A
Slenderness ratio
xx =
yy =
L ex
3750
= 129.9 < 180
=
i xx 100/ 12
L ey
i yy
1875
44/ 12
(critical)
Note that where two values of are possible the larger value must always be used to find c,adm,||.
304
Summary
Modulus of elasticity
E min
7.5
6500
MODIFICATION FACTORS
K 3 = 1.0
K8 = 1.1
6500
E min
E min
= 866.7 and = 147.6
=
=
c,|| c,g,||K 3 7.5 1.0
140
147.6
160
0.217
0.230
0.237
0.212
0.172
0.183
0.188
AXIAL STRESSES
6.10 Summary
This chapter has attempted to explain the concepts of stress grading and strength classes and the
advantages that they offer to designers and contractors alike involved in specifying timber for structural purposes. The chapter has described the design
of flexural and compression members and stud
walling, to BS 5628: Part 2: Structural Use of Timber,
Questions
1. (a) Discuss the factors which influence
the strength of timber and explain
how the strength of timber is assessed
in practice.
(b) A simply supported timber roof
beam spanning 5 m supports a total
uniformly distributed load of 11 kN.
Determine a suitable section for the
beam using timber of strength class
C16. Assume that the bearing length
is 125 mm and that the compression
edge is held in position.
2. (a) Give typical applications of timber in
the construction industry and for each
case discuss possible desirable
properties.
(b) Redesign the timber joists in Example
6.2 using timber of strength class C22.
3. (a) Distinguish between softwood and
hardwood and grade stress and
permissible stress.
(b) Calculate the maximum long term
imposed load that a flat roof can
support assuming the following
construction details:
roof joists are 50 mm 225 mm
of strength class C16 at 600 mm
centres
effective span is 4.2 m
unit weight of woodwool (50 mm
thick) is 0.3 kN/m2
306
4. (a)
(b)
5. (a)
(b)