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GENERAL EDITOR:
No. L I I
DANDAVIVEKA
OF
VARDHAMANA
CRITICALLY EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND INDEX BY
MAHAMAHOPADHYAYA K A M A L A KRSNA
SMRTITIRTHA
Bhatpara, Bengal
1931
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE
BARODA
INTRODUCTION
The modern theories of punishment are fourfold, viz.,
preventive, deterrent, reformative, and retributive. Modern
jurists view punishment from the deterrent and reformative
standpoints, while primitive peoples viewed it from the retributive standpoint alone. An analysis of any ancient Pena'
Code, Hindu or Muhammadan, prevalent in India, shows
that the retributive theory was in vogue in the country in
those days. Modern jurists are bent upon reclaiming offenders
as useful members of the society. So punishments which tend
to render offenders less fit for citizenship, e.g., mutilation of
their limbs, are now totally discarded. Moreover, the distinction between civil and criminal law, the principle of strictly
individual responsibility, the distinction between the intentional
and the unintentional, the conception of the court as an
impartial authority to try the merits of the case, the exclusive
reliance on evidence and testimony, the execution of the court's
decision by a public forceall are matters non-existent in
primitive times and their establishment is the result of a slow
historical process. Crime, like everything else that men do
or suffer from, is the outcome of definite conditions. These
conditions may be psychological or physical, personal or
social. They arise in the character of the agent as it has
grown up in him from birth in interaction with the circumstances of his life. We may recognise them in social surroundings, in overcrowding or underfeeding, in the sense of despair
produced by the denial of justice, or in the overweening
insolence of social superiority. But whatever they may be,
if we wish to prevent crime, we must discover the conditions
operating to produce crime and must act upon them.
The present treatise Dandaviveka which is a mediaeval
work by Vardhamana Upadhyaya, based on primitive
ideas, is divided into seven Chapters, viz., Introductory
Murder, Theft, Rape, Defamation, Assault, and
Miscellaneous
vi
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
vii
viii
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
IX
Liability
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
xi
xii
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
xiii
Murder
xiv
INTRODUCTION
He who secures by money the services of another to commit a crime is to be awarded four times the punishment to be
dealt out to the actual wrong-doer.
Theft
The Chapter on Theft is rather a big one and contains a
discussion of the following topics :
(1) On grocers and dealers for cheating customers by
false weights.
(2) On manufacturers of imitation articles.
(3) On quacks.
(4) On gamblers.
(5) On bogus astrologers.
(6) On persons who extort money by false impersonation.
(7) On chanters of false incantations.
(8) On swindlers and professional criminals.
(9) On burglars and pickpockets.
(10) On stealers of precious objects.
Vardhamana has defined Theft as " unlawful taking of
other man's things''. He has also differentiated it from
robbery, inasmuch as robbery consists in depriving other men
of their property, not surreptitiously but by foroe. Vardha-
INTRODUCTION
"stealers of movable
XV
p r o p e r t y " under
XV!
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
xvii
xviii
INTRODUCTION
xix
INTRODUCTION
(Rash Act)
is of five kinds,
molesting others'
All these
wives,
rudeness
'
of
speech,
because
Thus
and
assault.
they are
aggression
is
done
the
of
acts are nothing but the subject-matter
five foregoing Chapters of the Dandaviveka.
So the
delineation is nothing but recapitulation of the old
Suicide and misappropriation of the property of
persons are also
acts. He who commits
of the
present
matter.
helpless
suicide
INTRODUCTION
XX
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(Procedure)
INTBODUOTION
xxi
xxii
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
xxiii
property, and set apart the residue for the real owner. If
stray cattle are found in the forest, the king should order them
to be penned and make them over to the real owners. If
this is allowed to continue, the king should confiscate the
stray cattle. He who swims across a river where ferry-system
exists, is to be fined a hundred copper coins. The principle
underlying the punishment is to be sought for in the consequent diminution of the revenue.
Exemption
from
Taxation
xxiv
INTRODTTOTION
INTRODUCTION
XXV
xxvi
INTRODUCTION
Present Edition
INTRODUCTION
xxvii
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N a t y a s a s t r a : V o l . I I edited b y M . R a m a k r i s h n a K a v i .
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b y G . K . Shrigondekar, M . A .
A D e s c r i p t i v e C a t a l o g u e o f M S S . i n the O r i e n t a l
I n s t i t u t e , B a r o d a , v o l . I I (S'rauta, D h a r m a , and
G r h y a Sutras) compiled by the L i b r a r y staff.
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A Descriptive Catalogue of M S S . in the Jain Bhandars at Pattan : edited from the notes of the late
Air. C. D. Dalai, M.A . by L. B. (Gandhi, 2 vols.
Siddhantabindu : on Vedanta philosophy by Madhusudana Sarasvati with commentarv of Purusottama:
edited by P. C. Divanji, M.A., L L . M .
Portuguese Vocables in the Asiatic Languages:
translated into English from Portuguese by Prof. A, X.
Soares, M.A.. Baroda College, Baroda.
Ahsan-ul-Tawarikh : history of the Safvi Period of
Persian History. 15th and Kith centuries, by Ahsan
Ramul : edited by C. N. Seddon, I.C.S. (retired),
Reader in Persian and Marathi, University of Oxford.
A b h i s a m a y a l a n k a r a l o k a : a lucid commentary on the
Pranjaparamita, a Buddhist philosophical work, by
Simhabhadra : edited by Prof. Giuseppe Tucci.
Kalpadrukosa, Vol. I I : indexes and vocabulary:
edited by the late Mahamahopadhvaya Pandit
Ramavatara Sarma Sahityacarya, M.A., of Patna.
Padmananda Mahakavya : giving the life history of
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Amarachaudra K a v i of the 13th century: edited by
H. H. Kapadia, M.A.
Saktisahgama T a n t r a : a voluminous compendium of
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Parananda S u t r a : an ancient Tantric work of the
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and rites : edited by Swami Trivikrama Tirtha.
Natyadarpana, Vol. II : introduction in Sanskrit giving
an account of the antiquity and usefulness of the
Indian drama, the different theories of Rasa, and an
examination of the problems raised by the t e x t : by
L. B. Gandhi.
Sabdaratnasamuccaya : an interesting lexicon in Sanskrit by an anonymous author, compiled during the
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Vitthala Sastri, Sanskrit Pathasala, Baroda.
lstasiddhi : on Vedanta philosophy by Vimuktatma,
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Alarhkaramahodadhi : a famous work on Sanskrit
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Lalchandra B. Gandhi of the Oriental Institute, Baroda.
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