Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 5.1
Applied Geometry for
Board Drafting
Section 5.2
Applied Geometry for
CAD Systems
Chapter Objectives
Identify geometric
Defying Convention It
has been said that Zaha Hadid
has built a career on defying
conventionconventional ideas
of architectural space, and of
construction. What do you see
in the building shown here that
dees convention?
132
Drafting Career
Zaha Hadid, Architect
Career Pathways
There is a wealth of opportunities outside the
classroom for expanding your drafting knowledge.
Learn about annual drafting contests. Even if you
do not intend to apply, read about the projects.
Find groups such as the Solar-Powered Car Challenge; their ideas will inspire you.
133
Zaha Hadid
5.1
Preview In this chapter, you will learn to construct geometric shapes using board drafting
techniques. Have you learned geometric terms and formulas in other courses?
Content Vocabulary
geometry
geometric
construction
vertex
bisect
perpendicular
parallel
polygon
inscribe
circumscribe
regular
ellipse
polygon
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and
tests.
accurate
methods
Graphic Organizer
Use a table like the one below to organize the major concepts about the types of geometric
constructions.
Bisect
1. Arc
2.
3.
Construct Lines
1. Triangle
2.
Construct
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Academic Standards
English Language Arts
Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts (NCTE)
Mathematics
Students recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas (NCTM)
134
C
90
25
4 = 16
A2 + B2 = C 2
32 + 4 2 = C2
9 + 16 = 25
3
32 = 9
Figure 5-2
The Pythagorean theorem shown graphically and
mathematically
Figure 5-1
Egyptian rope-stretchers
used knots divided into
3-4-5 triangles to lay
out square corners for
buildings.
135
STRAIGHT LINE
(SHORTEST DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS)
180
RIGHT
A ANGLE (90)
POINT OF
INTERSECTION
A
B
B
INTERSECTING LINES
ALTITUDE
SID
E
SEMI-CIRCLE
90
E
SID
BASE
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
TWO SIDES EQUAL LENGTH
DE
SE
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
ALL SIDES EQUAL LENGTH
SI
NU
60
TE
PO
HY
E
SID
60
60
SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES
COMPLEMENTARY
ANGLES
PARALLEL LINES
SYMBOL FOR
RIGHT ANGLE (90)
BASE
SCALENE TRIANGLE
TANGENT ARC
QUADRANT
(ONE-QUARTER
OF A CIRCLE)
RA
D
IU
S
CHORD
DIAMETER
POINT OF
TANGENCY
SECTOR
TANGENT LINE
SEGMENT
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
ANGLE
OPPOSITE SIDES
ARE EQUAL
90 ANGLES
90 ANGLES
SQUARE
RECTANGLE
OPPOSITE
ANGLES
ARE EQUAL
RHOMBUS
TWO SIDES
ARE PARALLEL
TRAPEZOID
OPPOSITE SIDES
ARE EQUAL
6 SIDES
PENTAGON
HEXAGON
7 SIDES
8 SIDES
HEPTAGON
OCTAGON
9 SIDES
10 SIDES
NONAGON
DECAGON
OPPOSITE ANGLES
ARE EQUAL
RHOMBOID
NO TWO SIDES
ARE PARALLEL
12 SIDES
TRAPEZIUM
DODECAGON
Figure 5-3
Dictionary of drafting geometry
136
5 SIDES
ECCENTRIC CIRCLES
EQUAL
SIDES
EQUAL SIDES
RIGHT ANGLES
IN A SEMI-CIRCLE
Geometry Formulas
In addition to solving drafting problems
using geometric constructions, drafters often
need to be able to calculate various aspects of
geometric constructions. While hundreds of
these formulas exist, a few are given here as
examples.
What is the area of triangle A where the base is
10 and the height is 7?
To nd the area of any triangle, multiply the base (b) times the height
(h) and divide by two.
Example:
Area = bh/2
Area = 2 6/2
Area = 6 square inches
ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"
6"
Academic Standards
Mathematics
Measurement Apply appropriate techniques, tools,
and formulas to determine measurements (NCTM)
137
Lines and arcs are described using their endpoints. Therefore, line AB is a line segment
that extends from point A to point B. Arc AB
is an arc whose endpoints are A and B. Angles
are described using three points: both endpoints and the vertex, or the point at which
the two arms of the angle meet. Angle ABC
is an angle whose endpoints are A and C and
whose vertex is at point B. Circles are usually
specied using their center points, so circle
A is a circle whose center is at point A. See
Figure 5-4.
LINE AB
B
ARC AB
A
A
A
C
CIRCLE A
ANGLE ABC
Figure 5-4
Identication of lines, angles, arcs, and circles
E
A
Figure 5-5
B
B
B
C
F
B
E
C
138
Bisect an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
for bisecting a given angle. Refer to Figure 5-6.
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-6A).
2. With point O as the center and any convenient radius R1, draw an arc to intersect AO and OB to locate points C and D
(Figure 5-6B).
A
GIVEN ANGLE
R2
O
R1
R1
R2
D
D
AOE =
EOB
Figure 5-6
Bisecting an angle
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 5-7
Dividing a straight line into any number of equal parts
139
B
1
3
C
4
5
Figure 5-8
Dividing a straight line into ve equal parts
Construct a
Perpendicular Line
Each one of the many procedures to construct a line perpendicular to another line
is useful in certain drafting situations. Four
methods are discussed below.
Method 1
Figure 5-9A shows the given line AB and
point O that lies on line AB. Follow these steps
to draw a line at point O on line AB so that the
two lines are perpendicular.
R2
D B
D B
R2
O
C
R1
R1
Figure 5-9
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line (Method 1)
140
Method 2
Use this method when the given point
through which a perpendicular line is drawn
lies near one end of the line.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-10A).
2. From any point C above line AB, construct an arc using CO as the radius and
C
O
R
A
Figure 5-10
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line
Method 3
This construction demonstrates another
way to draw a line perpendicular to a given
line through a given point on the line. Follow
the steps to create a line at O that is perpendicular to line AB. Refer to Figure 5-11.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-11A).
C
B
O
A
A
D
Figure 5-11
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line
141
Method 4
Figure 5-12A shows another given line AB
and point O that is not on the line. Follow the
steps to practice another way to draw a line
perpendicular to a given line through a point
that is not on the line.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-12A).
2. Construct lines from point O to any two
points on line AB, locating points C and
D (Figure 5-12B).
B
D
Figure 5-12
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a point that is not one the given line
Method 1
This construction allows you to place a line
parallel to a given line. Refer to Figure 5-13.
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure
5-13A).
2. With point P as the center and any
convenient radius R1, draw an arc
E
P
B
A
R1
R1
Figure 5-13
Using a compass to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point
142
R2
C
R1
R1
B
C
Method 2
The following steps demonstrate another
way to construct a line parallel to another line
through a given point. Refer to Figure 5-14.
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure
5-14A).
Figure 5-14
Using a triangle and T-square to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point
Method 3
Use this method to construct a line parallel to
a given line at a specied distance from the given
line. Refer to Figure 5-15. Note: See Construct
a Tangent Line to a Circle later in this chapter
for instructions on creating a tangent line.
1. Draw given line AB (Figure 5-15A).
2. Draw two arcs with centers anywhere along
line AB. The arcs should have a radius R
equal to the specied distance between the
two parallel lines (Figure 5-15B).
C
A
D
R
Figure 5-15
Constructing a line parallel to a given line at a specied distance from the given line
143
Copy an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
of copying a given angle to a new location
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-16.
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-16A).
2. Draw one side O1A1 in the new position
(Figure 5-16B).
3. With O and O1 as centers and any convenient radius R1, construct arcs to intersect
O
GIVEN
POSITION
GIVEN
POSITION
R1
GIVEN
POSITION
GIVEN ANGLE
R2
C
CHORD
B
O1
O1
D1
D1
A1
A1
R1
NEW
POSITION
R2
NEW
POSITION
C1
Figure 5-16
Copying an angle
Construct a Triangle
A triangle is a polygon, or closed gure,
with three sides. The following constructions
show methods for drawing various types of
triangles.
Method 1
This method constructs an isosceles triangle,
which has two sides that are of equal length.
Refer to Figure 5-17.
VERTEX
Figure 5-17
R
BASE
A
EQUAL SIDES OF
DESIRED LENGTH
144
Constructing an
isosceles triangle
Method 2
This method constructs an equilateral triangle. An equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides are of equal length and all three
angles are equal. Refer to Figure 5-18.
1. Draw base line AB as in Figure 5-18A.
2. With points A and B as centers and a
radius R equal to the length of line AB,
VERTEX
60
60
BASE
A
60
Figure 5-18
Constructing an equilateral triangle
Method 3
Construct a right triangle using this method
when you know the length of two sides of the
triangle. A right triangle is one that has a right
(90) angle at one of its vertices. Given sides
AB and BC are shown in Figure 5-19A.
1. Draw side AB in the desired position
(Figure 5-19B).
A
B
B
C
Figure 5-19
Constructing a right
triangle given the
lengths of two sides
145
Method 4
Use this method to construct a right triangle
when you know the length of one side and the
length of the hypotenuse. See Figure 5-20A
for the given side AB and hypotenuse AC.
1. Draw the hypotenuse AC in the desired
location (Figure 5-20B).
2. Draw a semicircle on AC using AC as
the radius. Refer again to Figure 5-20B.
Figure 5-20
B
A
A
Constructing a right
triangle given the
length of one side
and the length of the
hypotenuse.
SIDE
HYPOTENUSE
1
AC
2
Method 5
You can use this method to construct a triangle when you know the lengths of all three
sides. This method is useful for constructing
scalene triangles, which have three different
angles and sides of three different lengths.
Figure 5-21A shows given triangle sides AB,
BC, and AC.
R = AC
A
B
R = BC
Figure 5-21
Constructing a triangle given the lengths of all three sides
146
Construct a Circle
This construction describes a method for
creating a circle given three points that lie on
the circle. Refer to Figure 5-22.
1. Given points A, B, and C, draw lines AB
and BC (Figure 5-22A).
Figure 5-22
A
A
C
A
O
B
C
Method 1
Use this method to construct a line tangent
to a given point on a circle without using a
triangle or T-square. Refer to Figure 5-23.
1. Given a circle with center point O and
tangent point P (Figure 5-23A), draw
line OA from the center of the circle to
extend beyond the circle through point P.
Figure 5-23
Constructing a line tangent to a circle through a
given point on the circle (Method 1)
Method 2
O
FIRST POSITION
SECOND POSITION
Figure 5-24
Constructing a line tangent to a given point on a
circle (Method 2)
147
Method 3
This method creates lines tangent to a circle
from a given point outside the circle. See
Figure 5-25.
1. Draw a circle with center point O and
point P outside the circle (Figure 5-25A).
2. Draw line OP and bisect it to locate point
A (Figure 5-25B).
T1
T1
A
A
O
T2
T2
Figure 5-25
Constructing a line tangent to a circle from a given point outside the circle (Method 3)
Method 4
Use this method to construct a line tangent
to the exterior of two circles. Refer to Figure
5-26.
1. Draw the two given circles with centers
O1 and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure
5-26A).
T1
T2
O2
O1
O2
T1
T
T2
O1
O2
O1
R
R1
R2
Figure 5-26
Constructing an exterior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 4)
148
Method 5
Use this method to construct a line tangent to
the interior of two circles. Refer to Figure 5-27.
1. Draw the two given circles with centers O1
and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure 5-27A).
2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius
R, where R = R1 + R2. Refer again to Figure
5-27A.
3. From center point O2, draw a tangent O2T
to the circle of radius R (Figure 5-27B).
R2
T1
T1
R
O2
O1
R1
O1
O2
T2
O1
O2
T2
Figure 5-27
Constructing an interior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 5)
149
D
R
R
O
T
B
T
B
ACUTE ANGLE
D
D
R
R
O
R
B C
O
T B C
T BC
OBTUSE ANGLE
D
A
A
R
R
B
RIGHT ANGLE
A
Figure 5-28
Constructing an arc tangent to two straight lines at an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and a right angle
O1
O1
O2
O1
O2
R2
R1
T2
T1
R
R+R2
R+R1
O
Figure 5-29
Constructing an arc tangent to two given arcs
150
C
O
O
T1
R + R1
R1
R1
O1
O1
RADIUS R
O1
O1
T
T1
R + R1
R1
R1
C
O
Figure 5-30
Constructing an arc tangent to line and an arc
Construct a Square
A square is a rectangle with all four sides
equal. You can construct a square in several
ways. The method you choose depends on the
other geometry in the drawing.
Figure 5-31
2
Constructing a
square given the
length of a side
151
Figure 5-32
Constructing a square inscribed within a circle
Construct a Square
Circumscribed in a Circle
A square or other polygon is circumscribed
about a circle when the square fully encloses
the circle and the circle is tangent to the square
on all four sides. Refer to Figure 5-33.
1. Draw the given circle with center point O.
2. Draw 45 diagonals through the center
point O.
3. Draw sides tangent to the circle, intersecting at the 45 diagonals, to complete
the square.
Construct a Pentagon
A pentagon is a ve-sided polygon. When its
ve sides are exactly the same length and all
of its angles are equal, it is called a regular
polygon. The following methods demonstrate the construction of regular pentagons.
Figure 5-33
Constructing a square circumscribed about a
circle
Figure 5-34
E
G
D
O
C
152
Constructing a
regular pentagon
given the length
of one side
F
A
F
E
Figure 5-35
Inscribing a regular pentagon within a circle
Construct a Hexagon
A hexagon is a six-sided polygon. The following methods demonstrate construction for
regular hexagons, which have six sides of equal
length, six internal angles of equal size, and
six external angles of equal size.
5
DISTANCE
ACROSS FLATS
3
6
2
Figure 5-36
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the ats
153
Method 1
Use this method to construct a regular
hexagon when you know the distance across
the corners. The distance across the corners
is the distance from one vertex through the
center point to the opposite vertex. Refer to
Figure 5-37.
1. Given the distance AB across the corners,
draw a circle with AB as the diameter.
2. With A and B as centers and the same
radius, draw arcs to intersect the circle at
points C, D, E, and F.
DISTANCE ACROSS
CORNERS
Figure 5-37
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the corners (Method 1)
Method 2
This construction demonstrates another
method of constructing a regular hexagon
given the distance across the corners. Refer to
Figure 5-38.
1. Given the distance AB across the corners,
draw lines from points A and B at 30 to line
AB. The lines can be any convenient length.
2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle,
draw the sides of the hexagon in the
order shown.
3
60 30
B
30
60
6
Figure 5-38
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the corners (Method 2)
Construct an Octagon
An octagon is an eight-sided polygon. The
following methods demonstrate the construction of regular octagons.
Construct an Octagon
Circumscribed about a Circle
154
6
2
Figure 5-39
Constructing a regular octagon circumscribed
about a circle given the distance across the ats
C
G
45
A
H
D
Figure 5-40
Inscribing a regular octagon within a circle given
the distance across the corners of the octagon
Figure 5-41
Inscribing a regular octagon within a square
given the distance across the ats
Construct an Ellipse
An ellipse is a regular oval. It is symmetrical around two axes that form a right
angle. The shorter axis is the minor axis, and
the longer one is the major axis. This section demonstrates methods for drawing an
ellipse.
Pin-and-String Method to
Construct an Ellipse
This illustration demonstrates the use of the
pin-and-string method of drawing a large ellipse
155
F1
F2
R = AO
O
F1
F2
Figure 5-42
Constructing an ellipse by the pin-and-string method
C
a
FIRST
POSITION
SECOND
POSITION
Figure 5-43
Constructing an ellipse by the trammel method
C
F
H
O
C
T
J
B
J
B
Figure 5-44
Constructing an approximate ellipse when the minor axis is at least two-thirds the size of the major axis
Reduce or Enlarge a
Drawing
The following techniques reduce or enlarge
an existing drawing.
ENLARGED SIZE
F
ORIGINAL SIZE
REDUCED SIZE
D
C
DIAGONAL
Figure 5-45
Reducing or enlarging a square or rectangular area
157
Academic Integration
Mathematics
7
6
5
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Drafting Practice
5. Draw the gasket shown in Figure 5-47.
Before beginning, determine an appropriate
scale and sheet size. Do not dimension.
64
R48
2x
24
R24
178
METRIC
Figure 5-47
Go to glencoe.com for this
books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.
158
Figure 5-46
Calculating Circumference
5.2
Preview In this section, you will learn to construct geomteric shapes using CAD techniques.
Content Vocabulary
object snap
ogee curve
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects
and tests.
intervals
specify
Graphic Organizer
Use a diagram like the one below to organize the CAD commands discussed in the section.
Go to glencoe.com for this
books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer.
Inscribe a polygon
POLYGON
Academic Standards
NCTE National Council of
Teachers of English
Mathematics
Geometry Specify location and describe spatial relationships using coordinate geometry and other
representational systems (NCTM)
159
specify an object snap, type the rst three letters of its name.
Object Snaps
AutoCAD has a set of features known as
object snaps that allow you to snap automatically to important points on any AutoCAD object. Object snaps you will use in this
section include:
Midpoint
Nearest
Endpoint
Center
C
B
Intersection
Quadrant
Perpendicular
Tangent
SNAP TO
MIDPOINT
B
C
Figure 5-48
Bisecting a line or arc in AutoCAD
Bisect an Angle
The CAD method for bisecting an angle is
very similar to the board drafting method.
Refer to Figure 5-49.
1. Use the LINE command to draw two connected line segments to create angle AOB
(Figure 5-49A).
2. Enter the CIRCLE command and specify
point O as its center point. Use the curA
D
B
D
B
Figure 5-49
Bisecting an angle in AutoCAD
Figure 5-50
Dividing a line into equal parts in AutoCAD
161
Presetting Object
Snaps
If you know that you will be using
certain object snaps frequently for a
particular drawing, you can set
AutoCAD to use them automatically,
without having to specify them each
time you use them. Object snaps that
have been preset in this way are known
as running object snaps. To set running
object snaps, enter the OSNAP command. A dialog box appears. Pick the
Object Snap tab of the dialog box to
see the available object snaps. Pick the
check boxes next to the object snaps
you want to run automatically and pick
OK to close the dialog box.
USE THE
PERPENDICULAR
OBJECT SNAP FOR
SECOND POINT
B
Figure 5-51
Creating a line perpendicular to a given line
through a point that does not lie on the given line
162
B
C
Figure 5-52
Creating a line parallel to a given line using the
OFFSET command
Construct a Polygon
AutoCAD provides a POLYGON command
to create regular polygons with 3 to 1,024
sides. Equilateral triangles and squares are
examples of regular polygons that have three
and four sides, respectively. The constructions
in this section use the following geometry:
Create a Square
Use this method to construct a polygon, in
this case a square, when you know the length
the center of the polygon to be. Instead of picking a point on the circle to dene the radius,
enter a numerical value at the keyboard.
Figure 5-54
Using the POLYGON command to circumscribe a
hexagon about a circle
Figure 5-53
Using the POLYGON command to inscribe a
regular pentagon within a circle
Construct an Ellipse
Of the two axes of an ellipse, the shorter
axis is the minor axis, and the longer one
is the major axis. In AutoCAD, the ELLIPSE
163
Copy an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
of copying a given angle to a new location
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-56.
1. Draw the angle AOB (Figure 5-56A).
2. Enter the COPY command and use a
window to select both arms of the angle.
To do this, pick a point below and to the
right of the angle, and then pick another
point above and to the left of the angle.
The selected lines become dashed to
show that they are selected. Press Enter
to proceed to the next prompt.
3. For the point of displacement, pick
point O.
4. When asked for the second point of displacement, pick another point anywhere
on the screen. An exact copy of angle
AOB appears (Figure 5-56B). Press Enter
to end the COPY command.
5. To change the orientation of the second angle, enter the ROTATE command,
select both legs of the second angle, and
press Enter.
6. Specify a point anywhere on the angle
as the base point. This is the point about
which the angle will rotate.
7. Move the cursor to reposition the angle
at a new orientation (Figure 5-56C).
164
FIRST AXIS
(MAJOR)
THIRD
POINT
FIRST
POINT
SECOND
POINT
SECOND AXIS
(MINOR)
Figure 5-55
Using the ELLIPSE command.
B
O
A
ORIGINAL
C
O
A
ORIGINAL
B
P
C
P
COPY
ROTATED
C
COPY
Figure 5-56
Copying and changing the orientation of an angle
in AutoCAD.
Construct a Triangle
This type of polygon can be created using
the LINE command as described in the following methods. Note: The POLYGON command is usually used to create an equilateral
triangle.
USE INTERSECTION
OBJECT SNAP
VERTEX
BASE
A
A
B
Figure 5-57
Constructing an isosceles triangle using AutoCAD
@3.25<90
USE ENDPOINT
OBJECT SNAP
3
A @2.50<0
Figure 5-58
Constructing a right triangle in AutoCAD given
the length of two sides
165
Construct Tangents
You already know several methods for creating
a circle:
Object Tracking
The process for extending a
line that is described in step 4 of
Construct a Tangent Line is known as
object tracking. If this does not seem
to work for you, enter the OSNAP
command, go to the Object Snap tab,
and make sure the Object Snap Tracking On box is checked. If this option is
not available in your version of AutoCAD, you can achieve the same eect
by using the EXTEND command.
(5.00,7.50)
(6.00,7.00)
(2.50,5.50)
(6.50,5.00)
Figure 5-59
Creating a circle tangent to two other objects
given the radius of the circle.
Figure 5-60
Using the Tangent object snap to create a line
tangent to a circle.
A
1
1
O
B
C
The procedure for constructing an arc tangent to two lines in AutoCAD is similar to the
board drafting procedure. In CAD, the procedure is the same whether the angle is an
acute, obtuse, or right angle. Therefore, only
an acute angle is shown in Figure 5-61.
Figure 5-61
Using AutoCAD to create an arc tangent to two
lines
TANGENT
POINT 2
TANGENT
POINT 1
A
BREAK
POINTS
Figure 5-62
Using the CIRCLE command to construct an arc
tangent to two given arcs
167
BREAK
POINT
D
E
Figure 5-63
Creating an ogee curve in AutoCAD.
168
Reduce or Enlarge a
Drawing
To change the size of objects in an AutoCAD drawing, you can use the SCALE command. Note that this process is different from
using the ZOOM command to make objects
on the screen appear larger or smaller. It is also
different from choosing a standard scale in
paper space to scale a drawing for printing.
When you use the SCALE command, you
change the actual dimensions of the objects
you see on the screen. You can scale all of the
objects in the drawing at once or scale only
those objects that you select.
This construction demonstrates the effect
of scaling objects in AutoCAD. Refer to
Figure 5-64.
1. Set the snap and grid to .50. Use the
snap, grid, and coordinate display to
create two concentric circles (both with
the same center point). Make the radius
of one circle 2.00 units, and make the
radius of the second circle 1.00 unit
(Figure 5-64A).
2. Enter the SCALE command. Pick both
circles to scale, and press Enter.
Figure 5-64
Using the SCALE command to enlarge or reduce
the physical size of a drawing in AutoCAD.
Notice that you must enter a decimal fraction. The number 1 stands for 100%, or full
size. If you enter 75, the circles will enlarge to
75 times their original size.
Academic Integration
English Language Arts
3. Read the following content vocabulary
and technical terms from this chapter.
Organize the terms using one of them as
the heading under which the others are
listed as examples.
isosceles
triangle
equilateral
scalene
Drafting Practice
Repeat the board drafting practice
in Section 5.1, this time using CAD
techniques.
169
Section 5.2
constructions greatly increase the efciency of the drawing process and reduces
the time involved in preparing accurate,
high-quality drawings.
In CAD, many commands are available
for drawing basic geometric shapes.
Examples include CIRCLE, POLYGON,
ARC, and ELLIPSE.
Academic Vocabulary
accurate (p. 135)
methods (p. 139)
intervals (p. 161)
specify (p. 163)
170
Engineering
7. What do Engineers Do?
Websters Dictionary denes engineering
as the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the
sources of energy in nature are made useful to
people. According to the National Academy
of Engineering (NAE), there are more than
two million practicing engineers in the United
States. What are all these engineers doing? In
what ways are engineers making things useful for people? Using the Internet or library,
research a type of engineering, such as architectural or biomedical engineering. Then write
a one-page paper, summarizing what makes
the eld of engineering important and name
one major innovator working in the eld.
Mathematics
9. Calculate Area
Determine the area of a triangle with a base
of 6 inches and a height of 2 inches.
Calculating Area
To nd the area of a triangle, multiply the
base (b) times the height (h) and divide by
two. Area = bh/2.
Prep
For
TEST-TAKING TIP
In a multiple-choice test, the answers
should be specic and precise. Read the
question rst, then read all the answer
choices before you choose. Eliminate
answers that you know are incorrect.
Win
Competitive
Events
11. Technical Math
Organizations such as SkillsUSA offer a
variety of architectural, career, and drafting competitions. Completing activities
such as the one below will help you prepare for these events.
Activity Complete the STEM Mathematics exercise on this page. Then team
with a partner and check each others
work, going over any concepts that
might be unclear.
ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"
6"
171
5 Problems
Drafting Problems
The problems in this chapter can be performed using board drafting or CAD techniques. The problems are presented in order
of difculty, from least to most difcult.
Problems 1 through 18 are designed for working four problems on an A-size sheet, laid out
as shown in Figure 5-65. Draw each problem
three times the size shoown. If you are using
board drafting, use dividers to pick up the
dimensions from the problems, and step off
each measurement three times. If you are using
a CAD system, use a scale to measure the dimensions, and create the geometry in the CAD system at three times the measured size.
1.
2.
3.
Figure 5-65
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
4.
5.
6.
14.
7.
Draw base line AB Figure 5-66G. Construct an isosceles triangle using base line
AB and sides equal to line CD.
15.
8.
Draw base line AB Figure 5-66H. Construct a triangle on base AB with sides
equal to BC and AC.
16.
172
17.
Draw a 3.00 square Figure 5-66N. Construct a regular octagon within the square.
18.
Construct an ellipse that has a 4.00 major axis and a 2.50 minor axis Figure 5-66O.
30
B1
A
A1
C
C
C
BASE
BB A
BASE
I
R
B
A
MAJOR
AXIS
Figure 5-66
Problems
173
5 Problems
Problems 19 through 24: These problems
provide additional practice in geometric constructions. They are designed to be drawn
one per drawing sheet. Before beginning each
drawing, determine an approximate scale and
sheet size. Do not add dimensions to your
drawing.
19.
21.
B
A
METRIC
Figure 5-69
A
B
H
G
F
I
D
22.
Figure 5-67
20.
R3.50
2.75
7.62
Figure 5-70
R1.25
2.50
3.50
3.00
12.00
Figure 5-68
174
3.00
1.06
3 HOLES
5.50
R1.00
23.
24.
R1.00
60?
R.38
R7.00
R1.62
J
R.75
0
90
20
70
30
60
40
50 45
50
G
F
E
D
R1.00
15?
45
R.38
.75
45
4.00
Figure 5-72
8.00
B
K
Figure 5-71
A
H
X
METRIC
Design Problems
Design problems have been prepared to challenge individual students or
teams of students. In these problems, you will apply skills learned mostly in
this chapter but also in other chapters throughout the text. The problems are
designed to be completed using board drafting, CAD, or a combination of the
two. Be creative and have fun!
1.
2.
Teamwork
3.
Figure 5-73
Problems
175
UNIT 1
Hands-On Math Project
Applied Skills
The primary math skills you will use to complete this project are geometry modeling, algebra,
and measurement. To get you started, remember
these key concepts, and follow this example:
GeometryRatio, Proportion,
and Scale
176
28?63
16 18
Since the products are not equal, the rectangles are not proportional. In other words, they
are not drawn to scale.
2l = 6 3
2l = 18
l=9
177
Car Culture/Corbis
UNIT 1
Project Steps:
Design Your Future!
STEP 1 Research
STEP 2 Plan
enlarge or reduce it so you have three versions: one should be sized for use on a business card, one for use on stationery, and one
for use on a Web site.
Presentation Checklist
Did you remember to
178
Skills
Assess yourself before and after your
presentation.
1. Is your research thorough?
2. Did you plan your steps carefully?
3. Did you organize your visuals so that they
showcase your ideas?
4. Is your presentation creative and effective?
5. During your presentation, do you make
eye contact and speak clearly enough?
Getting Started
To prepare the written components for
your portfolio, you will need access to a
computer with Microsoft Word, Pages,
or other word processing application.
Use this software to create the written
components of your portfolio.
1. Career summary and goals:
Prepare a brief summary of your
specic career goals. Describe the
industry or job that interests you.
2. Rsum: If you have not already
done so, use the information from
Chapter 1 to prepare your rsum.
Include in your rsum a list of
accomplishments, education, and
certications you hold.
3. Samples of your work: Now that
you have completed your business
planning and design project for this
unit, include your drawings as samples of your work in your portfolio.
179