You are on page 1of 48

5

Geometry for Drafting

Section 5.1
Applied Geometry for
Board Drafting

Section 5.2
Applied Geometry for
CAD Systems

Chapter Objectives
Identify geometric

shapes and constructions used by drafters.


Construct various
geometric shapes.
Solve technical and
mathematical problems through geometric constructions using
drafting instruments.
Solve technical and
mathematical problems through geometric constructions using
a CAD system.
Use geometry to
reduce or enlarge a
drawing or to change
its proportions.

Defying Convention It
has been said that Zaha Hadid
has built a career on defying
conventionconventional ideas
of architectural space, and of
construction. What do you see
in the building shown here that
dees convention?

132

Drafting Career
Zaha Hadid, Architect

Architect Zaha Hadids designs for the Cincinnati


Contemporary Art Center were like a rollercoaster,
a little scary, but exhilarating, says Center director Charles Desmarais. Critics said she was a paper
architect, someone who had great respect as a theorist and as a thinker about architecture but who
hadn't had the opportunity to build.

She totally got what we were trying to do, said


Desmarais, which was to try and bridge that sort
of gap between the inside and the outside, between
the world and the museum. She certainly did. Zaha
Hadid is the rst woman in the world to design a
museum and to win the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize.

Academic Skills and Abilities


Math
Computer sciences
Business management skills
Verbal and written communication skills
Organizing and planning skills

Career Pathways
There is a wealth of opportunities outside the
classroom for expanding your drafting knowledge.
Learn about annual drafting contests. Even if you
do not intend to apply, read about the projects.
Find groups such as the Solar-Powered Car Challenge; their ideas will inspire you.

Go to glencoe.com for this books OLC to learn more


about Zaha Hadid.

133
Zaha Hadid

5.1

Applied Geometry for Board


Drafting

Preview In this chapter, you will learn to construct geometric shapes using board drafting
techniques. Have you learned geometric terms and formulas in other courses?

Content Vocabulary
geometry
geometric

construction

vertex
bisect
perpendicular

parallel
polygon
inscribe

circumscribe
regular

ellipse

polygon

Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and
tests.
accurate
methods

Graphic Organizer
Use a table like the one below to organize the major concepts about the types of geometric
constructions.
Bisect

1. Arc
2.
3.

Construct Lines

1. Triangle
2.

Construct

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Go to glencoe.com for this


books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer.

Academic Standards
English Language Arts
Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts (NCTE)

Mathematics
Students recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas (NCTM)

134

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

NCTE National Council of


Teachers of English
NCTM National Council
of Teachers of
Mathematics

Geometry and Geometric


Constructions

What do you need to be able to understand


geometric constructions?
Geometry is the study of the size and
shape of objects, and of as the relationship
between straight and curved lines in drawing shapes. In ancient times, geometry
was used for measuring land and making
accurate right-angle, or 90-degree, corners
for constructing buildings and other projects. When building the great pyramids,
Ancient Egyptians formed right-angle corners by using rope with marks or knots at
3-, 4-, and 5-space sections, and stretching
the rope around carefully placed pegs driven
into the ground. (See Figure 5-1.)
In the sixth century BCE, the mathematician Pythagoras studied this method
of forming right angles and proved the
theory that the 3-4-5 triangle makes a right
angle. This theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) or proof,
called the Pythagorean theorem, is shown in
Figure 5-2.

C
90

25

4 = 16

A2 + B2 = C 2
32 + 4 2 = C2
9 + 16 = 25

3
32 = 9

Figure 5-2
The Pythagorean theorem shown graphically and
mathematically

This method also works well for triangles


that have the same proportions, such as 6, 8,
and 10 units:
62 + 82 = 100
36 + 64 = 100
100 = 100

Figure 5-1
Egyptian rope-stretchers
used knots divided into
3-4-5 triangles to lay
out square corners for
buildings.

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

135

STRAIGHT LINE
(SHORTEST DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS)

180

RIGHT
A ANGLE (90)

POINT OF
INTERSECTION

A
B

B
INTERSECTING LINES

ALTITUDE

SID
E

SEMI-CIRCLE

90

E
SID

BASE
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
TWO SIDES EQUAL LENGTH

DE

SE

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
ALL SIDES EQUAL LENGTH

SI

NU

60

TE
PO
HY

E
SID

60
60

SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES

COMPLEMENTARY
ANGLES

PARALLEL LINES

SYMBOL FOR
RIGHT ANGLE (90)

BASE
SCALENE TRIANGLE

TANGENT ARC

QUADRANT
(ONE-QUARTER
OF A CIRCLE)

RA
D
IU
S

CHORD
DIAMETER

POINT OF
TANGENCY

SECTOR
TANGENT LINE

SEGMENT

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

ANGLE

OPPOSITE SIDES
ARE EQUAL

90 ANGLES

90 ANGLES

SQUARE

RECTANGLE

OPPOSITE
ANGLES
ARE EQUAL
RHOMBUS

TWO SIDES
ARE PARALLEL

TRAPEZOID

OPPOSITE SIDES
ARE EQUAL

6 SIDES

PENTAGON

HEXAGON

7 SIDES

8 SIDES

HEPTAGON

OCTAGON

9 SIDES

10 SIDES

NONAGON

DECAGON

OPPOSITE ANGLES
ARE EQUAL
RHOMBOID

NO TWO SIDES
ARE PARALLEL

12 SIDES

TRAPEZIUM

DODECAGON

Figure 5-3
Dictionary of drafting geometry

136

5 SIDES

ECCENTRIC CIRCLES

EQUAL
SIDES

EQUAL SIDES

RIGHT ANGLES
IN A SEMI-CIRCLE

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

The units may be millimeters, meters,


inches, fractions of an inch, or any other unit
of measure. Geometric gures used in drafting
include circles, squares, triangles, hexagons,
and octagons. Many other shapes are shown
in Figure 5-3.
A2 B2 C2
32 42 C2
9 16 25

Geometry Formulas
In addition to solving drafting problems
using geometric constructions, drafters often
need to be able to calculate various aspects of
geometric constructions. While hundreds of
these formulas exist, a few are given here as
examples.
What is the area of triangle A where the base is
10 and the height is 7?
To nd the area of any triangle, multiply the base (b) times the height
(h) and divide by two.

Illustrations made of individual lines and


points drawn in proper relationship to one
another are known as geometric constructions. Drafters, surveyors, engineers,
architects, scientists, mathematicians, and
designers use geometric constructions.
To understand geometric constructions,
you must understand how to describe various
lines, arcs, and other shapes. This chapter follows the identication rules used in geometry.

The diameter of a circle is 15. What is the


circumference?
To nd the circumference
of a circle, multiply pi () times the diameter of the circle. The approximate decimal
equivalent of pi is 3.1416.
Example:
Circumference = d
Circumference = 3.1416 2.50
Circumference = 7.85
DIAMETER (d) = 2.50

Example:
Area = bh/2
Area = 2 6/2
Area = 6 square inches
ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"

For help with this math activity, go


to the Math Appendix at the back of
this book.

6"

Academic Standards
Mathematics
Measurement Apply appropriate techniques, tools,
and formulas to determine measurements (NCTM)

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

137

Lines and arcs are described using their endpoints. Therefore, line AB is a line segment
that extends from point A to point B. Arc AB
is an arc whose endpoints are A and B. Angles
are described using three points: both endpoints and the vertex, or the point at which
the two arms of the angle meet. Angle ABC
is an angle whose endpoints are A and C and
whose vertex is at point B. Circles are usually
specied using their center points, so circle
A is a circle whose center is at point A. See
Figure 5-4.

LINE AB

B
ARC AB
A
A

A
C
CIRCLE A

ANGLE ABC

Figure 5-4
Identication of lines, angles, arcs, and circles

Explain How is the Pythagorean theorem


used in geometry?

Bisect a Line, an Arc, or


an Angle

2. With points A and B as centers and any


radius R greater than one-half of AB,
draw arcs to intersect, or cross, line AB
as in Figure 5-5B. The radius is the distance from the center of an arc or circle
to any point on the arc or circle. The two
places where the arcs intersect create
points C and D.
3. Draw line EF through points C and D
(Figure 5-5C).

Bisect means to divide into two equal parts.

Bisect a Line or an Arc


Follow these steps to bisect a straight line
or an arc.
1. Draw a line AB and arc AB as shown in
Figure 5-5A.

E
A

Figure 5-5

Bisecting a straight line,


an arc, and an angle

B
B

B
C

F
B

E
C

138

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

3. With C and D as centers and any radius


R2 more than one- half the radius of arc
CD, draw two arcs to intersect, locating
point E. (Figure 5-6C).
4. Draw a line through points O and E to
bisect angle AOB (Figure 5-6C).

Bisect an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
for bisecting a given angle. Refer to Figure 5-6.
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-6A).
2. With point O as the center and any convenient radius R1, draw an arc to intersect AO and OB to locate points C and D
(Figure 5-6B).

A
GIVEN ANGLE

R2
O

R1

R1
R2
D

D
AOE =

EOB

Figure 5-6
Bisecting an angle

1. Construct a line of any length at A perpendicular to line AB, as in Figure 5-7A.


Lines are perpendicular when they cross
at 90 angles.
2. Position the scale, placing zero on line AC
at such an angle that the scale touches
point B, as in Figure 5-7B. Keeping
zero on line AC, adjust the angle of the
scale until any eight equal divisions are
included between line AC and point B (in
this case, at 8). Mark the divisions.
3. Draw lines parallel to AC through the
division marks to intersect line AB Figure
5-7C. Two lines are parallel when they
are always the same distance apart.

Divide a Line into Any


Number of Equal Parts
Two methods of dividing a line into equal
parts are described next. Try both methods.
Can you think of situations in which you would
need to use one method instead of the other?

Divide a Line into Equal Parts


This method can be applied to create any
number of equal divisions. In this construction, you will divide a straight line into eight
equal parts. Refer to Figure 5-7 and follow
these steps:

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Figure 5-7
Dividing a straight line into any number of equal parts

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

139

3. Draw a line connecting point A and the


last point on line BC (Figure 5-8C.)
Draw lines through each point on BC
parallel to this line as shown.

Divide a Line into Five


Equal Parts
Follow these instructions to divide a line
into ve equal parts.
1. Draw line BC from point B at any convenient angle and length (Figure 5-8A).
2. Use dividers or a scale to step off ve
equal spaces on line BC beginning at
point B (Figure 5-8B).

Summarize Explain how to bisect a line


using board drafting techniques.

B
1

3
C

4
5

Figure 5-8
Dividing a straight line into ve equal parts

1. Draw line AB and point O (Figure 5-9A).


2. With O as the center and any convenient radius R1, construct an arc intersecting line AB, locating points C and D
(Figure 5-9B).
3. With C and D as centers and any radius
R2 larger than OC, draw arcs intersecting
at point E (Figure 5-9C).
4. Draw a line connecting points E and O to
form the perpendicular line (Figure 5-9C).

Construct a
Perpendicular Line
Each one of the many procedures to construct a line perpendicular to another line
is useful in certain drafting situations. Four
methods are discussed below.

Method 1
Figure 5-9A shows the given line AB and
point O that lies on line AB. Follow these steps
to draw a line at point O on line AB so that the
two lines are perpendicular.

R2
D B

D B
R2

O
C

R1

R1

Figure 5-9
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line (Method 1)

140

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

passing through line AB to locate point


D (Figure 5-10B).
3. Construct a line through points D and
C, extending it through the arc to locate
point E (Figure 5-10C).
4. Connect points E and O to form the perpendicular line (Figure 5-10C).

Method 2
Use this method when the given point
through which a perpendicular line is drawn
lies near one end of the line.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-10A).
2. From any point C above line AB, construct an arc using CO as the radius and

C
O

R
A

Figure 5-10
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line

2. Place the T-square and triangle (Figure


5-11B).
3. Slide the triangle along the T-square until
the edge aligns with point O on line AB
(Figure 5-11C).
4. Draw a perpendicular line through point
O (Figure 5-11C).

Method 3
This construction demonstrates another
way to draw a line perpendicular to a given
line through a given point on the line. Follow
the steps to create a line at O that is perpendicular to line AB. Refer to Figure 5-11.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-11A).

C
B

O
A

A
D

Figure 5-11
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

141

Method 4
Figure 5-12A shows another given line AB
and point O that is not on the line. Follow the
steps to practice another way to draw a line
perpendicular to a given line through a point
that is not on the line.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-12A).
2. Construct lines from point O to any two
points on line AB, locating points C and
D (Figure 5-12B).

3. With C and D as centers and CO and DO


as radii, draw arcs to intersect, locating
point E (Figure 5-12C).
4. Connect points O and E to form the perpendicular line (Figure 5-12C).

Identify What are perpendicular lines?

B
D

Figure 5-12
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a point that is not one the given line

Draw a Parallel Line


The following construction methods create
a line that is parallel to another line. Recall
that lines are parallel when they are always
the same distance apart.

Method 1
This construction allows you to place a line
parallel to a given line. Refer to Figure 5-13.
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure
5-13A).
2. With point P as the center and any
convenient radius R1, draw an arc

intersecting line AB to locate point C


(Figure 5-13B).
3. With point C as the center and the same
radius R1, draw an arc through point
P and line AB to locate point D (Figure
5-13B).
4. With C as the center and radius R2 equal
to chord PD, draw an arc to locate point
E. A chord is a straight line between two
points on a circle (Figure 5-13C).
5. Draw a line through points P and E. Line
PE is parallel to line AB (Figure 5-13C).

E
P

B
A

R1
R1

Figure 5-13
Using a compass to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point

142

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

R2
C

R1
R1

B
C

2. Place the T-square and triangle (Figure


5-14B).
3. Slide the triangle until the edge aligns
with point P (Figure 5-14C).
4. Draw a parallel line through point P. See
(Figure 5-14C).

Method 2
The following steps demonstrate another
way to construct a line parallel to another line
through a given point. Refer to Figure 5-14.
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure
5-14A).

Figure 5-14
Using a triangle and T-square to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point

3. Draw a parallel line CD tangent to the


arcs. Recall that a line is tangent to an arc
or circle when it touches the arc or circle
at one point only (Figure 5-15C).

Method 3
Use this method to construct a line parallel to
a given line at a specied distance from the given
line. Refer to Figure 5-15. Note: See Construct
a Tangent Line to a Circle later in this chapter
for instructions on creating a tangent line.
1. Draw given line AB (Figure 5-15A).
2. Draw two arcs with centers anywhere along
line AB. The arcs should have a radius R
equal to the specied distance between the
two parallel lines (Figure 5-15B).

Explain What is a chord?

C
A

D
R

Figure 5-15
Constructing a line parallel to a given line at a specied distance from the given line

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

143

BO and AO at C and D and A1O1 at D1.


Refer again to Figure 5-16B.
4. With D1 as the center and radius R2 equal
to chord DC, draw an arc to locate point
C1 at the intersection of the two arcs
(Figure 5-16C).
5. Draw a line through points O1 and C1
to complete the angle. Refer again to
Figure 5-16C.

Copy an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
of copying a given angle to a new location
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-16.
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-16A).
2. Draw one side O1A1 in the new position
(Figure 5-16B).
3. With O and O1 as centers and any convenient radius R1, construct arcs to intersect

O
GIVEN
POSITION

GIVEN
POSITION

R1
GIVEN
POSITION

GIVEN ANGLE

R2
C

CHORD

B
O1

O1
D1

D1

A1

A1

R1

NEW
POSITION

R2

NEW
POSITION
C1

Figure 5-16
Copying an angle

1. Draw base line AB (Figure 5-17A).


2. With points A and B as centers and a
radius R equal to the length of the two
sides you want, draw intersecting arcs
to locate the third vertex of the triangle
(Figure 5-17B). The other two vertices
(plural of vertex) are at the endpoints of
the base line.
3. Draw lines through point A and the vertex and through point B and the vertex
to complete the triangle (Figure 5-17C).

Construct a Triangle
A triangle is a polygon, or closed gure,
with three sides. The following constructions
show methods for drawing various types of
triangles.

Method 1
This method constructs an isosceles triangle,
which has two sides that are of equal length.
Refer to Figure 5-17.

VERTEX

Figure 5-17

R
BASE
A

EQUAL SIDES OF
DESIRED LENGTH

144

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Constructing an
isosceles triangle

draw intersecting arcs to locate the third


vertex Refer again to Figure 5-18B.
3. Draw lines through point A and the
vertex and through point B and the vertex to complete the triangle (Figure
5-18C).

Method 2
This method constructs an equilateral triangle. An equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides are of equal length and all three
angles are equal. Refer to Figure 5-18.
1. Draw base line AB as in Figure 5-18A.
2. With points A and B as centers and a
radius R equal to the length of line AB,

VERTEX

60
60

BASE
A

60

Figure 5-18
Constructing an equilateral triangle

2. Draw a line perpendicular to AB at B


equal to BC. Note: Construct the perpendicular line using the method in Figure
5-11 or Figure 5-12.
3. Draw a line connecting points A and C
to complete the right triangle (Figure
5-19C).

Method 3
Construct a right triangle using this method
when you know the length of two sides of the
triangle. A right triangle is one that has a right
(90) angle at one of its vertices. Given sides
AB and BC are shown in Figure 5-19A.
1. Draw side AB in the desired position
(Figure 5-19B).

A
B

B
C

Figure 5-19
Constructing a right
triangle given the
lengths of two sides

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

145

3. With point A as the center and a radius


equal to side AB, draw an arc to intersect
the semicircle to locate point B (Figure
5-20C).
4. Draw line AB and then draw a line to
connect B and C to complete the triangle
(Figure 5-20C).

Method 4
Use this method to construct a right triangle
when you know the length of one side and the
length of the hypotenuse. See Figure 5-20A
for the given side AB and hypotenuse AC.
1. Draw the hypotenuse AC in the desired
location (Figure 5-20B).
2. Draw a semicircle on AC using AC as
the radius. Refer again to Figure 5-20B.

Figure 5-20
B
A
A

Constructing a right
triangle given the
length of one side
and the length of the
hypotenuse.

SIDE

HYPOTENUSE

1
AC
2

3. Connect both ends of line AB with point


C to complete the triangle (Figure
5-21C).

Method 5
You can use this method to construct a triangle when you know the lengths of all three
sides. This method is useful for constructing
scalene triangles, which have three different
angles and sides of three different lengths.
Figure 5-21A shows given triangle sides AB,
BC, and AC.

Compare What is the dierence between


an isosceles triangle and an equilateral
triangle?

1. Draw base line AB in the desired location.


2. Construct arcs from the ends of line AB
with radii equal to lines BC and AC to
locate point C (Figure 5-21B).

R = AC
A
B

R = BC

Figure 5-21
Constructing a triangle given the lengths of all three sides

146

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

2. Draw perpendicular bisectors of AB


and BC to intersect at point O (Figure
5-22B).
3. Draw the required circle with point O as
the center and radius R = OA = OB =
OC (Figure 5-22C).

Construct a Circle
This construction describes a method for
creating a circle given three points that lie on
the circle. Refer to Figure 5-22.
1. Given points A, B, and C, draw lines AB
and BC (Figure 5-22A).

Figure 5-22
A

A
C

A
O

Constructing a circle given


three points that lie on the
circle

B
C

Construct Lines Tangent


to a Circle
The constructions that follow present
methods of creating lines tangent to a circle.
As you may recall, a line that touches a circle
at one point only is said to be tangent to the
circle.

2. Draw a line perpendicular to line OA at P


(Figure 5-23B). The perpendicular line
is the tangent line.
A

Method 1
Use this method to construct a line tangent
to a given point on a circle without using a
triangle or T-square. Refer to Figure 5-23.
1. Given a circle with center point O and
tangent point P (Figure 5-23A), draw
line OA from the center of the circle to
extend beyond the circle through point P.

Figure 5-23
Constructing a line tangent to a circle through a
given point on the circle (Method 1)

Method 2
O

Use this method to construct a line tangent


to a given point on a circle using a 30-60 triangle and a T-square. See Figure 5-24.
1. Given a circle with center point O and tangent point P, place a T-square and triangle
so that you can construct the hypotenuse
of the triangle through points P and O.
2. Hold the T-square, turn the triangle to
the second position at point P, and draw
the tangent line.

FIRST POSITION

SECOND POSITION

Figure 5-24
Constructing a line tangent to a given point on a
circle (Method 2)

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

147

3. Draw a circle with center A and radius


R = AP = AO to locate tangent points T1
and T2 (Figure 5-25B).
4. Draw lines PT1 and PT2 (Figure 5-25C).
These lines are tangent to the circle.

Method 3
This method creates lines tangent to a circle
from a given point outside the circle. See
Figure 5-25.
1. Draw a circle with center point O and
point P outside the circle (Figure 5-25A).
2. Draw line OP and bisect it to locate point
A (Figure 5-25B).

T1

T1
A

A
O

T2

T2

Figure 5-25
Constructing a line tangent to a circle from a given point outside the circle (Method 3)

2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius


R, where R = R1 R2. Refer again to Figure
5-26A.
3. From center point O2, draw a tangent O2T
to the circle of radius (Figure 5-26B).
4. Draw radius O1T as shown in Figure
5-26B, and extend it to locate point T1.
5. Draw the needed tangent T1T2 parallel to
TO2 (Figure 5-26C).

Method 4
Use this method to construct a line tangent
to the exterior of two circles. Refer to Figure
5-26.
1. Draw the two given circles with centers
O1 and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure
5-26A).

T1
T2
O2

O1

O2

T1
T

T2
O1

O2

O1

R
R1

R2

Figure 5-26
Constructing an exterior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 4)

148

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

4. Draw radius O1T to locate point T1 (Figure


5-27B).
5. Draw O2T2 parallel to O1T.
6. Draw the needed tangent T1T2 parallel to
TO2 (Figure 5-27C).

Method 5
Use this method to construct a line tangent to
the interior of two circles. Refer to Figure 5-27.
1. Draw the two given circles with centers O1
and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure 5-27A).
2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius
R, where R = R1 + R2. Refer again to Figure
5-27A.
3. From center point O2, draw a tangent O2T
to the circle of radius R (Figure 5-27B).

R2

Identify What two tools are used in some of


the methods described in Section 5.1?

T1

T1

R
O2

O1

R1

O1

O2
T2

O1

O2
T2

Figure 5-27
Constructing an interior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 5)

Construct Arcs Tangent


to Straight Lines and
Other Arcs
The following are methods for drawing arcs
tangent to other geometric gures, such as
straight lines and other arcs.

Construct an Arc Tangent to


Two Straight Lines

1. Given lines AB and CD (Figure 5-28A),


draw lines parallel to AB and CD at a distance R from them on the inside of the
angle. The intersection O will be the center of the arc you need.
2. Draw perpendicular lines from O to AB
and CD to locate the points of tangency
T (Figure 5-28B).
3. With O as the center and radius R, draw
the needed arc (Figure 5-28C).

The technique is shown for two lines at


an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and a right
angle. Refer to Figure 5-28.

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

149

D
R

R
O

T
B

T
B

ACUTE ANGLE
D

D
R

R
O
R
B C

O
T B C

T BC

OBTUSE ANGLE

D
A

A
R

R
B

RIGHT ANGLE
A

Figure 5-28
Constructing an arc tangent to two straight lines at an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and a right angle

2. Draw an arc with center O1 and radius =


R + R1, where R is the radius of the
desired tangent arc. See Figure 5-29B.
The intersection O is the center of the
tangent arc.
3. Draw lines O1O and O2O to locate tangent points T1 and T2 (Figure 5-29C).
4. With point O as the center and radius R,
draw the tangent arc needed.

Construct an Arc Tangent to


Two Given Arcs
Refer to Figure 5-29 for the steps in constructing this arc.
1. Draw two arcs having radii R1 and R2
(Figure 5-29A). The radii R1 and R2 may
be equal or unequal.
RADIUS OF
TANGENT ARC
O2

O1

O1

O2

O1

O2

R2

R1

T2

T1
R

R+R2

R+R1
O

Figure 5-29
Constructing an arc tangent to two given arcs
150

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

C
O

4. Draw a line from O1 perpendicular to AB


to locate tangent point T.
5. Draw a line from O to O1 to locate tangent point T1 on CD (Figure 5-30C).
6. With point O1 as the center and radius R,
draw the tangent arc.

Construct an Arc Tangent to a


Line and an Arc
Use this method to construct an arc tangent to a line and an arc, given the line, the
arc, and the radius R of the desired tangent
arc. Refer to Figure 5-30.
1. Draw given line AB and arc CD as shown
in Figure 5-30A.
2. Draw a line parallel to line AB, at distance R, toward arc CD. (Figure 5-30B).
3. Use radius R1 + R to locate point O1. Refer
again to Figure 5-30B.
A

Recall What three types of angles do you


create constructing an arc tangent to two lines?

O
T1

R + R1

R1

R1

O1

O1

RADIUS R

O1

O1
T

T1

R + R1

R1

R1

C
O

Figure 5-30
Constructing an arc tangent to line and an arc

3. Complete the square by drawing perpendicular lines at each end of line AB to


intersect the diagonals. Draw the last line
from the intersection of the diagonal and
the vertical lines. Draw the lines in the
order shown by the numbered arrows.

Construct a Square
A square is a rectangle with all four sides
equal. You can construct a square in several
ways. The method you choose depends on the
other geometry in the drawing.

Construct a Square When the


Length of One Side Is Known
3

Use this method to construct a square


when you know the length of a side. Refer to
Figure 5-31.
1. Given the length of the side AB, draw
line AB.
2. Construct 45 diagonals from the ends of
line AB. Refer again to Figure 5-31.

Figure 5-31
2

Constructing a
square given the
length of a side

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

151

Construct a Square Inscribed in


a Circle
A square or other polygon is inscribed in
a circle when its four corners are tangent to
the circle. Refer to Figure 5-32.
1. Draw the given circle with center point O.
2. Draw 45 diagonals through the center
point O to locate points A, B, C, and D.
Refer again to Figure 5-32.
3. Connect points A and B, B and C, C and
D, and D and A to complete the square.

Figure 5-32
Constructing a square inscribed within a circle

Construct a Square
Circumscribed in a Circle
A square or other polygon is circumscribed
about a circle when the square fully encloses
the circle and the circle is tangent to the square
on all four sides. Refer to Figure 5-33.
1. Draw the given circle with center point O.
2. Draw 45 diagonals through the center
point O.
3. Draw sides tangent to the circle, intersecting at the 45 diagonals, to complete
the square.

Construct a Pentagon
A pentagon is a ve-sided polygon. When its
ve sides are exactly the same length and all
of its angles are equal, it is called a regular
polygon. The following methods demonstrate the construction of regular pentagons.

Regular Pentagon When the


Length of One Side Is Known
To use this method, refer to Figure 5-34.

Figure 5-33
Constructing a square circumscribed about a
circle

2. Draw line BC and extend it to make line


CD equal to AC. Refer to Figure 5-34A
for steps 1 and 2.
3. With radius AD and points A and B as
centers, draw intersecting arcs to locate
point O (Figure 5-34B).
4. With the same radius and O as the center, draw a circle.
5. Step off AB as a chord to locate points E,
F, and G. Connect the points to complete
the pentagon (Figure 5-34C).

1. Given line AB, construct a perpendicular


line AC equal to one-half of the length of
AB.
F

Figure 5-34
E

G
D

O
C

152

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Constructing a
regular pentagon
given the length
of one side

4. With C as center and radius CE, draw an


arc to locate point F.
5. Draw chord CF. This chord is one side of
the pentagon.
6. Step off chord CF around the circle
to locate points G, H, and J. Draw
the chords to complete the pentagon
(Figure 5-35C).

Inscribe a Pentagon within a


Circle
Refer to Figure 5-35 for this method.
1. Draw the given circle with diameter AB
and radius OC (Figure 5-35A). The
diameter of a circle is the distance across
the circle through its center point. (The
symbol for diameter is .)
2. Bisect radius OB to locate point D (Figure
5-35B).
3. With D as center and radius DC, draw an
arc to locate point E.
C

Explain What is a regular polygon?

F
A

F
E

Figure 5-35
Inscribing a regular pentagon within a circle

Construct a Hexagon
A hexagon is a six-sided polygon. The following methods demonstrate construction for
regular hexagons, which have six sides of equal
length, six internal angles of equal size, and
six external angles of equal size.

Construct a Regular Hexagon


When the Distance across the
Flats Is Known
This method constructs a regular hexagon
when you know the distance across the
ats, or sides. The distance across the ats is
the distance from the midpoint of one side
through the center point to the midpoint
of the opposite side of the polygon. Refer to
Figure 5-36.

2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle,


draw the tangents in the order shown in
Figure 5-36.

5
DISTANCE
ACROSS FLATS
3

6
2

Figure 5-36
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the ats

1. Given the distance across the ats of a


regular hexagon, draw centerlines and a
circle with a diameter equal to the distance across the ats.
Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

153

Construct a Regular Hexagon


When the Distance across the
Corners Is Known

3. Connect the points to complete the


hexagon.
D

Method 1
Use this method to construct a regular
hexagon when you know the distance across
the corners. The distance across the corners
is the distance from one vertex through the
center point to the opposite vertex. Refer to
Figure 5-37.
1. Given the distance AB across the corners,
draw a circle with AB as the diameter.
2. With A and B as centers and the same
radius, draw arcs to intersect the circle at
points C, D, E, and F.

DISTANCE ACROSS
CORNERS

Figure 5-37
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the corners (Method 1)

Method 2
This construction demonstrates another
method of constructing a regular hexagon
given the distance across the corners. Refer to
Figure 5-38.
1. Given the distance AB across the corners,
draw lines from points A and B at 30 to line
AB. The lines can be any convenient length.
2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle,
draw the sides of the hexagon in the
order shown.

3
60 30

B
30

60
6

Figure 5-38
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
distance across the corners (Method 2)

Explain What is a at of a hexagon?

Construct an Octagon
An octagon is an eight-sided polygon. The
following methods demonstrate the construction of regular octagons.

Construct an Octagon
Circumscribed about a Circle

2. With the T-square and 45 triangle, draw


lines tangent to the circle in the order
shown to complete the octagon.
1
5

154

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Refer to Figure 5-39 as you follow the steps


in constructing an octagon circumscribed
about a circle.
1. Given the distance across the ats,
draw centerlines and a circle with a
diameter equal to the distance across
the ats.

6
2

Figure 5-39
Constructing a regular octagon circumscribed
about a circle given the distance across the ats

Construct an Octagon Inscribed


within a Circle

C
G

Refer to Figure 5-40 as you follow the


steps for constructing an octagon inscribed
within a circle.
1. Given the distance across the corners,
draw centerlines AB and CD and a circle
with a diameter equal to the distance
across the corners.
2. With the T-square and 45 triangle, draw
diagonals EF and GH.
3. Connect the points to complete the
octagon.

Construct an Octagon Inscribed


within a Square

45
A

H
D

Figure 5-40
Inscribing a regular octagon within a circle given
the distance across the corners of the octagon

Refer to Figure 5-41 as you follow the


steps to construct an octagon inscribed within
a square.
1. Given the distance across the flats, construct a square having sides equal to
AB.
2. Draw diagonals AD and BC with their
intersection at O. With A, B, C, and D as
centers and radius R = AO, draw arcs to
intersect the sides of the square.
3. Connect the points to complete the
octagon.

Figure 5-41
Inscribing a regular octagon within a square
given the distance across the ats

Describe How many sides does an octagon


have?

Construct an Ellipse
An ellipse is a regular oval. It is symmetrical around two axes that form a right
angle. The shorter axis is the minor axis, and
the longer one is the major axis. This section demonstrates methods for drawing an
ellipse.

Pin-and-String Method to
Construct an Ellipse
This illustration demonstrates the use of the
pin-and-string method of drawing a large ellipse

(Figure 5-42A). The major axis AB and minor


axis CD are given. They intersect at O.
1. With C as center and radius R = AO,
draw an arc to locate points F1 and F2
(Figure 5-42A).
2. Place pins at points F1, C, and F2 (Figure
5-42B).
3. Tie a string around the three pins and
remove pin C.
4. Put the point of a pencil in the loop and
draw the ellipse. Keep the string tight
when moving the pencil (Figure 5-42C).

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

155

F1

F2

R = AO

O
F1

F2

Figure 5-42
Constructing an ellipse by the pin-and-string method

2. On the trammel, move point O along


minor axis CD and point D along major
axis AB and mark points at A (Figure
5-43B).
3. Use a French curve or irregular curve to
connect the points to draw the ellipse
(Figure 5-43C).

Trammel Method to Construct


an Ellipse
This method demonstrates the use of the
trammel to draw an ellipse. A trammel is a
piece of paper or plastic on which specic
distances have been marked off. Figure
5-43A shows the major axis AB and minor
axis CD, intersecting at O.
1. Cut a strip of paper or plastic to use as a
trammel. Mark off distances AO and OD
on the trammel (Figure 5-43A).
C

C
a

FIRST
POSITION

SECOND
POSITION

Figure 5-43
Constructing an ellipse by the trammel method

Use of Major and Minor Axes to


Construct an Ellipse
This method constructs an approximate
ellipse by using its major and minor axes. This
method works when the minor axis is at least
two-thirds the size of the major axis. Figure
5-44A shows the major axis AB and minor
axis CD, intersecting at O.
156

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

1. Lay off OF and OG, each equal to AB


CD Refer again to Figure 5-44A.
2. Lay off OJ and OH, each equal to threefourths of OF.
3. Draw and extend lines GJ, GH, FJ, and
FH (Figure 5-44B).

4. Draw arcs with centers F and G and radii


FD and GC to the points of tangency
(Figure 5-44C).
5. Draw arcs with centers J and H and
radii JA and HB to complete the ellipse.
The points of tangency are marked T in
(Figure 5-44C).

Identify What tool is used with the trammel


method?

C
F

H
O

C
T

J
B

J
B

Figure 5-44
Constructing an approximate ellipse when the minor axis is at least two-thirds the size of the major axis

Reduce or Enlarge a
Drawing
The following techniques reduce or enlarge
an existing drawing.

Reduce or Enlarge a Square or


Rectangular Drawing
If a drawing is square or rectangular, use a
diagonal line method to reduce or enlarge it.
Refer to Figure 5-45.
1. Draw a diagonal through corners D and B.
2. Measure the width or height you need
along DC or DA (example: DG).
3. Draw a perpendicular line from that point
(G) to the diagonal.
4. Draw a line perpendicular to DE intersecting at point F.

ENLARGED SIZE

F
ORIGINAL SIZE

REDUCED SIZE

D
C

DIAGONAL

Figure 5-45
Reducing or enlarging a square or rectangular area

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting

157

Reduce or Enlarge a Drawing


That Is Not Square or Rectangular
Use this method to reduce or enlarge a
drawing that is not square or rectangular.
Refer to Figure 5-46.
1. Draw a grid larger or smaller than the one
shown at B. The size of the grid depends
on the amount of enlargement or reduction needed.
2. Use dots to mark key points on the second grid corresponding to points on the
original drawing at A.
3. Connect the points and darken the lines
to complete the new drawing.

Section 5.1 Assessment


After You Read
Self-Check
1. List various geometric shapes and constructions used by drafters.
2. Describe one method for constructing
a geometric shape.
3. Explain how to solve technical and
mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using drafting instruments.

Academic Integration
Mathematics

7
6
5

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Reducing or enlarging a drawing of a sailboat

Multiply pi () times the diameter of


the circle. The approximate decimal
equivalent of pi is 3.1416.
Circumference = d
Circumference = 3.1416 2.50
Circumference = 7.85

Drafting Practice
5. Draw the gasket shown in Figure 5-47.
Before beginning, determine an appropriate
scale and sheet size. Do not dimension.
64

R48

2x
24

R24

178

METRIC

To nd the circumference of a circle:


DIAMETER (d) = 2.50

Figure 5-47
Go to glencoe.com for this
books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.

158

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Figure 5-46

4. Calculate Circumference Calculate


the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 2.50 inches.

Calculating Circumference

5.2

Applied Geometry for CAD


Systems

Preview In this section, you will learn to construct geomteric shapes using CAD techniques.

Content Vocabulary
object snap
ogee curve

Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects
and tests.
intervals
specify

Graphic Organizer
Use a diagram like the one below to organize the CAD commands discussed in the section.
Go to glencoe.com for this
books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer.

Inscribe a polygon

POLYGON

Academic Standards
NCTE National Council of
Teachers of English

English Language Arts


Students employ a wide rage of strategies as they write and use dierent writing process elements
appropriately to communicate with dierent audiences for a variety of purposes (NCTE)
Use information resources to gather information and create and communicate knowledge (NCTE)

NCTM National Council


of Teachers of
Mathematics

Mathematics
Geometry Specify location and describe spatial relationships using coordinate geometry and other
representational systems (NCTM)

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

159

Using Geometry with


CAD Systems

specify an object snap, type the rst three letters of its name.

What do object snaps allow a drafter to do?


The techniques for creating geometry in
AutoCAD and other CAD programs differ signicantly from board drafting techniques.
With CAD programs, the software creates the
geometry, but you must understand the geometric principles before you can direct the
software to create the geometry to achieve
the correct result.
This section consists of a series of example exercises in which you will use CAD
techniques to create the same geometry
described in the rst section of this chapter.
You can also use the same techniques
described in that section. However, drafters
who use CAD systems usually take advantage of the streamlined methods when the
software offers them. By working through
these constructions, you will begin to understand how to draw the basic geometry in
AutoCAD.
To work through the constructions, open
a new drawing in AutoCAD. Use the template specied by your instructor, or start
a new drawing using AutoCADs default
acad.dwt template. Your instructor will advise
you on how many constructions to include in
each drawing le. Be sure to save your work
frequently.

Object Snaps
AutoCAD has a set of features known as
object snaps that allow you to snap automatically to important points on any AutoCAD object. Object snaps you will use in this
section include:

Midpoint
Nearest
Endpoint
Center

Bisect or Divide a Line,


an Arc, or an Angle
What actions do the LINE, TRIM, and
DIVIDE commands perform?
Lines and arcs are usually bisected to nd a
beginning point for a new line or arc.

Bisect a Line or an Arc


In AutoCAD, the point that lies at the
exact middle of a line or arc is known as the
midpoint. Because AutoCAD has a Midpoint
object snap, bisecting a line or arcnding its
midpointis simply part of the construction
of the new line or arc.
1. Draw a line and an arc (Figure 5-48A).
2. Enter the LINE command, but do not
enter a rst point. Instead, type MID (for
midpoint) and press Enter.
3. At the of prompt, select the line you
drew in step 1. Depending on the version
of AutoCAD you are using, you may see
a yellow triangle appear at the midpoint
of the line. In any case, the rst point of
the new line you are creating begins at
the exact midpoint of the original line,
shown as point C in Figure 5-48B.
A

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

C
B

Intersection
Quadrant
Perpendicular
Tangent

Specifying the Intersection object snap, for


example, allows you to snap to the intersection of two existing lines or arcs. This can be
useful if you have used two arcs to locate the
beginning of a new line. Object snaps have
many other uses, too, as you will see as you
work through the following constructions. To
160

Explain How do you specify an object snap?

SNAP TO
MIDPOINT

B
C

Figure 5-48
Bisecting a line or arc in AutoCAD

sor to draw a radius similar to the one in


Figure Figure 5-49B.
3. Enter the TRIM command and press
Enter to select all of the objects on the
screen automatically. Then pick any
point on the circle outside angle AOB.
This procedure trims away all of the circle except for an arc that extends from
one arm of angle AOB to the other. See
Figure 5-49C.
4. Enter the LINE command. Use the Intersection object snap to place the rst
point of the line at point O. Then use the
Midpoint object snap to place the second
point of the line at the exact midpoint of
the arc. Refer again to Figure 5-49C. This
line bisects angle AOB.

4. Pick another point anywhere in the


drawing area and press Enter to end the
LINE command.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4, but this time
select the arc in step 3. This results in a line
that starts at point C and bisects the arc
(Figure 5-48B).

Bisect an Angle
The CAD method for bisecting an angle is
very similar to the board drafting method.
Refer to Figure 5-49.
1. Use the LINE command to draw two connected line segments to create angle AOB
(Figure 5-49A).
2. Enter the CIRCLE command and specify
point O as its center point. Use the curA

D
B

D
B

Figure 5-49
Bisecting an angle in AutoCAD

Divide a Line into Eight Equal


Parts
AutoCAD includes a DIVIDE command
that divides lines, arcs, and other geometry
into equal parts. The following procedure
divides a line into eight equal parts. Refer to
Figure 5-50.
1. Draw a line of any length as in Figure
5-50A.
2. Enter the DIVIDE command.
3. When prompted for the number of segments, type 8 and press Enter.
Markers appear at equal intervals along
the line to divide it into eight parts. If you
cannot see these markers, you will need to
change the point style. To do so, enter DDPTYPE at the keyboard and select a different

point style from the dialog box that appears.


See Figure 5-50B.

Figure 5-50
Dividing a line into equal parts in AutoCAD

Explain Why might a line or arc need to be


bisected?

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

161

Presetting Object
Snaps
If you know that you will be using
certain object snaps frequently for a
particular drawing, you can set
AutoCAD to use them automatically,
without having to specify them each
time you use them. Object snaps that
have been preset in this way are known
as running object snaps. To set running
object snaps, enter the OSNAP command. A dialog box appears. Pick the
Object Snap tab of the dialog box to
see the available object snaps. Pick the
check boxes next to the object snaps
you want to run automatically and pick
OK to close the dialog box.

Construct Lines with a


CAD System
Most CAD systems can construct a full variety of lines.

Construct a Perpendicular Line


Follow these steps to create a line perpendicular to a given line. Refer to Figure 5-51.
1. Draw given line AB.
2. Reenter the LINE command and pick
point O as the rst point of the new line.

USE THE
PERPENDICULAR
OBJECT SNAP FOR
SECOND POINT
B

Figure 5-51
Creating a line perpendicular to a given line
through a point that does not lie on the given line

162

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

3. Before specifying the second point of the


line, type PER to enter the Perpendicular
object snap. Then pick a point on line AB
and press Enter. The resulting line is perpendicular to line AB.

Construct Lines Parallel to a


Given Line
To create parallel lines in AutoCAD, use the
OFFSET command. Refer to Figure 5-52.
1. Draw the line AB.
2. Enter the OFFSET command and enter
an offset distance of 1. This will place the
second line 1 unit away from line AB.
3. When prompted to select the object to
offset, pick line AB.
4. When prompted for the side to offset,
pick a point anywhere above line AB. The
parallel line CD appears.
Notice that the OFFSET command is still
active. You can offset as many lines or arcs as
you want without reentering the command.
This can save time when you are working on a
technical drawing.
5. Press Enter to end the command.
D
B

B
C

Figure 5-52
Creating a line parallel to a given line using the
OFFSET command

Construct a Polygon
AutoCAD provides a POLYGON command
to create regular polygons with 3 to 1,024
sides. Equilateral triangles and squares are
examples of regular polygons that have three
and four sides, respectively. The constructions
in this section use the following geometry:

square, or four-sided polygon


pentagon, or ve-sided polygon
hexagon, or six-sided polygon

Create a Square
Use this method to construct a polygon, in
this case a square, when you know the length

of one of its sides. It can be very useful when


you need to construct a polygon that shares
a line with other geometrical shapes in the
drawing.
1. Enter the POLYGON command, and
specify 4 as the number of sides. Press E
(Edge) and pick a point on the screen.
2. Either pick another point on the screen
for the second endpoint of the edge or
use polar coordinates to specify where
the endpoint should be. If you use polar
coordinates, the length of the line you
specify becomes the length of one side
of the square. The square appears on the
screen.

Inscribe a Pentagon in a Circle


Use this method to inscribe a pentagon in
a circle with a known center point and radius.
Refer to Figure 5-53.
1. Create the given circle.
2. Enter the POLYGON command and specify 5 sides.
3. Use the Center object snap to select the
center of the circle as the center point of
the pentagon.
4. Enter I (Inscribed) to inscribe the polygon in the circle. When prompted for the
radius of the circle, use the Nearest object
snap to snap to a point on the circle. The
pentagon appears inside the circle with
the point you picked using the Nearest
object snap as one of the vertices.

the center of the polygon to be. Instead of picking a point on the circle to dene the radius,
enter a numerical value at the keyboard.

Circumscribe a Hexagon about


a Circle
This method circumscribes a hexagon
about a circle with a known center point and
radius. Refer to Figure 5-54.
1. Create the circle.
2. Enter the POLYGON command and
specify 6 sides.
3. Use the Center object snap to select the
center of the circle as the center point of
the hexagon.
4. Enter C (Circumscribed) to circumscribe
the polygon about the circle. When
prompted for the radius of the circle, use
the Nearest object snap to snap to a point
on the circle. The hexagon appears inside
the circle, with the point you picked on
the circle as one of the vertices.

Figure 5-54
Using the POLYGON command to circumscribe a
hexagon about a circle

You can use this method to circumscribe


a polygon about a circle even if the circle does
not exist. Follow the preceding four steps, but
for the center point, pick a point where you
want the center of the polygon to be. Instead
of picking a point on the circle to dene the
radius, enter a numerical value at the keyboard.

Figure 5-53
Using the POLYGON command to inscribe a
regular pentagon within a circle

You can use this method to inscribe a


polygon in a circle even if the circle does not
exist. Follow the preceding four steps, but for
the center point, pick a point where you want

Construct an Ellipse
Of the two axes of an ellipse, the shorter
axis is the minor axis, and the longer one
is the major axis. In AutoCAD, the ELLIPSE

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

163

command allows you to create ellipses


of any size by defining the axes. Refer to
Figure 5-55.
1. Enter the ELLIPSE command and pick a
point anywhere in the drawing area as
the rst endpoint of the rst axis.
2. Pick another point as the second endpoint of the rst axis.
3. As the ellipse begins to appear on the
screen, select a third point to specify the
other axis.
Notice that you do not have to specify
two points for the second axis. When
you specify the third point, AutoCAD
calculates the last point automatically, so
that the second axis is at right angle to
the rst.

Copy an Angle
This construction demonstrates a method
of copying a given angle to a new location
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-56.
1. Draw the angle AOB (Figure 5-56A).
2. Enter the COPY command and use a
window to select both arms of the angle.
To do this, pick a point below and to the
right of the angle, and then pick another
point above and to the left of the angle.
The selected lines become dashed to
show that they are selected. Press Enter
to proceed to the next prompt.
3. For the point of displacement, pick
point O.
4. When asked for the second point of displacement, pick another point anywhere
on the screen. An exact copy of angle
AOB appears (Figure 5-56B). Press Enter
to end the COPY command.
5. To change the orientation of the second angle, enter the ROTATE command,
select both legs of the second angle, and
press Enter.
6. Specify a point anywhere on the angle
as the base point. This is the point about
which the angle will rotate.
7. Move the cursor to reposition the angle
at a new orientation (Figure 5-56C).

164

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

FIRST AXIS
(MAJOR)

THIRD
POINT

FIRST
POINT

SECOND
POINT

SECOND AXIS
(MINOR)

Figure 5-55
Using the ELLIPSE command.

Note that you can control the orientation


of the angle by entering a numerical value
for the angle of rotation instead of using the
cursor.

B
O

A
ORIGINAL

C
O

A
ORIGINAL

B
P

C
P

COPY

ROTATED
C
COPY

Figure 5-56
Copying and changing the orientation of an angle
in AutoCAD.

Contrast How can you control the orientation


of an angle other than by using the cursor?

3. Create a second circle with the same


radius, placing its center point at point B
Refer again to Figure 5-57B.
4. Enter the LINE command and enter END
to use the Endpoint object snap to place
the rst point of the line at point A.
Use the Intersection object snap to place
the second point of the line at the upper
intersection of the two circles. Then use
the Endpoint object snap for point B. See
Figure 5-57C.
5. Erase the two circles. The remaining triangle is an isosceles triangle.

Construct a Triangle
This type of polygon can be created using
the LINE command as described in the following methods. Note: The POLYGON command is usually used to create an equilateral
triangle.

Construct an Isosceles Triangle


The following method is for constructing
an isosceles triangle. Refer to Figure 5-57.
1. Draw the given base line AB (Figure
5-57A).
2. Create a circle with its center point at
point A and a radius equal to the length
of the sides you want. See Figure 5-57B.

USE INTERSECTION
OBJECT SNAP

VERTEX

BASE
A

A
B

Figure 5-57
Constructing an isosceles triangle using AutoCAD

Construct a right triangle using this method


when you know the length of two sides of the
triangle. In this construction, sides AB and BC
are given. Side AB is 2.50 units long, and side BC
is 3.25 units long. Refer to Figure 5-58.
1. Draw side AB using the LINE command
and polar coordinates: @2.50<0. Leave
the LINE command active.
2. Specify the coordinates for side BC:
@3.25<90. This creates line BC perpendicular, to side AB. Leave the LINE command
active.

3. Use the Endpoint object snap to place


the third point at point A, completing
the right triangle.
C

@3.25<90

Construct a Right Triangle

USE ENDPOINT
OBJECT SNAP
3
A @2.50<0

Figure 5-58
Constructing a right triangle in AutoCAD given
the length of two sides

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

165

Construct Tangents
You already know several methods for creating
a circle:

specify a center point and a radius


substitute the diameter for the radius by

pressing the D key before entering the


numerical value
specify two points on the diameter of the
circle
specify three points on the diameter of the
circle

AutoCAD also allows you to create a circle


that is tangent to two other objects in AutoCAD
by specifying the tangent objects and a value
for the radius of the circle. As you may recall, a
line is tangent to a circle if the line touches the
circle at one point only. Refer to Figure 5-59.
1. Before you can use this option, you must
have at least two lines in the drawing to
specify as tangents. Use the LINE command to create the two lines. Use coordinate values to place the endpoints of
the lines at the coordinates shown in the
illustration.
2. Enter the CIRCLE command. Enter T at
the keyboard to select the tan tan radius
(Ttr) option.
3. At the appropriate prompts, pick anywhere on the two lines as the two tangents. Specify a radius of 1.00. The circle
appears as in Figure 5-59.

Construct a Tangent Line


Because AutoCAD has a Tangent object
snap, creating tangent lines is fairly easy. Refer
to Figure 5-60.
1. Draw a circle anywhere in the drawing
area using the cursor to specify any radius.
2. Enter the LINE command. Pick any point
outside the circle as the rst point of the
line.
3. Enter the Tangent object snap and move
the cursor near the circle. Select a point
on the circle. The line automatically
snaps to the tangent point on the circle.
4. To extend the line beyond the tangent
point, keep moving the cursor in the
166

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Object Tracking
The process for extending a
line that is described in step 4 of
Construct a Tangent Line is known as
object tracking. If this does not seem
to work for you, enter the OSNAP
command, go to the Object Snap tab,
and make sure the Object Snap Tracking On box is checked. If this option is
not available in your version of AutoCAD, you can achieve the same eect
by using the EXTEND command.

(5.00,7.50)
(6.00,7.00)

(2.50,5.50)
(6.50,5.00)

Figure 5-59
Creating a circle tangent to two other objects
given the radius of the circle.

same general direction. AutoCAD displays


an Extension message that shows the
length and angle of the extended line.
P
TANGENT
POINT

Figure 5-60
Using the Tangent object snap to create a line
tangent to a circle.

2. Use the OFFSET command to offset both


lines 1 unit to the inside.
3. Enter the ARC command. At the prompt,
enter C (Center), and use the Intersection object snap to snap to the intersection of the two lines you offset in step 2.
4. Use the Perpendicular object snap to
place the ends of the arc perpendicular
to lines AB and CD (Figure 5-61B).

Summarize How do you create a circle that


is tangent to two other objects in AutoCAD?

Construct a Tangent Arc


AutoCAD has an ARC command that gives
CAD users great exibility in creating arcs.
However, sometimes the best solution is to use
the tan tan radius option of the CIRCLE command, trimming away the unneeded parts of
the circle. This section illustrates a few of the
ways to create arcs in AutoCAD.

Construct an Arc Tangent to


Two Lines

A
1

1
O

B
C

The procedure for constructing an arc tangent to two lines in AutoCAD is similar to the
board drafting procedure. In CAD, the procedure is the same whether the angle is an
acute, obtuse, or right angle. Therefore, only
an acute angle is shown in Figure 5-61.

Figure 5-61
Using AutoCAD to create an arc tangent to two
lines

1. Draw given lines AB and CD (Figure


5-61A).

Construct an Arc Tangent to


Two Given Arcs

This method uses the CIRCLE command


to construct an arc tangent to two given arcs.
Refer to Figure 5-62.
1. Enter the ARC command and follow the
prompts to enter the start point, second
point, and endpoint of arcs AB and CD. The
radii of the arcs may be equal or unequal.
2. Enter the CIRCLE command. At the
prompt, enter T (tan tan radius). Select
points on the given arcs near the tangent
locations. Note that you have only to
pick a point somewhere near the tangent
point. AutoCAD calculates the exact tangents for you.
3. Specify a radius of 1.50 to make the tangent circle appear.
4. Enter the BREAK command, and pick
two points on the circle to break the arc
out of the circle. Use the ERASE command to erase the unwanted portion of
the circle. The remaining arc is tangent
to the two given arcs.

TANGENT
POINT 2
TANGENT
POINT 1

A
BREAK
POINTS

Figure 5-62
Using the CIRCLE command to construct an arc
tangent to two given arcs

Determine How does the CAD procedure


for constructing an arc tangent to two lines
dier for acute, obtuse, and right angles?

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

167

4. Create two circles. For the rst, use the


intersection of the vertical line from
point B and the lower perpendicular as
the center point. For the radius, enter
the Endpoint object snap and snap to
point E. For the second circle, use the
intersection of the vertical line from
point C and the upper perpendicular as
the center point. For the radius, use the
Endpoint object snap to snap to point
E. It does not matter if the circles extend
off the screen. (Figure 5-63C).
5. Notice that the two circles are tangent to
each other at point E. One circle is also
tangent to line AB, and the other is tangent to line CD. To nish the ogee curve,
enter the TRIM command, press Enter to
select all of the objects, and trim away
the unwanted parts of the circles. Erase
lines BE, EC, and the vertical and perpendicular lines. See Figure Figure 5-63D
for the nished curve.

Construct an Ogee Curve


An ogee curve is a reverse curve that looks
something like an S. The CAD procedure for
drawing an ogee curve is similar to the board
drafting procedure. Refer to Figure 5-63.
1. With Ortho on, draw lines AB and CD
(Figure 5-63A). Then turn Ortho off
and use the Endpoint object snap with
the LINE command to draw line BC.
2. Enter the BREAK command. This command is used to break a single line, arc,
circle, or other geometry into two distinct
objects. At the prompt, enter F (First), and
use the Nearest object snap to pick a point
E on line BC through which the curve is
to pass. Refer again to Figure 5-63. Line BC
becomes two lines: BE and EC.
3. Construct perpendiculars at the midpoints of lines BE and EC. The length of
the perpendicular lines does not matter.
Erase any circles or arcs used for construction before continuing to step 4
(Figure 5-63B).

BREAK
POINT

D
E

Figure 5-63
Creating an ogee curve in AutoCAD.

168

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Reduce or Enlarge a
Drawing
To change the size of objects in an AutoCAD drawing, you can use the SCALE command. Note that this process is different from
using the ZOOM command to make objects
on the screen appear larger or smaller. It is also
different from choosing a standard scale in
paper space to scale a drawing for printing.
When you use the SCALE command, you
change the actual dimensions of the objects
you see on the screen. You can scale all of the
objects in the drawing at once or scale only
those objects that you select.
This construction demonstrates the effect
of scaling objects in AutoCAD. Refer to
Figure 5-64.
1. Set the snap and grid to .50. Use the
snap, grid, and coordinate display to
create two concentric circles (both with
the same center point). Make the radius
of one circle 2.00 units, and make the
radius of the second circle 1.00 unit
(Figure 5-64A).
2. Enter the SCALE command. Pick both
circles to scale, and press Enter.

Section 5.2 Assessment


After You Read
Self-Check
1. Describe how technical and mathematical problems related to geometric constructions can be solved using CAD.
2. Explain how to reduce or enlarge the
physical size (dimensions) of a drawing
using CAD.

3. The base point is the point around which


the scaling will occur. Use the Center
object snap to select the center of the circles for the base point.
4. Enter a scale factor of .75 to scale the circles to 75% of their original size (Figure
5-64B). You can check their size by using
the grid, remembering that the dots on
the grid are spaced at intervals of .50.

Figure 5-64
Using the SCALE command to enlarge or reduce
the physical size of a drawing in AutoCAD.

Notice that you must enter a decimal fraction. The number 1 stands for 100%, or full
size. If you enter 75, the circles will enlarge to
75 times their original size.

Academic Integration
English Language Arts
3. Read the following content vocabulary
and technical terms from this chapter.
Organize the terms using one of them as
the heading under which the others are
listed as examples.
isosceles
triangle

equilateral
scalene

Drafting Practice
Repeat the board drafting practice
in Section 5.1, this time using CAD
techniques.

Go to glencoe.com for this


books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.

Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems

169

5 Review and Assessment


Chapter Summary
Section 5.1

Section 5.2

Geometry is the study of the size and

shape of objects and their relationship to


each other.
Drafters, surveyors, engineers, architects,
scientists, mathematicians, and designers use geometric constructions to show
proper relationships between individual
lines and points.
Geometric shapes discussed in this
chapter include lines, triangles, squares,
circles, arcs, angles, pentagons, hexagons,
polygons.
The most important principles of
drafting include accuracy. Work that is
not accurate may give designers wrong
information.

Using CAD object snaps for geometric

constructions greatly increase the efciency of the drawing process and reduces
the time involved in preparing accurate,
high-quality drawings.
In CAD, many commands are available
for drawing basic geometric shapes.
Examples include CIRCLE, POLYGON,
ARC, and ELLIPSE.

Review Content Vocabulary and Academic Vocabulary


1. Use each of these content and academic vocabulary words in a sentence or drawing.
Content Vocabulary
geometry (p. 135)
geometric construction (p. 137)
vertex (p. 138)
bisect (p. 138)
perpendicular (p. 139)
parallel (p. 139)

polygon (p. 144)


inscribe (p. 152)
circumscribe (p. 152)
regular polygon (p. 152)
ellipse (p. 155)
object snap (p. 160)
ogee curve (p. 168)

Academic Vocabulary
accurate (p. 135)
methods (p. 139)
intervals (p. 161)
specify (p. 163)

Review Key Concepts


2. List geometric shapes that drafters use.
3. Demonstrate how to construct various geometric shapes accurately.
4. Describe how technical and mathematical problems related to geometric constructions can
be solved using board-based drafting.
5. Describe how technical and mathematical problems related to geometric constructions can
be solved in a computer environment.
6. List the steps involved in using geometry to enlarge or to change a drawings proportions.

170

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Engineering
7. What do Engineers Do?
Websters Dictionary denes engineering
as the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the
sources of energy in nature are made useful to
people. According to the National Academy
of Engineering (NAE), there are more than
two million practicing engineers in the United
States. What are all these engineers doing? In
what ways are engineers making things useful for people? Using the Internet or library,
research a type of engineering, such as architectural or biomedical engineering. Then write
a one-page paper, summarizing what makes
the eld of engineering important and name
one major innovator working in the eld.

8. Productivity and Accountability


You and a classmate have been assigned a
project that represents a signicant part of
your grade. You are both to participate equally
in completing it. The two of you agree to the
parts for which each will be responsible. You
nished your work, but your partner did not.
How do you handle this situation? Prepare a
bulleted list to show your options, to use as a
basis for a class discussion.

Mathematics
9. Calculate Area
Determine the area of a triangle with a base
of 6 inches and a height of 2 inches.

Calculating Area
To nd the area of a triangle, multiply the
base (b) times the height (h) and divide by
two. Area = bh/2.

Multiple Choice Question

Prep
For

Directions Choose the letter


of the best answer. Write the
letter for the answer on a
separate piece of paper.
10. Which of the following is an example
of a polygon?
A. Circle
B. Angle
C. Triangle
D. Parallel Line

TEST-TAKING TIP
In a multiple-choice test, the answers
should be specic and precise. Read the
question rst, then read all the answer
choices before you choose. Eliminate
answers that you know are incorrect.

Win
Competitive
Events
11. Technical Math
Organizations such as SkillsUSA offer a
variety of architectural, career, and drafting competitions. Completing activities
such as the one below will help you prepare for these events.
Activity Complete the STEM Mathematics exercise on this page. Then team
with a partner and check each others
work, going over any concepts that
might be unclear.

Go to glencoe.com for this books


OLC for more information about
competitive events.

ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"

6"

Review and Assessment

171

5 Problems
Drafting Problems
The problems in this chapter can be performed using board drafting or CAD techniques. The problems are presented in order
of difculty, from least to most difcult.
Problems 1 through 18 are designed for working four problems on an A-size sheet, laid out
as shown in Figure 5-65. Draw each problem
three times the size shoown. If you are using
board drafting, use dividers to pick up the
dimensions from the problems, and step off
each measurement three times. If you are using
a CAD system, use a scale to measure the dimensions, and create the geometry in the CAD system at three times the measured size.

1.

Draw and bisect line AB Figure 5-66A.

2.

Draw line AB Figure 5-66B. Construct a


perpendicular at point P.

3.

Figure 5-65

9.

Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure


5-66I. Inscribe a square in the circle.

10.

Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure


5-66I. Inscribe a regular pentagon in the
circle.

11.

Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure


5-66I. Circumscribe a regular hexagon
about the circle.

12.

Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure


5-66I. Circumscribe a regular octagon
about the circle.

13.

Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure


5-66J. Construct a tangent line through
point P.

Draw line AB Figure 5-66C. Divide line


AB into ve equal parts.

4.

Draw line AB Figure 5-66D. Construct


line CD through point P so that CD is parallel to AB and equal in length to line AB.

5.

Draw angle ABC Figure 5-66E. Bisect


angle ABC.

6.

Draw angle ABC Figure 5-66F. Copy


the angle in a new location, beginning
with line A1B1.

14.

Locate points A, B, and C on the drawing


sheet Figure 5-66K. Construct a circle
through these three points.

7.

Draw base line AB Figure 5-66G. Construct an isosceles triangle using base line
AB and sides equal to line CD.

15.

Draw the two lines shown in Figure


5-66L. Construct an arc having a radius
R tangent to the two lines.

8.

Draw base line AB Figure 5-66H. Construct a triangle on base AB with sides
equal to BC and AC.

16.

Draw the two arcs shown in Figure


5-66M. Construct an arc having a radius
R tangent to the rst two arcs.

172

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

17.

Draw a 3.00 square Figure 5-66N. Construct a regular octagon within the square.

18.

Construct an ellipse that has a 4.00 major axis and a 2.50 minor axis Figure 5-66O.

30

B1

A
A1
C

C
C

BASE

BB A

BASE

I
R

B
A

MAJOR

AXIS

Figure 5-66

Problems

173

5 Problems
Problems 19 through 24: These problems
provide additional practice in geometric constructions. They are designed to be drawn
one per drawing sheet. Before beginning each
drawing, determine an approximate scale and
sheet size. Do not add dimensions to your
drawing.

19.

21.

Draw the adjustable fork shown in


Figure 5-69. Use the following dimensions: A = 220 mm; B = 80 mm; C =
40 mm; D = 27 mm; E = 64 mm; F =
20 mm; G = 8 mm; H = 10 mm.
F

Draw the handwheel shown in Figure


5-67. Use the following dimensions:
A = 7.00; B = 6.12; C = 5.50; D
= R1.25; E = 2.00; F = 1.00; G
(keyway) = .20 wide .10 deep; H =
.38; I = R.38; J = R.20; K = 1.00.

B
A

METRIC

Figure 5-69

A
B
H
G
F

I
D

22.

Draw the rod support shown in Figure


5-70.

Figure 5-67

20.

R3.50

Draw the combination wrench shown in


Figure 5-68. Use the following dimensions: square: 1.00; octagon: 1.38 across
ats; isosceles triangle: 2.75 base, 2.00
sides; pentagon: inscribed within 1.38
circle; hexagon: 1.25 across ats. If you
are using board drafting techniques, do
not erase construction lines.

2.75
7.62

Figure 5-70

R1.25

2.50

3.50

3.00
12.00

Figure 5-68
174

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

3.00

1.06
3 HOLES

5.50
R1.00

23.

Draw the adjustable table support shown


in Figure 5-71.

24.

R1.00
60?
R.38

R7.00

Draw the tilt scale shown in Figure 5-72.


Use the following dimensions: AB = 44
mm; AX = 66 mm; AC = 140 mm; AD =
184 mm; AE = 216 mm; AF = 222 mm;
AG = 236 mm; H = R24 mm; I = R16 mm;
J = R5 mm; K = 12 mm.

R1.62
J

R.75

0
90

20
70

30
60

40
50 45

50

G
F
E
D

R1.00
15?

45
R.38

.75

45

4.00

Figure 5-72

8.00

B
K

Figure 5-71
A

H
X

METRIC

Design Problems
Design problems have been prepared to challenge individual students or
teams of students. In these problems, you will apply skills learned mostly in
this chapter but also in other chapters throughout the text. The problems are
designed to be completed using board drafting, CAD, or a combination of the
two. Be creative and have fun!

Challenge Your Creativity

1.

Design an educational toy to help toddlers develop manual dexterity, spatial


relationships, and color association. The
toy should be similar to Figure 5-73, but
expanded to include at least six geometric shapes of different colors. Material: 1
thick pine.

2.

Design an octagon-shaped jewelry box


with a hinged lid. The overall size should
not exceed 160 mm across the corners
of the octagon by 90 mm high. Material:
optional. Do not dimension.

Teamwork

3.

Design and draw a cover for your 8.50


11.00 or 11.003 17.00 set of technical
drawings. Use various geometric shapes in
the design. Geometric shapes, such as circles, squares, hexagons, octagons, ellipses,
etc., can be used to enhance the design.
Use colors where desired. Use block letters
to add information on the cover, such as
your name, the school name, the course
title, the instructors name, and the year.

Figure 5-73

Problems

175

UNIT 1
Hands-On Math Project

Create a Logo for Your Own Business


Your Project Assignment

TIP! A logo will be used to promote your

Explore the opportunities to become an


entrepreneur by working as a freelance draftsperson from your home. Create a logo for your
business.
Use what you have learned in Chapters 15
to create a plan for starting your own freelance
business. Your challenge is to:

business and give it an identity. It should


be eye-catching, simple, and speak to the
needs of your potential customers.

Identify opportunities for employment as


an independent draftsperson by researching
local classied ads and regional and national
online job search sites.

Choose a focus for your home-based business


based on your interests and abilities. Will
your clients be manufacturing companies,
engineering rms, or architects? Are you
stronger at board drafting, or computer-aided
drafting?

List and categorize the opportunities you


uncover in your research. Include contact
information for each company, information
about qualications and requirements, type
of company, and the nature of the work.

Outline the educational requirements, and


identify schools or programs where you could
obtain the necessary training.

Write a paragraph or two about your interests


and abilities. Discuss why you chose the focus
for your business that you did.

List the steps, materials, and tools you used to


create the drawings for your logo. Explain the
procedure you used to reduce or enlarge your
initial drawing to create three versions.

Explain the educational requirements for the


kind of work you have chosen.

Create nished drawings for a business


logo to use on stationery, business cards
brochures, etc.

Prepare three nished drawings of your logo


at three different sizes.

Applied Skills

The Math Behind the Project


Math Standards

The primary math skills you will use to complete this project are geometry modeling, algebra,
and measurement. To get you started, remember
these key concepts, and follow this example:

Geometry Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and


geometric modeling to solve problems (NCTM)

GeometryRatio, Proportion,
and Scale

Problem Solving Solve problems that arise in


mathematics and other contexts (NCTM)

To understand how to reduce or enlarge the


size of a drawing, think about the terms ratio,
proportion, and scale. A ratio is a comparison
of two numbers. For example, a rectangle has a

NCTM National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

176

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

length of 2 inches and width of 3 inches. The


ratio of length to width is 2/3.
When two ratios are equal, they form a proportion. One way to determine whether two
ratios form a proportion is to check their cross
products. For example, to nd out if a 2/3 rectangle is proportional to a 6/8 rectangle, multiply
the numerator of each ratio by the denominator
of the other. If the resulting products are equal,
the gures are proportional.
6
2 ? __
__
3 8

28?63

16 18

Since the products are not equal, the rectangles are not proportional. In other words, they
are not drawn to scale.

Solving Proportion Problems


To use proportions to solve problems, set
up two ratios using a letter symbol for the

unknown quantity. For example, consider this


problem:
What is the length of a rectangle 6 inches
wide that is proportional to another rectangle
2 inches wide and 3 inches long?
Use l to represent the length of the enlarged
rectangle drawn to scale.
6
2 = __
__
3
l

2l = 6 3

2l = 18

l=9

The length should be 9 inches.


To determine the scale factor of the enlarged
drawing, write a ratio comparing similar sides,
and reduce. For example, 6/2 or 9/3. In both
cases, the ratios reduce to 3. When a gure is
enlarged, the scale factor is greater than one.
When two similar gures are identical in size,
the scale factor is equal to one. When a gure is
reduced, the scale factor is less than one.

Designers of Famous Logos


In the United States and around the world, familiar corporate logos dot the landscape. You can spot
your favorite fast food restaurant or gas station from
far away because their powerful logos are easy to recognize and prominently displayed. What makes these
symbols so eective? Who designed them?
One of the most inuential logo designers of the
twentieth century is Milton Glaser. He designed the
famous I Love New York logo. He also designed the
bullet you see on DC Comics. A good logo catches
the eye. It may also say something about the product
or service oered, or make the observer curious.
Research Activity Find out more about Milton Glaser and the things he has designed. What characteristics do his logos and other objects have in common?
Also research the principles behind good logo design.
Write a one-page summary of your ndings.
Bonus! Incorporate the principles of good logo
design into your creation.

Unit 1 Hands-On Math Project

177

Car Culture/Corbis

UNIT 1

Hands-On Math Project

Project Steps:
Design Your Future!
STEP 1 Research

Explain the type of drafting work you are best


suited for and most interested in pursuing.

Look for job opportunities in local classied


ads and on the Internet. Make phone calls
to these companies to nd out more about
available opportunities.

Phone other similar rms in your area and


ask if they ever hire outside rms to handle
any of their drafting needs.

Find out more about logo design and think


about what you want to communicate with
your logo.

TIP! Write a script, and practice your phone


inquiry skills before you call prospective clients.

STEP 2 Plan

Dene and write out your overall goal for


this project.

Gather the appropriate supplies and tools for


board drafting.
Set up to prepare your drawing le with
AutoCAD.

Refer to the Math Concepts on the


previous page, or go to glencoe.com
for this books OLC for more information on the math concepts used in
this project.

enlarge or reduce it so you have three versions: one should be sized for use on a business card, one for use on stationery, and one
for use on a Web site.

TEAMWORK Collaborate: Ask a classmate


to review the design of your logo before you
continue. Ask for feedback on the technical
aspects of your drawing as well as the overall
concept.
STEP 4 Present
Prepare a presentation combining your
research with your completed drawings using
the checklist below.

Presentation Checklist
Did you remember to

state your objectives for your business?


describe the services you will oer?
show and discuss your logo?
explain the process you used to create the

logo and what you hope to achieve with it?

describe the services you will oer?


show and discuss your logo?
explain the process you used to create the

logo and what you hope to achieve with it?

show your preliminary sketches and explain


how you created your logo?

demonstrate the basic sketch or CAD drawing?


show the three versions of your logo and
explain how they could be used?

review the drafting principles involved in


STEP 3 Apply

completing your logo?

explain any problems you encountered and


how you overcame them?

Make several preliminary sketches of ideas


you have for your logo.
Complete one version of your logo, then

178

Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

turn in your research and planning notes to


your teacher?

STEP 5 Build Your Portfolio


The purpose of a portfolio is to showcase your
education and examples of your work and
accomplishments.

Organize your drawings in a manner that will


show your ideas well.

Attach a written introduction and a description of your design.

STEP 6 Evaluate Your Technical

Skills
Assess yourself before and after your
presentation.
1. Is your research thorough?
2. Did you plan your steps carefully?
3. Did you organize your visuals so that they
showcase your ideas?
4. Is your presentation creative and effective?
5. During your presentation, do you make
eye contact and speak clearly enough?

Rubrics Go to glencoe.com to this


books OLC for a printable evaluation
rubric and Academic Assessment.

The purpose of a portfolio is to showcase


your education and examples of your
work and accomplishments. A typical
portfolio might include the following:

Career summary and goals


Rsum
List of accomplishments
Education and certications
Samples of your work
Job or Job-shadowing experience

Getting Started
To prepare the written components for
your portfolio, you will need access to a
computer with Microsoft Word, Pages,
or other word processing application.
Use this software to create the written
components of your portfolio.
1. Career summary and goals:
Prepare a brief summary of your
specic career goals. Describe the
industry or job that interests you.
2. Rsum: If you have not already
done so, use the information from
Chapter 1 to prepare your rsum.
Include in your rsum a list of
accomplishments, education, and
certications you hold.
3. Samples of your work: Now that
you have completed your business
planning and design project for this
unit, include your drawings as samples of your work in your portfolio.

Save Your Work


In the following Units, you will add more
elements to your portfolio. Keep items
you want to save for your portfolio in a
special folder as you progress through
this class.
Unit 1 Hands-On Math Project

179

Image Source Black/Alamy

You might also like