2B.1 Different choice of coordinates for the falling film problem
Set up a momentum balance as before, and obtain the
differential equation
Lin
dx
pgcosB
Since no momentum is transferred at ¥=6, then at that plane
t_=0. This boundary condition enables us to find that
C, =-pgdcosB, and the momentum flux distribution is
Tr: = =pgdcosp{ 1 - 2)
Note that the momentum flux is in the negative ¥-direction.
Insertion of Newton's law of viscosity t,, = -14(do,/d¥) into
the foregoing equation gives the differential equation for the velocity
distribution:
do,
(3)
This first-order differential equation can be integrated to give
_{ 085? cosB z_4zY
a # 3 2\6
The constant C, is zero, because v, = 0 at
We note that ¥ and x are related by ¥/6 =1-(x/6). When this
is substituted into the velocity distribution above, we get
{es228(1-3)-4fr-28.(2))
which can be rearranged to give Eq. 2.2-18.
2-52B.2 Alternate procedure for solving flow problems
Substituting Eq, 2.2-14 into Eq. 2.2-10 gives
d(_do,)_ @v, __ pgcosB
race or sere
Integrate twice with respect to x (see Eq. C.1-10) and get
x? 4C,x+C,
pgcosB
2u
Then use the no-slip boundary condition that v, =0 at x= 6, and the
zero momentum flux boundary condition that dv,/dx=0 at x=0.
The second gives C,=0, and the first gives C, = (pgcosp/2u)6?.
Substitution of these constants into the general solution and
rearranging then gives Eq. 2.2-18.2B.3 Laminar flow in a narrow slit
a. The momentum balance leads to
dpe eBay)
x T= L and 1,, L
(
x+C,
Substitution of Newton's law 7,, & into the above gives
do, __(Po-Pi) (Po-P,)x?
ree! a 2uL
+ Src,
H
Use of the no-slip boundary conditions at x= +B gives the expres-
sions in Eq. 2B.3-1 and 2. One can also see that C, = 0 directly, since
we know that the velocity distribution must be symmetrical about the
plane x=0.
b. The maximum velocity is at the middle of the slit and is
fea
a.
Ds enax Qual
The ratio of the average to the maximum velocity is then.
(o.) Ir La[t-(/B)exdy fa e7)ag
nn fae
(-
c. The mass rate of flow is
w= pl2BWXo,)= p(anwy(g) Pe=PLE” _ 2(Po— Fu}PoW
d. In Eq. 2.5-22, set both viscosities equal to j1. set b equal to
B, and multiply by BWp.
272B.4. Laminar slit flow with a moving wall ("plane Couette flow")
Start with the velocity distribution from part (a) of Problem
2B.3 (in terms of the integration constants). Determine C, and C,
from the boundary conditions that 7, =0 at x=—B, and v,=V at
x= B, This leads to
P-L) fata)
This expression can be differentiated with respect to x and then
Newton's law of viscosity t,, =-1(do,/dx) can be used to get the
expression for the stress tensor. Notice that the velocity distribution
is no longer symmetric about the midplane, so that C, #0.
282B.5 Interrelation of slit and annulus formulas
From Eq. 2.4-17 we get
Bul wy (1-0-2),
{5 a |-(-0-8 i In(1-€)
(1-142e- 6?)
-e-te*? -1e -
e-}e"-le—}e
=(1-1+ 46-667 +46? -e*)+
‘de? —4e? +04)
ether tye tyes
=(4¢-6¢? + 4e? —e*)-(4e-6e7 + $e? -fe"+-)
=(4e-66? + 4e? - et) -
This gives, finally, a result in agreement with Eq. 2B.5-1
4
wu ® a P (te? —2et. )
242B.6 Flow of a film on the outside of a circular tube
a. A momentum balance on the film gives
art.)
dr
vog=0 or 188) epgreo
The latter may be integrated to give
2
2, B+ Cylarec,
7
Next use the boundary conditions that at r= R, 0, =0 (no slip) and
that at r=aR, do, /dr=0. When the integration constants have been
found, we get for the velocity distribution
fs Tales ers
[1-(z) sate
b. The mass rate of flow in the film is then
2" Je" po.rdrd0 = 2nR? pf", Ede
in which a dimensionless radial coordinate ¢=1/R has been
introduced. Then
aon!
wo = TERE fi(1—&2 420? Ind) bas
to! :
= TEE (ag? pet ete? +4eting),
eps gRaer ge
on (-1+ 40? -3a +4a* Ina)
c. If we set a= 1+ € (where € is small) and expand in powers
of € using §C.2, we getZor! ZoRtg?
— FP*ER" (16 03 4)) _ 2ap*gRte
a. (#e? +0(e*))= aa
This is in agreement with Eq. 2.2-21 if we make the identifications
W=2aR and 5=eR (and furthermore consider only the case that
cosp =1.
2-112B.7 Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially
a. The momentum balance is the same as that in Eq. 2.3-11 or
Eq. 2.4-2, but with the pressure-difference term omitted. We can
substitute Newton's law of viscosity into this equation to get
ic 2 r
Gin +Cy ot T= -Dilne + Dp
That is, we select new integration constants, so that they are
dimensionless. These integration constants are determined from the
no-slip conditions at the cylindrical surfaces: v,(kR)=v) and
v,(R)=0. The constants of integration are D, =0 and D, =-1/Inx.
This leads then directly to the result given in the book.
b. The mass rate of flow is
w= [Ff ooyrirdo = aap of as
4E*Ing-36")| = 2p RE (a Inx-3(1- x?)
= = 2np eR (
which is equivalent to the answer in the text.
c. The force ona length L of the rod
= (yf de i (/xR)
F=ff (+ FE cq RAE 2aMRL HO
which gives the expression in the book.
d. When we replace x by 1- ¢ and expand in a Taylor series,
we get
1 2nLu)vp
F=2nL(-p)v) ———— = 2 #0 4-4,
an Csr rstarers cum uate
To get this last result one has to do a long division involving the
polynomial in the next-to-last step.2B8 Analysis of a capillary flowmeter
Designate the water by fluid "I" and the carbon tetrachloride
by "II". Label the distance from B to C as "J". The mass rate of flow in
the tube section "AB" is given by
eo =P, )R'py _ A[(Pa-Ps) + Prgh]R*o,
BuL ByuL
Since the fluid in the manometer is not moving, the pressures at D
and E must be equal; hence
Pa + O,gh + 0,8] + PSH = Pp + P18) + Pugh
from which we get
Pa~Pa + Pgh =(Py ~ Pi)SH
Insertion of this into the first equation above gives the expression for
the mass rate of flow in terms of the difference in the densities of the
two fluids, the acceleration of gravity, and the height H.
2132B.9 Low-density phenomena in compressible tube flow
When we replace no-slip boundary condition of Eq. 2.3-17 by
Eq, 2B.9-1, we get
c, = Po=PLIR® (Po ~PL)RE
a 4uL 2uL
so that the velocity distribution in the tube is
JRE (4) 4 (Po=P)RE
4uL R 2uL.
Next we write the expression for w, but consider only the flow
through a length dz of the tube:
Po.
, M
w= fo" e(z)v.(r,z)rdrde = ane (Bega
where we have introduced the ideal gas law, with R, being the gas
constant (we use a subscript g here to distinguish the gas constant
from the tube radius). We have also introduced a dimensionless
radial coordinate. When we introduce the velocity distribution
above, we get
a ZAR M | _ apy gery 4 26
oa ee Eee
aR! M_\_,P( 1, 460
ee (24), rfl a
This is now integrated over the length of the tube, keeping mind that
the mass flow rate w is constant over the entire length
{r+ 4 \ap= aR!(_M_
8u (RT
This gives
2(Po-PL)R* Po Pee +48)
BuL RI) 2 R
seat)
8uL RT RPavg
which leads then to Eq. 2B.9-2.
2152B.10 Incompressible flow in a slightly tapered tube
a. The radius at any downstream distance is
R(z)=Ry +(R, - Ry )(2/L)
b. Changing the independent variable proceeds as follows:
v-882( 2) oof my)
Bu VU aRMaz) bp aR OL
c. First we rearrange the equation in (b) to get
W4aP _( Soy)_E _) 1.
aR \ mp \\R,-R,) R*
Then we integrate this equation to get
_pPigp (8He\(__L yp
Toor Seam ies
whence we can get the pressure difference in terms of the mass rate
of flow
Next we solve to get the mass flow rate
w={32(Po-P.)P\/_Ry-R, m(Po-P.)Rop|( 3 Ro-R
8uL RE-RS
8yuL. Ry RP - Ro
This is the result, with the first factor being the solution for a straight
tube, the second factor being a correction factor. It would be better to
write the correction factor as "1-X ", so that the quantity X gives
the deviation from straight-tube behavior. The quantity X is then
2-1631 SLA=CRL/Ro)] _ _SLE=(Ri/Ro)I(RL/Ro)?
(Ro/R,)’-1 1-(R,/Ro)”
21 3(Ri/Ro)?_____1+(R/Ro) + (Ri /Ro)? ~3(Ri/Ro)”
1+(R,/Ro)+(Ri/Ro) 14(R,/Ro)+(Ri/Ro)"
which then leads to the desired result in Eq. 2B.10-3.
2-72B.11 The cone-and-plate viscometer
a. In a parallel-plate system with rectilinear flow, the
velocity distribution is just 7, /0) = y/b, where b is the plate spacing
and vp is the velocity of the upper plate. We now make the following
correspondences between the parallel-plate system and the cone-
plate system (using 6 as the usual variable in spherical coordinates
measured downward from the z-axis, and y as the variable
measured upward from the plate surface):
0, 2%; WOQr, bersinyy; yorsiny=ry=r(}7-6)
When this correspondence is made, Eq. 2B.11-1 results.
b. From Eq. B.1-19, we get for the force per unit area in the
¢-direction on a face perpendicular to the 0-direction
oe, =p sind 8,
a B96 a
Here we have used the fact that the angle between the cone and
plate is so tiny that @ is very nearly 4 so that sin @ is very close to
unity.
c. The torque is obtained by integrating the force times lever
arm over the entire plate area:
wired C15)
dr =2
Yo Jb 3
T= EE (r0 TM eaattrdo
which leads to Eq. 2B.11-3.
2-182B.12 Flow of a fluid in a network of tubes
At A the pipe splits into three pipes, and at the next set of
junctions the fluid flows equally in six pipes, and then at the next set
of junctions the fluid flows back into three pipes, and finally at B the
fluid is all returned to a single pipe. Call the modified pressure at the
junctions where three pipes split into six pipes P,,, and that where
six pipes join to form three pipes Ps.
Then in each of the first set of three pipes
a(P4-Ps)R'p Lew
= 3 P,-P3 =
3 Bul or 4 Pas5 = aarp
In each of the batch of six pipes
8uLw
or Paso Pena= Gani
and in each of the final batch of 3 pipes
2(Poa3~ Pa )RY :
a or Pos
When all the pressure differences are added together, the unknown
quantities ®, ,, and P,,, cancel out, and we get
8uLw( 5
PrP dels) ot
Rp
aid