Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fig. 9.1
Power-09 OLC.p65
92
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
93
Inverters
C = 1.47
Edc t q
(9.1)
I d (max)
I d (max) t q
(9.2)
Edc
Power-09 OLC.p65
93
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
94
Power Electronics
Fig. 9.2
Power-09 OLC.p65
94
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
95
Inverters
Fig. 9.3
Power-09 OLC.p65
95
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
96
Power Electronics
The three-phase bridge current source is formed by adding a third leg, or half
bridge, to the single-phase circuit of Fig. 9.2. The resulting autosequentially
commutated inverter is used to deliver adjustable frequency a.c. power to a
cage-rotor induction motor or synchronous motor, giving a rugged a.c. motor
drive. In a synchronous motor drive, the auxiliary commutating circuits may be
employed for starting the motor, but when the motor runs at more than 10 per
cent of rated synchronous speed, the generated emfs of the synchronous machine
are adequate for load commutation of the inverter thyristors, and the commutating
circuit is rendered inoperative.
The d.c. link converter is given the characteristics of a controlled current
source by removing the shunt capacitor in the d.c. link and employing a current
regulation loop to control the output d.c. current from the phase controlled rectifier,
as shown in Fig. 9.4 signal representing the desired current is compared with the
actual current, as measured on the d.c. or a.c. side of the rectifier. The difference
is amplified and used to control the rectifier delay angle so that the required
current value is obtained. A large series inductor in the d.c. link circuit filters the
output current from the controlled rectifier. If the polarity of the d.c. link voltage
reverses, the phase controlled converter can function as an inverter, returning
power to the a.c. supply network. Consequently, this converter configuration, in
which a thyristor rectifier feeds a current source inverter, has an inherent
regenerative capability that is advantageous in many drive applications. A drive
rectifier bridge, followed by a current regulated d.c. chopper, is sometimes used
as a non-regenerative current source for the CSI.
Power-09 OLC.p65
96
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
97
Inverters
Fig. 9.4
Power-09 OLC.p65
97
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
98
Power Electronics
iA =
2 3
1
1
I sin w t sin 5w t sin 7w t
p
5
7
1
1
(9.3)
2
1
1
I sin w t + sin 5w t + sin 7w t
p
5
7
1
1
(9.4)
Clearly, the current waveforms delivered by the six-step CSI have pronounced
low order harmonics. In an a.c. motor drive, these harmonics give rise to pulsating
torques and irregular shaft rotation at low speeds, as in the case of six-step VSI
drive.
When an electrical load is fed from an a.c. current source, the terminal voltage
waveform is determined by the response of the load to the applied current. The
di
di
is the rate of change of current.
voltage across the inductor L is L , where
dt
dt
Consequently, the idealised current waveforms of Figs 9.5 and 9.6 cannot be
realized with practical inductive loads because the instantaneous step changes in
current would develop voltage spikes of infinite amplitude. In practical circuits,
the rate of change of load current must be limited to keep the terminal voltage
within the peak voltage capability of the inverter thyristors. The commutation
interval, during which load current is transferred from phase-to-phase, must be
sufficiently long to reduce the rate of change of current to an acceptable value.
This constraint does not drive in a VSI because the feedback diodes provide a
path for inductive load currents to charge the d.c. link capacitor. This arrangement
prevents rapid interruption of load current and clamps the inverter output voltage.
In a CSI, however, there are no reverse current paths because the feedback
diodesare removed, and the commutation interval can only be shortened at the
expense of increased voltage stresses on the inverter devices.
Power-09 OLC.p65
98
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
99
Inverters
Fig. 9.5 ASCI (a) Circuit diagram: (b), (c), (d) idealized a.c. line current
waveform; and (e) thyristor gating sequence
Power-09 OLC.p65
99
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
100
Power Electronics
Fig. 9.6
Power-09 OLC.p65
100
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
101
Inverters
Fig. 9.7
di
is zero except when a step
dt
change in current occurs. Consequently, the terminal voltage is a fundamental
sine-wave with superimposed voltage spikes, as shown in the phase and line
voltage waveforms of Fig. 9.7. The position of the voltage spikes on the motor
voltage waveform clearly depends on the fundamental power factor. These
commutation voltage spikes must not cause the blocking voltage capability of the
inverter thyristors to be exceeded. This voltage restraint is ensured by employing
an induction motor with a small leakage reactance and extending the commutation
interval so that the rate of change of current is not excessive.
In the case of a six-step current supply, L
Power-09 OLC.p65
101
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
102
Power Electronics
Commutating circuit analysis The ASCI has a relatively simple circuit, but an
analysis of the commutating action is complicated due to the fact that the
commutating phase interacts with the other two phases and the motor load.
Figure9.8 shows the CSI feeding a star-connected induction motor. Inverter
operation is assumed to be in a steady state condition with motor speed constant.
The commutating cycle proceeds as follows:
Mode 1: In this mode, the inverter is in the normal operating mode between
commutations. Assume thyristors T 1 and T2 have been conducting for sometime,
so that phases A and C carry current but phase B does not. The resulting current
path is shown in Fig. 9.8(a). Capacitors C1, C3 and C5 are assumed to be charged
with the voltages EL , zero, and EL , respectively. When the inverter is first
switched ON, the capacitors must be precharged with a voltage distribution of
this nature, but the auxiliary precharging circuit is not needed subsequently.
This is the current transfer mode during which motor current transfers
from phase A to phase B, as shown in Fig. 9.8(c). When diode D3 conducts, the
upper capacitor bank is connected in parallel with the motor through diodes D1
and D3. The resulting LC circuit resonates, and in one quarter of the resonant
period the oscillatory current reduces the phase A current from I to zero, and
increase the phase B current from zero to I. Diode D1 then blocks, and the
commutation cycle is complete.
Mode 3:
Power-09 OLC.p65
102
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
103
Inverters
Power-09 OLC.p65
103
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
104
Power Electronics
Fig. 9.8
Power-09 OLC.p65
104
9/27/07, 2:06 PM
105
Inverters
Power-09 OLC.p65
105
9/27/07, 2:06 PM