1.

ABSTRACT:
This Experiment was conducted to learn the relationship between Pressure and
Temperature in a confined container. To achieve this, a metal container was filled
with water and was heated. The values of Pressure were recorded at different
intervals and their corresponding temperature was also noted at the same time. After
that, the process was reversed by cooling the system and the pressure and
temperature values were recorded again. An average was taken for the Heating and
cooling temperature values. These recorded values were compared to the standard
values from the Saturation Tables. The experiment was done with very minute
percentage error of utmost 2.39 %. The result can out to be that as the Temperature
was increased, an increase in Pressure was also seen. This shows that both of
these properties are directly proportional to each other.

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2. INTRODUCTION:
This experiment deals with the Pressure (P) and Temperature (T) relationship
for water. The water is heated and its rising temperature and pressure is recorded at
some intervals. The same is followed, when water is being cooled. These recorded
values were then compared to standard values.
Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is
the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into
its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any
addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition. If the pressure in a system
remains constant (isobaric), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense
into its liquid phase as thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at
saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional
thermal energy is applied. The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which
the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure.
Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure.
Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation
temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and
saturation temperature have a direct relationship: as saturation pressure is increased
so is saturation temperature.
If the temperature in a system remains constant (an isothermal system), vapor
at saturation pressure and temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as
the system pressure is increased. Similarly, a liquid at saturation pressure and
temperature will tend to flash into its vapor phase as system pressure is decreased.

3. APPARATUS:
Some of figures regarding Basic apparatus used are mentioned in Appendix 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Cylindrical boiler
Control panel
Mercury thermometer
Pressure gauge
Graduated tap
Safety valve
Water discharge tap

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4. THEORY:
It is well known that if heat is provided at constant pressure to a liquid, it
undergoes a temperature increase up to a certain point where the temperature
stabilizes and the phase change from liquid to vapor begins. Temperature and
pressure remain constant as long as there is still some liquid in the two-phase
mixture. Any vapor in the presence of the liquid from which it was originated and in
thermal equilibrium conditions with the liquid has a perfectly determined temperature
for each value of pressure.
When heat is provided to water in the boiler, the resulting increase in
molecular activity determines an increase in the rate of evaporation of the water
molecules from the liquid surface: the process continues until equilibrium is reached.
The equilibrium condition is a function of the pressure acting on the liquid-vapor
interface surface; the lower the pressure, the higher the rate of evaporation, and
therefore a lower amount of heat is necessary to reach the equilibrium
condition(boiling).The temperature at which equilibrium exists is called saturation
temperature.
Absolute pressure is the actual pressure at a given position,

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

Patm= pgh
Where,

Pgauge = reading pressure

Patm = atmospheric pressure, KPa
p = density of mercury =13570 kg/m3
h = barometric reading, mmHg

5. PROCEDURE:
1. Water was filled through the filling tap until the water spilled out.
2. Thermometer was then inserted in its plug.
3. The electrical heater was turned on, while the filling tap was kept open, until
steam freely flowed out of the tap. This was done to make sure that all air was
expelled from the boiler. The ambient temperature and pressure was then
read and noted, and the filling tap was closed.

4. The heating process was continued and the thermometer (ascending

temperature) was read for increasing values from atmospheric pressure up to
a maximum relative pressure of 800 KPa.

5. The heater then was turned off and a similar series of readings were
performed by the thermometer (descending temperature), while the boiler was
cooling down.
6. RESULTS:
The readings were recorded after each increase/decrease of 100 KPa of
Pressure. The readings taken during the experiment are mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1: Readings taken during Experiment

Temperature C

No.

Pressure
(KPa)

Ascending

Descending

Average

100

87

117

102

200

116

130

123

300

132

141

136.5

400

142

150

146

500

151

157

154

600

158

165

161.5

700

164

170

167

800

172

172

172

Table 1 is expressed by graph in Figure 1.

T vs P

Pressure (KPa)

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Temperature (C)
Figure 1: Graph between temperature and pressure

7. DISCUSSION:
As it is evident from Figure 1, that Pressure and Temperature graph is
exponential. And as the temperature increases, pressure also increases. The values
we obtained from practical and the actual values from the Saturation tables are
compared in Table 2.
Table 2: Comparison between Experimental and Actual Values

Pressure
(KPa)

Temperature
Values From
Practical TP (C)

Temperature
Values From
Tables To (C)

Percentage Error =

100

102

99.61

2.39 %

200

123

120.21

2.32 %

300

136.5

133.52

2.23 %

400

146

143.61

1.66 %

500

154

151.83

1.42 %

600

161.5

158.83

1.68 %

700

167

164.95

1.24 %

800

172

170.41

0.93 %

No.

|T p T o|

x 100

One interesting thing that can be noted in Table 2 is that generally as the
pressure and Temperature increases, the percentage error in our experimental value
decreased.
The maximum error we got in our reading was 2.39%, which is not very much
for an experimental value. This minute error in our reading can be due to faulty
apparatus like zero error in pressure gauge.

8. CONCLUSION:
From the results we got, it can be concluded that the saturated Temperature is
the same for a specific value of pressure whether the liquid is heating-up or coolingdown.
Furthermore, it can be stated that increasing the temperature increases
Pressure inside a closed container.
9. REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Gay-Lussac.27s_law
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

10. NOTATION:
T = Temperature (C)
P = Pressure (KPa)
p = density
h = barometric readings
KPa = Kilo-Pascals (1 Bar = 100 KPa)

11. APPENDIX:
Appendix 1: Basic Apparatus used for the experiment

Pressure Gauge

Laboratory Thermometer