50 Grades of Stainless Steel

50 Grades of Stainless Steel
304/304L 1.4301/1.4307
S30400/S30403
Domestic sink
Food and drink processing
For 2014, the BSSA has selected 50 grades to illustrate the many useful properties of
stainless steel. The basis for the selection is the frequency with which a grade appears
in the Stainless Steel Advisory Services Enquiry Database.
What should the first grade be? Not surprisingly, 304 (1.4301) and its variants are the most common
grades in the SSAS database. This reflects the market as a whole.
Approximate Composition 18% Cr 8% Ni (exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM
standards).
This grade combines the following characteristics:
Good corrosion resistance
Good weldability
Excellent ductility giving stretch formability in pressings
Hygienic surfaces
Work hardening for spring properties
Ease of manufacture at the steel mill
This combination of properties leads to the grade being used for a wide range of applications
including:
Sinks, pots and pans, catering surfaces, architectural cladding, handrails, food processing, water
treatment, pressure vessels, transport containers, surgical instruments, building support products,
refrigeration equipment, watch cases, automotive trim, street furniture, anaerobic digestion, chemical
plant, sanitaryware.
This is merely a sample of the applications for 304/304L (1.4301/1.4307). Despite the competition
from grades with a similar corrosion resistance, this grade is likely to continue to form the backbone
of the stainless steel market for some years to come.
316/316L 1.4401/1.4404
S31600/S31603
Offshore Oil and Gas
Pharmaceutical Isolator
Courtesy of White Bros
Grade 316 (1.4401) is the second in this series of articles about stainless steel grades.
It is the most common grade which highlights the benefits of molybdenum (Mo).
Approximate Composition 17% Cr 10% Ni 2% Mo (exact composition ranges vary between EN

and ASTM standards).
Mo enhances the corrosion resistance of stainless steel even in relatively small amounts. 1% of Mo
is worth about 3% of Cr in terms of corrosion resistance.
In environments where 304 (1.4301) is found to be inadequate, 316 (1.4401) is the natural first grade
to be considered. Typical environments where 316 (1.4401) is used are high chloride (saline,
coastal), heavy urban, acidic, high temperature solutions. Like all austenitic stainless steels, 316
(1.4401) has good welding and forming characteristics.
Typical applications which demonstrate the improved corrosion resistance of 316(1.4401) include:
Pharmaceutical plant, chemical processing, offshore oil and gas platform topside equipment,
architectural applications in urban and coastal conditions, food processing, water treatment,
pressure vessels, transport containers, swimming pool fittings and fixtures, marine structures, yacht
fittings, laboratory equipment, heat exchangers.
316 (1.4401) will continue to be an important grade of stainless steel in the more demanding
applications for many years to come.
430 1.4016 S43000
Washing Machine Drum
Extractor Unit
Grade 430 (1.4016) is the most common ferritic stainless steel grade in sheet form. It
features in many familiar everyday items.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr (exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM
standards).
Fair corrosion resistance

Fair weldability (in thin sections)
Excellent deep drawing properties
Cost effectiveness due to absence of nickel
Hygienic surfaces
Magnetic
Thermal expansion comparable to carbon steel
Indoor conditions are usually compatible with the use of 430 (1.4016). Mild chemicals such as
detergents and cleaning fluids are safe to use with this grade.
Typical applications include:
Washing machine drums, cutlery, kitchen utensils, catering equipment, microwave oven liners, kick
plates, lifts, induction heated pots and pans, cooker hobs, air extraction units, automotive trim, hose
clamps, window hinges.
430 (1.4016) is a cost-effective material in many mild environments and will continue to be so for
many years.
2205 Duplex 1.4462 S31803/S32205
Beckton Desalination Plant
Fasteners for Pumps and Valves
Courtesy of Millstock Stainless
Courtesy of West Special Fasteners
2205 Duplex is a generic term for the most common of the duplex stainless steels. It
has become the grade of choice where 316/316L does not have adequate corrosion
resistance.
Approximate Composition 22% Cr 5% Ni 3% Mo 0.15% N (exact composition ranges vary
between EN and ASTM standards).
Design strength 2 times that of standard austenitic grades

Excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking
Good weldability
Moderate impact toughness down to minus 80C
Many chemical and marine processes operate in very aggressive conditions. These push the more
familiar grades such as 316/316L (1.4401/1.4404) beyond their limits. 2205 Duplex (1.4462)
provides a significant improvement in corrosion resistance. The increased strength can also lead to
a reduction in section thickness which means that the overall cost can be comparable to that of
316/316L. Resistance to stress corrosion cracking is particularly important in chemical and food
processing above 50C. Although weldability is good, fabricators need to be trained in the specific
parameters required to produce sound welds.
Offshore oil and gas, chemical processing, desalination plant, pulp and paper, sculptures in coastal
locations, brewing, food processing, bridges, tensioning systems, nuclear reprocessing, tunnel
infrastructure, chemical tanker ships.
2205 Duplex (1.4462) is the natural choice for more aggressive environments.
420 1.4021/1.4028/1.4031/1.4034
S42000
Bearings
Surgical Instruments
Grade 420 is a descendant of the martensitic grade which was invented by Harry
Brearley in Sheffield in 1913. It is a hardenable stainless steel used for its basic
corrosion resistance, high strength and wear resistance.
Approximate Composition 12% Cr (exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM
standards). The EN system defines several grades which fit into 420 by narrow ranges of carbon
content whilst the ASTM system defines 420 with 0.15% minimum carbon only.
Basic corrosion resistance

High hardness and strength
Controlled balance of mechanical properties by hardening and tempering
High wear resistance
Cost effectiveness due to low chromium content and absence of nickel
Magnetic
Not easy to weld

Cutlery blades, solids handling, surgical instruments, plastic moulding, drive shafts, bearings, gears,
springs, conveying equipment, cargo handling, tools, seaweed driers.
420 is a great choice for basic corrosion resistance, good strength and wear resistance.
431 1.4057 S43100

S80 (aerospace grade)
Hydraulic Ram
Prop Shaft for Motor Boat
Grade 431 (1.4057) is the all round engineering martensitic stainless steel, combining
fair corrosion resistance with good strength and impact toughness.
Approximate Composition 15% Cr 2% Ni (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and
ASTM standards). Old BS 970 431S29 still used for its higher Ni content.
Fair corrosion resistance (better than 420)

Wear resistance
Controlled balance of mechanical properties by hardening and tempering
Improved toughness compared to 420 due to lower carbon and nickel addition
Magnetic
Not easy to weld
431 has one of the best combinations of corrosion resistance, high strength and good impact
toughness of all the stainless steels. This accounts for its popularity in a wide range of engineering
applications which include:
Drive shafts, propeller shafts, bearings, gears, hydraulic rams, valve stems, actuators, satellite parts,
conveyor drive systems, hi-fi equipment stands, packaging machinery, crane pins, seat dampers for
boats, mixing blades, golf clubs.
431 offers a cost-effective solution in many challenging engineering applications.
Superduplex 1.4410/1.4501/1.4507
S32750/S32760/S32550
Cable Protection Fasteners
Filtration Screens from Wedge Wire
Courtesy of West Special Fasteners
Courtesy of Hempel Wire
Superduplex is a generic term covering a range of highly alloyed grades developed for
use in highly aggressive conditions, notably in sea water.
Approximate Composition 25% Cr 7% Ni 3.5% Mo 0.25% N (nitrogen) plus optional Cu
(copper) and W (tungsten). (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance (PREN > 40)
Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance
Good yield strength (550 MPa minimum)
Good impact toughness down to minus 50C
Cu bearing grades excellent resistance to sulphuric acid
Knowledge required to maintain properties in fabrication
The superduplex grades are used in extremely aggressive conditions notably in seawater and high
chloride or acidic chemical processes. Their complex metallurgy means that the process parameters
must be kept within narrow ranges to maintain the required microstructure, corrosion resistance and
impact toughness. This is especially true in welding. Therefore, fabricators require relevant training
and approvals to work effectively with this material.
Applications include:
Oil and gas subsea, desalination, chemical processing, pulp and paper, valves, pumps, fish stunning
electrodes, firewater systems.
Superduplex grades provide a combination of high corrosion resistance and strength in very
aggressive conditions.
1.4003 S40977
Dennis Eagle Elite 2 Refuse Vehicle

Courtesy of Dennis Eagle
Painted Electrical Enclosure
Developed originally as 3CR12 in South Africa, 1.4003 is a low cost stainless steel used
as a cost effective substitute for galvanised and painted carbon steels. It is sometimes
termed a utility ferritic grade.
Approximate Composition 11% Cr 0.5% Ni (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and
ASTM standards).
Basic corrosion resistance (lowest grade classed as stainless steel)

Composition balanced to give good weldability in thick sections in contrast to other ferritic grades
Moderate impact toughness
Moderate wear resistance
Low cost
Many applications require some degree of corrosion resistance without needing to maintain an
aesthetic appearance. The key property is to maintain section thickness rather than looking the
part. The grade was originally developed to serve the mining industry in South Africa where large
amounts were used for handling ores in the form of wagons, hoppers and chutes. The basic
corrosion resistance, wear resistance, weldability and low cost provided a winning combination. In
some applications the steel is painted to provide additional corrosion resistance.
Applications have expanded to a wide range since the initial development to include:
Coach frames, minibus chassis, sugar beet handling, malting vessels, electrical enclosures, fuel
tanks, chimneys, refuse vehicles, fertiliser storage, rail wagons, conveying equipment for dry
material, lintels, laboratory work surfaces
1.4003 is the lowest cost stainless steel. Provided aesthetic appearance is not an issue, it provides a
good solution. Care needs to be exercised in using it as a substitute for higher grades on cost
grounds alone.
6% Mo 1.4529/1.4547 N08926/S31254
Internal pumps and valves for submarines

Courtesy of Stainless Steel Fasteners
Desalination plant pipework

Courtesy of Outokumpu Stainless
6% Mo is a generic term for several highly alloyed austenitic grades. They have been
developed for highly aggressive seawater and chemical processing environments.
Approximate Composition 20% Cr, 18-24% Ni, 6% Mo, 0.2% N plus Cu (Exact composition
ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance (PREN > 40, comparable to superduplex
Excellent resistance to strong acids
Approved for use for structural components in swimming pools
Higher yield strength than standard austenitic stainless steels
Good impact toughness at sub-zero temperatures (better than superduplex)
Improved formability compared to superduplex
Careful control of welding parameters required
Viable alternative to expensive nickel base alloys
Applications which illustrate these features include:

Pulp and paper, desalination, chemical processing, chemical tanker ships, heat exchangers, metal
refining, flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), swimming pool structural components, offshore oil and
gas, submarines, aggressive food processing e.g. soy sauce, condenser tubing.
6% Mo grades are at the top end of the stainless steel spectrum giving excellent service in very
aggressive environments.
10 310 1.4845 S31008
Heat Treatment Basket
Fasteners for Furnace Linings
Courtesy of NeoNickel
Courtesy of Hague Fasteners
310 is the workhorse high temperature steel. Its fully austenitic structure allows it to
double as a non-magnetic stainless steel at normal temperatures.
Approximate Composition 25% Cr 20% Ni (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and
ASTM standards).
Excellent oxidation resistance to 1050C

Good carburisation resistance
Good sulphidation resistance
Good resistance to molten metals
Low magnetic permeability
310 is the most common grade of heat resistant stainless steel. It is the most likely heat resistant
grade to be stocked in a wide range of product forms and will cope with a wide range of high
temperature conditions. The high Cr (25%) contributes to the general strength of the passive layer.
The high Ni (20%) reduces the differential in thermal expansion between the passive layer and the
base metal, thereby increasing resistance to spalling in thermal cycling conditions.
The high Ni content leads to a fully austenitic structure which gives a very low magnetic response.
The high alloy content also gives a high resistance to martensite formation on cold working.
Therefore, 310 is also used in specialised non-magnetic applications. It is more widely available than
the correct non-magnetic grades like 304LN and 316LN.
Heat treatment furnaces and accessories, power generation, cement production, burners, metal
sintering, waste incineration, refractory anchors, glass making, scientific instruments.
11
17-4 PH 630 1.4542 S17400
Post Tensioning Bar

Courtesy of Macalloy
Load Cell
Grade 17-4 PH (1.4542) is perhaps the most common example of the precipitation
hardening stainless grades. It combines good corrosion resistance with high strength
and good impact toughness.
Approximate Composition 16% Cr, 4% Ni, 4% Cu plus Nb (niobium) (Exact composition
Good corrosion resistance (just below that of 304)

Controlled balance of mechanical properties by ageing (precipitation hardening)

Improved toughness compared to 431 including use at sub-zero temperatures for the softer
conditions
Magnetic
Easier to weld than martensitic grades like 420 and 431
17-4 PH develops its high strength from the precipitation of copper particles in its martensitic matrix.
It comes in various conditions denoted by H plus ageing temperature in F, for example H900,
H1025 etc. The higher the ageing temperature, the lower is the strength and the higher are the
ductility and toughness. The minimum 0.2% PS varies from 520 MPa to 1170 MPa depending on the
condition. The combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance finds uses in:
Drive shafts, bearings, gears, hydraulic rams, valve stems, load cells, bridge bearings, tensioning
systems, golf clubs, quick release pins, fasteners, aerospace, medical devices, food processing,
conveying equipment, fall arrest systems
17-4 PH is the natural choice of high strength, corrosion resistant steel particularly where standard
martensitic grades like 431 arent quite good enough.
12 Lean Duplex
1.4062/1.4162/1.4362/1.4482/1.4662
S32202/S32101/S32304/S32001/S82441
Footbridge
Masonry Support Anchors
Courtesy of Outokumpu
Courtesy of Modersohn/Aperam
Lean Duplex is a generic term covering a range of stainless steel grades which are
designed to have corrosion resistance in the spectrum of 304 to 316 or slightly beyond
but with at least twice the design strength at lower cost.
Approximate Composition 20-24% Cr, 1.0-4.0% Ni, low Mo 0.1-0.25% plus N (Exact
composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
These grades combine the following characteristics:
Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance in range of 304 to just above 316
Good stress corrosion cracking resistance
Good yield strength (450 MPa minimum up to 550 MPa). 2-2.5 times design strength of
304/316
Good impact toughness to minus 50C
Good weldability. Parameters less critical than standard duplex and superduplex grades
Cost effectiveness due to low alloy content especially Ni and Mo
Moderate formability. Higher power required due to higher strength. Special formability
grades being developed
Lean duplex grades offer a cost effective alternative to standard austenitic grades like 304/304L and
316/316L. With the higher design strength, section thickness can often be reduced leading to
significant weight and cost reduction. Each grade in this category should be evaluated on its own
merits.
Storage vessels, domestic hot water tanks, structural sections, lintels, reinforcing bar, bridges,
building support products.
13
XM-19 1.3964 (W Nr)

S20910
Yacht Rigging
Valves
Courtesy of AK Steel
XM-19, often known by its AK Steel brand name of Nitronic 50 , is a high strength
nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steel. It has superior corrosion resistance and
strength compared to 316/316L.
Approximate Composition 21% Cr, 5.0% Mn, 12.0% Ni, 2.0% Mo, 0.3% N plus Nb and V
(vanadium). Grade 1.3964 does not appear officially in the EN system but is found in SEW 390 as
Werkstoff Nummer (W Nr) 1.3964.
Better pitting and crevice corrosion resistance than 316/316L and 317L depending on the
environment
Good yield strength (415 MPa minimum) in solution annealed condition
Special hot working processes allow yield strength of up to 800 MPa dependent on section
size
Extremely high strength by cold drawing
Impact toughness down to cryogenic temperatures. Advantage over high strength duplex
grades
Use at up to 580C. Advantage over duplex grades (300C maximum)
Non-magnetic even with high levels of cold work
Difficult to machine due to high hardness
XM-19 offers an excellent combination of high strength and corrosion resistance. Its main advantage
over competitive materials like duplex grades is its much wider band of useful temperatures both at
the high and low end of the spectrum. Increased solubility of nitrogen for high strength is achieved
with the high manganese content. Its non-magnetic properties are vital in specialist applications like
submarine hulls and minesweepers.
Offshore oil and gas connectors and couplings, chemical storage vessels, marine drive shafts, pump
shafts, valves, yacht rigging, submarine hulls.
14
409 1.4512 S40900
Exhaust Components
Catalytic Converter
409 is a low cost ferritic stainless steel. Its dominant use is in vehicle exhaust systems,
so much so that it is often referred to as muffler grade.
Approximate Composition 11% Cr plus Ti (titanium). (Exact composition ranges vary between
EN and ASTM standards).
Basic corrosion and oxidation resistance
Composition balanced for optimum formability
Weldable only in thin sections due to fully ferritic structure
Low cost and limited cost variation due to low alloy content
Automotive exhaust systems have to withstand aggressive conditions from high temperatures at the
manifold end, sulphuric acid condensate and de-icing salt. Given the severity of these conditions, it
can seem surprising that the 11% Cr 409 grade has met the challenge for many years. Exhaust
components are also required to be bent, expanded and pressed into all sorts of convoluted shapes.
The ability of a ferritic steel to meet these formability requirements is little short of amazing.
Other applications include:
Heat exchangers, gas boilers, fuel filters.
15 Stabilised Austenitics 321/347

1.4541/1.4550 S32100/S34700
A380 Airbus
Heat Exchangers
Courtesy of Airbus
Courtesy of Hunt Thermal Technologies Ltd
The stabilised austenitic grades 321 and 347 are similar to 304 but with Ti or Nb to
improve intergranular corrosion resistance. They also have superior high temperature
mechanical properties compared to 304/304L.
Approximate Composition 18% Cr, 9% Ni plus Ti (titanium) or Nb (niobium). (Exact
Similar pitting corrosion resistance to 304L
Intergranular corrosion resistance equal to 304L
Improved high temperature 0.2% proof strength compared to 304L. 20% higher at 100C,
45% higher at 550C
Improved creep strength compared to 304L
Weldability equal to 304L
Difficult to achieve good polished finish due to carbides in the microstructure
In the early phase of the development of austenitic stainless steels like 304, the carbon content was
high around 0.1%. On welding, it was found that the chromium reacted with the carbon to produce
chromium carbide. This removes chromium from the matrix of the steel and effectively weakens the
passive film near to the weld leading to corrosion, known as weld decay. It was found that adding
titanium (321) or niobium (347) solved this problem by preferentially combining with the carbon
leaving the chromium to do its job of forming the passive layer. With the advent of low cost
steelmaking processes like AOD (argon oxygen decarburisation) and VOD (vacuum oxygen
decarburisation), low carbon grades like 304L, with a maximum carbon content of 0.030%, have
virtually eliminated intergranular corrosion. 321 and 347 are now mainly used for their improved high
temperature properties compared to 304L.
Heat exchangers, gas boilers, aerospace, exhaust systems, process plant, element tubing, power
generation, rocket engine parts.
16
904L 1.4539 N08904
Sulphuric Acid Plant
Chimney Liners
904L was originally developed for sulphuric acid service, particularly in concentrations
from 20% to 85%. Its high chromium and molybdenum also makes it more resistant to
pitting corrosion than standard grades such as 316/316L.
Approximate Composition 20% Cr, 25% Ni, 4.0% Mo, 1.5% Cu plus N (Exact composition
Excellent resistance to sulphuric acid across the complete concentration range
Good pitting and crevice corrosion resistance (PREN ~ 32 , comparable to 2205 duplex)
Good impact toughness at sub-zero temperatures (better than duplex)
Improved formability compared to duplex
Non-magnetic. Fully austenitic and very resistant to martensitic transformation
Good weldability but care is needed to avoid solidification cracking
904L is a good example of the development of an alloy for a specific purpose. Sulphuric acid is one
of the most common basic chemicals. Chemical plants require the storage and transport of this acid
at a range of concentrations. In dilute acid, up to about 20%, and in concentrated acid greater than
85%, grade 316L can reasonably be used at ambient temperature. 904L plugs the gap in between
and reduces the corrosion rate compared to 316L at low and medium concentrations. It achieves this
by using the combined effects of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper.
The high chromium and molybdenum contents also give a good resistance to chloride pitting and
crevice corrosion, comparable to 2205 duplex. This is particularly useful when 2205 duplex is ruled
out on grounds of sub-zero impact toughness, formability, service above 300 deg C or magnetic
properties.
Pulp and paper, chemical processing, heat exchangers, flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), offshore oil
and gas, food processing, chimney liners.
904L is an excellent choice for sulphuric acid and other aggressive environments.
17
304LN 1.4311 S30453
MRI Scanner
Cryogenic Portable Tank Container
Courtesy of Siemens
Courtesy UBH International
304LN is used where an extremely low level of magnetic permeability is required. This
derives from its high nitrogen content.
Approximate Composition 18% Cr, 9% Ni, 0.15% N (Exact composition ranges vary between
Moderate pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Excellent impact toughness at sub-zero temperatures
Higher 0.2% PS than 304L
Non-magnetic. Very low ferrite level and very resistant to martensitic transformation. Relative
magnetic permeability < 1.005
Good weldability. Care needed to avoid solidification cracking
304LN was originally developed as a higher strength version of 304L using nitrogen. However, the
increase in strength is only modest and duplex grades are now mostly used for this purpose. The
grade is now used in specialised applications where a very low magnetic response is needed. In
standard 304L, a typical level of relative magnetic permeability is around 1.05-1.1 due to small
amounts of ferrite in the austenitic structure. A completely non-magnetic material would have a value
of 1.0. 304LN can achieve a maximum value of around 1.005, which is the lowest practical level of
any steel grade. It is also very resistant to transformation to the magnetic martensitic phase which
can occur on forming or cooling to very low temperatures. Therefore, its main uses are in specialised
equipment where magnetic interference needs to be avoided and/or for use in cryogenic
equipment.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, reinforcing bar for structures surrounding MRI
scanners, pressure vessels, cryogenic applications.
304LN is the archetypal non-magnetic grade.
18
430F 1.4105 S43020
Anti-Lock Brake System
Solenoid Valve
430F is used where a high level of magnetic permeability is required. This derives from
its fully ferritic structure. Its high level of machinability allows volume throughput of
components.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 0.15% minimum S (sulphur) (Exact composition ranges
vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Fair pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Soft magnetic properties. Low coercivity giving reversibly magnetic properties in

electromagnetic devices
High magnetic permeability
Excellent machinability
430F is the most common stainless steel grade used for electromagnetic devices. Although its
magnetic properties are not as good as the iron-silicon alloys, where corrosion resistance is
required, it provides an excellent combination of properties. The processing of the grade is also
important to ensure the optimum microstructure. The test certificate includes details of the magnetic
properties where applicable.
Magnetic cores, solenoid valves, relays, fuel injection systems, anti-lock braking systems,
electromagnetic pumps.
19
303 1.4305 S30300
Machine Tool Probe Sensor Housing
Machine Tool Probe Sensor Housing
Courtesy of Renishaw plc
Courtesy of Renishaw plc
303 is the most common free-machining grade using sulphur to produce sulphides
allowing easier chip-breaking during machining. Basically it is 304 with sulphur.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 8% Ni, 0.15% minimum S (sulphur) (Exact composition
Fair pitting corrosion resistance but significantly lower than 304.
Improved machinability compared to 304. Machinability index 60% improvement compared

to 304
Poor weldability
Higher leaching rates of Cr and Ni than normal austenitic stainless steels
303 is a basic stainless steel where high productivity is required. Normally, austenitic stainless steels
like 304 are difficult to machine. The high work hardening rate of austenitic stainless steels produces
greater tool wear and a tendency to produce stringy chips during machining. The situation is made
worse by the lower thermal conductivity and higher thermal expansion of these steels.
303 uses sulphur (0.15/0.35%) to produce a large number of manganese sulphide inclusions. These
inclusions allow increased speeds and reduced tool wear.
The disadvantages of sulphide inclusions are reduced corrosion resistance, poor weldability and
greater propensity to leach chromium and nickel ions in contact with aqueous fluids. The last item
means that 303 is not authorised to be used in contact with drinking water nor for jewellery.
Nevertheless, 303 is used in many applications where basic corrosion resistance is required.
Threaded fasteners, shafts, valve bodies, precision measurement devices, pneumatic manifolds.
20
301 1.4310 S30100
Springs
Gripple Wire Joiner
Courtesy of Applied Springs and Stainless Band
Courtesy of Gripple
301 is a low nickel, higher carbon variant of 304. Its dominant purpose is to increase the
work hardening capability of this austenitic grade of stainless steel to produce very high
strength thin strip and wire.
Approximate Composition 16.5% Cr, 7% Ni, 0.07% C (Exact composition ranges vary between
Good pitting corrosion resistance but slightly lower than 304 due to lower Cr
Very high work hardening rate leading to very high strength. Minimum UTS of 1900 MPa
possible compared to 1300 MPa for 304 (1.4301) in the EN standards for springs
Work hardening producing high level of magnetic response
Higher carbon leading to greater susceptibility to intergranular corrosion
The high work hardening rate of 301 allows it to be used for a wide range of applications where
springiness is the primary requirement. The degree of springiness varies with the amount of cold
rolling for strip or cold drawing for wire products. In the EN spring steel standards, the cold worked
conditions are designated in the form +C700 up to +C1900 where the number stands for the
minimum UTS in MPa. The ASTM system uses designations such as hard, hard, hard and
full hard, which cover the range of minimum UTS from 860 to 1275 MPa for grade 301.
Springs, banding, clamps, clips, airframe sections, roll formed sections, wire mesh, seat belts, push
feed systems, sash windows.
21
201 1.4372 S20100
Sink
Pots and Pans
201 is typical of the 200 series of stainless steels. These steels use manganese to
replace nickel in austenitic stainless steels, mainly in order to make them lower cost.
201 is broadly similar to 304 for corrosion resistance but with some important
differences in mechanical properties.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 6.0% Mn, 4.5% Ni, 0.10% N. (Exact composition ranges vary
Good pitting and crevice corrosion resistance similar to 304
Higher strength than 304. 350 MPa minimum 0.2% PS compared to 230 MPa for 304
Higher work hardening rate than 304 leading to different forming characteristics
High manganese leads to greater refractory erosion in melting shops
201 is a typical austenitic manganese bearing stainless steel. The 200 series steels vary greatly
from one region to another. There is a very large market in India and China for kitchen utensils and
catering equipment. This is mainly due to the scarcity of nickel in those countries. The USA also has
a relatively high usage. In contrast, Europe has a much lower usage, preferring the nickel bearing
300 series. Although 201 and 304 are comparable in corrosion resistance, potential substitution
should be carefully considered particularly in the area of forming.
Pots and pans, sinks, catering equipment, banding, automotive trim, shipping containers, air bags,
window channel spacers.
22
S21800
Ball Valve
Bridge Bearing
S21800, often known by its AK Steel brand name of Nitronic 60 , is a galling and wear
resistant nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steel. It has superior corrosion resistance
to 316L.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 8.0% Mn, 4.0% Si, 8.0% Ni, 0.15% N. There is no equivalent
in the EN system.
Good pitting and crevice corrosion resistance (better than 316L) based on a wide range of
applications, despite its low Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)
High wear resistance. Weight loss reduced by 80% compared to 304 in abrasion test
Cavitation erosion resistance better than standard austenitic and duplex grades
Excellent galling resistance in contact with itself and other stainless steels
0.2% PS 50% higher than standard austenitic grades 304 and 316 in annealed condition
High work hardening rate allows 0.2% PS of 600 MPa minimum by cold drawing
Good weldability
More difficult to machine than standard austenitic grades due to its high wear resistance
Stainless steels in general are prone to cold welding or galling when rubbed together under stress.
The typical situation occurs in the threads of a bolt and nut or tapped hole. This is due to local
breakdown of the passive film on the surface of the steel. S21800 was specifically developed to
combat this problem. It uses a combination of Mn, Si, Ni and N to produce a highly stable and
adherent passive oxide film. The high wear resistance is also a key feature of the grade.
Fasteners, bridge pins, bridge bearings, valve stems, bearings, chain drives, impellers, wear rings,
space research, surgical instruments.
23
F6NM 1.4313 S41500
Offshore Oil and Gas
Hydro-Electric Power
F6NM is a lowcarbon martensitic stainless steel with basic corrosion resistance, good
strength, good toughness and much better weldability than most martensitic grades of
stainless steel.
Approximate Composition 13% Cr, 4.0% Ni, 0.5% Mo 0.05% C (EN and ASTM standards vary
in chemical composition).
Basic pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Moderate sulphide stress cracking resistance
Good yield strength (520 to 800 MPa minimum in EN standard depending on heat treatment)
Better toughness than most martensitic grades (one of only 2 martensitic grades with
guaranteed sub-zero impact toughness in EN pressure standards)
Good weldability compared to other martensitic grades. Still requires pre- and post-weld heat
treatment
F6NM is martensitic grade of stainless steel with several important enhancements. The molybdenum
addition gives an improved corrosion resistance. The low carbon gives much improved weldability
and along with the nickel produces excellent toughness. The dominant use of this grade is in the oil
and gas industry.
Valve bodies, flanges, valve seats, oil field equipment, hydro-electric turbine systems, pumps,
chemical process plant, pressure die casting.
24
1.4835 S30815
Exhaust Manifold
Radiant Tubes
Courtesy of NeoNickel
1.4835, often known by its Outokumpu brand name of 253MA, is a heat-resistant

austenitic stainless steel. It is designed to have similar heat resistance to 310 but with
higher creep strength due to strengthening with nitrogen.
Approximate Composition 21% Cr, 1.7% Si, 11.0% Ni, 0.15% N plus Ce (cerium). (EN and
ASTM standards vary in chemical composition).
Oxidation resistance better than grade 310 particularly in cyclic conditions at lower cost due
to reduced nickel content
Higher creep strength than 310 at typical operating temperatures (850-1150C) allowing
thinner sections
Low susceptibility to brittle sigma phase formation
Good weldability
The high temperature resistance of 253MA derives from its combination of chromium, silicon, nickel
and cerium. In particular, the combination of cerium and silicon provides a tightly adherent oxide film.
Nitrogen is used to balance the austenitic microstructure allowing a reduction in nickel content and
therefore cost compared to the standard heat resistant grade 310. As an example of the higher
creep strength, it is 2.5 times higher than 310 at 900C.
Heat exchangers, furnaces, glass making, fans, flame tubes, refractory anchors, heat treatment
trays, incinerators, exhaust manifolds.
25
12% CrMoV 1.4923 (typical grade)
Oil Refining
Power Generation
12 Chrome Moly Van steels are a series of martensitic stainless steels designed for
use at moderately high temperatures. 1.4923 is a typical grade in this series. The
dominant application is steam power generating plant.
Approximate Composition 12% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 1.0% Mo, 0.30% V(vanadium), 0.20% C
(approximate EN composition, no comparable ASTM grade).

Moderate strength 800 MPa UTS, 600 MPa 0.2% PS at room temperature
Moderate high temperature strength 280 MPa 0.2% PS at 550C
Good creep strength 137 MPa rupture stress at 550C at 100000 hours
Moderate toughness typically 50 J at room temperature
Basic corrosion resistance
Weldable with care. Requires pre and post weld heat treatment
The 12% CrMoV series of steels can be regarded as a development of the original Harry Brearley
cutlery grade. By adding nickel, molybdenum and vanadium to the basic 12% Cr grade, the strength
is improved especially at high temperature. The key property is creep strength. Creep is the
phenomenon where a material continues to deform with time under stress. For steels it is important
to take account of creep above about 450C. Typical steam temperatures for power generation are
approximately 550C which explains the extensive use of these grades in this application sector.
Further enhancements of the 12% CrMoV grades have been developed with additions of tungsten,
cobalt, niobium and nitrogen. These have often been known by brand names such as FV 448, FV
535, Jethete M152.
Pressure equipment, high temperature bolting, steam turbines, nuclear reactors, gas turbines,
petroleum refining.
26
A286/660 1.4980 S66286
Gas Turbine Parts
Jet Engine Parts
A286 is an austenitic precipitation hardened (PH) stainless steel. It has excellent creep
strength and can be used at higher temperatures (up to 700C) than the 12% CrMoV
martensitic stainless steels.
Approximate Composition 15% Cr, 25.0% Ni, 1.3% Mo, 0.30% V, 0.05% C, 2.0% Ti, 0.15% Al
(Exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Moderate strength 900 MPa UTS, 600 MPa 0.2% PS at room temperature
Excellent high temperature strength 460 MPa 0.2% PS at 550C, 380 MPa at 650C
Excellent creep strength 415 MPa rupture stress at 550C at 100000 hours, 132 MPa at
650C
Good toughness due to austenitic structure, even at cryogenic temperatures
Good corrosion resistance
Very low magnetic permeability
Weldable with care.
A286 is a metallurgically complex stainless steel. Its main purpose is to provide high temperature
creep strength. Creep is time dependent deformation at elevated temperatures. It does this using a
precipitation hardening mechanism involving a compound of nickel, titanium and aluminium. This
compound is formed in tiny particles by solution annealing at 980C followed by an ageing treatment
at about 720C. It is these particles which impart the very high strength to this grade. Although not
primarily designed for use at low temperatures, the combination of high strength, good toughness
and non-magnetic properties make it a candidate for cryogenic applications.

Pressure equipment, high temperature bolting, steam turbines, nuclear reactors, gas turbines, rocket
engines, jet engines, exhaust systems, cryogenics.
27
1.4886 N08330
Metals Processing
Radiant Tubes
1.4886, often known by its Rolled Alloys brand name RA330 , is a high temperature
austenitic stainless steel with superior performance to standard grades such as 310.
Approximate Composition 18% Cr, 35.0% Ni, Si 1.25%, 0.05% C (Exact composition ranges
Excellent oxidation resistance up to 1150C
Excellent carburisation resistance up to 1150C
Excellent thermal shock resistance
Good resistance to oxidising sulphur atmospheres
Excellent resistance to sigma phase formation
Good weldability
This grade is regarded as one the best all-round high temperature stainless steels due to its
chromium and high nickel content. Indeed, it is classed as a nickel alloy in the UNS system. The
addition of silicon gives it carburisation resistance. Its fully austenitic structure and the absence of
elements such as molybdenum give it a high resistance to forming embrittling sigma phase.
Muffles, retorts, heat treatment baskets, refractory fixings, salt pots, radiant tubes, conveyors,
furnace fans.
28
1.4418
Cement Plant
Hydrofoil Legs
1.4418 is a martensitic stainless steel with enhanced corrosion resistance and

weldability.
Approximate Composition 16% Cr, 1.0% Mo, 5.0% Ni, 0.04% C (EN composition range. No
ASTM equivalent).
Best pitting corrosion resistance of all martensitic stainless steel grades approaching that of
304
Good strength. 700 MPa 0.2%PS, 900 MPa UTS at room temperature
Excellent toughness, 80 J at room temperature. 40 J at -20C
Good weldability, especially for a martensitic stainless steel. No preheating required. Post
weld tempering recommended
Good wet abrasion resistance
This grade is designed to achieve a good balance of corrosion resistant and mechanical properties.
The chromium and molybdenum provides corrosion resistance. The low carbon and increased nickel
content provides a high strength martensitic structure but with good toughness. There are also
significant amounts of austenite and ferrite in the steel. This structure also gives a much improved
weldability compared to normal higher carbon martensitic grades. It is proving to be a replacement
for grade 431 (1.4057) in some applications.
Mining, cement plants, hydrofoil legs, anti-seismic applications, helicopter landing grids, penstocks,
hydroelectric turbine blades, hardboard and chipboard press plate, propeller shafting, pulp and
paper.
29
420MoV 1.4116 X50CrMoV15
Knives
EN Name Used for Marketing
X50CrMoV15 is a high hardness martensitic stainless steel. In strip form, its dominant
use is for high quality knife blades. This is a rare, possibly a unique, example of the EN
Name of a stainless steel grade being used for marketing purposes.
Approximate Composition 15% Cr, 0.7% Mo, 0.15% V, 0.50% C (EN composition range. No
ASTM equivalent).
Very high hardness Up to 56 Rockwell C
Retention of blade sharpness
Moderate corrosion resistance better than standard 12% martensitic grades
Poor weldability
X50CrMoV15 uses the moderately high carbon content of 0.50% to develop a high hardness
martensitic microstructure. The higher chromium plus small molybdenum addition gives a greater
corrosion resistance than standard martensitic grades. Vanadium allows higher tempering
temperatures to be used and gives greater toughness.
High quality knives, cutting tools.
30
1.4828
Lamborghini Exhaust System
Heat Treatment Furnace
1.4828 is a heat resistant austenitic stainless steel. It has improved oxidation

resistance, carburisation resistance and high temperature strength compared to
standard grades like 304.
Approximate Composition 20% Cr, 12.0% Ni, Si 2.0%, 0.10% C (EN composition range. No
ASTM equivalent).
Good oxidation resistance up to 1000C
Good carburisation resistance up to 1000C
Good thermal shock resistance
Good weldability
This grade can be regarded as a development of standard grade 304. Its increased chromium and
nickel give it better oxidation resistance whilst silicon gives improved carburisation resistance. It is
sometimes said to be equivalent to grade 309 but in fact, 309 has a higher Cr content and no Si. The
relatively high carbon content gives strength at high temperatures.

High end car exhaust systems, heating elements, furnace components, burners, heat treatment
baskets, gas flare heads.
31
440A/440B/440C 1.4109/1.4112/1.4125
S44002/S44003/S44004
Bearings
Knife Blade
The 440 grades form a series of high carbon martensitic stainless steels. They have
basic corrosion resistance and extremely high hardness and wear resistance.
Approximate Composition 16% Cr, 0.60-1.0% C plus Mo and V in EN grades (Exact
composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards. Equivalents much looser than for most
grades).
Basic corrosion resistance. Lower than other martensitic grades like 431
Very high hardness increasing with carbon content. 440C capable of 60 Rockwell HRC
(~700 HV)
Very high strength up to 2000 MPa UTS, 1900 MPa 0.2% PS
Low elongation 4%
Low toughness 10J
Very high wear resistance
Difficult to weld
Difficult to machine
This series of grades give the highest level of strength/hardness in any martensitic stainless steel.
Consequently, they are used where a basic level of corrosion resistance is required coupled with
high wear resistance or blade sharpness. They are usually supplied in the annealed condition for
improved machinability and then hardened and tempered to develop the high hardness.
Bearings, valves, knife blades, surgical instruments, tools, moulds, dies.
32 FV520B 1.4594 S45000 S143/4/5

aerospace grades
Lifting Attachment Nuclear Transport Flask

Courtesy Magnox Ltd
Pump Shaft
FV520B is a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel. It is similar to the more

common PH grade 17-4PH. It combines moderate corrosion resistance with high
strength and moderate toughness.
Approximate Composition 14% Cr, 5%Ni, 1.5% Mo, 1.5% Cu, 0.05% C plus Nb (Exact
composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards. UNS S45000 is a near equivalent).
Moderate corrosion resistance, better than standard martensitic grades. Can be better than
17-4 PH depending on environment
Controlled balance of mechanical properties by ageing (precipitation hardening)
High 0.2% proof strength from 720 MPa minimum to 1030 MPa minimum dependent on heat
treatment condition
Moderate toughness 40 Joules minimum in lowest heat treatment condition even at

moderately low sub-zero temperatures 70C
Weldable with matching consumables
Difficult to machine
FV 520B, like 17-4 PH, develops its high strength from the precipitation of copper particles in its
martensitic matrix. The supply of this grade is complicated by the mismatch between the traditional
heat treatment conditions and those laid down in the EN standard. For example, age hardening at
450C has long been considered to give the maximum strength in this grade. Yet, no such heat
treatment is recognised in EN 10088-3. The aerospace standards S143/144/145 are closer to
established heat treatments. The combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance finds
uses in:
Pump shafts, impellers, fasteners, fans, valves, hydraulic equipment, turbine blades, aerospace,
nuclear transport flask, medical devices.
33
17-7PH 1.4568 S17700
Poly Wave Compression Disc Spring
Pressure Transducers
17-7 PH is a precipitation hardening semi-austenitic stainless steel. It is able to develop

a very high strength due to the strengthening of aluminium particles. It is usually found
in strip or wire form for spring applications.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 7%Ni, 0.05% C, 1.0% Al (Exact composition ranges vary
Good corrosion resistance better than 17-4 PH close to that of 304
Very high strength up to 1700 MPa minimum UTS in EN 10151 or 1655 MPa minimum in
ASTM A693
Excellent fatigue strength
Low distortion in heat treatment
Weldable with matching consumables
17-7 PH provides a combination of very high strength and moderate corrosion resistance. Its
metallurgy is complex involving several stages of processing to develop the necessary
microstructure. The highest level of strength is achieved by cold working to produce martensite
followed by an ageing treatment at about 480C. This restricts the use of the grade to thin sheet and
wire products. Other heat treatment conditions are also available to produce softer and more ductile
material.
Springs, Belleville washers, aerospace, orthodontic wire, strain gauge, load cell, pressure
transducer.
34
304Cu (302HQ) 1.4567 S30430
Cold Headed Fasteners
Double Glazing Securing Pins
304Cu is based on the familiar grade 304 with a significant addition of copper. This
reduces the work hardening of the steel to allow operations such as cold heading,
thread rolling and improved machining.
Approximate Composition 18% Cr, 9%Ni, 3.5% Cu, 0.03% C(Exact composition ranges vary
Good corrosion resistance similar to 304. Better than 304 in sulphuric acid due to copper
addition
Reduced work hardening allowing cold heading and thread rolling
Resistance to becoming magnetic during cold working
Easier machining than 304 due to lower work hardening. Approximately 25% improvement
304Cu is one of several grades that falls into the fastener grade A2. A2 is often thought of as
equivalent to 304. However A2 has a maximum Cu of 4% which allows 304Cu to be included.
Fasteners, intricate machined components, automotive industry, electronics, chemical processing,
food and drink, double glazing pins, water meter disc spindles.
35
Stabilised Ferritics 439 441 445

460LI
Sugar Evaporators
Lift
A series of grades which compete with 304/304L in corrosion resistance. The absence
of nickel produces a lower cost alternative. The ferritic structure gives excellent deep
drawability and stress corrosion cracking resistance but disadvantages in welding of
thick sections and stretch forming.
Equivalent EN and UNS grade designations: 1.4510 1.4509 1.4621 1.4622 1.4611 S43035 S43940
S44500
Approximate Composition 17-21% Cr plus combinations of stabilising elements like Ti and
Nb (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Good pitting corrosion resistance similar to 304
Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking, better than standard austenitic grades 304
and 316
Excellent deep drawing properties, slightly better than austenitic grades
Reduction in ridging and roping during forming compared to unstabilised ferritic grades like
430
Lower thermal expansion and higher thermal conductivity than austenitic grades
Limited stretch formability compared to austenitic grades due to lower ductility
Limit on welding to about 5 mm due to poor weld toughness from rapid grain growth
Loss of toughness at sub-zero temperatures
This series of grades has been used extensively over the years for a number of familiar applications
such as exhaust systems and washing machine tubs. They are being targeted at competing with 304
in applications where the limitations on weld thickness and stretch forming are not an issue. The
stainless steel mills are frequently introducing new grades of this type so it is worth checking for an
up to date list of available grades.
Exhaust systems, washing machine tubs, cladding, wall panels, roofing, handrails, catering
equipment, water tubing, sugar processing, fuel cells, portable pizza ovens, lifts.
36
Stabilised Ferritics with Mo 436 444

470LI
St Lawrence Church, Doncaster
Uffingham Church
Courtesy of Aperam Ltd
Courtesy of Aperam Ltd
Grades which compete with 316/316L in corrosion resistance. The absence of nickel
produces a lower cost alternative. The ferritic structure gives excellent deep drawability
and stress corrosion cracking resistance but disadvantages in welding of thick sections
and stretch forming.
Equivalent EN and UNS Grades - 1.4526 1.4521 1.4613 S43600 S44400
Approximate Composition 17-20% Cr, 1.0-2.0% Mo, plus combinations of stabilising
elements like Ti and Nb. 470LI uses 24% Cr instead of Mo additions to achieve comparable
corrosion resistance to 316. (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and ASTM standards).
Good corrosion resistance similar to or just below that of 316
Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking better than standard austenitic grades 304
and 316
Higher 0.2% PS compared to 316. 280/300 MPa compared to 240 MPa
Excellent deep drawing properties slightly better than austenitic grades
Reduction in ridging and roping during forming compared to unstabilised ferritic grades like
430
Lower thermal expansion and higher thermal conductivity than austenitic grades
Limited stretch formability compared to austenitic grades due to lower ductility
Limit on welding to about 5 mm due to poor weld toughness from rapid grain growth
Loss of toughness at sub-zero temperatures
These grades have been used extensively over the years for a number of familiar applications such
as exhaust systems. They are being targeted at competing with 316 in applications where the
limitations on weld thickness and stretch forming are not an issue.
Cladding, wall panels, exhaust systems, roofing, handrails, catering equipment, domestic plumbing,
hot water tanks, sugar processing, electrical motor housings.
37
305 1.4303 S30500
Fuel Filter
Pen
305 is essentially a high nickel version of 304. Its high nickel content reduces the work
hardening of the grade and imparts much improved deep drawing properties.
Approximate Composition 17.5% Cr 11.0% Ni (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and
ASTM standards).
This grades combines the following characteristics:
Good corrosion resistance similar to that of 304
Excellent deep drawing, spinning and cold heading properties compared to 304
Highly non-magnetic and resistant to martensitic transformation with cold work
The dominant application for this grade is highly deep drawn components. This can often be
achieved in one stage without intermediate annealing.
Deep drawn components, pen barrels, automatic eyelet machines, electrical components, cold
headed fasteners, automotive components
38
Stabilised Austenitics with Mo

316Ti/316Cb 1.4571/1.4580
S31635/S31640
Heat Exchangers
A380 Airbus
Courtesy of Hunt Thermal Technologies Ltd
Courtesy of Airbus
The stabilised austenitic grades 316Ti and 316Cb are similar to 316 but with Ti or Nb to
improve intergranular corrosion resistance. They also have superior high temperature
mechanical properties compared to 316/316L.
Approximate Composition 17% Cr, 11% Ni, 2% Mo plus Ti (titanium) or Nb (niobium). (Exact
This grades combines the following characteristics:
Similar pitting corrosion resistance to 316L
Intergranular corrosion resistance equal to 316L
Improved high temperature 0.2% proof strength compared to 316L. 11% higher at 100C,
30% higher at 550C
Improved creep strength compared to 316L
Weldability equal to 316L
Difficult to achieve good polished finish due to Ti or Nb carbides in the microstructure
In the early phase of the development of austenitic stainless steels like 316, the carbon content was
high around 0.1%. On welding, it was found that the chromium reacted with the carbon to produce
chromium carbide. This removes chromium from the matrix of the steel and effectively weakens the
passive film near to the weld leading to corrosion, known as weld decay. It was found that adding
titanium (316Ti) or niobium (316Cb) solved this problem by preferentially combining with the carbon
leaving the chromium to do its job of forming the passive layer. With the advent of low cost
steelmaking processes like AOD (argon oxygen decarburisation) and VOD (vacuum oxygen
decarburisation), low carbon grades like 316L, with a maximum carbon content of 0.030%, have
virtually eliminated intergranular corrosion. 316Ti and 316Cb are now mainly used for their improved
high temperature properties compared to 316L.
Heat exchangers, process plant, power generation, aerospace.
39 316L plus Mo 317L 316LN 317LMN

1.4432/1.4435/1.4438/1.4429/1.4439
316LN Nuclear Fusion Research
Pulp and Paper Plant
Taking 316L (1.4404) as a basis, it is possible to construct a series of grades by adding

molybdenum and nitrogen for increased corrosion resistance and nickel for achieving
the correct austenitic balance. Other properties, notably magnetic permeability are also
affected.
Approximate Compositions:
Increasing pitting and crevice corrosion resistance. PREN up to 34 for 1.4439
Increasing stress corrosion cracking resistance
Increasing strength due to increased alloy content especially nitrogen. 0.2% PS of 290 MPa
for 1.4439 compared to 240 MPa for 1.4404
High nitrogen grades like 1.4429 have very low magnetic permeability
Increasing tendency for sigma phase formation at elevated temperatures
Increasing difficulty in hot and cold rolling
Increased difficulty in forming
Increasing care required in welding
These grades show the significant effect of adding molybdenum and nitrogen to increase the
corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels. This effect is measured by the pitting resistance
equivalent (PREN):
PREN = %Cr + 3.3x%Mo + 16x%N
This series of grades spans a range of 23-34 from 1.4404 to 1.4439. The top end is about the same
as the 2205 duplex grade 1.4462.
As the Cr and Mo contents increase, the Ni content has to increase to maintain the correct amount
of austenite in the steel. In one special case, the grade 1.4435 has an even higher nickel content
than the minimum specified at about 14%. This guarantees a maximum ferrite content of 0.5% which
is vital in certain chemical and pharmaceutical processes.
The increased alloy content, in particular nitrogen, reduces the tendency for magnetic martensite to
form on cold working and/or sub-zero temperatures. Grades such as 1.4429 are therefore used for
low magnetic permeability applications notably in nuclear fusion research.
Chemical, pharmaceutical, oil and gas, nuclear fusion, cryogenics, surgical implants.
40 Austenitic H grades 304H 316H 321H
1.4948 1.4919 1.4941 S30409 S31609

S32109
High Temperature Seal
Expansion Joint
The H grade versions of familiar grades like 304, 316 and 321 have a minimum carbon
content to produce increased high temperature strength, particularly creep strength.
They must also meet a minimum grain size.
Approximate Compositions: As 304, 316 and 321 but with 0.04-0.08% C (Exact composition
Compared to 304, 316 and 321 these grades combine the following characteristics:
Similar general corrosion resistance
Reduced intergranular corrosion resistance
Improved high temperature 0.2% proof strength
Improved creep strength
Carbon is an important element in stainless steels. It is usually kept low in order to aid weldability,
especially in the avoidance of chromium carbide, which gives rise to intergranular corrosion.
However, carbon is an important strengthening element. In certain cases, notably at high
temperature, strength may take precedence over the risk of intergranular corrosion. The minimum
carbon level of 0.04% in the H grades provides this extra strength. Creep strength is enhanced with
a large grain size. Therefore, it is usual for standards to specify an ASTM grain size of 7 or coarser
for the H grades. H grades are now something of a rarity in general stockholders.
Heat exchangers, gas boilers, aerospace, exhaust systems, process plant, element tubing, power
generation, rocket engine parts, seals, expansion joints.
41
309 1.4833 S30908
Nuclear Waste Flask
Glass Blowing Equipment
309 is a heat resisting stainless steel, lying somewhere between 304 and 310 in the
heat resisting spectrum. It is also used as a welding electrode for welding austenitic
stainless steel to carbon steel.
Approximate Composition: 23% Cr 13% Ni (Exact composition ranges vary between EN and
ASTM standards).
Good oxidation resistance up to 1000C
Good resistance to sulphurous atmospheres
Moderate carburising resistance
Welding consumable for joining stainless steel to carbon steel
Chromium is an important element in determining the heat resistance of stainless steel. With 23%
Cr, 309 is significantly better than 304 with only 18% Cr. The nickel content of 13% means that the
steel contains a significant amount of ferrite. The comparatively low nickel content makes it better
than 310 (20% Ni) for resistance to reducing sulphur-bearing atmospheres.
Its second, quite different application as 309L, is as a welding consumable for joining grades like
304L to carbon steel. The dilution of the 23% Cr 13% Ni composition by the mild steel still gives a
satisfactory metallurgical structure quite close to that of grade 304L. It is also routinely used for
welding the low Cr ferritic grade 1.4003 to ensure toughness in the weld.
Annealing covers, waste incinerators, glass blowing equipment, nuclear transport flasks, rotary kilns,
calciners, furnace anchor bolts.
42
SiCromAl 1.4713 1.4724 1.4742

1.4762
Molten Metal Processing
Heat Treatment Basket
SiCromAl grades are a series of ferritic heat resisting stainless steels with varying
amounts of silicon, chromium and aluminium. They are useful for temperatures up to
1150C depending on grade.
Approximate Composition:
Good oxidation resistance up to 1150C for highest grade 1.4762
Good resistance to sulphidation
Good resistance to molten metals
Moderate carburisation resistance
Greater resistance to thermal shock than austenitic grades
Can be prone to 475C embrittlement and sigma phase in some grades
Loss of toughness above 900C due to grain coarsening of fully ferritic structure
Much lower creep strength than austenitic grades
Poorer weldability than austenitic grades
This series of grades depends on the combined effects of chromium, silicon and aluminium. All of
these metals give benefits to the passive oxide layer on the surface of the steel: chromium and
aluminium - resistance to oxidation, silicon resistance to oxidation and carburisation. The absence
of nickel leads to better sulphidation resistance than austenitic grades. The lower thermal expansion
and higher thermal conductivity compared to austenitic grades makes them more resistant to
thermal shock.
Heat exchangers, furnaces, molten metal baths, high temperature nozzles, heat treatment boxes.
43
416 1.4005 S41600
Precision Machined Components
Precision Machined Components
416 is the most common free-machining martensitic grade using sulphur to produce
sulphides allowing easier chip-breaking during machining.
Approximate Composition - 12% Cr, 0.10% C, 0.25/0.35% S (Exact composition ranges vary
Basic corrosion resistance lower than grade 410 due to sulphur
Moderate strength and toughness
Excellent machinability index approximately 90 compared to 100 for free cutting mild steel
416 is the preferred free machining grade where higher strength than 303 is required. It is essentially
grade 410 (1.4006) with sulphur for free machining. It is ideal for high throughput, intricate
components.
Shafts, axles, gears, valves, fasteners, golf club heads, sensors, precision machined components,
gun barrels, washing machine parts, dowel pins, clamps, collars.
44
1.4122
Retaining Ring
Drive Shafts
1.4122 is a martensitic grade with enhanced corrosion resistance, comparable to that of

ferritic grade 430 and somewhat better than the basic martensitic grades such as 410,
420 and 431.
Approximate Composition - 16% Cr, 0.35% C, 1.0% Mo (EN standard only. No equivalent ASTM
grade).
Moderate corrosion resistance, better than 410, 420 and 431
Good strength, 550 MPa minimum 0.2% PS coupled with basic toughness 20 J Charpy
impact test
Good wear resistance
Not easily welded due to its high carbon content
1.4122 offers the high strength of a martensitic grade combined with enhanced corrosion resistance
due to its higher Cr and Mo addition.
Automotive, pump shafts, drive shafts, food processing, mechanical engineering, cutting tools,
construction, control valves, freshwater boat shafts, retaining rings.
45
Hyperduplex (S32707, S33207)
Deep Water Umbilical
Heat Exchanger
Hyperduplex grades offer significantly improved resistance to pitting, crevice and stress
corrosion cracking and increased strength compared to super duplex grades.
Approximate Composition - 27-32% Cr, < 0.030% C, 7.0% Ni, 3.5-5% Mo, 0.4-0.5% N
Excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion PREN ~50
Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride and sulphide
Minimum 0.2% PS 700-800 MPa
These grades are used in extreme sea water conditions e.g. high temperatures and high chlorination
levels.
Offshore oil and gas e.g. deep water umbilicals, desalination plants, heat exchangers, process
industries.
46
301LN 1.4318 S30153
Rail Carriage
Wheel Covers
301LN is an austenitic stainless steel with a high work hardening rate. Nitrogen is used
to provide increased strength.
Approximate Composition - 17.0% Cr, 0.030% C, 7.0% Ni, 0.12% N (Exact composition ranges
Corrosion resistance similar to 304
Higher minimum 0.2% PS proof stress compared to 304 350 MPa
Work hardening allows minimum UTS of 1150 MPa defined in EN 10088-2
Good toughness
Higher strength and work hardening requires larger forces in forming
Greater springback than 304
The dominant use of this high strength austenitic grade is in railway carriages. The high strength
allows the use of thinner sections and therefore lower weight which in turn gives more economical
running costs. The high toughness offers excellent crash resistance.
Rail carriages, springs, airframe sections, wiper blades, automotive wheel covers.
47
310 MoLN 1.4466 S31050
Urea Plant
Pulp and Paper Plant
310 MoLN is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel grade. It is based on 310 with
additions of molybdenum and nitrogen and a lower carbon content. In contrast to 310,
which is used for heat resistance, it is used for its corrosion resistance especially in the
production of urea.
Approximate Composition - 25% Cr, 22% Ni, 2.0% Mo, < 0.030% C, 0.12% N (Exact composition
Excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion typical PREN 34
Excellent resistance to ammonium carbamate, an intermediate compound in urea production
Slightly higher 0.2% PS compared to standard austenitic grades due to high alloy content
especially nitrogen 255 MPa minimum
Fully austenitic structure (< 0.5% ferrite) requires care in welding to avoid hot cracking.
This grade is an example of a development aimed at a specific chemical production process, namely
urea. Its high level corrosion resistance (PREN ~34) allows it to be used in other highly corrosive
environments.
Urea production, pulp and paper, flue gas desulphurisation.
48
304 Boronated S30460-S30467
Nuclear Glove Box
Nuclear Transport Flask
This is a series of steels with increasing levels of boron 0.20/0.29% to 1.75/2.25%. It is

used entirely in the nuclear industry for neutron absorption.
Approximate Composition - 18% Cr, 12% Ni, 0.20/0.29% to 1.75/2.25% B (Grades found only in
ASTM standard A887).
Excellent levels of neutron absorption preventing criticality of nuclear reactions
Moderate corrosion resistance lower than grade 304 but acceptable in typical nuclear
environments
Reduced impact toughness due to formation of borides
Formable with care increased bending radius compared to 304
Weldable with care boron containing consumables
Increased levels of tool wear in machining
Higher levels of boron facilitated by powder metallurgy due to loss of hot ductility in
conventional melting plus hot rolling
Nuclear transport flasks, nuclear storage, glove boxes, nuclear reactor shielding.
49
446 1.4749 S44600
Float Glass Production
Copper Processing
446 is a ferritic heat resisting steel useful up to 1100C.

Approximate Composition 26% Cr, 0.15% C, 0.2% N (Exact composition ranges vary between
Good oxidation resistance
Excellent resistance to sulphidation particularly in reducing conditions. Much better than

austenitic heat resisting grades due to absence of nickel
Good resistance to molten copper, lead and tin
Poor high temperature strength
Weldable with austenitic electrodes
Glass making (float glass), metallurgical plant (copper processing), burners, annealing boxes, kiln
linings, thermocouple tubes, injection nozzles
50
Calcium Treated Grades
Machined Stainless Steel Components
Machining Stainless Steel
Calcium is used to improve the machinability of many stainless steel grades without
significantly affecting corrosion resistance.
Improved machinability compared to normal grade. 10-50% improvement in productivity

depending on grade and component
Can be applied to austenitic, martensitic and PH grades, for example 304, 316, 420, 431, 174 PH
No significant effect on corrosion resistance (unlike conventional free-cutting, high sulphur

grades)
One of the major disadvantages for all stainless steels compared to carbon and alloy steels is their
machinability. This is particularly true for the austenitic type where the high work hardening rate
leads to difficulty in producing chips during machining. Machining rates are lower and tool wear is
higher than for carbon and alloy steels. High levels of sulphur can be used to improve machinability
in grades like 303 and 416. However, this reduces the corrosion resistance and weldability. Calcium
treated steels contain a sulphur level at the higher end of the range for the normal grade, typically
0.015/0.030%. Calcium at very low levels < 0.001% produces modified non-metallic inclusions in the
steel matrix which make it easier to produce chips in machining and lowers tool wear. The treatment
is mostly applied to bar products but can also be applied to plate. Stainless steel mills typically use
brand names to promote the improved machinability, for example IMCO, MAXIVAL, ROLDAMAX,
PRODEC and UGIMA,
All sectors where machined components are used.

50 Grades of Stainless Steel

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50 Grades of Stainless Steel

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50 Grades of Stainless Steel

Food and drink processing

Good corrosion resistance

Excellent ductility giving stretch formability in pressings

Work hardening for spring properties

Ease of manufacture at the steel mill

Offshore Oil and Gas

Approximate Composition 17% Cr 10% Ni 2% Mo (exact composition ranges vary between EN

430 1.4016 S43000

Washing Machine Drum

Fair corrosion resistance

2205 Duplex 1.4462 S31803/S32205

Beckton Desalination Plant

Fasteners for Pumps and Valves

Courtesy of Millstock Stainless

Courtesy of West Special Fasteners

Design strength 2 times that of standard austenitic grades

Basic corrosion resistance

Typical applications include:

431 1.4057 S43100

Prop Shaft for Motor Boat

Fair corrosion resistance (better than 420)

Cable Protection Fasteners

Filtration Screens from Wedge Wire

Courtesy of West Special Fasteners

Courtesy of Hempel Wire

Excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance (PREN > 40)

Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance

Good yield strength (550 MPa minimum)

Good impact toughness down to minus 50C

Cu bearing grades excellent resistance to sulphuric acid

Knowledge required to maintain properties in fabrication

Dennis Eagle Elite 2 Refuse Vehicle

Painted Electrical Enclosure

Basic corrosion resistance (lowest grade classed as stainless steel)

Internal pumps and valves for submarines

Desalination plant pipework

Applications which illustrate these features include:

10 310 1.4845 S31008

Heat Treatment Basket

Fasteners for Furnace Linings

Courtesy of Hague Fasteners

Excellent oxidation resistance to 1050C

17-4 PH 630 1.4542 S17400

Post Tensioning Bar

Good corrosion resistance (just below that of 304)

Controlled balance of mechanical properties by ageing (precipitation hardening)

Masonry Support Anchors

Good stress corrosion cracking resistance

Good impact toughness to minus 50C

Cost effectiveness due to low alloy content especially Ni and Mo

XM-19 1.3964 (W Nr)

Good yield strength (415 MPa minimum) in solution annealed condition

Extremely high strength by cold drawing

Use at up to 580C. Advantage over duplex grades (300C maximum)

Non-magnetic even with high levels of cold work

Difficult to machine due to high hardness

409 1.4512 S40900

Basic corrosion and oxidation resistance

Composition balanced for optimum formability

Weldable only in thin sections due to fully ferritic structure

15 Stabilised Austenitics 321/347

Courtesy of Hunt Thermal Technologies Ltd

Similar pitting corrosion resistance to 304L