Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ontheworstmonthmethod
AlbertoEscuderoPascual<aep@it46.se>
basedonorginalworkfromISF
(cc)CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike3.0
1 Acknowledgmentsandintellectual
property
In1998,theorganizationEngineeringwithoutBorders(SpanishFederation)publishedthe
firstversionofahandbooktitled"ManualdeEnergaSolarFotovoltaicayCooperacinal
Desarrollo".ThehandbookwaswrittenandpublishedbymembersoftheNGOandexperts
oftheInstituteofEnergySolarofthePolytechnicalUniversityofMadrid.Bycuriositiesof
life,noneofthemembersoftheeditorialteamkeptthedocumentinelectronicformatand
moreeditionswerenevermade.Theyhavepassedalmost tenyearsfromthatveryfirst
editionandthisdocumentisanefforttorescueandtoextendthehandbook.
Aspartof thisrescueoperationIwanttothanktothecoordinatorsofthefirstoriginal
editionandmymentorsinmyyearsatUniversity:MiguelngelEguidoAguilera,Mercedes
MonteroBartolomyJulioAmador. ThisnewworkislicensedunderCreativeCommons
AttributionShareAlike.Wehopethatthismaterialbecomesanewdeparturepointfornew
editionsincludingnewcontributionsbythecommunity.
2Introduction
The objective of unit is to be able to choose and size the elements of a standalone
photovoltaicinstallation.Thesystemsizingimplies(atleast)todecidethenumberandtype
ofsolarpanelsrequiredtocapturethesolarenergy,thecapacityofthebatterythatwill
storetheenergyforthedaysoflittlesun,andtobeablealsotodeterminetherequired
characteristicsoftherestoftheelementsthatintegratethesystem(regulator,converter,
cables,etc).Duringthesystemsizingyouwilldecidethenumberofdaysofautonomyof
yoursystem,ameasureofthereliabilityofyourinstallation.
Thesystemsizingcalculationsareimportantbecausethesizeofelementsoftheinstallation
mustbebalancedandrespectcertainproportions.Ifweinstallmoresolarpanelstoproduce
moreenergy,thebatteriesshouldbedimensionedtobeablestoreit,ifthebankofbatteries
istoosmallandtheloadsarenotusingtheenergy,theenergyneedstobethrownaway.A
regulator of a smaller amperage than needed, or one single cable conductor with an
insufficientsectioncanbecauseoffailureorfireandtorendertheinstallationunusable.The
sizeoftheelementsisspeciallyimportantifyouarethinkingtoinstallthebatteriesand
panelsatthetopofcommunicationtowers.
You shouldneverforgetthelimitationsofthephotovoltaicenergytoproduceand store
electricalenergy,alightbulbthatisleftonbynegligenceduringdayscanbefatal.The
"fuel"ofthephotovoltaicsystems,thesolarradiation,haveadifficulttopredictbehaviour.
Infact,itisneverpossibletobeabsolutelysure(asin100%sure)thatastandalonesystem
is going to be able to provide the necessary energy at any moment. Solar systems are
designedforacertainconsumptionandiftheuserexceedstheplannedlimitsconstantlythe
provisionofenergywillfail.
Thedesignmethod thatweproposeconsistsofconsideringtheenergyrequirements,and
basedonthemtocalculateasystemthatworksthemaximumamountoftimesoitisthe
most trustworthy (reliable) as possible. Logically, whatever more panels and batteries
installed, more energy will be able to be collected and to be stored. This increase of
reliabilityoftheinstallationwillalsohaveanincreaseincost.
There are photovoltaic installations, as the provision of energy to telecommunication
equipmentthatispartofthebackboneofaradionetwork,inwhichthereliabilityfactoris
moreimportantthatthecost.Inaclientinstallationalowcostisgoingtobeadetermining
factor. To find a balance between cost and reliability is not a easy task, and whatever
decisionyoutake,thereallyimportantthingisthatyouareabletodeterminewhatitis
expectedfromyourdesignandatwhatprice.
Diverseproceduresofcalculationexisttoensurecertainreliabilityattheminimumcost,but
they require access to a lot of statistical data of solar radiation that is normally not
availableinmanyregions.Weproposeamuchmoresimplemethod,knownasthe"method
of the worst month", that consists in calculating the dimensions of the standalone
systemsoitcanworkinthemonthinwhichthedemandofenergyisgreaterwithrespectto
thesolarenergyavailable.Itistheworstmonth,asthemonthwiththebiggerratioof
demandedenergyversusavailableenergy.Themethodiswidelyusedasitissimpleand
providessatisfactoryresults.
Inthismethodthereliabilityistakenintoconsiderationbyfixingthemaximumnumberof
daysthatthesystemcanworkwithoutreceivingsolarradiationandalltheconsumptionis
madesolelyattheexpenseoftheenergystoredinthebattery.Thisnumberofdaysisknown
asthemaximumnumberofdaysofautonomy (N).Inbrief N, isrelatedtothenumberof
consecutivecloudydayswhenthepanelsdonotcollectpracticallyenergy.
AtthetimeofchoosingN,itisnecessarytoconsiderseveralfactors:theclimatologyofthe
place,thetypeofinstallationoritseconomicandsocialrelevance(illuminationofhouses,
hospital,factory,radiolink,etc).Rememberthatthegreateritisthe N,thegreaterthe
investment. It is also important to evaluate all possible logistical costs of equipment
replacement,itisnotthesametochangeadischargedbatteryfromaninstallationinthe
middleofacitythatfromthetopatelecommunicationtowerthatisseveralhoursordaysof
walkingdistance.
FixingthevalueofN,itisnotaneasytasksastherearemanyfactorsinvolved,andmanyof
themcannotbeevaluatedeasily.Institutionandexperienceplayanimportantroleinthis
partofthesystemsizing.Afewtipscanbeprovidedhere,forcriticaltelecommunications
equipmentagoodnumberisN=5,whereasforlowcostclientequipmentitispossibletobe
reducedtheautonomytoN=3.
Attheendofthisguide,wehaveincludedseveraltablesthatwillfacilitatethecollectionof
requireddataandthesizingofthesystem.Thenextsectionswillexplainindetailwhat
information you need to collect and estimate and how to usethe method of the worst
month.
3Generaldata
Latitudeoftheplace.WithpositivesignintheNorthhemisphereandnegativein
theSouth.
Dataofsolarradiation .Forthemethodofthe"worstmonth"itisenoughto
know twelve values, one for every month. The twelve numbers are the monthly
averagevaluesofdailyglobalirradiationonhorizontalplane(Gdm(0),inkWh/m2
day).Themonthlyvalueresultsfromthesumofthevaluesofglobalirradiationof
everydayofthemonthdividedbythenumberofdaysofthemonth.
IfyouhavethedatainJules(J),youcanapplythefollowingconversion(1J=2,7810 7
kWh).
Theirradiationdata Gdm (0)ofmanyplacesoftheworldisgatheredintablesanddata
bases.Itisalsorecommendabletocheckforthatinformationinaweatherstationcloseto
yourimplementationsitebutdonotbesurpriseifyoucannotfindthedatainelectronic
format.Agoodideaistoasktocompaniesthatinstallphotovoltaicsystemsintheregion,
thereexperiencecanbeofgreatvalue.
Anotheralternativeistousetheinformationofthenumberofsunhoursperday(without
clouds).Thenumberofsunhoursisavailableintouristareas;justhaveinmindthatyou
willneedtoconvertthatinformationtoGdm(0)values. Themethodtoconvertfromsun
hourstosolarradiationisoutsideofthescopeofthisunit.
2 Electricalcharacteristicsofsystem
components
Theelectricalcharacteristicsofthecomponentsofyoursystemneedstobeprovidedbythe
manufacturer.Itisadvisabletotakeyourourownmeasurestonoticepossibledeviations
withrespecttothenominalvalues.Unfortunately,deviationfrompromisedvaluescanbebig
andqualityassuranceofsolarpanelsandbatteriesisanothercomplextask.
Thesearethemonimumvaluesthatyouneedtogatherbeforestartingyoursystemsizing:
2.1 Panels
You need to know the voltage VPmax and the intensity/current IPmax in the point of
maximumpowerinstandardconditions.
2.2 Batteries
Nominalcapacity(for100hoursdischarge)CNBatoperationalvoltageVNBatand,eitherthe
maximumdeepofdischargeDoDmax or usefulcapacityCUBat .Youalsoneedtoknowthe
typeofbatterythatyouplantouse,sealedleadacid,gel,AGM,modifiedtractionetc.The
typeofbatteryisimportantwhendecidingthecutoffsetpointsintheregulator.
2.3 Regulator
NominaltensionVNReg,andthemaximumcurrentthatcanoperateImaxReg.
2.4 DC/ACConverter/Inverter
Ifyouaregoingtouseanyyouneedtoknowthe nominalvoltageVNConv,instantaneous
PowerPIConvandPerformanceat70%ofmaximumload70.
2.5 Equipmentorloads
ForeachofthemitisnecessarytoknowthenominalvoltageVNCandthenominalpowerof
operationPC.
Inordertoknowthetotalenergythatourinstallationisgoingtoconsume,itisalsovery
importanttoconsidertheaveragetimeofuseofeachload,ifitisdaily,weekly,monthlyor
annual,andtoconsideranychangesintheusagethatmightexist(seasonal,trainingor
schoolperiods,etc)
5Twopreviousdecisions
Apartfromtheelectricalcharacteristicsofthecomponentsandloads,itisnecessarytohave
twomorepiecesofinformationbeforebeingabletodoasystemsizing.Thistwodecisions
arerelatedtosystemautonomyandoperationalvoltage.
N,numberofdaysofautonomy
YouneedtoagreeinvalueforNthattakescareofthemeteorologicalconditions,thetypeof
installationandoverallcosts.ItisverydifficulttogiveyouaconcretevalueofNforeach
partoftheplanetandinstallationbutinthenexttabletherearesomerecommendedvalues.
Takethisvaluesasaroughapproximation,andconsultwithaexperiencedesignertoreacha
finaldecision.
Winter
Domestic
installation
Critical
installation
very
cloudy
10
variables
sunny
Table:Estimationofthenumberofdaysofautonomy
VN,nominalvoltageoftheinstallation
Thecomponentsofyoursystemneedtobechosentooperateatacertainnominalvoltage
VN.Normally,thevoltageis12or24Voltsforthesmallsystemsandifthetotalpowerof
consumptionsurpasses3kW,thevoltagemustbe48or120V.
Theelectionofthevalueofthenominalvoltageoftheinstallationisnotabsolutelyarbitrary
anddependson,toagreatextent,theavailabilityofequipmentinthemarket.
Iftheequipmentallowsit,trytofixthenominalvoltageto12or24V.Somewireless
communications boards as Mikrotik's routerboards accept a wide range of input
voltage(between11and60VDC).
If you need to power several types of equipment that work at different nominal
voltages,makeacalculationwhatisthetensionthatminimizestheoverallpower
consumption including the looses for power conversion in DC/DC and DC/AC
converters.
3 Procedureofcalculation
Beforeenteringintodetail,letushaveaglobalideaofhowtheoverallsizingprocessof
calculationtakesplace.Therearethreemainstepsthatneedtobefollowed:
1SolarEnergyAvailable(theoffer)
Basedonstatisticaldataofsolarradiation,andtheorientationandtheoptimalinclination
ofthesolarpanelswecalculatethesolarenergyavailable.Theestimationofsolarenergy
available is done in monthly intervals, reducing the statistical data to 12 values. This
estimationisagoodcompromisebetweenprecisionandsimplicity.
2ElectricalEnergyRequired(thedemand)
We study the power consumption characteristics of the equipment chosen and their
estimated usage. We calculate the electrical energy required per monthly basis. The
electricalenergydemandiscalculatedtakingintoconsiderationtheexpectedfluctuationsof
usage.Factorstotakeintoconsiderationarethevariationsbetweenwintersummer,rainy
perioddryseason,schoolvacationperiodetc.Theresultis12valuesofenergydemand.
3Systemsizing(theresult)
Withthedatafromthe worstmonth,theoneinwhichtherelationbetweenthesolar
demandedenergyandtheenergyavailableisgreater,wecalculate:
Thecurrentthatthearrayofpanelsneedstoprovideandtherefore,thenumberof
panels.
Thenecessaryenergystoragecapacityand,therefore,thenumberofbatteries.
Theelectricalcharacteristicsoftheregulator.
Thelengthandthenecessarysectionsofcablesfortheelectricalconnections.
3.1 Orientationofthepanels
Unlesstheskyistotallycovered,mostoftheenergycomingfromthesunarrivesinstraight
line.Thesolarmodulewillcapturemoreenergyifitisfacingthesun,perpendiculartothe
straightlinebetweenthepositionoftheinstallationandthesun.Unfortunately,thesunis
notsteadyandweneedtofindaoptimalpositionforourpanels.Theorientationofthe
panelsisdeterminedbytwoangles,theazimutha(anglethatmeasuresthedeviationwith
respecttothesouth,inthenorthhemisphere,andwithrespecttothenorth,intheSouth
hemisphere)andtheinclinationorelevation(angleformedbythesurfaceofthemodule
andthehorizontalplane).
3.1.1 Azimuth
You should have themoduleturned towardstheterrestrial equator (facing south in the
northhemisphere,andnorthinthesouth)sothatduringthedaythepanelcatchesthe
biggestamountofpossibleradiation(a=0).
Itisveryimportantthatthepanelsorpartofthemareundershade!.Studytheelements
thatsurroundtoarrayofpanels(trees,buildings,walls,etc),andpossibleshadesofarowof
panelscanontheothers.Itisacceptabletoturnthepanels20towardstheeastorthe
westifneeded(a=20).
3.1.2 Inclination
Once you have fixed the azimuth, the parameter that is key in our calculations is the
inclination ofthepanel,thatwewillexpressastheanglebeta().Themaximumheight
thatreachesthesuneverydayvariesaccordingtothestations,havingitsmaximuminthe
dayofthesummersolsticeanditsminimuminthewintersolstice.Thebestofthesituations
willbewhenthepanelstracksthisvariationbutthisisnotpossibleforcostreasons.Insome
scenariosyoucanconsidertwofixedinclinations,onepositionforthemonthsofsummerand
another for the months of winter, but in this case you need to have special support
structuresandonlymakessenseifthereisaconsiderableincreaseoftheconsumptionduring
thesummer.
Ininstallationswithtelecommunicationsequipmentitisnormaltohavethepanelswitha
fixedinclination.Inmostofthescenariosthedemandofenergyofthesystemisconstant
duringtheyearandthereforethe"worstmonth"willalwaysbetheonewithlessisolation.
Thevalueofshouldmaximizetheratiobetweenofferandthedemandofenergy.Thisis
translated,dependingonthedifferentscenarios,in:
Forinstallationsthatareonlyusedduringsummer,youshouldusetheabsolutevalue
ofthelatitudeoftheplace(angleF)decreasedin10(=|F|10).
Itisalsorecommendedthattheinclinationofthepanelshouldneverbelessthan15to
avoidtheaccumulationofdustand/orhumidity.Inrepeatingtelecommunicationstationsin
areaswhereexistssnowandiceitisveryimportanttoprotectthepanelsandtoincline
themananglesuperiorto65.
3.2 Requiredcurrentintheworstmonth
ForeverymonthyouneedtocalculatethequotientIm.Imisthemaximumdailycurrent
thataarrayofpanelsoperatingatnominalvoltageofVNneedstoprovideinadaywitha
irradiationofGdminamonth"m"andwithaninclinationofpanels.
TheIm(WORSTMONTH)willbethegreateroneoftheIm,andthesystemsizingisbased
onthedataofthatworthmonth.ThecalculationsofGdm()foracertainplacecanbemade
basedonGdm(0)usingconversiontablesandorcomputersoftwareasPVSYSTorPVSOL.
Duetothelossesintheregulator,batteriesandthatthepanelsdonotalwaysworkinthe
pointofmaximumpoweracorrectionisappliedandtherequiredcurrentImMAXiscalculated
as:
ImMAX=1,21Im(WORSTMONTH)
Onceyouhavedeterminedwhatistheworstmonth,andwhatisthevalueof ImMAX and
thetotalenergythatyourequire ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)youcanproceedtothefinal
calculations.
3.3 Finalcalculations
3.3.1 Numberpanels
Thepanelsaredesignedtobepartofamodulararray,beingpossibletocombinethemin
series,paralleloramixedform.Bycombiningthepanelswecanobtainthedesiredvoltage
andcurrent.
When the panels are connected in series , the total voltage is equal to the sum of the
individualvoltagesofeachmodulewhilemaintainingthesameintensity;whenconnectingin
parallel,theycurrentsaresummedtogether,remainingthesamethevoltage.Itisimportant,
to avoid any electrical deviations when connecting panels, ensuring that the array is
composedofsametypeofpanelsandcharacteristics.
Ingeneral,youshouldtrytoacquirepanelswithVPmaxabitbiggerthanthenominalvoltage
ofthesystem(12,24or48V).Rememberthatyouneedyourpaneltoprovideafewvolts
morethanthenominalvoltageofthebatterytogetitcharged.Ifitisnotpossibletofinda
singlepanelthatsatisfiesyourrequirements,youneedtoconnectseveralpanelsinseriesto
reachyourdesiredvoltage.ThenumberofpanelsinseriesNpsisthenextsuperiorintegerto
thequotientbetweenthenominalvoltageofthesystemandthevoltageofthepanel.
Nps=VN/VPmax
Inordertocalculatethenumberofpanelsinparallel(Npp),youneedtodividetheImMAX
bythecurrentofthepanelIpmax inthepointofmaximumpowerandtakethenextsuperior
integerasNpp
Npp=ImMAX/IPmax
Thetotalnumberofpanelsistheresultofmultiplyingthenumberofpanelsinoneseries(to
fixvoltage)bythenumberofseriesinparallel(tofixcurrent)NpsxNpp.
6.3.2Capacityofthebatteryoraccumulator
Thebatterydeterminestheoverallvoltageofyourthesystemandneedstohaveenougha
capacitytoprovideenergytotheloadswhenthereisnotenoughsolarradiation.
One important warning: in photovoltaic systems, the association in parallel is not
recommendable.Thedegradationofthebatteryindividualcells(2V)doesnottakeplacein
ahomogeneousform,differentcellswillsupportmorefatiguethanothers.
Toestimatethecapacityofourbattery,wefirstcalculatetherequiredenergycapacityofour
system(necessarycapacity,CNec).Thenecessarycapacitydependsontheenergyavailablein
the worst month and the desired number of days of autonomy (N) that we decided
previously.
CNEC(Ah)=ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)(Wh)/VN(V).N
ThenominalcapacityofthebatteryCNOMneedstobebiggerthantheCNEC aswecannot
fully discharge a battery. To calculate the size of the battery we need to take into
considerationwhatisthemaximumdeepofdischarge(DoD)thatthebatteryallows:
CNOM(Ah)=CNEC(Ah)/DoDMAX
Inordertocalculatethenumberofbatteriesinseries(Nbs),wedividethenominalvoltageof
ourinstallation(VN)betweenthenominalvoltageofthebattery(VNBat):
Nbs=VN/VNBat
3.4 Regulator
Oneotherimportantwarning: neverusearegulatorinparallel,usealwaysregulatorsin
series.
Forsecurityreasons,aregulatorneedstobeabletooperatewithacurrentImaxRegatleast
20%greaterthanthemaximumintensitythatisprovidedbythearrayofpanels:
ImaxReg=1,2.Npp.IPMax
3.5 DC/ACInverter
ThetotalenergyneededfortheACequipmentitiscalculatedincludingalltheloosesthat
introducestheDC/ACconverterorinverter.Whenchoosinganinverter,itisgoodtoknow
thattheperformanceoftheinvertersisnotconstantwiththepower.Aninverterhasbetter
performancewhenoperatingclosetoitsnominalpower.Usinganinverterof1500Wattsto
poweraloadof25Wattsisextremelyinefficient.Inordertoavoidthiswasteofenergyitis
importanttoconsidernotthepeakpowerofallyourequipmentsbutthepeakpowerofthe
equipmentsthatareexpectedtoworksimultaneously.
3.6 Cables
Onceyouknowthenumberspanels,batteriesandtypeofregulatorsandinvertersthatyou
wanttouse,itisnecessarytocalculatethelengthandthesectionofthecablesneededto
connectthedifferentelementsofthephotovoltaicsystem.
Thelength dependsonthelocationofyourtheinstallation.Ageneralruleistotryto
minimizethelengthofthecablesbetweentheregulatorandthepanelsandbatteries.By
havingshortcableswecanminimizethevoltagedrop,thesectionofthecablesanditscost.
Thesection ischosenbasedonthelengthofcablesandthecurrentthatcirculates.The
goalistominimizevoltagedrops. Inordertocalculatethesection S ofthecableitis
necessarytoknow:
ThemaximumcurrentIMCthatisgoingtocirculateinthecable.Inthecaseofthe
panelbatterysubsystem,itistheImMAXcalculatedforeverymonth.Inthebattery
loadssubsystemdependsonthewaythattheloadsareconnected.
Thevoltagedrop(VaVb)thatweconsiderpermissibleinthecable.Thevoltagedrop
thatresultsofaddingallpossibleindividualdropsisexpressedasapercentofthe
nominaltensionoftheinstallation.Typicalmaximumvaluesare:
SectionofthePVSystem
VoltageDrop(%ofVN)
PanelArrayBattery
1%
Batteryconverter
1%
Mainline
3%
MainLine(illumination)
3%
MainLine(equipment)
5%
Typicalacceptablevoltagedropsincables
ThesectionofthecablecomesdeterminedbytheOhmLaw:
S(mm)=r(mm/m)L(m)ImMAX(A)/VaVb(V)
whereSisthesection,risresistivity(intrinsicpropertyofthematerial:forcopper,0,01286
W2mm/m),andLthelength.
Sischosentakingintoconsiderationthecablesavailableinthemarket.Youshouldchoose
theimmediatelysuperiorsectiontotheonethatisobtainedfromtheformula.Forsecurity
reasonsthataresomeminimumvalues,forthecablethatconnectspanelsandbattery,thisis
aminimumof6mm2.Fortheothersections,thatminimumis4mm2.
STANDALONESYSTEMSIZING
GENERALDATA
SiteLatitude()
IRRADIATIONDATA(Gdm(0),inkWh/m2day)
JN
FB
MR
AP
MY
JN
JL
AG
SP
OC
NV
Irradiationworstmonth
COMPONENTSCHARACTERISTICS
PANELS
VOLTAGE@MAXIMUMPOWER(Vpmax,V)
CURRENT@MAXIMUMPOWER(Ipmax,A)
PANELTYPE/MODELANDPOWER(Wp)
BATTERIES
NOMINALCAPACITY@100H(CNBat)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNBat)
MAXIMUMDEEPOFDISCHARGE(DoDMAX)
ORUSABLECAPACITY(CUBat)
REGULATOR
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNReg)
MAXIMUMCURRENT(ImaxReg)
DC/ACINVERTER(IFNEEDED)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNConv)
INSTANTENOUSPOWER(PIConv)
PERFORMANCE@70%LOAD
REALIABILITYANDSYSTEMOPERATIONALVOLTAGE
DAYSOFAUTONOMY(N)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNEquip)
DC
LOADS
ESTIMATEDENERGYCONSUMEDBYTHELOADS(DC)
MONTHWITHBIGGERCONSUMPTION:
EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION
NUMBEROF NOMIMAL
UNITS
POWER
(1)
(2)
USAGE
HOURS
DAY
(3)
ENERGY
(Wh/da)
E=(1)x(2)x(3)
USAGE
HOURS
DAY
(3)
ENERGY
(Wh/da)
E=(1)x(2)x(3)
ETOTALDC(beforeanyconverter)=
ESTIMATEDENERGYCONSUMEDBYTHELOADS(AC)
MONTHWITHBIGGERCONSUMPTION:
EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION
NUMBEROF NOMIMAL
UNITS
POWER
(1)
(2)
ETOTALAC(beforeanyconverter)=
ETOTALAC(afterconverter)=ETOTALAC/(70%)
ELECTIONOFWORSTMONTH
PLACE:
LATITUDE:
NOMINALVOLTAGEOFTHEINSTALATIONVN(V):
JN FB MR AP MY JN
INCLINATION
Gdm()(Kwh/m2day)
ETOTAL(DC)(Wh/day)
ETOTAL(AC)(Wh/day)
ETOTAL(AC+DC)=
Im(A)=ETOTAL(Wh/day)
1kW/m2/(Gdm()xVN)
WORSTMONTH(SUMMARY)
ImMAX(A)
ImMAX(A)=1'21xIm
ETOTAL(AC+DC)
JL
AG SP
OC NV DC
FINALCALCULATIONS
PANELS
PANELSSERIES(NPS)
NPS=VN/VPmax=
PANELSPARALLEL(NPP)
NPP=ImMAX/IPmax=
TOTALNUMBEROFPANELS
NTOT=NPSxNPP=
BATTERY
NECCESARYCAPACITY(CNEC)
CNEC=(ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)
PEOR))/VN).NAut=
NOMINALCAPACITY(CNOM) CNOM=CNEC/DoDmax=
NUMBEROFBATTERIESIN
SERIES(NBS)
NBS=VN/VNBat=
CABLES
PANELES
BATTERIES
TENSIONDROP
(VaVb)
SECTION
(r.L.ImMAX/(VaVb))
BATTERIESCONVERTER
MAINLINE