This article was downloaded by: [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi]

On: 20 January 2012, At: 02:35

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A:

Applications
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/unht20

Analysis of Non-Darcy Models for Mixed

Convection in a Porous Cavity Using a
Multigrid Approach
a

D. Santhosh Kumar , Anoop K. Dass & Anupam Dewan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of

Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
b

Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology

Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
Available online: 07 Dec 2009

To cite this article: D. Santhosh Kumar, Anoop K. Dass & Anupam Dewan (2009): Analysis of Non-Darcy
Models for Mixed Convection in a Porous Cavity Using a Multigrid Approach, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part A: Applications, 56:8, 685-708
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780903424674

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any
substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation
that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any
instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary
sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,
demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or
indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, 56: 685708, 2009

Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1040-7782 print=1521-0634 online
DOI: 10.1080/10407780903424674

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

ANALYSIS OF NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED

CONVECTION IN A POROUS CAVITY USING A
MULTIGRID APPROACH
D. Santhosh Kumar1, Anoop K. Dass1, and Anupam Dewan2
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology

Guwahati, Guwahati, India
2
Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
This article investigates the performance of two models; namely the Brinkman-Forchheimer
Darcy model (BFDM) and the Brinkman-extended Darcy model (BDM), in a problem
involving mixed convection in a square cavity lled with a porous medium using the multigrid method. The left and right walls, moving in opposite directions, are maintained at different constant temperatures, while the top and bottom walls are thermally insulated. The
transport equations were solved numerically by the nite-volume method on a colocated grid
arrangement using a quadratic upwind interpolation for convective kinematics (QUICK)
scheme. The inuence of the key parameters, namely the Darcy number (Da) and Grashof
number (Gr) on the ow and heat transfer pattern is examined. Further, the issue of
reliability of the results is addressed. The results demonstrate that BDM over-predicts
the momentum and heat transfer rates compared with BFDM, which is in conformity with
the fact that the additional term present in the BFDM hinders convective effects. The full
approximation storage (FAS) multigrid method achieves considerable acceleration of
convergence for the present relatively unexplored problem.

1. INTRODUCTION
The analysis of convection heat transfer in porous media has attracted the
attention of many researchers during the past three decades. This type of ow is
encountered in geothermal energy systems, prevention of sub-oil water pollution,
storage of nuclear waste, separation process in chemical industries, etc. Early works
on uid ow and heat transfer through porous media have used the Darcy law,
which neglects inertia and viscous effects which are not signicant for a low permeability and when the ow velocity is low. However, the Darcy law does not hold
well for high velocity and high permeability ows. To overcome the shortcomings
of the Darcy equation, two notable modications are proposed: Forchheimers
equation [1] and Brinkmans equation [2]. The former modication considers
nonlinear drag effect due to the solid matrix, which should be considered when
the Reynolds number or Darcy number is large, and the latter includes the viscous
Received 20 February 2009; accepted 24 September 2009.
Address correspondence to Anupam Dewan, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. E-mail: adewan@am.iitd.ac.in

685

686

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

NOMENCLATURE

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

Am
Sm
A, S
BDM
BFDM
cp
Da
Gr
H
h
I
Nu
Nu
n
Pr
p
R
Re
Ri
T
Th
Tc
V
u,v
x , y

coefcient matrix vector

source term vector
approximation to Am , Sm
Brinkman-extended Darcy model
Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy model
specic heat at constant pressure, kJ=
kg K
Darcy number, Hj2
3
Grashof number, gbDTH
n2
enclosure length, m
mesh size
operator
local Nusselt number
average Nusselt number
time level
Prandtl number, ane
dimensionless pressure
residual
Reynolds number of uid, V:H
n
Gr
Richardson number, Re
2


dimensional temperature, C
dimensional temperature of hot
uid,
C
dimensional temperature of cold
uid,
C
vertical wall velocity
dimensionless velocity components
along (x,y) axes
dimensional Cartesian coordinates, m

x, y
ae
b
h
n
m
q
j
/, u
k
r
Subscripts
c
E, N
e
f

m
n
nb
s
P
w

dimensionless Cartesian coordinates

effective thermal diffusivity of porous
medium, m2=s
uid thermal expansion coefcient
c
dimensionless temperature, TTT
h Tc
effective kinematic viscosity (mq), m2=s
effective dynamic viscosity, Pa s1
density, kg=m3
permeability of the porous medium,
m2
general variables
underrelaxation factor
capacity ratio, [E(qcp)(1E)(qcp)s]=
(qcp)
coarse-grid
east and north grid points
east face
ne-grid
uid
grid level
north face
neighbor
solid
main grid point
wall

Superscripts
0
corrections

stresses introduced by solid boundary. This equation is only valid when the porosity
is high. The Brinkman-Forchheimer equation was derived by the local
volume-averaging technique that includes the inertia and viscous terms [3].
Some investigators have used combinations of these models. Vafai and Tien [4]
highlighted the importance of boundary layer study and inertia effects in forced
convection through porous medium using the Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy model
(BFDM) without the divergent inertial term, and it was pointed out that in some
situations it should not be neglected. Lauriat and Prasad [5] accounted for nonlinear
drag by the Forchheimer approach, and studied the relative importance of inertia
and viscous forces on natural convection in porous media. Recently, Roy [6] studied
natural convection in porous media with various thermal boundary conditions using
the Darcy-Forchheimer model without the Forchheimer inertia term for a wide
range of Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers.
Mixed convection with heat transfer in a porous medium via the Brinkmanextended Darcy model (BDM) was numerically investigated, and the effects of
Richardson and Darcy numbers were discussed in references [7, 8]. Al-Amiri [9] analyzed the momentum and energy transfer under stable thermal stratication with an
emphasis on the inuence of the quadratic inertial effects. Khanafer and Vafai [10]

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

687

employed BFDM in a double-diffusive mixed convection lid-driven cavity lled

with porous medium by the nite-volume approach. They discussed various
pertinent dimensionless numbers in detail.
In recent years, the multigrid technique has received considerable attention as
an alternative iterative method for simulating uid ow problems. There are two
broad categories of multigrid methods: correction schemes (CS) and full approximation storage (FAS) scheme. The correction scheme is applicable to linear systems
only; it employs corrections to the solution on coarse grids, which are eventually
added to the ne-grid solution. A full approximation scheme solves nonlinear
equations for approximations to the solution rather than using a correction scheme.
Sivaloganathan and Shaw [11], for example, adopted the full approximation multigrid method and achieved a large reduction in CPU time. They used a staggered
grid arrangement, in which the grid-coarsening process is difcult because of the
use of three different sets of cells. Hence, a colocated grid layout, developed by
Rhie and Chow [12] to eliminate pressure wiggles, is used in the present work. A
discussion of the relative merits of the two types of grid layout may be found in
reference [13]. The full approximation multigrid scheme with colocated nite volumes
shows a signicant acceleration in convergence over single-grid methods [14, 15].
The objective of the present work is to investigate through a multigrid
method the effects of the nonlinear inertial term in the BFDM, which is absent
in the BDM on the mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with porous
medium. The study has been conducted for different values of Darcy number
and Grashof number to show the true effects on momentum and heat transfer
inside the cavity. To enhance the computational efciency, the FAS-multigrid
method was incorporated here. The present work constitutes an efcient method
for computation of ow for mixed convection in a porous cavity.
2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
The ow conguration considered in the present investigation is shown in
Figure 1. A 2-D square cavity of height H is lled with a saturated porous medium
whose horizontal walls are insulated. The cold left wall is moving up and the hot right
wall is moving down with equal velocities. The ow is assumed to be incompressible,
laminar and steady, and the porous medium is taken as homogeneous with isotropic
properties. The uid physical properties are considered constant, except for the density
in the body force term in the momentum equation for which the Boussinesq approximation is invoked. Under these assumptions the nondimensional equations governing
the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy can be written as follows.
qu qv

0
qx qy
"
#



1 qu
1 qu 1 qu
qp
1
q2 u q2 u
A 2u 2v

 B
E qt
E qx E qy
qx
E  Re qx2 qy2
"
#
p
1:75 u2 v2 u
u
 C p p

3=2
Da
 Re
E
Da
150

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

688

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the ow conguration.

"
#



1 qv
1 qv 1 qv
qp
1
q2 v q2 v
A 2u 2v

 B
E qt
E qx E qy
qy
E  Re qx2 qy2
"
#
p
1:75 u2 v2 v
v
Gr

 C p p
h 3

Da  Re Re2
Da E3=2
150
qh
qh
qh
1
q2 h q2 h
r u v

qt
qx
qy Re  Pr qx2 qy2

!
4

The scaled variables and physical parameters are dened as follows.

x
y
u
v
p
; y ; u ; v ; p
;
H
H
V
V
qV 2
h
i.
T  Tc
h
; r Eqcp fl 1  Eqcp s qcp fl
Th  Tc

Re

VH
;
n

Gr

gbH 3 DT
;
n2

Da

j
;
H2

Pr

n
ae

where asterisked variables are dimensional, and other dimensional variables without
the stars are explained in the nomenclature. The coefcients A, B, and C can be set
equal to 0 or 1 in order to obtain the existing porous media ow models, such as the
Darcy or the Brinkman and Forchheimer models. In this study, the coefcients A
and B are set equal to 1 because the ow velocity is high, where inertia and boundary
effects are signicant. In addition, if C 1 it gives the Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy
equation (BFDE). The Brinkman-extended Darcy equation (BDE) can be deduced
from the Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy equation by setting the coefcient C 0.

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

689

The dimensionless boundary conditions are given as

u 0:0;
u 0:0;
u 0:0;

v 1:0; h 0:0; x 0
v 1:0; h 1:0; x 1
v 0:0; qh
qy 0:0 y 0; 1

The dimensionless governing equations for a general eld variable / can be written as

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

a/







q/
q
q
q
q/
q
q/
d/
u/ v/
C/
C/

S/
qt
qx
qy
qx
qx
qy
qy

where C/ denotes diffusion coefcient and S/ the source term.

The following substitutions in Eq. (5) give the x-momentum equation.
1
1
1
; a / ; d/ 2 ;
C/
E  Re
E#
E
"
p
2 v2 u
qp
1:75

u
u

S /   p p
qx
Da  Re
Da E3=2
150
/ u;

The y-momentum equation results from the substitution

1
1
1
; a/ ; d / 2 ;
C/
E #
E
" E  Re
p
2 v2 v
qp
1:75

v
Gr
u
2h
S /   p p

3=2
qy
Da  Re Re
Da E
150
/ v;

and the energy equation results from

1
; a/ r; d/ 1; S/ 0
8
Pr  Re
The average Nusselt number Nu is calculated by integrating the local Nusselt
number Nu along the left wall and is given by
Z 1
Nu
Nudy
9
/ h;

C/

where, the local Nusslet number Nu is given by

Nu 

1 qh=qxw
A hh  hc

10

3. NUMERICAL METHOD
The present problem of mixed convection in a cavity lled with porous medium
is numerically solved using the full approximation storage multigrid method.
The code is based on the SIMPLE algorithm on a colocated grid arrangement using
the nite-volume method. The convective uxes at the cell interface are computed by

690

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

using the quadratic upwind interpolation for convective kinematics (QUICK)

scheme, and central differences are used to compute the diffusive uxes and the
pressure gradient. The multigrid method is one of the most efcient general iterative
methods. Unlike other iterative methods, multigrid algorithms offer convergence
rates that are independent of the number of grid points. The multigrid method
adopted in the present work is the full approximation storage (FAS) which has been
described in detail in references [15, 16]. Therefore, only a brief description of the
multigrid FAS process will be given here.

3.1. Description of Multigrid Algorithm

The governing equations are discretized on a colocated grid, i.e., all of the
dependent variables are stored at the center of a nite volume while using a cell
centered nite-volume computational procedure. The governing equation for any
variable um on grid-level m is given by
Am fum g fSm g

11

where m denotes the grid level for the nest grid, [Am] the coefcient matrix, and Sm
the source term vector. The present multigrid method, applied to a two-grid system,
commences by performing a few nite volume iterations using the SIMPLE algorithm on the nest grid having a mesh size h. The residual Rm after some iterations
is given by
fRm g fSm g  Am f/m g

12

where [Am] and {Sm} are approximations to [Am] and {Sm} based on the approximate solution {/m}. Subtracting Eq. (12) from Eq. (11) yields
Am fum g fSm g Am f/m g  fSm g fRm g

13

This equation is transferred to the next coarser grid level (m 1) as follows.

b
e
b
e
e
e
Abm1 f/
m1 g fS m1 g Am1 f/m1 g  fS m1 g fRm1 g

14

The variables and operators denoted by (^) are modied during the iteration on the
coarser grid level m 1. The vectors that have been transferred from grid level m to
m 1 are denoted by () and are referred to as restricted quantities. The manner in
which the variables are restricted will be explained in the next section. The underlined terms remain unchanged during the iteration on the coarser grid and appear
as an extra source term in the above equation. The quantities denoted by  are used
as an initial guess for ^ quantities which are changed owing to the restricted resie m1 when iterating the coarse grid. If the residual is zero, the solution will
duals R
b
e
e
be /m1 /
m1 , i.e., Rm1 0. It is to be noted that the pressure correction equation is linear in pressure and therefore no restriction of pressure from ne-grid to
coarse-grid is needed. Now, the SIMPLE smoothing scheme applied to the coarse
grid equations is summarized. This sequence involves the following steps.

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

691

1. The initial state is

b
ue
u;

bv ev;

p0 0

15

2. Perform a few iterations on the coarse-grid momentum equations.

3. The cell-face velocities, for example for the east face and north face, are corrected
as follows.

 #
qp0
qp0
b
ue  e
ue DVe

qx e
qx e
e
  #
  " 
1
qp0
qp0

v0n bvn  evn DVn
AP n qy n
qy n


1
AP

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

u0e

 "

16
17

Similarly, for the other two faces. The above equations reect Rhie and Chow [12]
interpolation strategy required to secure freedom from odd-even oscillation in a
colocated framework. The terms with overbars are simply arithmetic averages
of values of the nodes adjacent to the appropriate faces (P and E or P and N).
The mass residuals on coarse grid based on these face velocities are calculated.
4. The face-velocity corrections (denoted by double primes) are derived from
truncated versions of Eqs. (16) and (17).
u00e


ae

v00n an

1
AP

1
AP




p00P  p00E

18

p00P  p00N

19

5. The coarse-grid pressure correction equation is derived by substituting

the face-velocity corrections into the mass-continuity constraint. The pressure
correction equation is
X
b P p00
b nb p00 R0
20
A
A
P
nb
nb
nb

where R0nb indicates the mass unbalance.

6. Eq. (20) is solved and the related pressure and face-velocity corrections are
updated using correction Eqs. (18) and (19).
7. Once the outer relaxation sweep is over, the algorithm returns to step 2.
~ , the coarse-grid
After performing few relaxation sweeps with the initial quantities /
solution symbol is obtained. Hence the coarse-grid correction can be calculated by
b   /
e
d/c /

21

However, if / p0 (pressure correction), then

b
d/c /

22

692

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

The coarse-grid corrections are interpolated back (prolongated) to the ne-grid

to adjust the ne-grid solutions.
d/f Icf d/c

23

where Icf is the prolongation operator discussed in section 3.1.2. These are added to
the prevailing variable values

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

/fnew /fold kd/f

24

where k is an underrelaxation factor 0  k  1, which may be necessary to ensure

convergence of the two-level cycles. In the ne-grid, a few iterations are carried
out to smooth the high-frequency errors arising from the interpolation.
3.1.1. Restriction. Transfer of variables from the ne-grid to the next level of
the coarser-grid is termed as restriction, and the corresponding operator is denoted
by Ifc , with f and c denoting ne and coarse, respectively. In a cell-center nitevolume algorithm, no nodes on the ne-grid ever coincide with those of the
coarse-grid whether staggered or collocated. Therefore, the transfer of variables
from the ne to the coarse-grid has to be performed by interpolation. The transfer
of residuals requires no interpolation because the coarse-grid balance equation is
equal to the sum of the four balance equations for the corresponding ne-grid
control volume. The arrangement of variables are shown in Figure 2a, and divided
into three regions: inner region, west boundary, and north-west corner. Thus, the
restriction operator can be expressed as
2

3f
/1
6 27
~ /c I c 6 / 7
/
f 4 35
/
/4

25

For example, for the inner region away from the boundaries,
1
Ifc  1
4

1

26

1
Ifc  2
4

0

27

1
Ifc  0
4

0

28

while for the west boundary,

and for the north-west corner,

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

693

Figure 2. (a) Restriction of mass uxes and variables and (b) grid stencil for prolongation operator.

The above equations represent bilinear interpolation formulae. The restriction

operator pertaining to the residuals is
2 1 3f
R/
6 R2 7
6
7
29
R/ Rc/ Ifc 6 /3 7
4 R/ 5
R4/
where Ifc  1

1 1 :

694

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

3.1.2. Prolongation. The transfer of variables from the coarse to the

ne-grid is termed as prolongation and the corresponding operator is denoted by
Icf , through which the corrections obtained from the coarse-grid solutions are passed
to the ner-grid to update the solution on it. The 2-D computational domain can be
divided into three parts: the inner region, the boundary strips, and the boundary
corners (Figure 2b). The nature of the prolongation operator depends on the region
under consideration, and each region has its own prolongation operator and can be
expressed as

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

3f
2 1 3c
d/1
d/
6 d/2 7
6 d/2 7
f
6 3 7 I 6 3 7
c 4
4 d/ 5
d/ 5
4
d/
d/4

30

The prolongation operator Icf has the following forms.

For the inner region
2

9
1 6
3
f
Ic  6
16 4 3
1

3
9
1
3

3
1
9
3

3
1
37
7
35
9

31

0
0
1
3

6
2
3
1

3
2
67
7
15
3

32

0
0
1
2

2
0
1
0

3
2
47
7
15
2

33

For the west boundary

2

0
1 6
0
f
Ic  6
16 4 3
1
For north-west corner
2

0
1 6
0
f
Ic  6
16 4 1
0

Similar relations can be applied to the other boundaries and corners.

3.2. Code Validation

To test the grid independence of the solution numerical experiments were
performed for various uniform grids for Ri 0.01, Gr 104, and Da 101. The
corresponding results are shown in Figure 3. It is clear that an equally spaced grid
of 130  130 is adequate and rening the grid further produces the same results
(Figures 3a and 3b). The validation of the code against the work of Khanafer and
Vafai [10] in a double-diffusive mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with
porous medium was performed (Figure 4). It can be seen from Figures 4a and 4b that

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

695

Figure 3. Grid-independence study. (a) Horizontal velocity and (b) temperature along the vertical center
line at Ri 0.01, Gr 104, and Da 103.

the solution of the present numerical code is in excellent agreement with the numerical results of reference [10] for various buoyancy ratios at Re 100, Gr 102,
Le 1.0, Da 0.1, and E 0.95. When E ! 1 and Da ! 1, Brinkman-Forchheimer
Eqs. (2) and (3) reduce to the Navier-Stokes equation for free uid ows (mixed convection in the absence of the porous medium). By taking E 0.99999 and Da 107 in
Eqs. (24)(27) and using the present code, a natural convection ow problem is also
computed in order to gain further testimony in support of the code. The predicted
average Nusselt numbers are compared with those given by de Vahl Davis [17]

Figure 4. (a) Horizontal velocity and (b) temperature prole along the vertical center line for various
buoyancy ratios (N).

696

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Table 1. Comparison of the present predictions with available literature

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

Average Nusselt number

Ra

DeVahl Davis [17]

Nithiarasu et al. [18]

Present

103
104
105
106

1.116
2.238
4.509
8.817

1.127
2.245
4.521
8.800

1.117
2.246
4.530
8.822

and Nithiarasu et al. [18] for various Rayleigh numbers (Table 1). The results of the
present study agree well with those of the earlier investigators over the entire range
of Rayleigh numbers, thus lending credibility to the present code and numerical
method.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The multigrid-accelerated code developed for the present investigation uses
both BFDE and BDE to compute ows in the range of Darcy number 103 
Da  101 and Grashof numbers 102 and 104. The other parameters, such as the
Richardson number (Ri 0.01), Prandtl number (Pr 0.71), and porosity (E 0.9)
are assumed to remain constant. The sliding lids induce a clockwise uid motion;
whereas, the buoyancy force tries to rotate the uid in a counterclockwise direction.
In the present work, all of the tests are carried at Ri Gr=(Re)2 0.01, where the
forced convection becomes a dominating parameter in the ow. The directions of
movement of the vertical plates are specically chosen so as to oppose the current
due to pure buoyancy so that interesting ow patterns develop.

Figure 5. (a) Horizontal velocity and (b) temperature along the vertical center line at different Darcy
numbers (Da) for Ri 0.01, Gr 100, and E 0.9.

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

697

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

4.1. Effects of Inertial Term at Low Grashof Number

In the rst p
case,
when
Gr 102 and Ri 0.01, the corresponding Reynolds

number given by Gr=Ri equals 100. A comparison of BFDM and BDM is shown
in Figure 5 for the midplane horizontal velocity and temperature at constant
Ri 0.01 and Gr 102 for various Darcy numbers. When the Darcy number is
low (Da 103), both models produce almost identical velocity proles because of
negligible convective effects (Figure 5a). When the Darcy number, and hence convection, increases, expectedly the velocity proles deviate from each other proving the
inadequacy of BDM at Da 101 and 102. The magnitudes of velocity and temperature predicted by BDM are higher than those predicted by BFDM, owing to
the absence of inertial effect in BDM. This is in conformity with the observations
in reference [9], which mentions that the presence of inertial effects in BFDM hinders
momentum and energy transport. Understandably, this deviation is relatively more
pronounced for higher permeability of the porous medium represented by the Darcy
number, as the ow conductance increases with permeability.
Figure 6 shows the streamlines and isotherm patterns for BFDM, and Figure 7
shows those for BDM. At Da 103, the ow and temperature patterns (Figures 6(i)
and 7(i)) have a very close resemblance. An increase in the Darcy number induces the
ow activity deeper into the cavity, which causes more energy to be carried away
from the sliding walls, thus causing marked changes in the ow behavior. As the
Darcy number increases, the vortices generated near the vertical sliding walls move
away from the walls and they eventually coalesce into a single vortex (Figures 6(ii,
iii) and 7(ii, iii)). Another observation that can be made from Figures 6 and 7, is that
as the sidewall vortices have a clockwise sense of rotation, the right vortex drags hotter uid to the bottom wall and the left vortex drags colder uid to the top wall. The
result shows that with an increase in Darcy number, and hence convection, the average temperature of the top wall decreases and that of the bottom wall increases. This
conclusion can be made from the fact that with the Darcy number the hotter isotherms become more and more concentrated near the top right corner; whereas,
colder isotherms become more and more concentrated near the bottom left corner.
At Da 0.1, both models show that the sidewall vortices merge into one. This isotherm patterns for both models demonstrate that with an increase in Darcy number
the heat transfer between the two vertical walls is inuenced more and more by convection compared with conduction. However, fractional inuence of convection in
the heat transfer appears to be somewhat higher for BDM compared with BFDM.

4.2. Effects of Inertial Term at High Grashof Number

In the second case, when the Grashof number is increased to 104 keeping the
Richardson
number
p
(Ri 0.01) unchanged, the corresponding Reynolds number
given by Gr=Ri increases to 1000. A comparison of BFDM and BDM is shown
in Figure 8 for the midplane horizontal velocity and temperature at constant
Ri 0.01 and Gr 104 for various Darcy numbers. When the Darcy number is low
(Da 103), both the velocity and temperature proles show only a small variation
between these two models (Figures 8a and 8b) because of low convective effects. However, compared with the case for Gr 102 (Figures 5a and 5b), this variation is higher.

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

698

Figure 6. BFDM: (a) streamline and (b) isotherm patterns for Ri 102, Gr 102, E 0.9, and various
Darcy numbers (Da).

This is understandable so as at higher values of Gr the effect of convection is more

pronounced, and is the discrepancy between the two models. As the Darcy number
increases, the velocity proles deviate more and more from each other. In conformity
with the observations in reference [9], the magnitudes of velocity and temperature

699

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

Figure 7. BDM: (a) streamline and (b) isotherm patterns for Ri 102, Gr 102, E 0.9, and various
Darcy number (Da).

predicted by BDM is higher than those predicted by BFDM. The difference is again
higher for Gr 104 than for Gr 102 (see Figures 5 and 8). The presence of quadratic
nature of the inertial effects in BFDM makes their contribution more noteworthy in
hindering the uid motion as ow activities intensify. The discrepancy in velocity

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

700

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Figure 8. (a) Horizontal velocity and (b) temperature along the vertical center line at different Darcy
numbers (Da) for Ri 0.01, Gr 104, and E 0.9.

prediction between the two models has subsequently impacted the temperature
results. Figure 9 shows the streamlines and isotherm pattern for BFDM, and
Figure 10 shows those for BDM. At lower Darcy numbers (Da 103), the streamlines and temperature pattern show relatively smaller variations (Figures 9(i) and
10(i)). As seen from Figures 9a and 10a, the streamlines come closer together near
the left and right walls forming regions of high normal velocity gradient. As the left
wall moves upwards and the right wall moves downwards, the thickness of these shear
layers increases from the bottom to top on the left wall and from the top to bottom on
the right wall. As Da increases from 0.001 (as for Gr 102), the two sidewall vortices
merge into one. For Da 0.1 (BFDM, Figure 9a), the vortex-core has a somewhat
elliptical shape, and for Da 0.001 it becomes somewhat circular, just like the
case of antiparallel lid motion in a purely uid ow problem [19]. For BDM
(Figure 10a), the streamline patterns at Da 0.01 look like that of Da 0.1 for
BFDM (Figure 9a). This is in conformity with the fact that the presence of the
additional inertial term in BFDM hinders the ow with the result that ow pattern
given by BDM at lower Da looks like the ow pattern given by BFDM at a higher
Da. In other words, the effects of convection are more pronounced for the predictions
given by BDM than those given by BFDM. From Figures 9b and 10b, it can be
concluded that at low values of Da 0.001 the isotherms cluster near the top right
and the bottom left walls, which develop into thermal boundary layers at higher
values of Da 0.01 and 0.1, as convection starts playing a dominant role. As for
Gr 102 and Gr 104, with an increase in Da the average temperature of the top wall
shows a decreasing trend, while that of the bottom wall shows an increasing trend.
Also, from the isotherm patterns given by both models it can be concluded that
BDM demonstrates higher convective activity compared with BFDM.
To understand the heat transfer effect of Da and Gr for both models, the cold
(left) wall local Nusselt number Nu is plotted at Ri 0.01 for Gr 102 (Figure 11a)
and Gr 104 (Figure 11b). At Gr 102, it is seen that Nu increases from the top to

701

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

Figure 9. BFDM: (a) streamline and (b) isotherm patterns for Ri 102, Gr 104, E 0.9, and various
Darcy numbers (Da).

bottom. Since Gr represents the ratio of heat transfer by convection to that by

conduction, the fraction of heat transfer by convection decreases with the height of
the wall. Expectedly, BDM without the inertia term that hinders convective effects gives
a higher value of Nu compared with BFDM. At Gr 104, similar trends in Nu is

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

702

Figure 10. BDM: (a) streamline and (b) isotherm patterns for Ri 102, Gr 104, E 0.9, and various
Darcy numbers (Da).

generally observed with two exceptions. First, the Nu at any point in the wall is much
higher than that for Gr 102. Second, the monotonic increase of Nu with Da is not
observed especially towards the lower part of the wall. With an increase in Gr, buoyancy
effects become competitive with the effects of the plate movement. This results in a heat

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

703

Figure 11. Local Nusselt number at the cold (left) wall for various Darcy numbers (Da): (a) Gr 102 and
(b) Gr 104.

transfer trend that is in variance with the trend for the lower value of Gr 102. The
average Nusselt number Nu for various values of Da at Gr 102 and 104 is shown in
Table 2. Since BDM does not have the inertia term that hinders convective activity,
it gives a higher value of Nu for both values of Gr. Also, it is seen that Nu generally
increases with an increase in Da with a small exception at Gr 104 (last column in
Table 2). As mentioned earlier, the complex ow pattern that develops because of the
competition between the plate movement and buoyancy is seemingly the reason for it.
4.3. Convergence Acceleration by Multigrid
We now describe the performance of the multigrid method used for the present
computations. Expectedly, the multigrid full approximation scheme shows a faster
convergence. All results presented here were performed using V-cycle (Figure 12).
Tests were conducted on both 3level and 4level V-cycles and increasing the level
further did not provide additional dividend. The number of iterations performed
at each grid level is shown inside the circles (Figure 12). The computational effort
is reported in terms of equivalent ne-grid sweeps that are usually referred to as
work units. Figures 13 and 14 present the history of mass residual on a 130  130
grid as a function of the number of work units for 1, 3, and 4level computations.
Table 2. Average Nusselt number Nu given by the Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy
model and Brinkman-extended Darcy model
Nu (Gr 102)
Darcy number
103
102
101

Nu (Gr 104)

BFDM

BDM

BFDM

BDM

1.379
2.807
4.305

1.429
3.228
4.571

7.181
15.146
16.008

11.690
16.255
16.112

704

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

Figure 12. V-cycle multigrid showing iterations at various levels.

Figure 13. Mass residual history of multigrid methods for Ri 0.01, Gr 102, and E 0.9. (a) Da 0.001,
(b) Da 0.01, and (c) Da 0.1 for BFDM.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

705

Figure 14. Mass residual history of multigrid methods for Ri 0.01, Gr 104, and e 0.9. (a) Da 0.001,
(b) Da 0.01, and (c) Da 0.1 for BFDM.

A 4level multigrid cycle shows better convergence than a 3level multigrid

cycle. Figures 13 and 14 show that in the single-grid the residuals fall faster at
the beginning and slow down thereafter; whereas, in the multigrid method the
residual falls at a more or less constant rate. Tables 3 and 4 summarize the
Table 3. Performance of multigrid for a 130  130 grid for Ri 0.01 and Gr 104 and a mass residual of
1010 for BFDM
CPU time (min)
Darcy number
3

10
102
101

Speed-up

Single-grid

MG-3 level

MG-4 level

MG-3 level

MG-4 level

558
956
1172

107
174
219

79
146
197

5.21
5.49
5.35

7.06
6.54
6.26

706

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Table 4. Performance of multigrid for a 130  130 grid for Ri 0.01 and Gr 102 and a mass residual of
1010 for BFDM
CPU time (min)
Darcy number

Single-grid

MG-3 level

MG-4 level

MG-3 level

MG-4 level

233
197
187

55
51
53

45
42
38

4.23
3.86
3.52

5.17
4.69
4.92

3

10
102
101

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

Speed-up

total CPU time required and speed-up obtained by the multigrid over single grid
method for Gr 102 and Gr 104 for various Darcy numbers. The computations
were performed on a Pentium 4 Processor, 3.00 GHZ, 1 GB RAM machine. In terms
of computational efciency, the 4level multigrid method is substantially faster than
the single-grid method. It is known that multigrid pay-off is higher for ner grids,
which is why the multigrid technique is a very useful device for accelerating the
convergence.

5. CONCLUSION
The mixed convection in a square cavity with antiparallel wall motion and
lled with a porous medium has been investigated using the Brinkman extended
Darcy model and Brinkman Forchheimer Darcy model to study the effect of the
extra inertia term in the momentum equation present in the Forchheimer model.
The direction of the plate movements have been chosen to oppose the buoyancy
effects so that interesting ow patterns develop; especially when both effects have
similar levels of inuence. A multigrid accelerated computer code has been
developed to compute the ow which has not been earlier investigated for the present
geometry and the range of parameters using these models. To lend credibility to the
results produced, a thorough code validation exercise has been carried out by using
the code to reproduce various results available in the literature. The present results,
then, can be expected to enjoy a high level of credibility. It is generally seen in the
present investigation that as the Darcy number increases the discrepancy between
the results given by the two models increases. The ow pattern, isotherm pattern,
and heat transfer pattern represented by the Nusselt number given by the two models
for a wide range of parameters are presented. Some general observations can be
made from these results. For the low value of Da and Gr, the Brinkman extended
Darcy model appears to be sufcient. However, for higher values of the parameters
the Brinkman Forchheimer Darcy model is expected to give more accurate results
because of the hindering effect of the additional term. The results plotted and
tabulated are in line with the trend consistent with the physics of the ow that
involves mixed convection. The performance of the full approximation storage multigrid method, not frequently used in literature for similar types of problems, is also
investigated in some detail. It is seen that the 4level multigrid method employed
here has the ability to speed-up the convergence considerably for the present

NON-DARCY MODELS FOR MIXED CONVECTION

707

problem, involving both free and forced convection. Overall, this article presents
results of high credibility for a relatively unexplored ow conguration using an
efcient algorithm.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

REFERENCES
1. P. Forchheimer, Wasserbewegung Durch Boden, Zeitschrift des Verines Deutscher
Ingenieure, vol. 45, pp. 17821788, 1901. (In German)
2. H. C. Brinkman, A Calculation of the Viscous Force Exerted by a Flowing Fluid in a
Dense Swarm of Particles, Appl. Sci. Res., vol. A1, pp. 2734, 1947.
3. D. A. Nield and A. Bejan, Convection in Porous Media, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1992.
4. K. Vafai and C. L. Tien, Boundary and Inertia Effects on Flow and Heat Transfer in
Porous Media, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 24, pp. 195203, 1981.
5. G. Lauriat and V. Prasad, Non-Darcian Effects on Natural Convection in a Vertical
Porous Enclosure, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 32, pp. 21352148, 1989.
6. T. Basak, S. Roy, T. Paul, and I. Pop, Natural Convection in a Square Cavity Filled with
a Porous Medium: Effects of Various Thermal Boundary Contions, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer, vol. 49, pp. 14301441, 2006.
7. K. Khanafer and A. J. Chamkha, Mixed Convection Flow in a Lid-Driven Enclosure
Filled with a Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 42,
pp. 24652481, 1999.
8. E. Vishnuvaradhanarao and Manab Kumar Das, Laminar Mixed Convection in a Parallel
Two-Sided Lid Driven Differentially Heated Square Cavity Filled with a Fluid-Saturated
Porous Medium, Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 53, pp. 88110, 2008.
9. A. M. Al-Amiri, Analysis of Momentum and Energy Transfer in a Lid-Driven
Cavity Filled with a Porous Medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 43, pp.
35133527, 2000.
10. K. Khanafer and K. Vafai, Double-Diffusive Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven
Enclosure Filled with a Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium, Numer. Heat Transfer A,
vol. 42, pp. 465486, 2002.
11. S. Sivaloganathan and G. J. Shaw, A Multigrid Method for Recirculating Flows, Int. J.
Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol. 8, pp. 417440, 1988.
12. C. M. Rhie and W. L. Chow, Numerical Study of the Turbulent Flow Past an Airfoil with
Trailing Edge Seperation, AIAA J., vol. 21, pp. 15251532, 1983.
13. M. Peric, R. Kessler, and G. Scheuerer, Comparison of Finite Volume Numerical
Methods with Staggered and Colocated Grids, Comput. Fluids, vol. 16, pp. 389403,
1988.
14. M. Hortmann, M. Peric, and G. Scheuerer, Finite Volume Multigrid Prediction of
Laminar Natural Convection: Bench-Mark Solutions, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol.
11, pp. 189207, 1990.
15. F. S. Lien and M. A. Leschziner, Multigrid Acceleration for Recirculating Laminar and
Turbulent Flows Computed with a Nonorthogonal Colocated Finite Volume Scheme,
Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 118, pp. 351371, 1994.
16. D. Santhosh Kumar, K. Suresh Kumar, and M. Kumar Das, A Fine Grid Solution for a
Lid-Driven Cavity Flow using Multigrid Method, Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech., vol. 3,
pp. 336354, 2009.
17. G. de Vahl Davis, Natural Convection of Air in a Square Cavity: A Benchmark
Numerical Solution, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol. 3, pp. 249264, 1983.

708

D. SANTHOSH KUMAR ET AL.

Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi] at 02:35 20 January 2012

18. P. Nithiarasu, K. N. Seetharamu, and T. Sundararajan, Natural Convective Heat

Transfer in a Fluid Saturated Variable Porosity Medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
vol. 40, pp. 39553967, 1997.
19. N. Kumar, J. C. Kalita, and A. K. Dass, HOC Computation of Two-Sided Lid-Driven
Cavity Flow, Intern. Conf. on Computational Mechanics and Simulation, Proc. IIT
Guwahati, vol. II, pp. 16951700, 2006.