National conference on DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION SYSTEM , MAY 2015 .

SCADA TECHNOLOGY
MANISHA CHAUDHARY, ARNI UNIVERSITY, KANGRA, INDIA

Chaudharymanisha2010@gmail.com
Abstract:SCADA SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION:
This paper is establish for introducing about the SCADA Technology. SCADA mean
supervisory control and data acquisition system. That SCADA is the type of
software, that will come out into process after installing it into the computer (PC)
.That SCADA technology will totally depend upon the operator, the working skill
should be known by operator for getting expected output .As the name indicates it
is a full control system, that focuses on the supervisory level means that
technology totally depends upon the computer .By using that technology we can
easily control the large scale industries and the power houses. As such, it is purely
software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in
general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCS), or other commercial hardware
modules. Contemporary SCADA systems exhibit predominantly open-loop control
characteristics and utilize predominantly long distance communications, although
some elements or closed-loop control and/or short distance communications may
also be present. It is process control software that remotely gathers real time data
used in manufacturing to acquire measurements of process variables and machine
states, and for performing regulatory or machine control. SCADA is used in
industries specially for controlling, telecommunication industry, transport industries,
ventilation, cooling and for distribution purpose etc-etc.
INTRODUCTION:SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial control
system (ICS). A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the
process and sending commands (control) to the process Industrial control systems
are computer controlled systems that monitor and control industrial processes that
exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from
other ICS systems by being large scale processes that can include multiple sites,
and large distances.[1] These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and
facility-based processes, as described as : Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting
to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending
digital data to the supervisory system. Programmable logic controller (PLCs) used as
field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable
than special-purpose RTUs.C007Aommunication infrastructure connecting the
supervisory system to the remote terminal units. Various process and analytical

instrumentation .A humanmachine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device

which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human
operator monitors and controls the system.

Fig. SCADA system model

That SCADA basically used for the
controls of ancillary systems such as cooling, ventilation, power distribution, etc.
More recently they were also applied for the controls of smaller size particle
detectors such as the L3 muon detector and the NA48. SCADA systems have made
substantial progress over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability,
performance and openness such that they are an alternative to in house
development even for very demanding and complex control systems as those of
physics experiments.
WHAT DOES SCADA MEAN?
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, where supervisory
mean computer and acquisition mean gathering data from the environment.
Basically it is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries.
SCADA systems are used not only in industrial processes: e.g. steel making, power
generation (conventional and nuclear) and distribution, chemistry, but also in some
experimental facilities such as nuclear fusion. The size of a plant ranges from few
1000 to several thousand to 10 thousand input/output (I/O) channels. SCADA
systems used to run on DOS, VMS, and UNIX; in recent years all SCADA vendors
have moved to NT and some also to Linux.
ARCHITECTURE:1. Hardware Architecture:- One distinguishes two basic layers in a SCADA
system: the client layer which caters for man machine interaction and the data

server layer which handles most of the process data control activities. The data
servers communicate with devices in the field through process controllers which are
connected to data servers.
2. Software Architecture:-The products are multi-tasking and are based upon a
real-time database (RTDB) located in one or more servers. Servers are responsible
for data acquisition and handling (e.g. polling controllers, alarm checking,
calculations, logging and archiving) on a set of parameters, typically those they are
used for controlling.
FUNCTIONALITY:
1. Alarms and Event Monitoring:- A SCADA system must be able to detect,
display, and log alarms and events. When there are problems the SCADA system
must notify the operators to take corrective action. Alarms and event must be
recorded so that engineers and programmers can review the alarms to determine
what caused the alarm and prevent them happening again. More complicated
expressions can be developed by creating derived parameters on which status or
limit checking is then performed. The alarms are logically handled centrally, i.e. the
information only exists in one place and all users see the same status, and multiple
alarm priority levels are supported.
2. Data Acquisition:- SCADA must be able to read data from PLCs and other
hardware and then to analyze and graphically present that data to the user. SCADA
systems must be able to read and write multiple sources of data.
3. Operator Interface:- A SCADA system collects all of the information about a
process. The SCADA systems then need to display this data to the operator so that
they can comprehend what is going on with the process.
4. Non Real Time Control:- For simple control requirements, the SCADA system
should be able to control instead of a PLC. For anything other than simplistic control
we prefer a PLC to do the real time control with SCADA doing the non real time
control. The SCADA system is the medium between the operator and the real time
controller.
5. Data Bases And Data Logging:- Most applications require recipes, data
logging, and other means of reading and writing databases. SCADA systems can log
incredible amounts of data to disk for later review. This is helpful for solving
problems as well as providing information to improve the process.
6. Use Of MMI:- SCADA uses MMI to present the data acquire from the process to
allow the process operation to be supervised e.g. start/stop or changing set points.
SCADA provides MMI functions such as: Mimics-a graphical representation of the
process with dynamically up dated values; Trends-graphs of variables against
selected time periods; Reports-allows process variables to be summarized on a

period basis; Alarms-they also support the concept of a generic graphical object
with links to process variables.
7. Logging/Archiving:- Logging is the medium term storage of data on the disk,
where as archiving is the long term storage of data on disk or any other permanent
storage medium. Logging of data can be performed at a set frequency, or only
initiated if the value changes or when a specific predefined event occurs. The
logged data is time stamped and can be filtered when viewed by the user.
8. Report Generation:-One can produce reports using SQL type queries to the
archive, RTDB or logs. Although it is sometimes possible to embed EXCEL charts in
the report. Facilities exist to be automatically generated, print and archive reports.
9. Automation:- The majority of the products allow actions to be automatically
triggered by events. Scripting languages provided by the SCADA products allow
these actions to be defined. The concepts of receipts is supported, whereby a
particular system configuration can be saved to a file and then re-loaded at a latter
date. Sequencing is also supported; it is possible to execute a more complex
sequence of actions on one or more devices. Sequences may also react to external
events.
DEVELOPMENT WITH THE HELP OF SCADA:
SCADA system were developed for gathering data from far and wide using poor
quality command and providing high levels of reliability and operability. Given the
rapid expansion of communication systems,(satellite, cellular, fiber, microwave
etc)and the increasing processing power available at site. When the data gathering,
integrity and validations requirements of SCADA can be met by commonly used for
IT systems, then there will be even further convergence. SCADA system can be
justified cost, but the really big payoff is to reduce the capital investment. In many
cases the applications that run at that level are becoming more important than the
user stuff. However applications like batch tracking and leak detection are SCADA
advantages.
OPERATION OF SCADA:
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology collects real-time data
from virtually any environment where there is a need to monitor machinery or
processes, make adjustments based on measurable conditions, measure down time,
or regulate processes to avoid costly problems. The computer-based technology was
designed to do all the things with little human involvement. From a central reading
location, a SCADA system can monitor a number of remote sites equipped with
RTUs. The RTUs measures various conditions and parameters, including tank levels,
temperature, voltage, current, volume, and flow. The unit reports the data back to
the CPU, carrying out the necessary analysis and cost functions. Additionally,
SCADA technology personal of current or potential alarm situations, allowing an

operator to and fine tune a process. Control can be automatic or initiated by

operator commands, based on the sophistication of the individual system. The
technology is widely accepted as a reliable and efficient control system within
numerous industrial markets.
APPLICATION OF SCADA:
A typical SCADA application requires several low cost distributed RTUs, controlled by
a central station/master. Common applications for SCADA systems typically include
water and waste treatment, petroleum and hydro carbon processing, power
generation, food processing, steel manufacturing, remote telecommunications and
plant machinery maintenance. Unlike in plant process control systems, SCADA
systems typically include a remote telecommunication link. Real-time
measurements and controls at remote stations are transferred to a CPU through the
communication link. Large systems can monitor and control 10-2000 remote sites,
with each site containing as many as 2000 I/O points.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SCADA TECHNOLOGY:
Advantages of SCADA system include Wide area connective and pervasive;
routable; parallel polling; redundancy and hot stand by ; large addressing ranges;
integration of I.T to automation and monitoring net works; standardization; reduce
down time; limit the frequency of accidents; improve record; increase through put.
Disadvantages of SCADA Technology include IP performance over head; web
enabled SCADA hosts users to remotely monitor, control remote sites via a web
browser; security concerns.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SCADA:
SCADA 3000 was released to five beta sites for testing and evaluation. As a result of
testing Phonetics has added several features such as additional ladder and C
program function. Tenomatix technologies new product is eM-Insight, a data source
neutral tolerance management and statistical process control product that helps
manufacturing companies share and distribute parts inspection data throughout the
organization. Schneider Electrics new Telemecanique brand Unity plat form of PLC
processors and automation software provide new tools designed to enhance
productivity.
ENGINEERING:
The need for proper Engineering cannot be sufficiently emphasized to reduced
development effort and to reach a system that complies with the requirements, that
is economical in development and maintenance and i.e., reliable and robust. The
Engineering activities specific to the use of a SCADA system includes templates for
different types of panels; Instructions on how to control; a mechanism to prevent
conflicting controls; alarm levels, behavior to be adopted in case of specific alarms.

EVOLUTION:
SCADA vendors release one major version and one to two additional minor versions
once per year. These products evolve thus very rapidly so as to take advantage of
new market opportunities, to meet new requirements of their customers and to take
advantage of new technologies .As was already mentioned, most of the SCADA
products that were evaluated decompose the process in atomic parameters to
which a Tag-name is associated. This is impractical in the case of very large
processes when very large sets of Tags need to be configured. As the industries
applications are increasing in size, new SCADA versions are now being designed to
handle devices and even entire systems as full entities (classes) that encapsulate all
their specific attributes and functionality. In addition, they will also support multiteam development.
As far as new technologies are concerned, the SCADA products are now adopting:
1} Web technology, ActiveX, Java, etc.
2} OPC as a means for communicating internally between the client and server
modules
CONCLUSION:SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant and equipment in
industries. The benefits one can expect from adopting a SCADA system a rich
functionality and extensive development facilities. The systems are used to mission
critical industrial processes where reliability and performance are paramount. These
systems are used to gather and analyze real time data. Rich functionality
and extensive development facilities. The amount of effort invested in SCADA
product amounts to 50 to 100 p-years!the amount of specific development that
needs to be performed by the end-user is limited, especially with suitable
engineering. These systems are used for mission critical industrial processes where
reliability and performance are paramount. In addition, specific development is
performed within a well-established framework that enhances reliability and
robustness and technical support and
maintenance.
REFERENCE:[1] A.Daneels, W.Salter, Technology Survey
Summary of Study Report, IT-CO/98-08-09,
CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.
[2] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selecting and Evaluation of
Commercial SCADA Systems for the Controls of

the CERN LHC Experiments", this Conference.

[3] G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use
of Fieldbuses at CERN in the LHC Era",
Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference
on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics
Control Systems, Beijing, 1997, p.285.
[4] R.Barillere et al., Results of the OPC Evaluation
done within the JCOP for the Control of the LHC
Experiments, this Conference.