Research Paper: Medical Center

Table of Contents
Medical Center/
Hospitals..2
-3
Hospital
Typology
..4-8
Mental Health
Hospital
..4
Rehabilitation
Hospital
5
Maternity and Pediatric
Hospital.6
Nursing
Homes
.7
Childrens
Hospital
.7
Trauma
Centre
..8
Space Requirements (Medical Center).
9
Review Related Literature (Local)
. 10-12
Review Related Literature (Foreign)
13-14

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 1

Research Paper: Medical Center

Organizational
Chart
..15
Flow
Chart
..16

Medical Center/ Hospitals

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized

staff and equipment.
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for
profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct
charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by
religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Today, hospitals are largely
staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this
work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
However, there are various Catholic religious orders, such as the Alexians and the
Bon Secours Sisters, which still focus on hospital ministry today, as well as several
Christian denominations, including the Methodists and Lutherans, which run
hospitals. In accord with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally
"places of hospitality", and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 2

Research Paper: Medical Center

institutions such as the Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement

and nursing home for veteran soldiers.

Specialized Hospitals
Types of specialized hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation
hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for
dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric
hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic
problems, and so forth.
A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many
hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into
campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and
the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called
teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on a nonprofit basis by
governments or charities. There are however a few exceptions, e.g. China, where
government funding only constitutes 10% of income of hospitals. (need citation
here. Chinese sources seem conflicted about the for-profit/non-profit ratio of
hospitals in China)
Specialized hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general
hospitals. For example, Narayana Hrudayalaya's Bangalore cardiac unit, which is
specialized in cardiac surgery, allows for significantly greater number of patients. It
has 3000 beds (more than 20 times the average American hospital) and in
pediatric heart surgery alone, it performs 3000 heart operations annually, making
it by far the largest such facility in the world. Surgeons are paid on a fixed salary
instead of per operation, thus the costs to the hospital drops when the number of
procedures increases, taking advantage of economies of scale. Additionally, it is
argued that costs go down as all its specialists become efficient by working on one
"production line" procedure.
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments
(or "wards") they have. Each is usually headed by a Chief Physician. They may
have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre,
burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist
units such as:

Departmental Facilities

Emergency department

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 3

Research Paper: Medical Center

Cardiology
Intensive care unit
Pediatric intensive care unit
Neonatal intensive care unit
Cardiovascular intensive care unit
Neurology
Oncology
Obstetrics and gynaecology

Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic
treatment units such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology,
psychiatric ward, rehabilitation services, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and
radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records
departments, release of information departments, Information Management (aka
IM, IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops
(aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments.

Hospital Typology
MENTAL HEALTH HOSPITAL
Private Psychiatric Hospitals
Private psychiatric hospitals are nongovernmental specialty hospitals. Like
general hospitals, they may be operated on either anon profit or for-profit basis.
They have the responsibility of providing treatment programs with definitive goals
for the welfare of the patient, with the realization that the period of hospitalization
may be only a segment of the total treatment plan .The medical staff should make
use of the opportunity provided by a high ratio of medical staff to patients to
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 4

Research Paper: Medical Center

regulate the therapeutic program and to observe the processes of illness and the
response to therapy. The most advanced approaches to treatment, and
individualization of program to meet each patient's needs, should be employed.
The hospital should take advantage of around-the-clock observations by many
trained observers, and multidisciplinary views in conference, in the evaluation of
therapy and the integration of theory and practice. There should be a period ice
valuation of the effectiveness of the hospital therapeutic program. Although the
primary function of the hospital is to maintain excellence in psychiatric treatment,
the professional and administrative staff should be encouraged to utilize the
unique opportunities for education and research.
Public Psychiatric Hospital
A public psychiatric hospital is defined as an institution provided by the
community whether city, county, state, provincial, or federal government-for the
diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with psychiatric and neurological
disorders. Most hospitals in this group are state or provincial hospitals. They
provide both short-term and long-term treatment and admit patients both
voluntarily and by legal commitment .While it is recognized that variations in the
usual type of state hospital organization are suitable in certain localities, the
essential professional, diagnostic, treatment, and administrative and maintenance
services described in the preceding section on general standards can be applied to
all public hospitals by individual interpretation. Each public hospital has an
important function to perform in providing necessary psychiatric services to its
community and in promoting psychiatric education and research. Recognizing the
advantages of affiliation with medical schools and other medical centers in their
areas, many public hospitals shave established formal programs of participation in
cooperative educational and research efforts.

REHABILITATION HOSPITAL
The rehabilitation (or physical medicine) department includes facilities for
physiotherapy, occupational therapy (OT) and speech and language therapy. It
serves mainly out-patients and day patients, and should thus be at ground
entrance level and conveniently placed for parking, including spaces for people
with disabilities, at least one of which should be under cover to provide a degree of
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 5

Research Paper: Medical Center

protection from rain for wheelchair transfer. Acute medical and surgical patients
are generally in hospital for too short a time to make visits to their habilitation
department worthwhile. Increasingly, physiotherapists, and to a lesser extent
occupation a therapists, visit and treat the patients on the wards. Award day room
may contain some physiotherapy equipment. An exception is the case of stroke or
other rehabilitation wards which should preferably be close and on the same level
as the rehabilitation department. Both can then benefit from the use of courtyards
and gardens for additional exercise and activity.
This describes both a process and a department. There is some element of
rehabilitation in the care and treatment of most hospital in-patients. They must, on
leaving, be as fit as possible to resume such activities as their condition permits.
This is very important for elderly patients: for example, those with fractured
femurs. Once their urgent surgical care has been undertaken, their longer term
rehabilitation may best take place in a community or locality hospital; otherwise
beds in theor thopaedic ward can be blocked. There are similar rehabilitation needs
for patients who have had strokes.

MATERNITY and PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL

Childbirth is a natural process, but one that may occasionally threaten the
life or health of both mother and child, and this presents dilemmas for designers of
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 6

Research Paper: Medical Center

maternity units. For the great majority of cases, a stay of only a day or two is
enough. Traditionally the components of a maternity unit are the antenatal clinic,
wards (mainly post-natal, but also for the few who need observation before birth),
the delivery suite, and the neonatal (or special care baby) unit. With ever
shortening lengths of stay, the logic of separation of delivery suite and postnatalward has been questioned. The alternative, pioneered in UK at Kingston
Hospital, is the LDRP (labor, delivery, recovery, and post-partum) room. This room fully equipped as a normal delivery room, but with domestic decor and equipment
located out of sight, and toilet and small sluice en suite is accepted by the
mother for the whole of her stay. An abnormal delivery room and full operating
theatre are still needed for Caesarian and other more difficult births. There is also
likely to be demand for one or more water-birthing rooms.

In a hospital with a patient-focused emphasis, the maternity unit may form

part of a women and childrens hospital. In any case, it is an advantage for the
childrens wards and services in the hospital to be near the maternity unit, for ease
of access by pediatricians. The obstetricians are usually also responsible for
gynecology wards and out-patients. In the context of a service provided by a major
acute I hospital with related locality hospitals, as described under Future
strategies in the introduction to this section, the general maternity units would
form part of the locality hospitals, providing sufficient medical cover is available.
The major acute hospital would then only take those cases where difficulties are
expected, or where transfer from the locality hospital proves necessary.

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 7

Research Paper: Medical Center

NURSING HOMES/ HOSPITAL

Nursing homes may cater for residents of all ages, from children to the
elderly. Currently in the UK by far the majority of residents are in this latter
category. Nursing homes provide for a wide variety of nursing and related needs
that are of a type or severity that do not need permanent hospital care and yet
cannot be catered for in residential care homes. Some homes cater for general
nursing needs whereas others focus on particular types of nursing such as care of
the young; the severely physically disabled; those with learning difficulties; the
mentally ill; respite care; the chronic sick or others requiring specialist nursing. A
few homes may have acute medical or surgical facilities. In terms of
accommodation and service, nursing homes bridge the gap between hospitals and
residential care homes that is, between health services and social services.
In all cases the design of nursing homes should aim at providing as relaxed a
domestic atmosphere and environment as possible, within which the necessary
level of nursing care can be safely and efficiently provided. Even the most frail or
heavily dependent residents should be able to maintain their dignity. The current
trend is to provide individual personal space for residents. Hence, individual rooms
with toilet facilities en suite backed-up by communal lounges and dining areas
along with shared treatment and assisted bathing rooms are the norm. Special
attention is required to making sure the facilities are suitable for the physically
disabled and frail.
CHILDRENS HOSPITAL
A children's hospital is a hospital which offers its services exclusively to
children (including teenagers). Children's hospitals can serve children from birth up
to the age of 18, or in some instances, children's hospitals' doctors may treat
children until they finish high school. The number of children's hospitals
proliferated in the 20th century, as pediatric medical and surgical specialties
separated from internal medicine and adult surgical specialties. Children's
hospitals are characterized by greater attention to the psychosocial support of
children and their families.
In addition to psychosocial support, children's hospitals have the added benefit of
being staffed by professionals who are trained in treating children. While many
normal hospitals can treat children adequately, pediatric specialists may be a
better choice when it comes to treating rare afflictions that may prove fatal or
severely detrimental to young children, in some cases before birth. Also, many

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 8

Research Paper: Medical Center

children's hospitals will continue to see children with rare illnesses into adulthood,
allowing for a continuity of care.

TRAUMA CENTRES/ HOSPITAL

A trauma
center is
a hospital equipped
and
staffed
to
provide
comprehensive emergency
medical
services to
patients
suffering traumatic injuries. Trauma centers grew into existence out of the
realization that traumatic injury is a disease process unto itself requiring
specialized and experienced multidisciplinary treatment and specialized resources.
According to the CDC, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children
and adults ages 144. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle accidents,
falls, and assaults with a deadly weapon.
In the United States, a hospital can receive Trauma Center verification by meeting
specific criteria established by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and
passing a site review by the Verification Review Committee. Official designation as
a Trauma Center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers
vary in their specific capabilities and are identified by "Level" designation: Level-I
(Level-1) being the highest, to Level-III (Level-3) being the lowest (some states
have five designated levels, in which case Level-V (Level-5) is the lowest).
Higher levels of trauma centers will have trauma surgeons available, including
those
trained
in
such
specialties
as Neurosurgery and Orthopedic
surgery, a nurse specialist in trauma care, as well as highly sophisticated medical
diagnostic equipment. Lower levels of trauma centers may only be able to provide
initial care and stabilization of a traumatic injury and arrange for transfer of the
victim to a higher level of trauma care.
The operation of a trauma center is extremely expensive. Some areasespecially
rural regionsare under-served by trauma centers because of this expense. As
there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at
trauma centers can vary widely. A variety of different methods have been
developed for dealing with this.

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 9

Research Paper: Medical Center

Space Requirements (Medical Center)

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 10

10

Research Paper: Medical Center

11

Review Related Literature (Local)

St. Luke's Medical Center (Philippines)

St. Luke's Medical Center (SLMC) is a tertiary referral hospital located in
Quezon City and Bonifacio Global City, Taguig Metro Manila, Philippines. It is
considered as one of the best hospitals in Asia and in the world.
St. Luke's eight (8) departments assemble traditional medical services into
specialties. St. Luke's operates the Departments in Medicine, Nuclear Medicine,
Obstetrics
and
Gynecology,
Surgery,
Otorhinolaryngology,
Pediatrics,
Anesthesiology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Emergency Medicine, OutPatient Care, Legal Medicine and Jurisprudence, and Dentistry and Oral Surgery.
St. Lukes was established in 1903 by American Episcopalian missionaries as
a charity ward and dispensary hospital. St. Luke's started out as fully free
outpatient clinic for the poor in Called Magdalena, Tondo. More than a hundred
years later, St. Luke's still provides socialized medical services to the Filipino
people. It also supports and conducts medical, dental and surgical missions in rural
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 11

Research Paper: Medical Center

12

areas. It was transformed into an independent, non-sectarian, non-stock, non-profit

corporation in the 1970s.
St. Lukes Medical Center- Quezon City sits on the hilly Cathedral Heights in
Quezon City. The hospital now accommodates 652 beds, and is home to 10
institutes, 13 departments, and 22 "Centers of Excellence". Adjacent to the
hospital proper are the Medical Arts Building and the twin towers of the Cathedral
Heights Building Complex, where over 2,000 hospital-affiliated medical consultants
see out-patients in more than 450 private clinics. Also within the complex are a
five-story parking building, six restaurants, ten apartelle units for out-of-town
families of patients, 14 residential units at the top floor and the St. Lukes College
of Medicine William H. Quasha Memorial. The hospital is especially active in
cardiovascular medicine, neurology and neurosurgery, and cancer.
Review Related Literature (Local)

Capitol Medical Center (Philippines)

Capitol Medical Center has maintained its tradition of excellence in quality
healthcare. Competent doctors and dedicated staff have put their heart and soul in
caring for the patients thereby making CMC one of the countrys top medical
centers.
CMC has endeavored to make itself synonymous with excellence in total
quality healthcare delivery. Our relentless pursuit towards its achievement has
always been fraught with challenges and we are thankful that we have met them
with flying colors. Constant development in medical techniques and technology
along with the seemingly corresponding evolution of diseases spurs us on to
improve our facilities and the capabilities of the medical practitioners and all other
health providers.
Capitol Medical Center came into the Philippine health community at the
dawn of the revolutionary seventies the martial law years. It was founded by Dr.
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 12

Research Paper: Medical Center

13

Thelma N. Clemente, Mr. Luis C. Clemente and a handful of her contemporaries in

the medical profession. The center was built and inaugurated on March 19, 1970.
The institutions progress over the years can be clearly seen from its rapid
extension. From an initial 100 patient bed capacity in 1970, it has expanded to 300
beds after years of operation. An outstanding feature of the institutions operation
is the continuing sustained program for the upgrading of its facilities to keep
abreast with the latest developments in medical and health technology, thereby
allowing the highest degree of sophistication and modernity in its services.

Review Related Literature (Local)

Medical Center Manila (Philippines)

Medical Center Manila was founded in 1967 by a group of physicians headed
by Dr. Paulo C. Campos. After being built, the hospital opened August 15, 1967. It
had 176 beds for adults and children and twenty-four bassinets for newborns in the
nursery. Around 2009 the hospital was renovated to such an extent that it was
hardly recognizable. It became a very modern facility and was expanded to a
capacity of 250 beds.
Medical Center Mania (MCM) is a 250-bed tertiary hospital, licensed by the
Department of Health and accredited by the Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation. Managed and operated by Hospital Management Services, Inc. (HMSI),
MCM was established in 1967 by a group of distinguished physicians who were
graduates of the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 13

Research Paper: Medical Center

14

Today all rooms for adults and patient wards are air conditioned. Rooms
range from very fancy rooms with many amenities, to private rooms and then
semi-private rooms. The lowest level of beds is on open patient wards. All beds,
even on wards, have a toilet and access to a bath with a shower. In addition, the
hospital has a Neonatal Unit.
Medical Center Manila has a variety of services. These include (for inpatients
and outpatients) an emergency department, a surgical complex, an imaging
department, a cardiovascular lab and a breast care center. Other services cater to
mainly outpatients. These include rehabilitative medicine, family medicine,
dentistry services and obstetrics and gynecology services. The hospital also has a
midwife service.

Review Related Literature (Foreign)

The Texas Medical Center (Texas)

The Texas Medical Center is the largest medical center in the world with one
of the highest densities of clinical facilities for patient care, basic science, and
translational research. Located in Greater Houston, the center contains 54
medicine-related institutions, including 21 hospitals and eight specialty
institutions, eight academic and research institutions, three medical schools, six
nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and other
health-related practices. All 54 institutions are not-for-profit. The center exceeds
one thousand acres (or 1.562 square mile) in size. Some member institutions are
Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 14

Research Paper: Medical Center

15

located outside of the city of Houston. The Center is where one of the first and
largest air ambulance services was created and where one of the first successful
inter-institutional transplant programs was developed. More heart surgeries are
performed in Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.
The Texas Medical Center receives 160,000 daily visitors and over seven
million annual patient visits, including over 18,000 international patients. In 2011,
the center employed over 106,000 people, including 20,000 physicians, scientists,
researchers and other advanced degree professionals in the life sciences.

Review Related Literature (Foreign)

International Medical Center (Saudi Arabia)

International Medical Center or IMC is a large hospital in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, and was built in 2005. The Director of the Centre is Dr. Walid Fitaihi.
It has 300 beds, and offers specialities in Childrens Health, Womens Health,
Pain and Headache Management, Diabetes, Musculoskeletal, and Plastic Surgery
and Dermatology.

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 15

Research Paper: Medical Center

16

The 300 bed, state-of-the-art International Medical Center (IMC) is a

multidisciplinary hospital that is committed to delivering a service like no other.
One that would captivate its visitors and staff, engulfing them in its new approach
to medicine and building a new culture that will take patience to grow but will soon
be transmitted to future generations as the Islamic standards in healthcare. To
ensure our commitment to accuracy, IMC works hand in hand with the highly
acclaimed Joint Commission International (JCI) to IMC uphold superior international
standards. IMC is a multi-specialty hospital that features six Centers of Excellence
that houses sub-specialties that are delivered by US and Canadian Board Certified
Physicians in addition to many other specialties. The centers are Childrens Health,
Womens Health, Pain and Headache Management, Diabetes, Musculoskeletal, and
Plastic Surgery and Dermatology
The idea for establishing the International Medical Center was conceived in
1993, and actual work on the project began in 1998. The original founders and first
investors were the Fitaihi Company under the medical and technical leadership of
Dr. Walid Fitaihi, later joined by the rest of the medical team.

Organizational Chart
Sample in Iligan Medical Center

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 16

Research Paper: Medical Center

FLOW CHART

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 17

17

Research Paper: Medical Center

Prepared by JUSTIN ANGELO R. ALCARAZPage 18

18