COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman

Prepared by: C. Valencia

I. Abdominal Wall
1. External Oblique: large muscle; outermost layer of the abdominal wall
O - Lumbodorsal fascia & posterior ribs by separate slips
I - Extensive neurosis which passes to the linea alba & pubis
A - Constrictor of abdomen
2. Internal Oblique: short muscle lying beneath the more dorsal portion of external oblique;
O - Second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia & border of the pelvic girdle
I - Linea alba by the extensive aponeurosis
A - Compressor of abdomen
3. Transverse (Transversus Abdominis); fibers directed ventrally and slightly posteriorly
O - Second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia & border of the pelvic girdle
I - Linea alba by the extensive aponeurosis
A - Compressor of abdomen
4. Rectus Abdominis: long slender muscle on each side of the linea alba; extends from the pubic symphysis to
anterior part of thorax; crossed by regular intervals of white lines (myosepta)
O - Anterior end of pubic symphysis
I - Sternum & costal cartilages
A - Retracts ribs & sternum & compresses abdomen
II. Epaxial Muscles
1. Multifundus Spinae: slender, narrow median portion
2. Sarcospinalis: very thick lateral portion; divisible anteriorly into three longitudinal parts:
Semispinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
III. Muscles of the Chest
1. Pectoantibrachialis: anterior & most superficial of the chest muscles
O - Manubrium
I - By a flat tendon on the fascia of the forearm
A - Draws the arm toward the chest
2. Pectoralis Major
O - Sternum & median ventral raphe
I - Humerus
I - Draws the arm toward the chest
3. Pectoralis Minor: divisible into several parts
O - Sternum

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
I - Humerus

Prepared by: C. Valencia

A - Draws the arm toward the chest

4. Xiphihumeralis: thin, flat long muscle
O - Xiphoid process of the sternum
I - Humerus
A - Draws the arm toward the chest
IV. Muscle of the Neck & Throat
1. Sternomastoid: superficial muscle of the ventral side of the neck; the external jugular vein crosses its surface;
appears divisible into two muscles
O - Median raphe & manubrium of sternum
I - On the skull from the labdoidal ridge onto the mastoid process by the thick tendon; passes internal to the
submaxillary gland & the parotid gland
A - Singly turn the head, together depress the head on neck
2. Sternohyoid
O - First costal cartilage
I - Body of the hyoid bone
A - Draw the hyoid posteriorly
3. Cleidomastoid
O - Clavicle
I - Mastoid process
A - Pulls clavicle craniad or turns head, acting singly, or lowers head on neck
4. Cephalobranchial: long muscle on the side of the neck and passing over the ventral surface of the sholder to the
foramen.
Clavotrapezius: upper part of cephalobranchial; skull to clavicle
Clavobranchial: lower part of cephalobrancial; clavicle to foramen
O - Clavicle (inner surface of the muscle in the shoulder region) & fibers of the clavotrapezius
I - Ulna
A - Flexor of the forearm
5. Masseter: great thick muscle covering the angle of the jaws; in front of the submaxillary & parotid glands; covered
by a very tough shinning fascia
O - Zygomatic arch
I - Posterior half of the lateral surface of the mandible
A - Elevator of the lower jaw
6. Temporal: on the temporal fossa
O - Posterior nuchal line to zygomatic process; zygomatic arch
I - Coronoid process of mandible

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
A - Elevator of jaw

Prepared by: C. Valencia

7. Digastric: along the medial surface of each half of the mandible

O - Jugular & mastoid processes of skull
I - Mandible
A - Depressor of the lower jaw
8. Mylohyoid: thin transverse sheet passing across between the two digastrics from one half of the mandible to the
other
O - Mandible
I - Median raphe
A - Raises floor of the mouth and brings hyoid forward
9. Geniohyoid: pair of long, slender muscles
O - Mandible near the symphysis
I - Body of hyoid
A - Draws hyoid forward
10. Sternothyroid: one on each side of the trachea
O - Sternum in common with the sternohyoid
I - Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
A - Pulls the larynx posteriorly
11. Thyrohyoid: short, narrow muscle on each side of the thyroid cartilage
O - Thyroid cartilage
I - Posterior horn of the hyoid
A - Raises the larynx
V. Muscles of the Upper Back & Shoulder and Back of the Neck
1. Latissimus Dorsi: large flat muscle extending obliquely forward from the middle of the back to the upper arm
O - Neural spines of the last thoracic & most of the lumbar vertebrae & from the lumbodorsal fascia
I - By a tendon on the medial surface of the humerus
A - Pulls the limb dorsally & caudally
2. Trapezius Muscles: thin, flat muscles covering the back and the neck anterior to the preceeding
Spinotrapezius (posterior trapezius)
O - Spines of the thoracic vertebrae
I - Fascia of the scapula
A - Draws the scapula dorsad & caudad
Acromiotrapezius (middle trapezius)
O - Neural spines of the cervical & first thoracic vertebrae

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
Prepared by: C. Valencia
I - Metacromion process & spine of the scapula & fascia of the preceding muscle
A - Draws scapula dorsad & holds the two scapulae together
Clavotrapezius (anterior trapezius)
O - Superior nuchal line & median dorsal line of neck
I - Clavicle; continuous with the clavobranchial muscle
A - Draws the clavicle dorsad & craniad
3. Levator Scapulae Ventralis: along the ventral border of the acromiotrapezius & continuous with it
O - Transverse process of the atlas & occipital bone
I - Metacromion process & neighboring fascia
A - Draws the scapula craniad
4. Rhomboideus: thick muscle beneath acromiotrapezius
O - Neural spines of the vertebrae & adjacent ligaments
I - Vertebral border of the scapula
A - Draws scapula dorsad
Rhomboideus Capitis: most ventral of rhomboideus; practically separate muscle
O - Superior nuchal line
I - Scapula
A - Draws the scapula craniad & rotates it
5. Splenius: large sheet of muscle covering the back of the neck in front of the rhomboideus
O - Middorsal line 7 fascia
I - Superior nuchal line
A - Raises or turns the head
6. Supraspinatus: stout muscle occupying the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
O - Whole surface of supraspinous fossa
I - Greater tuberosity of humerus
A - Extends the humerus
7. Deltoids
Clavodeltoid = Clavobranchialis
Acromiodeltoid: short, thick muscle
O - Acromion process
I - Surface of other muscle of the shoulder
A - Raise & rotate the humerus
Spinodeltoid: passes to the upper arm, across the upper ends of the muscles of the upper arm
O - Spine of scapula
I - Ridge (deltoid ridge) of the humerus, the insertion being concealed by the
acromiodeltoid

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
A - Raise & rotate the humerus

Prepared by: C. Valencia

8. Infraspinatus
O - Whole surface of the infraspinous fossa
I - Greater tuberosity of the humerus
A - Rotates the humerus
9. Teres Major: stout muscle immediately behind the infraspinatus
O - Axillary border of the scapula & fascia of neighboring muscles
I - By a tendon on the medial surface of the humerus
A - Rotates the humerus & lowers it
10. Teres Minor: posterior border of the infraspinatus & somewhat covered by it
O - Axillary border of the scapula
I - Greater tuberosity
A - Assists infraspinatus
11. Subscapularis: covers the inner or medial surface of the scapula
O - Subscapular fossa
I - Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
A - Pulls the humerus medially
12. Serratus Ventralis: large, fan-shaped muscle from the ventral border of the scapula to the sides of the thorax &
neck
O - By slips from the first nine or ten ribs and the anterior part from the transverse processes of the last five
cervical vertebrae
I - Scapula near the vertebral border
A - Draws the scapula craniad, ventrad & against the thoracic wall
13. Serratus Dorsalis
O - By means of an aponeurosis from the median dorsal line
I - Last ribs
A - Draws the ribs forward
14. Scalenes: several long muscles in the chest wall ventral to the origin of the serratus ventralis and in front of the
anterior boundary of the external oblique
O - Ribs
I - Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
A - Draw the ribs forward & bend the neck

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
Prepared by: C. Valencia
15. Intercostals: set of muscles extending from one rib to the next; chief respiratory muscles of the thoracic wall
External intercostals: chest wall between the origins of the serratus ventralis & dorsalis
Internal intercostals: inside the external intercostals
A - External: bring the ribs forward; Internal: draw them back again
16. Epaxial Muscles of the Thorax: thoracic region; cutting through the aponeurosis of the serratus dorsalis
Semispinalis Dorsi: dorsal part next to the median line

Neck region: semispinalis semispinalis cervicis et capitis

Biventer cervicis: medial

Complexus: lateral

Longissimus: median
Iliocostalis: ventral

Composed of a number of separate bundles with prominent tendons between them and lies
on the ribs to which it is attached

I - Transverse process of the vertebrae in contact with the origin of the serratus ventralis (longissimus capitis)
VI. Muscles of the Upper Arm
1. Triceps Branchii (Anconeus): small triangular muscle at the elbow joint, covered by the distal end of the lateral
head
O - Distal end of the humerus
I - Lateral surface of the ulna
A - Strengthens the elbow joint and possibly rotates the ulna
2. Epitrochlearis/Extensor Antibrachii: medial side of the long head of the triceps; thin sheet
O - Latissimus dorsi
I - Olecranon
A - Strengthens the elbow joint, tending also to rotate the ulna
3. Biceps Brachii: under the insertions of the pectoral muscles
O - Glenoid fossa
I - Radius
A - Flexor of the forearm
4. Brachialis: lateral to the biceps, in contact with the lateral head of the triceps
O - Lateral surface of the humerus
I - Ulna
A - Flexor of the forearm
VII. Muscles of the Forearm
1. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: outer surface of the forearm next to the ulna
O - Lateral apicondyle of the humerus & semilunar notch of the ulna

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
I - Proximal end of the 5th metacarpal

Prepared by: C. Valencia

A - Extends 5th digit & ulna side of the wrist

2. Extensor Digitorum Lateralis
O - Lateral surface of the humerus above the lateral epicondyle
I - Tendon passes internal to wrist ligament
A - Go to three or four digits, which they extend
3. Extensor Digitorum Communis
O - Above the extensor digitorum lateralis
I - Tendon passes internal to wrist ligament
A - Go to three or four digits, which they extend
4. Branchioradialis/Supinator Longus: on the periaxial border of the forearm; loose
O - Middle of the humerus
I - Lower end of radius & adjacent ligaments
A - Rotates hand to supine position
5. Extensor Carpi Radialis: underlies the branchioradialis & extends onto the inner or medial surface of the arm
Longus : long
Brevis: short
O - Humerus near the other extensors
I - 2nd & 3rd meracarpals
A - Extends hand
6. Pronator Teres: broader upper end, slants proximally towards the radius
O - Medial epicondyle of the humerus
I - Radius
A - Rotates radius to prone position
7. Flexor Carpi Radialis
O - Medial epicondyle of humerus; muscle narrows to a tendon which is much bound to adjacent ligaments &
finally passes through a deep groove between the capitate (3 rd carpale) & the 1st metacarpal
I - 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
A - flexes 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
8. Palmaris Longus: flat mucle forming outer surface of forearm
O - Medial epicondyle of humerus
I - Flat tendon passes through wrist ligaments & divides into 4 or 5 tendond which pass to pads of palm &
phalanges
A - Flexor of digits

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
9. Flexor Profondus Digitorum: has five parts

Prepared by: C. Valencia

O - Ulna & humerus and converging to a broad flat tendon under the tendon of palmaris longus
I - Basal phalanges
A - General flexor of fingers
10. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: consists of two nearly separate muscles which form the ulnar border of the forearm from the
medial view
O - Medial epicondyle of the humerus in commorn with one of the heads of flexor profondus digitorum; ulna
I - (Both heads join to a tendon) pisiform bone of the wrist
A - flexes ulnar side of wrist
VIII.Muscles of the Thigh
1. Tensor Fasciae Latae: lateral (outer) surface of the thigh
Fascia Lata: tough fascia covering the anterior part
Tensor Fasciae Latae: thick triangular muscle in the dorsal part
O - Ilium & neighboring fascia
I - Fascia lata
A - Tightens the fascia lata
2. Biceps Femoris: large muscle on the lateral surface of the thigh posterior to the fascia lata & covering more than
half of the surface of the thigh; one head in the cat
O - Tuberosity of the ischium
I - Patella & tibia by a tendon and the fascia of the shank
A - Abductor of the thigh & flexor of the shank
3. Caudofemoralis: between the median dorsal line & thigh; narrow, flat; passes from one side of the root of the tail
toward the dorsal end of the biceps femoris
O - Transverse processes of the 2nd & 3rd caudal vertebrae
I - Patella
A - Abductor of the thigh, extensor of the shank
4. Gluteus Maximus: thin, flat muscle immediately anterior to the caudofemoralis
O - From the fascia & from the transverse processes of the last sacral & first caudal vertebrae
I - Fascia lata & to a slight extent on the greater trochanter
A - Abductor of the thigh
5. Gluteus Medius: very large, triangular muscle immediately in front of the gluteus maximus & partially covered by it
O - Adjacent fascia, crest of ilium & lateral surface of the ilium and transverse processes of the last sacral & first
caudal vertebrae
I - By a strong tendon on the greater trochanter of the femur
A - Abductor of the thigh
6. Sartorius: forms the anterior margin from the lateral view of the thigh

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
O - Crest & ventral border of the ilium

Prepared by: C. Valencia

I - Proximal end of the tibia & the patella and the fascia & the ligaments between
A - Adductor & rotator of the thigh, extensor of the shank

Quadriceps Femoris = rectus femoris + vastus muscles

I - Patella & adjacent ligaments
A - Extensor of the shank
7. Vastus Lateralis: large, stout muscle which was covered by the fascia lata
O - Greater trochanter & surface of the femur
8. Rectus Femoris:
O - Ilium near acetabulum
9. Vastus Medialis: covered externally by the sartorius
O - Femur
10. Vastus Intermedius: next to the shaft of femur
O - Surface of the femur
11. Gracilis: large, flat muscle forming the posterior half of the medial surface of the thigh
O - Ischial & pubic sumphyses
I - By an aponeurosis which passes to the tibia
A - Adductor of the leg
12. Adductor Longus (anterior) & Adductor Femoris (medial): of three muscles passing from the ventral medial line to
the femur
O - Pubis
I - Femur
A - Adductor of the thigh
13. Semimembranosus: covered by gracilis; more or less divisible into two parts
O - Ischium
I - Medial epicondyle of the femur & proximal end of the tibia
A - Extensor of the thigh
14. Semitendinosus: most posterior of the muscle of the thigh
O - Ischiac tuberosity
I - Tibia
A - Flexor of the shank
15. Tenuissimus: beneath biceps femoris; narrow, long
O - Transverse process of the 2nd caudal vertebrae, in common with the caudofemoralis
I - Same fascia as the insertion of the biceps

IX. Muscles of the Shank

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CAT MUSCLES (partial description & OIA) based on L.H. Hyman
Prepared by: C. Valencia
1. Tibialis Anterior: lateral (outer) surface of the shank; most ventral, whose ventral border is in contact with the tibia
O - Proximal parts of the tibia & fibula
I - (By a strong tendon) first metatarsal
A - flexor of the foot
2. Extensor Digitorum Longus
O - Lateral epicondyle of the femur
I - (By a stout tendon diverging into four tendons) one on each digit
A - Extensors of the digits
3. Peroneus: three (fused) ending in a tendon each
O - Fibula
I - Metatarsals & digits
A - Extensors & flexors of the foot
4. Gastrocnemius: large muscle forming the posterior/caudal surface of the shank; divisible into two large portions
(medial surface & lateral surface of the shank); lateral (sub-divisible into four heads)
O - Surface fascia, femur and tendon & fascia of the plantaris muscle
I - (By a strong tendon) heel bone (calcaneus)
A - Extensor of the foot
5. Soleus: internal to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius; flat muscle in contact with the peroneus muscles
ventrally
O - Fibula
I - Calcaneus
A - Extensor of the foot
6. Plantaris: internal to & between the two heads of the medial head of the gastrocnemius;
O - Patella & femur
I - (By a thick tendon) divides into four slips on the surface of the calcaneus; each attached to a digit
A - flexor of the digits
7. Flexor Digitorum Longus: immediately dorsal to the tibia; consists of two parts somewhat separated
O - Tibia, fibula & adjacent fascia
I - (terminate in slender tendons which unite distally into a broad tendon, which eventually divides into four
tendons) inserted on the digits
A - flexor of the digits
8. Tibialis Posterior: muscle of the long tendon between the two parts of the flexor digitorum longus
O - Fibula, tibia & fascia
I - Scaphoid & medial cuneiform of the ankle
A - Extensor of the foot