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COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG
DHIRAJLAL GANDHI
COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Subject Name
Subject Code
: EE6411
Semester
: IV
Branch
University
Year of Syllabus
: R 2013
PREPARED BY
Name
Mr.G.Subramaniam
REVIEWED BY
APPROVED BY
Mr.G.Subramaniam
Dr.S.Rajendiran
Designation
Mr.A.Alaudeen
Mr.A.Alaudeen
AP/EEE
AP/EEE
HOD/EEE
Signature
College
Vision
To improve the quality of human life through multi-disciplinary programs in
Engineering,architecture and management that are internationally recognized and would
facilitate research work to incorporate social economical and environmental development.
Mission
To create a vibrant atmosphere that creates competent engineers, innovators, scientists,
entrepreneurs, academicians and thinkers of tomorrow.
To establish centers of excellence that provides sustainable solutions to industry and
society.
To enhance capability through various value added programs so as to meet the challenges
of
dynamically changing global needs.
Department
Vision
The department of electrical and electronics engineering is intended to establish a proficient hub
for producing a highly competent electrical engineers by imparting effective teaching learning
process to meet the rapidly transforming technical scenario.
Mission
To engender outstanding electrical technocrats for industry demand by research and
industry collaboration.
To train the students with interpersonal communication, ethical teamwork and time
management.
To equip the students with technical knowledge in critical problem solving and analytical
skills.
Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)
PEO1
Our graduates to meet industry demands and motivate for higher studies.
Our graduates are able to apply widen and in-depth knowledge of Electrical and
PEO2
PEO3
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
PO10
PO11
PO12
PSO1
PSO2
CO1
CO2
CO3
CO4
CO5
CO6
Program Outcomes(POs)
a. Ability to exhibit the knowledge of science, mathematics, communication and
programming skills.
b. Ability to identify and formulate engineering problems and solve by applying
basic engineering principles.
c. Ability to identify and apply appropriate tools and techniques for engineering
practical applications.
d. Ability to apply research based knowledge for analyzing complex engineering
problems.
e. Ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems.
f. Ability to prepare reports and communicate effectively and professionally
through effective presentations.
g. Ability to follow current good practices of engineering for sustainable
development.
h. Ability to demonstrate safety, health, social, cultural and environmental
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practices.
i. Ability to execute the responsibilities of an Engineer professionally and
ethically.
j. Ability to function and manage effectively as an individual or in a team.
k. Ability to recognize the need and be able to involve in independent and lifelong learning according to technological changes.
l. Ability to understand and apply the knowledge of engineering management
principles.
Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)
The ability to analyze the basics of the electrical engineering.
The skill to analyze the mathematical derivations of transformers with its applications.
Course Outcomes(COs)
To understand the basic principles of Electrical measurement using proper instruments.
The ability to formulate and then analyze the working of any electrical machine using
mathematical model under loaded and unloaded conditions.
The skill to analyze the response of any electrical machine.
The ability to troubleshoot the operation of an electrical machine with their working
principles.
The ability to estimate and correct deviations in measurements due to the influence of
the instrument and due to the accuracy of the instrument.
The ability to understand and analyze the DC machines construction.
Mapping
Course Outcomes
(COs)
CO1
CO2
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
CO3
CO4
CO5
CO6
PS
O
1
PS
O2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-I
Ex.
No
Page. No
Open
circuit
and
load
characteristics
separately excited DC generator.
of
CYCLE-2
9
10
Swinburnestest
11
Hopkinsonstest
12
Loadteston A Threephasetransformer
13
14
15
16
INDEX
Ex.
No
Experiments
PAGE.
No
MAR
KS
SIGNATUR
E OF THE
STAFF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
MARKS (Out Of 10 )
SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF
Lab.
Students should treat the Laboratory Exercises as original Research.
Students should make sure not to miss even a single Lab Class.
Students must apply the concepts learned in class to New Situations.
Each student must try to do their Lab Exercises Individually.
The instructor will hold a pre-laboratory discussion on the lab exercises.
Before every lab session each student should draw the circuit diagram for the lab
exercise, write the purpose of each component in the circuit and its application in
FUSE RATING
Generator
Date:
AIM:
To obtain open circuit characteristics and Load characteristics of self-excited DC shunt generator and to find its critical
resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
.
1
2
3
4
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostats
SPST Switch
Tachometer
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0-1)A
(0-300)V
350, 1.5A
(0-
MC
MC
Wire Wound
-
ty
1
1
2
1
Digital
Copper
Few
1500)rpm
2.5sq.mm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the machine.
Load Test
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and
maximum position of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is
closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted,
after bringing the voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field
rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter
readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt
generator is brought to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC
shunt motor to minimum position, DPST switch is opened.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Generator Armature Resistance Ra: _____________
Sl.N
o
OC Test
Open
Field
Circuit
Current
Voltage
(If)
(Eo)
Volts
Amps
Load Test
Load
Voltage
(VL)
Load
Current
(IL)
Armature
Current
(Ia)
Armature
Drop
Ia.Ra
Generated
Voltage
Eg=VL+IaRa
Volts
Amps
Amps
Volts
Volts
10
Voltage
Current
Armature
V (Volts)
I (Amps)
Resistance
Ra (Ohms)
V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia
IL + If (Amps)
Eg
Ia
IL
If
Ra
MODEL CALCULATION:
12
Components Details:
13
14
15
16
MODEL GRAPH:
Open Circuit Characteristics
Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms
If (Amps)
If
Eo
Load Characteristics
V, Eg (Volts)
V Vs If
(Int Char)
Eg Vs IL
(Ext Char)
If, IL (Amps)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Open circuit test and Load test
1. What should be done if the D.C. Shunt generator fails to build up?
2. What are the reasons of fall of terminal voltage of a D.C. shunt
generator?
3. Define armature reaction.
4. What are the different types of losses in generator?
5. What is the e.m.f. Equation of generator?
6. What is the relation between Eg and VL factor of the load used
RESULT
Thus the Open circuit test and Load test on a given self excited DC
generator and the characteristics curves were drawn.
17
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
18
FUSE RATING
Generator
DC GENERATOR
AIM:
To obtain open circuit characteristics, internal and external characteristics of separately
excited DC shunt generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
.
1
2
2
3
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostats
Tachometer
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0-2)A
(0-20)A
(0-300)V
350,1.5A
(0-
MC
MC
MC
Wire Wound
ty
1
2
1
2
Digital
Copper
Few
1500)rpm
2.5sq.mm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
20
Load Test
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of
DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the voltage
to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
21
Sl.N
o
OC Test
Open
Field
Circuit
Current
Voltage
(If)
(Eo)
Volts
Amps
Load Test
Load
Voltage
(VL)
Load
Current
(IL)
Armature
Current
(Ia)
Armature
Drop
Ia.Ra
Generated
Voltage
Eg=VL+IaRa
Volts
Amps
Amps
Volts
Volts
22
23
Voltage
Current
Armature
V (Volts)
I (Amps)
Resistance
Ra (Ohms)
24
FORMULAE:
Eg
V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia
IL + If (Amps)
Eg
Ia
IL
If
Ra
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
25
MODEL GRAPH:
Load Characteristics
26
27
Components Details:
28
Applications:
29
31
FUSERATING
PLATE DETAILS
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
NAME
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :
32
Ex.No.3
Date:
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find the performance
characteristics with efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
Apparatus
1
2
3
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0-20)A
(0-300)V
350, 1.5A
(0-1500)
MC
MC
Wire Wound
ty
1
1
1
Digital
Copper
Few
rpm
2.5sq.mm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat
position, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually
removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are
noted under no load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load,
voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and speed of the motor
are noted.
33
34
S.No
.
Voltage
V
(Volts)
Curre
nt
I
(Amps
)
Spring Balance
Reading
S1(Kg)
S2(Kg)
Spee
d
N
(rpm
)
(S1
S2)Kg
35
Torqu
e
T
(Nm)
Outpu
t
Power
Pm
(Watt
s)
Input
Power
Pi
(Watt
s)
Efficienc
y
%
=_________________cm.
36
FORMULAE:
Circumference
R
-------------------
100 x2
Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
= -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
37
38
Components Details:
Applications:
39
40
41
42
y2
y1
Speed N (rpm)
y3
Torque T (Nm)
Efficiency %
MODEL GRAPHS:
Speed N (rpm)
Torque T (Nm)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
43
CIRCUIT
FUSERATING
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
DIAGRAM
NAME
PLATE DETAILS
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :
Ex.No.4
Date:
AIM:
To obtain speed control of DC shunt motor by
a. Varying armature voltage with field current constant.
b. Varying field current with armature voltage constant
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
Apparatus
Range
44
Type
Quantit
y
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostats
Tachometer
Connecting
Wires
(0-20) A
(0-300) V
350, 1.5A
MC
MC
Wire
50, 5A
(0-3000)
Wound
rpm
2.5sq.mm.
1
1
Each 1
Digital
Copper
Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the motor.
2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the motor.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is
closed
(i)
Armature Control:
1. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by varying the armature rheostat, speed is noted for
various voltages across the armature.
(ii)
1.
Field Control:
Armature
voltage
is
fixed
to
various
values
45
and
for
each
fixed
value,
by
adjusting
Bringing
field
rheostat
to
minimum
position
Va2 =
Va3 =
46
and
armature
rheostat
to
maximum
Speed
Field
Speed
Field
Speed
Current
N (rpm)
Current
N (rpm)
Current
N (rpm)
If (A)
If (A)
If (A)
47
48
Components Details:
Applications:
49
MODEL GRAPHS:
If2
If3
Speed N (rpm)
Speed N (rpm)
If1
Va1
Va3 Va2
Va (Volts)
If (Amps)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 What will happen if the armature rheostat is not
in maximum position while starting?
the motor?
50
51
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
52
FUSE RATING
Ex.No.5
Date:
AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to find efficiency and percentage regulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
4
5
Auto
Transformer
Resistive Load
Quantit
Range
Type
(0-10)A
MI
y
1
(0-5) A
(0-150)V
MI
MI
1
1
(0-300) V
(300V, 5A)
MI
Upf
1
1
(150V, 5A)
1, (0-
Upf
260)V
5KW, 230V
53
Connecting
Wires
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto transformer and DPST switch is closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side and secondary side are noted.
4. The load is increased and for each load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary and secondary
sides are noted.
5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.
54
Primary
S.N
o.
Loa
d
V1
(Volts)
I1
(Amp
s)
Secondary
W1
(Watts
)
V2
(Volts
)
I2
(Amp
s)
55
W2
(Watt
s)
Input
Power
W1 x MF
Output
Power
W2 x MF
Efficien
cy
%
Regulati
on
56
FORMULA:
Output Power = W2 x Multiplication factor
Input Power = W1 x Multiplication factor
Output Power
Efficiency %
= -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
VNL - VFL (Secondary)
57
58
Components Details:
Applications:
59
60
Efficiency %
Output Power ()
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of a transformer?
2. What are the types of transformer?
3. What are the applications of transformer?
4. What is the capacity of a transformer specified as KVA and not as
KW?
5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer From
the graph,
find the load at which it occurs.
6. Why is the efficiency of a transformer higher than that of motors?
7. What is the principle of a transformer?
8. What are the types of transformer?
9. What are the applications of transformer?
10.
Why is the capacity of a transformer specified as KVA and not as
KW?
11.
What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer From
the graph, find the load at which it occurs.
12.
. Why is the efficiency of a transformer higher than that of motors?
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer is conducted.
MARK ALLOCATION
61
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
FUSE RATING
62
Ex.No.6
Date:
AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer by
conducting open circuit test and short circuit test and to draw equivalent
circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
.
1
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0-2)A
MI
ty
1
(0-10) A
(0-150)V
(300V, 5A)
MI
MI
LPF
1
2
1
(150V, 5A)
UPF
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the time
of closing & opening DPST Switch.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is
closed.
3. Auto transformer varied is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch
is opened.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is
closed.
3. Auto transformer varied is adjusted get the rated primary current.
63
64
65
V0
Xo = -------
I
Vsc
Zo2 = -------
Isc
Wsc
Ro2 = -------
Isc2
X02
Xo1= -------
K2
R02
Ro1 = -------
K2
Percentage Efficiency:
Output Power
V2
K= ------- = 2
V1
66
TABULAR COLUMN:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Vo
Io
Wo
(Volts)
(Amps)
(Watts)
LOAD
Isc
Wsc
(Volts)
(Amps)
(Watts)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
ZL = ZL/K2
67
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
68
MODEL GRAPHS:
Efficiency %
Output power ()
% lagging
Power factor
ISC
o1
% leading
69
70
Components Details:
Applications:
71
72
73
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a transformer is predetermined
by conducting open circuit test and short circuit test and the equivalent
circuit is drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
74
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CUMULATIVE SHUNT
DIFFERENTIAL SHUNT
75
FUSE RATING
AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given D. C. compound generator in the
following modes.
1. Cumulative
2. Differential
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
Apparatus
Ammeter
Ammeter
Range
Type
(0-2)A
(0-15)A
MC
MC
76
Quanti
ty
1
1
Voltmeter
Connecting
Wires
(0-300)V
MC
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using four point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed
to the rated speed of the generator.
5. The generator field rheostat is adjusted till the voltmeter reads the
rated voltage of the generator.
6. DPST switch on the generator side is closed.
7. The load is increased in steps. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted.
8. The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
9. Switch off the load gradually and make the motor and generator rheostat resistance
position as instructed in the precaution.
10. Turn off the supply
11.
Interchange the terminal connection of the generator series field coil and repeat
the procedure right from the first step.
TABULAR COLOUMN
CUMULATIVE
77
DIFFERENTIAL
MODEL GRAPHS:
78
79
80
Components Details:
Applications:
81
82
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of the DC
compound generator were drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
83
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FUSE RATING
84
Date:
AIM:
To perform the load test on the given DC compound motor and draw the
performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
Apparatus
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0 - 20) A
(0 - 2) A
(0 - 300) V
350/1.5A
MC
MC
MC
-
ty
1
1
1
1
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using the four point starter.
4. The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated value by varying the
field rheostat.
5. The no load readings are noted.
6. The load on the brake drum increased in steps.
7. At each step of loading the meter readings are noted.
8. The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
FORMULA USED:Circumference of brake drum = 2 x x R in meter
R Radius of the brake drum
Torque, T =(S1-S2)*9.81*R in Nm
Input power, Pi = VL x IL in Watts
Output power, P0 = (2 x x N x T) / 60 in Watts
% Efficiency, = (P0 / Pi) x 100
85
TABULAR COLOUMN
86
MODEL GRAPHS:
87
88
89
90
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
91
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What will happen if both the field current and armature current are reversed?
2. What will happen if the shunt motor is directly connected across the supply line?
3. Mention the applications of DC compound motor.
4. The differentially compounded motor has a tendency to start in the opposite direction,
why?
5. What are the advantages of a compound motor?
6. Differentiate between cumulative compound and differential compound motors.
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of the DC
compound motor were drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
92
Ex.No.9
Date:
FUSE RATING
AIM:
To perform the load test on the given DC series motor and draw the
performance characteristics.
93
Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0 - 15) A
(0 - 300) V
350/1.5A
MC
MC
-
ty
1
1
1
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
Before starting the motor some initial load is applied to the motor by
using the
brake drum with spring balance.
3.
4.
corresponding meter
6.
gradually up to the
initial load condition.
Tabular Column:
Radius of brake drum, r =_____________________ mts.
94
FORMULAE USED:
Circumference of the brake drum =____________ cms
95
96
97
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of the DC series motor were drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
98
FUSE RATING
99
Ex.No.10
SWINBURNESTEST
Date:
AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency o the D.C. machine when it act as
(i) Motor
(ii) Generator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
Apparatus
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0 - 5) A
(0 - 2) A
(0 - 300) V
350/1.5A
MC
MC
MC
-
ty
1
1
1
1
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of three point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to
the rated
value.
5. The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted.
100
TABULAR COLOUMN
For Generator
For Motor
101
For Motor:
1. Armature Current Ia = IL IF
2. Armature copper loss Wcu = Ia Ra
3. Total loss Wt = Wc + Wcu
4. Input power Pi = VIL
5. Output Power Po = Pi - Wt
6. Efficiency =(Po/Pi)*100
For Generator:
1. Armature Current Ia = IL + If
2. Armature copper loss W 2 cu = Ia Ra
3. Total loss Wt = Wc + Wcu
4. Output power Po = VIL
5. Input Power Pi = Po + Wt
6. Efficiency =(Po/Pi)*100
Model Graph
102
Model Calculation:
Circuit Diagram:
103
Components Details:
Applications:
104
105
106
7. Why the armature control method is employed only below the rated speed in DC
shunt motors?
8. Why the field control method is employed only above the rated speed in DC shunt
motors?
9. Where we use shunt motor?
10. Why is field control method superior to armature control method for DC shunt
motors?
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the DC machine has been predetermined and
Characteristics were drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
107
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FUSE RATING
108
Ex.No.11
HOPKINSONSTEST
Date:
AIM:
To conduct Hopkinsons test on a pair of identical DC machines to
predetermine
the efficiency of the machine as generator and as motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Apparatus
Ammeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0 - 1) A
(0 - 2) A
(0 - 20) A
(0 - 300) V
(0 - 600) V
350/1.5A
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
-
ty
1
1
1
2
2
2
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat of motor,
maximum
position of field rheostat of generator, opening of SPST switch, DPST
switch
is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of
the
motor.
109
TABULAR COLUMN:
AS MOTOR:
AS GENERATOR:
110
FORMULAE:
1. Input Power = VI1 watts
2. Motor armature cu loss = (I1+ I2)2 Ra watts
3. Generator armature cu loss = I22 Ra watts
4. Total Stray losses W = V I1 ( (I1+I2)2 Ra + I2 Ra) watts.
5. Stray loss per machine = W/2 watts.
AS MOTOR:
Input Power = Armature input + Shunt field input
= (I1+ I2) V + I3V
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss + Field loss + stray loss
= (I1 + I2)2 Ra + VI3 +W/2 watts
Output Power=Input power Total Losses
Efficiency % =( output power /input power)*100
AS GENERATOR
Output Power = VI2 watts
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss+ Field Loss + Stray loss
= I22 Ra + VI4 + W/2 watts
Efficiency % = (out put power / input power )*100%
Input Power= Output Power+ Total Losses
MODEL GRAPH:
111
Model Calculation:
Circuit Diagram:
112
Components Details:
Applications:
113
114
115
RESULT:
Thus Hopkinsons test is conducted on a pair of identical DC machines the
efficiency of the machine as generator and as motor are pre-determined.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
116
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
117
Ex.No.12
Date:
AIM:
Determination of Regulation & Efficiency of three-phase transformer
by direct loading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.N
o.
Apparatus
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Resistive load
Wattmeter
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
(0 - 10) A
(0 - 20) A
(0 - 300) V
(0 - 600) V
3ph
MI
MI
MI
MI
ty
1
1
1
1
415V,5kw
600V,5/10A,
UPF
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Keep load on transformer at off position.
3) Keeping dimmer stat at zero position, switch on 3-Phase supply.
4) Now increase dimmer stat voltage for 440 V.
5) Note down the no-load readings.
6) Then increase the load in steps till rated current of the transformer &
note
down corresponding readings.
7) Calculate efficiency & regulation for each reading.
MODEL CALCULATION:Input power = W1 + W2 Watts
118
TABULAR COLOUMN
119
Model Calculation:
120
Circuit Diagram:
121
Components Details:
122
Applications:
123
124
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer were
calculated.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
125
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Subractive Polarity:
Additive Polarity:
126
Ex.No.13
Date:
AIM:
Determination of Regulation & Efficiency of three-phase transformer
by direct loading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
Apparatus
Auto
Transformer
1 Transformer
Voltmeter
Connecting
Wires
Range
Type
Quanti
ty
230/(0-270) V
1KVA
(0 - 600) V
MI
1
3
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1. connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. Switch on the single phase a.c. supply.
3. Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3 .In case V3<V1 polarity is subtractive.
4. Repeat the step 3 after connecting terminals A1 and a2 .In case V3> V1
polarity is additive.
5. Switch off the a.c. supply
127
Tabular Column:
SUB-POLARITY
S.No
V1
V2
V3 = V2 - V1
V1
V2
V3 = V2 -+V1
ADD-POLARITY
S.No
128
Circuit Diagram:
129
Components Details:
130
Applications:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a Transformer?
2. Is it Possible to Change Three Phase to Two Phase or Vice-Versa with Standard Transformers?
3. What are Taps and When are They Used?
4. Can Transformers be Used in Parallel?
5. Can 60 Hz Transformers be Used at Higher Frequencies?
6. What is Meant by Temperature Rise in a Transformer?
7. What is Meant by "Impedance" in Transformers?
8. Can Transformers be Reconnected as Autotransformers to Increase Their KVA Rating?
9. What is Polarity, When Associated With a Transformer?
10. How Do You Size a Transformer for Operating a DC Motor?
11. What is Meant by "Balanced Loading" on Single Phase Transformer Applications?
131
RESULT:
Thus the Polarity of a given single phase Transformer is determined by
conducting a polarity test.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
132
FUSE RATING
133
Ex.No.14
Date:
AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase
Transformer by conducting back-to-back test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Apparatus
Auto
Transformer
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
1 Transformer
Connecting
Wires
Range
Type
230/(0-
Quanti
ty
2
270) V
150 V, 2A
150 V, 5 A
(0-2) A
(0-5) A
(0-75) V
(0-150) V
(0 -600) V
1KVA
LPF
UPF
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Rated voltage of 110V is adjusted to get in voltmeter by adjusting the
variac of the
Auto Transformer which would be in zero before switching on
the supply at the primary
side.
3. The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted on the
primary side.
4. A voltmeter is connected across the secondary and with the secondary
supply off i.e
switch S is kept open. The voltmeter reading is noted.
5. If the reading of voltmeter reads higher voltage, the terminals of any
one of secondary coil is interchanged in order that voltmeter reads zero.
134
TABULAR COLUMN:
To find Efficiency
To find Regulation
135
FORMULA USED:
Core loss =Wo
Copper Loss= full load cu loss X (1/x)2
Total loss =Core loss +Cu loss
Output = V2 I2 Cos
Input= output + total loss
% Efficiency = output/input *100
POWER FACTOR ON NO LOAD:
Cos=(Wo/VoIo)
Working component Iw=I0*Cos
Magnetizing component I =I0*Sin
Resistance Ro= Vo/Iw in
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
Equivalent resistance R01= Wsc / Isc 2 in
Equivalent impedance Z01= Vsc / Isc in
Equivalent leakage reactance X 01= (Z012 R012 ) in
Voltage ratio= V2/V1
R02=K2*R01
X02=K2*X01
136
Circuit Diagram:
Components Details:
Applications:
137
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. State the advantages and disadvantages of Sumpners test.
2. What will happen if a transformer is connected across a DC supply?
3. Define frequency.
4. Does the transformer draw any current when its secondary is open? Why?
5. How does the change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?
6. The main purpose of using core in a transformer is to ----------------------.
7. A step-up transformer increases ---------------------.
8. In relation to a transformer, what does the ratio 20:1 mean?
9. When the efficiency of transformer is maximum?
10. Define all-day efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase Transformer is
carried out by
conducting back-to-back test.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
138 10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FUSE RATING
139
Ex.No.15
TRANSFORMER
Date:
AIM:
To separate no load losses of a transformer in to eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Apparatus
Rheostat
Rheostat
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Connecting
Wires
Quanti
Range
Type
50 /5A
300 /1.5A
300 V, 5A
(0-2A)
(0-300V)
LPF
MC
MI
ty
1
1
1
1
1
2.5sq.mm
Copper
Few
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. The DC motor is started by using the 3 point starter and
brought to rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat.
4. By varying the alternator filed rheostat gradually the rated
primary voltage is applied to the transformer.
5. The frequency is varied by varying the motor field rheostat
and the
readings of frequency are noted and the speed is also measured
by using the
tachometer.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different frequencies and
the readings
are tabulated.
140
141
MODEL GRAPH:
Model Calculation:
142
Circuit Diagram:
143
Components Details:
144
145
146
RESULT:
Thus separation of eddy current and hysteresis loss from the iron
loss on a
Single-phasetransformer is conducted.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
147 30
148
EX.NO:16
STUDY OF STARTERS AND THREE PHASE CONNECTION OF
A TRANSFORMER
Date:
AIM
To Study about the starters and three phase connection of a transformer.
APPRATUS REQUIRED
S.N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the
apparatus
Two Point starter
Three Point starter
Four Point starter
DOL Starter
Auto transformer Starter
Star-Delta Starter
Rotor Resistance Starter
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
THEORY :
The value of the armature current in a D.C shunt motor is given by
Ia = ( V Eb )/ Ra
Where V = applied voltage.
Ra = armature resistance.
E b = Back .e.m.f .
In practice the value of the armature resistance is of the order of 1 ohms and at
the instant of starting the value of the back e.m.f is zero volts. Therefore under
starting conditions the value of the armature current is very high. This high
inrush current at the time of starting may damage the motor. To protect the
motor from such dangerous current the
D.C motors are always started using starters.
The types of D.C motor starters are
i) Two point starters
ii) Three point starters
iii) Four point starters.
The functions of the starters are
i) It protects the from dangerous high speed.
ii) It protects the motor from overloads.
149
150
151
153
154
155
157
158
159
In a delta connected ( Dd ) group of transformers, the line voltage, V L is equal to the supply voltage,
VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given as: 1/3 IL of the line current, where IL is the
line current. One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that each transformer
must be wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example above 100V) and for 57.7 per cent, line
current. The greater number of turns in the winding, together with the insulation between turns,
necessitate a larger and more expensive coil than the star connection. Another disadvantage with delta
connected three phase transformers is that there is no neutral or common connection.
In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has one terminal connected to a
common junction, or neutral point with the three remaining ends of the primary windings connected
to the three-phase mains supply. The number of turns in a transformer winding for star connection is
57.7 per cent, of that required for delta connection.
The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any one transformer becomes fault
or disabled, the whole group might become disabled. Nevertheless, the star connected three phase
transformer is especially convenient and economical in electrical power distributing systems, in that a
fourth wire may be connected as a neutral point, ( n ) of the three star connected secondaries as
shown. The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called the line voltage, V L,
while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a star connected transformer is called the
phase voltage, VP. This phase voltage between the neutral point and any one of the line connections
is 1/3 VL of the line voltage.
FULL VOLTAGE OR DIRECT ON-LINE STARTING
When full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large current is
drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting the induction motor behaves as a short circuited
transformer with its secondary, i.e. the rotor separated from the primary, i.e. the stator by a small airgap. At starting when the rotor is at standstill, emf is induced in the rotor circuit exactly similar to the
emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced emf of the rotor will circulate a
very large current through its windings. The primary will draw very large current from the supply
mains to balance the rotor ampere-turns. To limit the stator and rotor currents at starting to a safe
value, it may be necessary to reduce the stator supply voltage to a low value. If induction motors are
started direct-on-line such a heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor
since the construction of induction motors are rugged. Other motors and equipment connected to the
supply lines will receive reduced voltage. In industrial installations, however, if a number of large
motors are started by this method, the voltage drop will be very high and may be really objectionable
for the other types of loads connected to the system. The amount of voltage drop will not only be
160
An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer and a switch as shown in the fig. When the
switch S is put on START position, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals. When the
motor picks up speed, say to 80 per cent of its mornal speed, the switch is put to RUN position. Then
the auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full rated voltage gets applied across the motor
terminals.
161
The circuit dia in the fig is for a manual auto-transformer starter. This can be made push button
operated automatic controlled starter so that the contacts switch over from start to run position as the
motor speed picks up to 80% of its speed. Over-load protection relay has not been shown in the
figure. The switch S is air-break type for small motors and oil break type for large motors. Auto
transformer may have more than one tapping to enable the user select any suitable starting voltage
depending upon the conditions. Series resistors or reactors can be used to cause voltage drop in them
and thereby allow low voltage to be applied across the motor terminals at starting. These are cut out
of the circuit as the motor picks up speed.
162
163
164
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Result:
The starters and three phase connection of a transformer were studied.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup
10
Execution
10
Viva-voce
Total
10
30
165